42:
1061:
494:
Some with this disorder fantasize about idealized, accepting, and affectionate relationships because of their desire to belong. They often feel themselves unworthy of the relationships they desire, and shame themselves from ever attempting to begin them. If they do manage to form relationships, it is
975:
A key issue in treatment is gaining and keeping the patient's trust since people with an avoidant personality disorder will often start to avoid treatment sessions if they distrust the therapist or fear rejection. The primary purpose of both individual therapy and social skills group training is for
498:
Individuals with the disorder tend to describe themselves as uneasy, anxious, lonely, unwanted and isolated from others. They often choose jobs of isolation in which they do not have to interact with others regularly. Avoidant individuals also avoid performing activities in public spaces for fear of
987:
Being a personality disorder, which is usually chronic and has long-lasting mental conditions, an avoidant personality disorder may not improve with time without treatment. Given that it is a poorly studied personality disorder and in light of prevalence rates, societal costs, and the current state
548:
have avoidant personality disorder, as well as about 20–40% of people who have social anxiety disorder. In addition to this, AvPD is more prevalent in people who have comorbid social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder than in those who have only one of the aforementioned conditions.
1000:
It is contended by some that they are merely different conceptualizations of the same disorder, where avoidant personality disorder may represent the more severe form. In particular, those with AvPD experience not only more severe social phobia symptoms, but are also more depressed and more
996:
There is debate as to whether avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) is distinct from social anxiety disorder. Both have similar diagnostic criteria and may share a similar causation, subjective experience, course, treatment and identical underlying personality features, such as shyness.
609:
Specifically, various anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence have been associated with a temperament characterized by behavioral inhibition, including features of being shy, fearful and withdrawn in new situations. These inherited characteristics may give an individual a
491:, while showing a decreased ability to identify traits within themselves that are generally considered as positive within their societies. Loss and social rejection are so painful that these individuals will choose to be alone rather than risk trying to connect with others.
852:
also has an avoidant personality disorder diagnosis (301.82). It refers to a widespread pattern of inhibition around people, feeling inadequate and being very sensitive to negative evaluation. Symptoms begin by early adulthood and occur in a range of situations.
1816:
Johnson JG, Smailes EM, Cohen P, Brown J, Bernstein DP (2000). "Associations between four types of childhood neglect and personality disorder symptoms during adolescence and early adulthood: findings of a community-based longitudinal study".
2951:
2946:
2814:
2799:
1852:
Joyce PR, McKenzie JM, Luty SE, Mulder RT, Carter JD, Sullivan PF, et al. (2003). "Temperament, childhood environment and psychopathology as risk factors for avoidant and borderline personality disorders".
1458:
2474:
Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Czajkowski N, Torgersen S, Neale MC, Orstavik RE, Tambs K, et al. (2007). "The
Relationship Between Avoidant Personality Disorder and Social Phobia: A Population-Based Twin Study".
1001:
functionally impaired than patients with generalized social phobia alone. But they show no differences in social skills or performance on an impromptu speech. Another difference is that social phobia is the
922:. But these can also occur together; this is particularly likely for AvPD and dependent personality disorder. Thus, if criteria for more than one personality disorder are met, all can be diagnosed.
2312:
3305:
487:
Avoidant individuals are preoccupied with their own shortcomings and form relationships with others only if they believe they will not be rejected. They often view themselves with
642:
tends to be a blend of a major personality disorder type with one or more secondary personality disorder types. He identified four adult subtypes of avoidant personality disorder.
2139:"Avoidant personality disorder is a separable schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorder even when controlling for the presence of paranoid and schizotypal personality disorders"
2931:
3139:
2936:
2005:
Meyer B, Ajchenbrenner M, Bowles DP (December 2005). "Sensory sensitivity, attachment experiences, and rejection responses among adults with borderline and avoidant features".
3163:
2903:
449:, or disliked. They typically avoid becoming involved with others unless they are certain they will not be rejected, and may also pre-emptively abandon relationships due to
2059:
1489:
1021:
of 2.36% in the
American general population. It appears to occur with equal frequency in males and females. In one study, it was seen in 14.7% of psychiatric outpatients.
2652:
Grant BF, Hasin DS, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Chou SP, Ruan WJ, et al. (2004). "Prevalence, Correlates, and
Disability of Personality Disorders in the United States".
