740:
611:
414:
710:, as well as girls schools, in those countries in 1947 and 1948. Kalmanowitz also devised and pushed through a plan granting student visas to the Mir yeshiva in Brooklyn for North African Jewish teens and opened special sections in the yeshiva for them, even though the yeshiva's financial situation was dire. A group of 13 boys arrived from Morocco in 1948, but most left the yeshivah to find jobs. One of those who remained was Avraham Portal, a native of
596:
651:, the Joint was prohibited from sending money to the yeshiva students in Shanghai. But Kalmanowitz established new contacts and influenced U.S. government officials to tacitly approve the sending of funds from the U.S. to Japan via neutral Switzerland. At war's end, Kalmanowitz obtained visas and travel fare to bring all the Mir students and faculty by ship to
526:, and became a key figure in that organization. He was known as a tireless agent for rescue, bombarding government officials with letters and telegrams pleading for help for all Jews trapped in Nazi Europe as well as for those stranded in the Soviet Union. Even before the U.S. government approved the legality of sending "free currency" (
34:
448:
Kalmanowitz became a central rabbinic figure and communal leader, working on behalf of refugees and Jews in difficult straits. In 1914, when Rakaŭ was flooded with thousands of refugees fleeing Russia with the outbreak of World War I, Kalmanowitz founded a rescue organization that furnished food and
517:
With the outbreak of World War II, Kalmanowitz fled to Vilna along with thousands of other rabbis and yeshiva students. With the blessing of Rabbi
Grodzinski, he used his U.S. passport to travel to New York via Sweden, arriving in April 1940. He immediately plunged into rescue work on behalf of the
329:
and travel fare to bring all 250 students and faculty to
America after World War II. He established the U.S. branch of the Mir in 1946. In the 1950s he aided North African and Syrian Jewish youth suffering from persecution and pogroms, and successfully lobbied for the passage of a bill granting
718:
network in the French region of
Morocco. Portal returned to the Mir in 1956 with a hand-picked group of 15 boys and taught them in a separate program that became the Mir's first high school class. Another beneficiary of Kalmanowitz's largesse was Rabbi
1505:
694:
that eventually resulted in the dissolution of those communities. His efforts led to the passage of a bill according "endangered refugee status" to Jews in Arab lands, paving the way for their immigration to the United States.
1469:
571:
European
Executive Council, told an interviewer, "There was a rabbi with a long white beard, who, when he cried, even the State Department listened". Kalmanowitz was one of the 350 rabbis who participated in the 1943
555:
to obtain approvals and funds. The tall, regal-looking rabbi often broke down in tears and even fainted from emotion in front of government officials as he pleaded his cause. He successfully gained the support of
723:, a Moroccan-born student in France who used the student visa Kalmanowitz sent him to come study at the Mir in 1953. Afterwards Kalmanowitz helped Rebibo find his first teaching job. Rebibo has been dean of the
631:
in 1941 and from there to
Shanghai, and providing for its upkeep for five years. Thanks to the money Kalmanowitz sent, Mir students were able to board with Jewish families and eat a nourishing
1513:
518:
rabbis, rosh yeshivas, and yeshiva students still in Europe, calling on rabbinical and political contacts which he had established previously. In the winter of 1940 Kalmanowitz joined the
476:
In 1926, Kalmanowitz was elected honorary president of the Mir yeshiva and began fund-raising for this institution in the United States. During the 1930s, he applied for and received
621:
Kalmanowitz is credited with securing the funds and papers to transfer the entire Mir yeshiva – consisting of 250 students, faculty members, and the yeshiva's entire library of