666:
General apprehensiveness displaced with avoidable tangible precipitant; qualms and disquietude symbolized by a repugnant and specific dreadful object or circumstances.
1447:
617:
Childhood emotional neglect and peer group rejection are both associated with an increased risk for the development of AvPD. Some researchers believe a combination of
1575:"Exploring the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and deliberate self-harm: the moderating roles of borderline and avoidant personality disorders"
602:
Causes of AvPD are not clearly defined, but appear to be influenced by a combination of social, genetic and psychological factors. The disorder may be related to
363:
1556:
3129:
845:
2308:
739:
825:
avoidance of social or occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact because of fear of criticism, disapproval, or rejection.
2896:
1347:
Eikenaes I, Pedersen G, Wilberg T (September 2016). "Attachment styles in patients with avoidant personality disorder compared with social phobia".
735:
1939:"Childhood Maltreatment Associated With Adult Personality Disorders: Findings From the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study"
471:
rejection are associated with an increased risk for its development; however, it is possible for AvPD to occur without any notable history of
3291:
254:
1764:
3170:
3115:
2889:
1029:
The avoidant personality has been described in several sources as far back as the early 1900s, although it was not so named for some time.
263:
3240:
3189:
3074:
3001:
2926:
356:
302:
3273:
1184:
540:
vary widely due to differences in (among others) diagnostic instruments. Research suggests that approximately 10–50% of people who have
1506:
Sanderson WC, Wetzler S, Beck AT, Betz F (February 1994). "Prevalence of personality disorders among patients with anxiety disorders".
1173:
860:
Avoids occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact, because of fears of criticism, disapproval, or rejection
3212:
202:
3021:
771:
Characterised by an inability to express anger towards others or to resist coercion from others. May be at risk for abuse by others.
388:
235:
3332:
2961:
2687:
Zimmerman, M., Rothschild, L., Chelminski, I. (2005). "The prevalence of DSM-IV personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients".
2334:
Weinbrecht, Anna, Schulze, Lars, Boettcher, Johanna, Renneberg, Babette (2016). "Avoidant
Personality Disorder: a Current Review".
1733:
174:
675:
2056:
1478:
979:
Significant improvement in the symptoms of personality disorders is possible, with the help of treatment and individual effort.
349:
2747:
2262:
2124:
1989:
1800:
1656:
1279:
1231:
552:
Some studies report prevalence rates of up to 45% among people with generalized anxiety disorder and up to 56% of those with
2431:
Nedic A, Zivanovic O, Lisulov R (2011). "Nosological status of social phobia: contrasting classical and recent literature".
976:
individuals with an avoidant personality disorder to begin challenging their exaggerated negative beliefs about themselves.
2383:
3153:
681:
Internal discord and dissension; fears dependence; unsettled; unreconciled within self; hesitating, confused, tormented,
307:
3016:
2279:
2093:
2981:
2249:
3263:
3069:
2072:
1295:
553:
226:
1553:
3230:
919:
849:
700:
Intensely wary and suspicious; alternately panicky, terrified, edgy, and timorous, then thin-skinned, high-strung,
193:
146:
2566:"Generalized social anxiety disorder and avoidant personality disorder: structural analysis and treatment outcome"
896:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3184:
3026:
713:
591:
337:
279:
221:
216:
211:
3286:
3011:
1099:
907:
660:
618:
249:
3225:
3220:
3148:
3064:
3059:
3036:
3031:
1401:
Verheul R (2001-08-01). "Co-morbidity of personality disorders in individuals with substance use disorders".
1042:
915:
911:
879:
694:
557:
327:
322:
312:
188:
183:
138:
3099:
332:
423:
926:
723:; discards painful images and memories; casts away untenable thoughts and impulses; possibly suicidal.
431:
2912:
2155:
833:
788:
434:
despite a strong desire for it. It appears to affect an approximately equal number of men and women.
2829:
621:
coupled with adverse childhood experiences may heighten the risk of an individual developing AvPD.
142:
1017:
Data from the 2001–02 National
Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions indicates a
906:, avoidant personality disorder must be differentiated from similar personality disorders such as
3054:
2615:"Validity of the distinction between generalized social phobia and avoidant personality disorder"
2333:
1786:
1756:
892:
518:
134:
89:
1215:
1209:
2150:
1252:
American
Psychiatric Association, ed. (2013). "Avoidant Personality Disorder, 301.82 (F60.6)".