1479:
461:
in the running of the latter's Vaad
Hayeshivos, which provided financial aid and support to European yeshivas and their students. In 1928 Kalmanowitz helped Grodzinski found a
1386:
714:, who returned to Morocco in 1953 so he could apply for permanent residency status in the United States and in the meantime became the educational supervisor for the
686:
In the late 1940s and 1950s, Kalmanowitz inundated government, United
Nations, and church officials with appeals to stop persecutions and pogroms against
698:
Kalmanowitz worked onsite to strengthen traditional Torah education among North
African Jewish youth. Together with the leaders of Jewish communities in
551:(the Jewish principle of saving lives) by fund-raising in synagogues, filling out forms, and riding in taxis to government and institutional offices on
64:
1312:
534:) into enemy-occupied territory for the purpose of supporting penniless refugees, Kalmanowitz sent money overseas, "ignoring illegalities and
1984:
1718:
1536:
1186:
Protest and Prayer: Rabbi Dr
Solomon Schonfeld and Orthodox Jewish responses in Britain to the Nazi persecution of Europe's Jews, 1942–1945
568:
331:
1969:
648:
1570:
1387:"Kabbalas HaTorah at Three Landmark Flatbush Yeshivos: The Mirrer Yeshiva, Yeshivas Rabbeinu Chaim Berlin and Mesivta Torah Vodaath"
1974:
1298:
470:
635:
meal most of the time – privileges that other refugee students in
Shanghai did not enjoy. In addition to money, Kalmanowitz sent
557:
1989:
1663:
1452:
1394:
1939:
302:
301:, he served as rabbi of several Eastern European Jewish communities and escaped to the United States in 1940 following the
643:, and hundreds of copies of Talmudic tractates so the students could continue studying without interruption. After Japan
371:
1417:
1356:
1184:
1157:
1027:
1954:
1949:
1427:
1366:
1277:
1194:
1167:
1140:
1109:
1037:
923:
858:
825:
564:
469:
called Ateret Zvi, and served as rosh kollel (dean) for its first year of operation. Afterwards he helped move it to
1964:
1474:
993:
477:
1944:
1804:
1799:
1742:
1215:"When nobody else would, religious Jews were willing to save their brethren; they should be honored, not charged"
535:
362:
of several European Jewish communities. His father exerted a major influence on his education. He studied at the
1575:
1250:
1338:
375:
1979:
1267:
691:
687:
811:
1959:
1100:
1656:
739:
1856:
1817:
775:
744:
114:
879:
Borchardt, Faygie. "Yeshivas Mir of Brooklyn Commemorates 50 Years Since the Passing of a Hero of
1794:
1773:
1689:
573:
494:
390:
230:
1547:
1214:
782:, and Avraham Yaakov Nelkenbaum succeeded him as roshei yeshiva of the Mir yeshiva in Brooklyn.
1838:
1827:
1747:
1694:
1506:"The Story of How Rav Avrohom Kalmanowitz zt"l Helped Save Egyptian and Syrian Jewry – Part II"
998:
724:
644:
615:
290:
180:
1470:"The Story of How Rav Avrohom Kalmanowitz zt"l Helped Save Egyptian and Syrian Jewry – Part I"
1126:
913:
706:, he helped found the Otzar HaTorah educational network, which established 28 yeshivas and 20
1809:
1710:
1684:
671:
600:
458:
402:
314:
1934:
1929:
1757:
1737:
1649:
756:
667:
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498:
234:
90:
485:
426:
8:
1580:
1544:
Special Supplement: "Between the Lines: Letters from the heart and the lives they linked"
1219:
1132:
563:
after crying uncontrollably in Morgenthau's office; Morgenthau helped him gain access to
1294:
1602:
1210:
1056:
764:
675:
450:
247:
1128:
Hidden in Thunder: Perspectives on faith, halachah and leadership during the Holocaust
1822:
1752:
1732:
1448:
1423:
1362:
1332:
1273:
1246:
1190:
1163:
1136:
1105:
1033:
919:
854:
821:
1243:
The Silver Era in American Jewish Orthodoxy: Rabbi Eliezer Silver and his generation
509:
planned by local anti-Semitic elements, who slandered him to the local authorities.
1851:
1789:
1762:
1122:
1104:
by Dr. David Kranzler and Rabbi Eliezer Gevirtz. CIS Publishers, 1991, pp. 81–116.