1089:
1084:
953:
930:
611:
572:
129:
122:
94:
2858:
2723:
2115:
1181:
866:
shows restraint within intimate relationships because of the fear of being shamed or ridiculed
594:
and avoidant personality disorder, called "avoidant-borderline mixed personality" (AvPD/BPD).
1977:
1646:
1170:
2384:"Avoidant personality disorder and social phobia: distinct enough to be separate disorders?"
1651:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 29.
1223:
832:
It is a requirement of ICD-10 that all personality disorder diagnoses also satisfy a set of
495:
also common for them to pre-emptively abandon them out of fear of the relationship failing.
430:, a belief that one is socially inept or personally unappealing to others, and avoidance of
639:
391:
167:
2739:
2728:
2196:
Lehnhardt FG, Gawronski A, Pfeiffer K, Kockler H, Schilbach L, Vogeley K (November 2013).
1757:"Avoidant Personality Disorder Causes, Frequency, Siblings and Mortality — Morbidity"
8:
2818:
1675:
Eggum ND, Eisenberg N, Spinrad TL, Valiente C, Edwards A, Kupfer AS, et al. (2009).
1094:
1049:(1921), in providing the first relatively complete description, developed a distinction.
1037:
described patients who exhibited signs of avoidant personality disorder in his 1911 work
761:
Characterised by an inability to experience and express positive emotion towards others.
419:
407:
78:
58:
1898:"Childhood Maltreatment Increases Risk for Personality Disorders During Early Adulthood"
1725:
2823:
2595:
2543:
2518:
Reich J (2009). "Avoidant personality disorder and its relationship to social phobia".
2500:
2456:
2413:
2359:
2222:
2197:
2173:
2138:
1878:
1701:
1676:
1607:
1574:
1531:
1426:
65:
2881:
1414:
590:
Earlier theorists proposed a personality disorder with a combination of features from
2743:
2704:
2669:
2634:
2587:
2535:
2492:
2448:
2405:
2400:
2379:
2351:
2258:
2227:
2178:
2120:
2068:
2030:
2022:
1985:
1958:
1919:
1870:
1866:
1834:
1796:
1706:
1652:
1612:
1594:
1523:
1519:
1418:
1380:
1372:
1275:
1227:
1074:
1066:
961:
941:
399:
270:
82:
74:
49:
2547:
2504:
2460:
2417:
2363:
1937:
Battle CL, Shea MT, Johnson DM, Yen S, Zlotnick C, Zanarini MC, et al. (2004).
1535:
1430:
2763:
2696:
2661:
2626:
2599:
2577:
2527:
2488:
2484:
2440:
2395:
2343:
2217:
2209:
2168:
2160:
2014:
1950:
1909:
1862:
1826:
1696:
1688:
1602:
1590:
1586:
1515:
1410:
1364:
1356:
1219:
1079:
1046:
533:
446:
427:
415:
411:
403:
2869:
2116:
Anxiety
Disorders in Adults: An Evidence-Based Approach to Psychological Treatment
2092:. Institute for Advanced Studies in Personology and Psychopathology (millon.net).
1938:
1882:
952:
Treatment of avoidant personality disorder can employ various techniques, such as
2834:
2700:
2614:
2444:
2164:
2063:
2047:
1560:
1329:
1205:
1188:
1177:
1144:
1133:
937:
813:
belief that one is socially inept, personally unappealing, or inferior to others;
635:
2630:
1954:
1677:"Predictors of withdrawal: Possible precursors of avoidant personality disorder"
2735:
2018:
1830:
1792:
925:
There is also an overlap between avoidant and schizoid personality traits (see
816:
excessive preoccupation with being criticized or rejected in social situations;
720:
580:
576:
541:
511:
395:
70:
2808:
2531:
2347:
2213:
1914:
1897:
1692:
872:
is inhibited in new interpersonal situations because of feelings of inadequacy
798:
3326:
2287:
2198:"The Investigation and Differential Diagnosis of Asperger Syndrome in Adults"
2089:
2026:
1598:
1376:
1034:
965:
957:
895:, a diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) also requires that the
829:
Associated features may include hypersensitivity to rejection and criticism.
456:
156:
118:
880:
unusually reluctant to take personal risk or to engage in any new activities
701:
638:
notes that because most patients present a mixed picture of symptoms, their
2708:
2673:
2591:
2539:
2496:
2473:
2452:
2409:
2355:
2231:
2182:
2034:
1962:
1923:
1874:
1838:
1710:
1616:
1422:
1384:
969:
875:
views self as socially inept, personally unappealing, or inferior to others
819:
unwillingness to become involved with people unless certain of being liked;
2638:
1527:
1299:
2853:
2686:
2665:
1550:
Social Phobia and
Personality Disorders: Comorbidity and Treatment Issues
1030:
603:
564:
545:
537:
488:
442:
317:
284:
113:
41:
1368:
1360:
1117:
1018:
806:
It is characterized by the presence of at least four of the following:
468:
54:
2791:
1982:
Handbook of diagnosis and treatment of DSM-IV-TR personality disorders
1723:
863:
is unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked
406:(despite an intense desire for it), severe feelings of inadequacy and
2941:
2864:
2582:
2565:
1729:
1200:
1198:
1196:
869:
is preoccupied with being criticized or rejected in social situations
568:
98:
1254:
Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition
1045:
patterns were frequently confused or referred to synonymously until
822:
restrictions in lifestyle because of need to have physical security;
3079:
2136:
1214:(Fifth ed.). American Psychiatric Association. 2013. pp.
1138:
936:
Avoidant personality disorder must also be differentiated from the
682:
575:
are also common in individuals with AvPD—particularly in regard to
1632:
Distancing: A Guide to
Avoidance and Avoidant Personality Disorder
1448:"Personality disorders and substance use - National Drug Strategy"
1193:
437:
People with AvPD often avoid social interaction for fear of being
2195:
1128:
856:
Four of the following seven specific symptoms should be present:
507:
476:
453:
of a real or imagined risk of being rejected by the other party.
438:
1251:
964:, and exposure treatment to gradually increase social contacts,
2965:
2803:
1896:
Johnson JG, Cohen P, Brown J, Smailes EM, Bernstein DP (1999).
1724:
Rettew DC, Michael S Jellinek, Alicia C Doyle (March 4, 2008).
1111:
792:
584:
464:
2564:
Huppert JD, Strunk DR, Ledley DR, Davidson JR, Foa EB (2008).
810:
persistent and pervasive feelings of tension and apprehension;
742:
proposed two other subtypes of avoidant personality disorder:
560:
is also commonly comorbid with avoidant personality disorder.
3203:
1674:
1123:
903:
472:
460:
2563:
2377:
1754:
532:
AvPD is reported to be especially prevalent in people with
517:
Heightened attachment-related anxiety, which may include a
450:
2004:
1895:
1815:
1505:
1334:
Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV and Beyond, 2nd Edition
2911:
2651:
1851:
1346:
1296:"Avoidant Personality Disorder – Environmental Factors"
2280:"Dual Diagnosis and the Avoidant Personality Disorder"
1634:(Revised ed.), Westport, Conn: Praeger Publishers
2430:
2277:
1211:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
988:
of research, AvPD qualifies as a neglected disorder.
846:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
587:—and may significantly affect a patient's prognosis.
2781:
2257:. New York, NY: Worth Publishers. pp. 424–427.
1936:
1256:. American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 672–675.
1056:
1984:. Philadelphia: Brunner-Routledge. pp. 59–79.
1206:"Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders"
2727:
2612:
1784:
3324:
2243:
2241:
1855:Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
1039:Dementia Praecox: Or the Group of Schizophrenias
422:. Those affected typically display a pattern of
1274:(6th ed.). McGraw Education. p. 275.
2721:
2378:Ralevski E, Sanislow CA, Grilo CM, Skodol AE,
2137:David L. Fogelson, Keith Nuechterlein (2007).
3138:
2897:
2559:
2557:
2238:
2189:
2083:
2081:
1499:
357:
3171:Personality disorder not otherwise specified
1552:. Groningen: University Library Groningen. (
968:for practicing social skills, and sometimes
499:embarrassing themselves in front of others.