779:
728:
580:
394:
305:. In the U.S. he was an activist for the rescue of the millions of Jews trapped in
279:
144:
367:
326:
271:
623:
584:
547:
542:
523:
457:
and was subsequently arrested and imprisoned in Minsk. Later he assisted Rabbi
363:
355:
298:
156:
72:
493:(Tiktin), and established a yeshiva in that town. He was also a member of the
1923:
1897:
1881:
1699:
659:
652:
610:
519:
425:
In 1913, Kalmanowitz married Rochel the granddaughter of Betzalel Hakohen, a
813:
Once upon a shtetl: a fond look back at a treasured slice of the Jewish past
33:
1905:
1781:
1624:
1352:
800:; Social Security Death Index, Master File. Social Security Administration.
752:
720:
715:
707:
434:
347:
310:
306:
286:
170:
68:
964:
The Holy Ones in the Earth: Graves of Tzaddikim in Jerusalem and Bnei Brak
413:
1886:
1876:
663:
628:
531:
1029:
Battling for Souls: The Vaad Hatzala Rescue Committee In Post-War Europe
370:
yeshiva headed by Rabbi Zundel Hutner. At age 18, he progressed to the
151:
845:
Shapiro, Chaim. "The Last of His Kind: Rabbi Avraham Kalmanowitz", in
655:
and by train to New York; the last Mir refugee left Shanghai in 1948.
1541:
966:] (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Machon Otzar HaTorah. pp. 339–341.
915:
Orthodox Judaism in America: A biographical dictionary and sourcebook
850:
817:
768:
711:
502:
454:
354:, to Rabbi Aharon Aryeh Leib and Maita Kalmanowitz. His father was a
318:
251:
658:
In 1946, Kalmanowitz established a new branch of the Mir yeshiva in
1319:. 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on February 13, 2011
640:
604:
386:
379:
322:
294:
184:
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218:
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751:
During a fund-raising trip to Florida in 1964, Kalmanowitz had a
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632:
552:
490:
466:
442:
351:
224:
101:
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462:
343:
1641:
666:. The yeshiva was first established in temporary quarters in
430:
398:
282:
583:
and others in an effort to try and track down Nazi official
760:
385:
with his own son, Rabbi Moshe Finkel. Kalmanowitz received
1445:
Rabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought Vol. One 1932-1975
1419:
The Jews of China: Historical and comparative perspectives
325:, providing for its support for five years, and obtaining
16:
Belarusian-American Orthodox Jewish rabbi and rosh yeshiva
662:
with the help of Rabbi Yechezkel Kahane, father of Rabbi
359:
214:
1162:. Vol. 2. KTAV Publishing House. pp. 100–101.
1098:"A Cry From the Heart: Rabbi Avraham Kalmanowitz", in
847:
The Torah World: A treasury of biographical sketches
313:. He arranged the successful transfer of the entire
579:In the years following the war, Kalmanowitz joined
567:officials. As Joseph J. Schwartz, chairman of the
1240:
1921:
918:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 115–116.
1245:. Yeshiva University Press. pp. 210, 216.
1159:Turim: Studies in Jewish History and Literature
727:and senior rabbi of Beth Jacob Congregation in
960:קדושים אשר בארץ: קברי צדיקים בירושלים ובני ברק
681:
1657:
1603:"Today's Yahrtzeits & History – 28 Teves"
1101:To Save a World: Profiles of Holocaust Rescue
1057:"Today's Yahrtzeits & History – 2–3 Adar"
889:; Features, December 5, 2013, pp. C2-C4, C11.
763:5724) at the age of 73. He was buried in the
483:In 1929, he accepted the position of Rav and
441:on the Polish-Russian border and, in 1918, a
136:Rabbi Aharon Aryeh Leib and Maita Kalmanowitz
1447:. Jerusalem: Urim Publications. p. 6.
337:
278:; March 8, 1887 – 15 February 1964) was an
1664:
1650:
32:
1415:
1380:
1378:
1209:
1121:
1032:. KTAV Publishing House. pp. 28–29.
743:Graves of Kalmanowitz (left) and his son
590:
408:
1361:. Oxford University Press. p. 256.