1328:
897:general criteria for a personality disorder
2904:
2890:
2762:
2715:
2554:
2078:
929:) and AvPD may have a relationship to the
424:extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation
364:
350:
40:
2581:
2399:
2221:
2172:
2154:
2041:
1913:
1717:
1700:
1606:
1572:
1486:National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre
1322:
1162:
1160:
886:
797:anxious (avoidant) personality disorder (
2613:Herbert JD, Hope DA, Bellack AS (1992).
1670:
1668:
1269:
2284:The Dual Diagnosis Pages: From Our Desk
1644:
1638:
1400:
1313:
1288:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1224:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.156852
1005:whereas AvPD is better described as an
795:lists avoidant personality disorder as
3325:
2087:
1975:
1969:
1788:Major Theories of Personality Disorder
1629:
1157:
2885:
2517:
2382:, Tracie Shea M, et al. (2005).
2247:
2057:Personality Disorders in Modern Life.
1736:from the original on 12 February 2010
1665:
1473:
1471:
1442:
1440:
1182:Clinical descriptions and guidelines.
834:general personality disorder criteria
482:
2278:Eckleberry, Sharon C. (2000-03-25).
2052:Chapter 6 – The Avoidant Personality
1755:Suzanne M. Sutherland, M.D. (2006).
1396:
1394:
1265:
1263:
1240:
2913:Personality disorder classification
2251:Fundamentals of abnormal psychology
1785:Lenzenweger MF, Clarkin JF (2005).
1748:
882:because they may prove embarrassing
619:high-sensory-processing sensitivity
459:(in particular, the rejection of a
13:
2689:The American Journal of Psychiatry
2654:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
2309:"Personality Disorder - Treatment"
2202:Deutsches Ă„rzteblatt International
2113:Peter D. McLean, Sheila R. Woody:
1998:
1566:
1468:
1437:
685:, embittered; unresolvable angst.
14:
3344:
3190:Negativistic (passive–aggressive)
2777:
1391:
1319:Will, Retzlaff, ed. (1995). p. 97
1260:
2730:The DSM-IV Personality Disorders
2401:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00580.x
2007:Journal of Personality Disorders
1943:Journal of Personality Disorders
1867:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2003.01263.x
1819:Journal of Personality Disorders
1573:Gratz KL, Tull MT (2012-08-30).
1495:from the original on 2017-12-04.
1464:from the original on 2018-03-27.
1059:
850:American Psychiatric Association
147:Schizotypal personality disorder
3333:Cluster C personality disorders
2756:
2724:"Avoidant Personality Disorder"
2680:
2645:
2606:
2511:
2467:
2424:
2371:
2327:
2315:from the original on 2016-02-05
2301:
2271:
2130:
2107:
2096:from the original on 2017-06-21
1978:"Avoidant Personality Disorder"
1930:
1889:
1845:
1809:
1778:
1767:from the original on 2007-09-30
1726:"Avoidant Personality Disorder"
1681:Development and Psychopathology
1623:
1542:
1012:
592:borderline personality disorder
2489:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06101764
2477:American Journal of Psychiatry
2388:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
2090:"Personality Subtypes Summary"
1902:Archives of General Psychiatry
1591:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.025
1340:
1100:Sensory processing sensitivity
991:
558:Post-traumatic stress disorder
527:
1:
2722:Millon T, Martinez A (1995).
2433:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
1761:Avoidant Personality Disorder
1548:Van Velzen, C. J. M. (2002).
1479:"Personality + substance use"
1415:10.1016/S0924-9338(01)00578-8
1151:
554:obsessive–compulsive disorder
377:Avoidant personality disorder
139:Schizoid personality disorder
77:, feelings of inadequacy and
27:Avoidant personality disorder
3154:Self-defeating (masochistic)
2701:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1911
2445:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32833fb5a6
2165:10.1016/j.schres.2006.12.023
1763:. Armenian Medical Network.
1520:10.1016/0165-1781(94)90036-1
1349:Psychology and Psychotherapy
1003:fear of social circumstances
982:
947:
777:
606:factors that are inherited.
385:anxious personality disorder
35:Anxious personality disorder
7:
2631:10.1037/0021-843x.101.2.332
1955:10.1521/pedi.18.2.193.32777
1052:
624:
457:Childhood emotional neglect
412:avoidance of feared stimuli
394:characterized by excessive
119:Childhood emotional neglect
10:
3349:
2520:Current Psychiatry Reports
2336:Current Psychiatry Reports
2019:10.1521/pedi.2005.19.6.641
1831:10.1521/pedi.2000.14.2.171
1024:
927:Schizoid avoidant behavior
3301:Section III (alternative)
3300:
3272:
3239:
3211:
3202:
3177:
3162:
3128:
3108:
3092:
3047:
2997:
2990:
2974:
2960:
2919:
2844:
2785:
2532:10.1007/s11920-009-0014-0
2348:10.1007/s11920-016-0665-6
2214:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0755
1915:10.1001/archpsyc.56.7.600
1693:10.1017/S0954579409000443
789:World Health Organization
729:
629:
597:
410:, and an overreliance on
152:
128:
112:
104:
88:
64:
48:
39:
31:
26:
2726:. In Livesley WJ (ed.).
648:Subtype and description
536:, although estimates of
143:autism spectrum disorder
2920:General classifications
2768:Körperbau und Charakter
893:social anxiety disorder
710:Self-deserting avoidant
691:Hypersensitive avoidant
573:Substance use disorders
567:and, in certain cases,
563:Avoidants are prone to
523:Substance use disorders
264:Not otherwise specified
135:Social anxiety disorder
95:Substance use disorders
2570:Depression and Anxiety
2143:Schizophrenia Research
1455:National Drug Strategy
1090:Experiential avoidance
1085:Counterphobic attitude
954:social skills training
931:schizophrenia spectrum
887:Differential diagnosis
839:
782:
612:genetic predisposition
333:Post-traumatic organic
130:Differential diagnosis
123:Genetic predisposition
3178:Appendix B (proposed)
1648:Blueprints psychiatry
168:Personality disorders
3292:Obsessive-compulsive
3241:Cluster B (dramatic)
3022:Emotionally unstable
2666:10.4088/JCP.v65n0711
2067:Wiley, 2nd Edition.
1007:aversion to intimacy
767:Exploitable-avoidant
719:Blocks or fragments
640:personality disorder
514:in social situations
392:personality disorder
255:Obsessive–compulsive
203:Cluster B (dramatic)
16:Personality disorder
3274:Cluster C (anxious)
1645:Sederer LI (2009).
1579:Psychiatry Research
1508:Psychiatry Research
1403:European Psychiatry
1332:, Davis RD (1996).
1272:Abnormal Psychology
1270:Hoeksema N (2014).
1171:Diagnostic Criteria
1095:Inferiority complex
672:Conflicted avoidant
651:Personality traits
519:fear of abandonment
418:) as a maladaptive
414:(e.g. self-imposed
236:Cluster C (anxious)
59:clinical psychology
3075:Passive–aggressive
3007:Anxious (avoidant)
2845:External resources
2062:2017-02-07 at the
1630:Kantor M (2003) ,
1559:2021-10-30 at the
1361:10.1111/papt.12075
1187:2014-03-23 at the
1176:2016-06-18 at the
1009:in relationships.
502:Symptoms include:
483:Signs and symptoms
432:social interaction
303:Passive–aggressive
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3198:
3197:
3124:
3123:
3088:
3087:
2964:classifications (
2879:
2878:
2749:978-0-89862-257-7
2695:(10): 1911–1918.
2264:978-1-4292-9563-5
2125:978-0-19-802759-1
2088:Millon T (2015).
1991:978-0-415-93569-2
1976:Sperry L (2003).
1802:978-1-59385-108-8
1658:978-0-7817-8253-1
1281:978-1-308-21150-3
1233:978-0-89042-555-8
1075:Attachment theory
1067:Psychology portal
962:cognitive therapy
942:Asperger syndrome
902:According to the
775:
774:
740:Martha J. Capreol
727:
726:
534:anxiety disorders
374:
373:
162:
161:
75:social inhibition
21:Medical condition
3340:
3209:
3208:
3175:
3174:
3136:
3135:
2995:
2994:
2972:
2971:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2771:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2733:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2619:J Abnorm Psychol
2610:
2604:
2603:
2585:
2583:10.1002/da.20349
2561:
2552:
2551:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2403:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2286:. Archived from
2275:
2269:
2268:
2256:
2248:Comer R (2014).
2245:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2158:
2156:10.1.1.1019.5817
2149:(1–3): 192–199.