1155:
1094:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
738:
609:
594:
412:
401:, and Rabbi Eliyahu Baruch Kamai of the
366:in Lithuania, and at age 16 entered the
1499:
1497:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
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1074:
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1049:
1025:
957:
911:
841:
839:
837:
809:
734:
1922:
1442:
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1351:
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1265:
1182:
1021:
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1017:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
798:Social Security Death Index, 1935-2014
674:, and then in a permanent home in the
393:of Slabodka, Rabbi Raphael Shapiro of
297:, New York from 1946 to 1964. Born in
1645:
1534:
1384:
1345:
1313:"The Dead Rabbis Society of Brooklyn"
988:
986:
984:
982:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
864:
512:
374:, where the Alter of Slabodka, Rabbi
1568:
1503:
1494:
1467:
1071:
1046:
834:
587:, who was hiding in South America.
545:on several occasions in the name of
1985:The Holocaust and the United States
1305:
1295:"The Rabbi, the Nazi & the CIA"
1269:American Jewry During the Holocaust
1014:
932:
522:(Rescue Committee) headed by Rabbi
501:. He was forced to flee Tiktin for
275:
13:
1970:Orthodox rabbis from New York City
979:
892:
489:(head of the rabbinical court) of
14:
2001:
1569:Namm, Leisah (12 November 2004).
1272:. Holmes & Meier. p. 9.
1241:Rakeffet-Rothkoff, Aaron (1981).
1571:"Brooklyn yeshiva honors Rebibo"
1546:. pp. 46–53. Archived from
1301:from the original on 2020-07-30.
1266:Finger, Seymour Maxwell (1984).
497:(Council of Torah Sages) of the
473:, where it operated until 1934.
453:, he aided Jews arrested by the
433:. In 1916 Kalmanowitz founded a
332:Jewish emigrants from Arab lands
1975:Religious leaders from Brooklyn
1743:Eliyahu David Rabinowitz-Teomim
1671:
1617:
1595:
1562:
1528:
1461:
1436:
1409:
1286:
1259:
1234:
1203:
1176:
1149:
1115:
330:"endangered refugee status" to
1576:Jewish News of Greater Phoenix
1358:Hasidic Tales of the Holocaust
1059:. matzav.com. 24 February 2012
970:
803:
791:
771:near the grave of his father.
558:U.S. Secretary of the Treasury
397:, Rabbi Eliezer Rabinowitz of
1:
1605:. matzav.com. 14 January 2010
1535:Kobre, Eytan (2 April 2012).
1422:. M. E. Sharpe. p. 289.
1385:Keren, Daniel (13 May 2010).
1293:Safier, Dovi (29 July 2020).
1156:Shmidman, Michael A. (2007).
785:
647:on December 7, 1941, and the
346:of Delyatichi (Dzialiacičy),
1990:20th-century American rabbis
1416:Goldstein, Jonathan (1999).
1393:. p. 18. Archived from
614:The current building of the
429:(rabbinical court judge) in
378:, arranged for him to learn
7:
1940:20th-century Russian rabbis
1189:. Peter Lang. p. 101.
849:. Rabbi Nisson Wolpin, ed.
682:Rescue work in North Africa
303:German occupation of Poland
10:
2006:
912:Sherman, Moshe D. (1996).
851:Mesorah Publications, Ltd.
678:neighborhood of Brooklyn.
649:U.S. declared war on Japan
574:Rabbis March on Washington
1895:
1873:Osher Eliyahu Kalmanowitz
1861:Avraham Yaakov Nelkenbaum
1836:
1771:
1708:
1677:
1337:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
309:-ruled Europe and in the
257:
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140:
132:
107:
97:
79:
53:
48:
40:
31:
21:
1955:Lithuanian Haredi rabbis
1950:Belarusian Haredi rabbis
1857:Shraga Moshe Kalmanowitz
776:Shraga Moshe Kalmanowitz
338:Early life and education
1965:Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah
1839:New York, United States
1795:Binyomin Beinush Finkel
1695:New York, United States
1391:Flatbush Jewish Journal
1183:Tomlin, Chanan (2006).
958:Rossoff, Dovid (2005).
810:Shapiro, Chaim (1996).