2134:
2128:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2085:
2076:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1570:
1564:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1483:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1452:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1298:. Archived from
1292:
1286:
1285:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1249:
1238:
1237:
1202:
1191:
1164:
1080:Avoidance coping
1069:
1064:
1063:
1062:
745:
744:
645:
644:
416:social isolation
404:fear of intimacy
366:
359:
352:
164:
163:
44:
24:
23:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3308:
3306:Trait specified
3296:
3268:
3235:
3213:Cluster A (odd)
3194:
3173:
3158:
3132:classifications
3120:
3104:
3084:
3043:
2986:
2956:
2915:
2910:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2840:
2839:
2794:
2780:
2775:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2720:
2716:
2685:
2681:
2650:
2646:
2611:
2607:
2562:
2555:
2516:
2512:
2472:
2468:
2429:
2425:
2376:
2372:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2293:
2291:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2254:
2246:
2239:
2208:(45): 755–763.
2194:
2190:
2135:
2131:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2097:
2086:
2079:
2064:Wayback Machine
2048:Theodore Millon
2046:
2042:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1974:
1970:
1935:
1931:
1894:
1890:
1850:
1846:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1768:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1722:
1718:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1643:
1639:
1628:
1624:
1571:
1567:
1561:Wayback Machine
1547:
1543:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1399:
1392:
1345:
1341:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1305:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1268:
1261:
1250:
1241:
1234:
1204:
1203:
1194:
1189:Wayback Machine
1178:Wayback Machine
1165:
1158:
1154:
1145:Taijin kyofusho
1134:Solitary animal
1065:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1041:. Avoidant and
1027:
1015:
994:
985:
950:
940:, specifically
938:autism spectrum
891:In contrast to
889:
842:
785:
780:
732:
704:, and prickly.
657:Phobic avoidant
636:Theodore Millon
632:
627:
600:
581:benzodiazepines
530:
485:
463:by one or both
370:
175:Cluster A (odd)
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3346:
3336:
3335:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3169:
3167:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3133:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3080:Psychoneurotic
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2969:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2861:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2826:
2811:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:Classification
2779:
2778:External links
2776:
2774:
2773:
2770:. J. Springer.
2755:
2748:
2736:Guilford Press
2714:
2679:
2644:
2605:
2553:
2510:
2483:(11): 1722–8.
2466:
2423:
2370:
2326:
2300:
2270:
2263:
2237:
2188:
2129:
2106:
2077:
2040:
2013:(6): 641–658.
1997:
1990:
1968:
1949:(2): 193–211.
1929:
1888:
1844:
1808:
1801:
1795:. p. 69.
1793:Guilford Press
1777:
1747:
1716:
1664:
1657:
1637:
1622:
1565:
1554:online version
1541:
1514:(2): 167–174.
1498:
1467:
1436:
1409:(5): 274–282.
1390:
1355:(3): 245–260.
1339:
1336:. p. 263.
1321:
1312:
1287:
1280:
1259:
1239:
1232:
1192:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1054:
1051:
1026:
1023:
1014:
1011:
993:
990:
984:
981:
949:
946:
888:
885:
884:
883:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
841:
838:
827:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
784:
781:
779:
776:
773:
772:
769:
763:
762:
759:
753:
752:
749:
731:
728:
725:
724:
721:self-awareness
717:
706:
705:
698:
687:
686:
679:
668:
667:
664:
653:
652:
649:
631:
628:
626:
623:
614:towards AvPD.
599:
596:
542:panic disorder
529:
526:
525:
524:
521:
515:
484:
481:
396:social anxiety
372:
371:
369:
368:
361:
354:
346:
343:
342:
341:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
297:
296:
290:
289:
288:
287:
282:
274:
273:
267:
266:
260:
259:
258:
257:
252:
247:
239:
238:
232:
231:
230:
229:
224:
219:
214:
206:
205:
199:
198:
197:
196:
191:
186:
178:
177:
171:
170:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
132:
126:
125:
116:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
92:
86:
85:
71:Social anxiety
68:
62:
61:
52:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3345:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2751:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2725:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2660:(7): 948–58.
2659:
2655:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2394:(3): 208–14.
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2290:on 2006-12-16
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2266:
2260:
2253:
2252:
2244:
2242:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2082:
2074:
2073:0-471-23734-5
2070:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1861:(6): 756–64.