778:, and his sons-in-law,
759:on 15 February 1964 (2
599:The Mir yeshiva in the
495:Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah
391:Moshe Mordechai Epstein
231:Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah
1945:American Haredi rabbis
1828:Chaim Leib Shmuelevitz
1748:Chaim Leib Shmuelevitz
1443:Kahane, Libby (2008).
1026:Grobman, Alex (2004).
999:Jewish Virtual Library
994:"Kalmanowitz, Abraham"
748:
725:Phoenix Hebrew Academy
618:
607:
591:Saving the Mir yeshiva
422:
409:Entering the rabbinate
1898:Modi'in Illit, Israel
1810:Eliyahu Boruch Finkel
1805:Eliezer Yehuda Finkel
1800:Eliezer Yehuda Finkel
1719:Eliezer Yehuda Finkel
1700:Modi'in Illit, Israel
1625:"Yahrzeits: 29 Tevet"
853:, 1982, pp. 239–244.
742:
645:attacked Pearl Harbor
613:
601:Beth Aharon Synagogue
598:
543:worked on the Shabbat
459:Chaim Ozer Grodzinski
449:clothing. During the
416:
1758:Chaim Leib Tiktinsky
1738:Yechezkel Levenstein
1729:Eliyahu Boruch Kamai
1627:. yeshshem.com. 2012
818:Mesorah Publications
735:Death and succession
561:Henry Morgenthau Jr.
538:threats of arrest".
499:World Agudath Israel
451:Bolshevik Revolution
235:World Agudath Israel
91:Miami Beach, Florida
1980:People from Tykocin
1870:Osher Dov Berenbaum
1847:Avraham Kalmanowitz
1725:Avraham Kalmanowitz
1504:Birnbaum, Avrohom.
1468:Birnbaum, Avrohom.
1220:Jewish World Review
1211:Rosenblum, Jonathan
1133:Feldheim Publishers
541:Kalmanowitz openly
387:rabbinic ordination
342:He was born in the
264:Avraham Kalmanowitz
58:Avraham Kalmanowitz
26:Avraham Kalmanowitz
1818:Nosson Tzvi Finkel
1786:Binyomin Carlebach
1550:on 12 January 2014
1537:"The Etrog Picker"
765:Sanhedria Cemetery
749:
619:
608:
513:Holocaust activism
423:
376:Nosson Tzvi Finkel
248:Sanhedria Cemetery
1960:Mir rosh yeshivas
1917:
1916:
1823:Nochum Partzovitz
1774:Jerusalem, Israel
1753:Avrohom Tiktinsky
1733:Yeruchom Levovitz
1690:Jerusalem, Israel
1454:978-965-524-008-5
1123:Farbstein, Esther
505:after stopping a
261:
260:
44:Rosh Yeshivas Mir
1997:
1867:Eliezer Ginsburg
1852:Shmuel Berenbaum
1790:Yitzchok Ezrachi
1763:Shmuel Tiktinsky
1666:
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1579:. Archived from
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1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1516:on 10 March 2012
1512:. Archived from
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1487:
1482:on 10 March 2012
1478:. Archived from
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780:Shmuel Berenbaum
774:His eldest son,
729:Phoenix, Arizona
581:Simon Wiesenthal
565:State Department
480:and a passport.
478:U.S. citizenship
421:, Belarus (2006)
372:Slabodka yeshiva
277:
157:Slabodka yeshiva
119:Yisroel Yitzchak
86:
83:15 February 1964
36:
19:
18:
2005:
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1910:Rabbi Noam Alon
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1814:Gedaliah Finkel
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1213:(5 June 2000).
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1135:. p. 213.
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820:. p. 260.
808:
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239:
152:Alma mater
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548:pikuach nefesh
524:Eliezer Silver
514:
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364:Telshe yeshiva
356:Talmid Chacham
348:Minsk province
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299:Russian empire
289:(dean) of the
276:אברהם קלמנוביץ
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61:March 8, 1887
56:
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43:
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35:
30:
20:
1906:Aryeh Finkel
1846:
1782:Asher Arieli
1724:
1711:Mir, Belarus
1685:Mir, Belarus
1629:. Retrieved
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1581:the original
1574:
1564:
1554:22 September
1552:. Retrieved
1548:the original
1540:
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1514:the original
1509:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:the original
1473:
1463:
1444:
1438:
1418:
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1395:the original
1390:
1357:
1347:
1321:. Retrieved
1317:Brooklyn Ink
1316:
1307:
1288:
1268:
1261:
1242:
1236:
1224:. Retrieved
1218:
1205:
1185:
1178:
1158:
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1117:
1099:
1061:. Retrieved
1028:
1004:. Retrieved
997:
972:
963:
959:
914:
884:
880:
846:
812:
805:
797:
793:
773:
755:and died in
753:heart attack
750:
747:in Jerusalem
745:Shraga Moshe
721:David Rebibo
716:Ozar Hatorah
697:
685:
668:Far Rockaway
657:
622:
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578:
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540:
532:Swiss francs
527:
516:
484:
482:
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447:
435:Talmud Torah
424:
381:
341:
311:Soviet Union
287:rosh yeshiva
267:
263:
262:
171:Rosh yeshiva
141:Denomination
115:Shraga Moshe
85:(1964-02-15)
1935:1964 deaths
1930:1887 births
1896:Faculty in
1887:Elya Brudny
1877:Dovid Kviat
1837:Faculty in
1772:Faculty in
1709:Faculty in
1672:Mir Yeshiva
757:Miami Beach
672:Brownsville
664:Meir Kahane
629:Kobe, Japan
616:Mir yeshiva
486:av beis din
389:from Rabbi
315:Mir yeshiva
291:Mir yeshiva
181:Mir yeshiva
125:3 daughters
65:Dzialiacičy
1924:Categories
1252:0873062744
786:References
455:Bolsheviks
417:Street in
187:, New York
1721:(b. 1879)
1678:Locations
1631:23 August
1609:23 August
1587:23 August
1542:Mishpacha
1520:23 August
1486:23 August
1401:23 August
1323:23 August
1226:23 August
1063:23 August
1006:23 August
976:?daughter
769:Jerusalem
712:Marrakech
503:Bialystok
368:Eishishok
319:Lithuania
252:Jerusalem
133:Parent(s)
1355:(1982).
1333:cite web
1299:Archived
1125:(2007).
881:Hatzalah
676:Flatbush
641:Passover
605:Shanghai
395:Volozhin
382:chavrusa
323:Shanghai
295:Brooklyn
280:Orthodox
229:Member,
185:Brooklyn
167:Position
145:Orthodox
122:Betzalel
108:Children
98:Religion
49:Personal
886:Hamodia
704:Tunisia
700:Morocco
633:Shabbat
624:sefarim
569:Joint's
553:Shabbat
491:Tykocin
443:yeshiva
352:Belarus
268:Abraham
233:of the
225:Tykocin
223:Rav of
177:Yeshiva
102:Judaism
1451:
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1193:
1166:
1139:
1108:
1036:
1002:. 2012
922:
857:
824:
637:matzos
507:pogrom
471:Otvosk
463:kollel
344:shtetl
272:Hebrew
266:(also
244:Buried
962:[
692:Syria
627:– to
467:Vilna
439:Rakaŭ
431:Vilna
427:dayan
419:Rakaŭ
399:Minsk
327:visas
317:from
283:rabbi
219:Rakov
208:Other
200:Ended
192:Began
41:Title
23:Rabbi
1633:2012
1611:2012
1589:2012
1556:2012
1522:2012
1488:2012
1449:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1403:2012
1363:ISBN
1339:link
1325:2012
1274:ISBN
1247:ISBN
1228:2012
1191:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1137:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1065:2012
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1008:2012
920:ISBN
855:ISBN
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761:Adar
702:and
690:and
670:and
528:i.e.
358:and
307:Nazi
285:and
203:1964
195:1946
80:Died
54:Born
883:".
767:in
536:FBI
465:in
437:in
403:Mir
380:in
360:Rav
321:to
293:in
217:of
215:Rav
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