1860:
1856:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1825:(2): 171–87.
1824:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1781:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:(3): 815–38.
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1633:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1395:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1316:
1302:on 2014-10-28
1301:
1297:
1291:
1283:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1255:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:Eugen Bleuler
1033:psychiatrist
1032:
1022:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1004:
998:
989:
980:
977:
973:
971:
967:
966:group therapy
963:
959:
958:psychotherapy
955:
945:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
881:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
858:
857:
854:
851:
848:(DSM) of the
847:
837:
835:
830:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
808:
807:
804:
802:
800:
794:
790:
770:
768:
765:
764:
760:
758:
757:Cold-avoidant
755:
754:
750:
747:
746:
743:
741:
737:
736:Lynn E. Alden
722:
718:
715:
711:
708:
707:
703:
699:
696:
692:
689:
688:
684:
680:
677:
673:
670:
669:
665:
662:
658:
655:
654:
650:
647:
646:
643:
641:
637:
634:Psychologist
622:
620:
615:
613:
607:
605:
604:temperamental
595:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:self-loathing
561:
559:
555:
550:
547:
543:
539:
535:
522:
520:
516:
513:
509:
505:
504:
503:
500:
496:
492:
490:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
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3264:Narcissistic
3070:Narcissistic
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2764:Kretschmer E
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114:Risk factors
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3231:Schizotypal
3116:Unspecified
3109:Unspecified
2982:Schizotypal
2975:Schizotypal
2937:Multi-axial
2932:Categorical
2927:Dimensional
2854:MedlinePlus
2738:. pp.
2439:(1): 61–6.
1740:January 26,
1369:10852/50233
1169:in ICD-10:
992:Controversy
920:schizotypal
712:(including
693:(including
674:(including
659:(including
546:agoraphobia
538:comorbidity
528:Comorbidity
408:inferiority
318:Psychopathy
308:Masochistic
285:Cyclothymic
194:Schizotypal
79:inferiority
32:Other names
3259:Histrionic
3254:Borderline
3249:Antisocial
3185:Depressive
3027:Histrionic
3002:Anankastic
2952:Structural
2947:Relational
2942:Prototypal
2319:5 February
2294:2007-02-06
2119:. p. 129,
2100:2013-01-08
1771:2007-02-26
1306:2013-07-22
1152:References
1118:Hikikomori
1047:Kretschmer
1019:prevalence
716:features)
714:depressive
697:features)
683:paroxysmic
678:features)
663:features)
469:peer group
443:humiliated
400:inhibition
338:Adjustment
280:Depressive
271:Depressive
222:Histrionic
217:Borderline
212:Antisocial
83:withdrawal
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3287:Dependent
3140:DSM-III-R
3055:Eccentric
3017:Dissocial
3012:Dependent
2865:eMedicine
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2151:CiteSeerX
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2027:0885-579X
1730:eMedicine
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983:Prognosis
948:Treatment
908:dependent
778:Diagnosis
751:Features
734:In 1993,
661:dependent
569:self-harm
439:ridiculed
428:rejection
389:Cluster C
250:Dependent
153:Treatment
99:self-harm
50:Specialty
3327:Category
3282:Avoidant
3226:Schizoid
3221:Paranoid
3149:Sadistic
3065:Immature
3060:Haltlose
3037:Schizoid
3032:Paranoid
2991:Specific
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2674:15291684
2592:17618526
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2311:. Mind.
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2060:Archived
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1490:Archived
1459:Archived
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1423:11514129
1385:26332087
1330:Millon T
1185:Archived
1174:Archived
1167:Anxious
1139:Solitude
1053:See also
1043:schizoid
916:schizoid
912:paranoid
899:be met.
748:Subtype
702:petulant
695:paranoid
625:Subtypes
506:Extreme
489:contempt
447:rejected
328:Immature
323:Haltlose
313:Sadistic
245:Avoidant
189:Schizoid
184:Paranoid
105:Duration
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3100:Organic
3093:Organic
2870:ped/189
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2600:9179813
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1608:3407331
1528:8022951
1216:234–236
1129:Recluse
1106:Social:
1025:History
585:opioids
577:alcohol
512:anxiety
508:shyness
477:neglect
465:parents
108:Chronic
3164:DSM-IV
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2830:MeSH
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2670:PMID
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2493:PMID
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