854:
these people as distrustful, feeling unjustly treated and feeling subjected to hostility, interference and oppression. He also observed a contradiction in these personalities: on the one hand, they stubbornly hold on to their unusual ideas, on the other hand, they often accept every piece of gossip as the truth. Kraepelin also noted that paranoid personalities were often present in people who later developed paranoid psychosis. Subsequent writers also considered traits like suspiciousness and hostility to predispose people to developing delusional illnesses, particularly "late paraphrenias" of old age.
879:, described "self-insecure" personalities who resemble the paranoid personality. According to Jaspers, such people experience inner humiliation, brought about by outside experiences and their interpretations of them. They have an urge to get external confirmation to their self-deprecation and that makes them see insults in the behavior of other people. They suffer from every slight because they seek the real reason for them in themselves. This kind of insecurity leads to overcompensation: compulsive formality, strict social observances, and exaggerated displays of assurance.
517:. They require in general the presence of lasting distrust and suspicion of others, interpreting their motives as malevolent, from an early adult age, occurring in a range of situations. Four of seven specific issues must be present, which include different types of suspicions or doubt (such as of being exploited, or that remarks have a subtle threatening meaning), in some cases regarding others in general or specifically friends or partners, and in some cases referring to a response of holding grudges or reacting angrily.
749:
938:
720:) has also been suggested as a possible treatment to paranoid personality disorder, but while case studies have shown improvement in the symptoms of the disorder, no systematic/widespread data has been collected to support this. Treatments for PPD can be challenging, as individuals with PPD are reluctant in finding help and have difficulty trusting others.
868:
emphasized the sensitive inner core of the paranoia-prone personality: they feel shy and inadequate but at the same time they have an attitude of entitlement. They attribute their failures to the machinations of others but secretly to their own inadequacy. They experience constant tension between
853:
description from 1905 of a pseudo-querulous personality who is "always on the alert to find grievance, but without delusions", vain, self-absorbed, sensitive, irritable, litigious, obstinate, and living at strife with the world. In 1921, he renamed the condition paranoid personality and described
711:
Partly as a result of tendencies to mistrust others, there have been few studies conducted over the treatment of paranoid personality disorder. Currently, there are no medicines FDA approved in treating PPD, but antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers may be prescribed under wrong
338:
may be hypersensitive, easily insulted, and habitually relate to the world by vigilant scanning of the environment for clues or suggestions that may validate their fears or biases. They are eager observers and they often think they are in danger and look for signs and threats of that danger,
520:
PPD is characterized by a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. To qualify for a diagnosis, the patient must meet at least four out of the following criteria:
886:
described the "fanatic psychopaths" and divided them into two categories: the combative type that is very insistent about his false notions and actively quarrelsome, and the eccentric type that is passive, secretive, vulnerable to esoteric sects, but nonetheless suspicious about others.
890:
The descriptions of
Leonhard and Sheperd from the sixties describe paranoid people as overvaluing their abilities and attributing their failure to the ill-will of others; they also mention that their interpersonal relations are disturbed and they are in constant conflict with others.
894:
In 1975, Polatin described the paranoid personality as rigid, suspicious, watchful, self-centered and selfish, inwardly hypersensitive, but emotionally undemonstrative. However, when there is a difference of opinion, the underlying mistrust, authoritarianism, and rage burst through.
861:
described "contentious psychopathy" or "paranoid constitution" as displaying the characteristic triad of suspiciousness, grandiosity, and feelings of persecution. He also emphasized that these people's false assumptions do not attain the form of real delusion.
1874:
1869:
587:
Self-assertive, unyielding, stubborn, steely, implacable, unrelenting, dyspeptic, peevish, and cranky stance; legalistic and self-righteous; discharges previously restrained hostility; renounces self-other conflict.
728:
PPD occurs in about 0.5–4.4% of the general population. It is seen in 2–10% of psychiatric outpatients. In clinical samples men have higher rates, whereas epidemiologically there is a reported higher rate of women.
1724:
1709:
716:, normally used in cases where both PPD and BPD are present. However, no published studies directly state the effectiveness of this form of treatment on specifically PPD, as opposed to its effects on BPD. CBT (
1082:
Kendler KS, Czajkowski N, Tambs K, et al. (2006). "Dimensional representations of DSM-IV cluster A personality disorders in a population-based sample of
Norwegian twins: a multivariate study".
926:
Due to repeated concerns of the validity of PPD and poor empirical evidence, it has been suggested that PPD be removed from the DSM. This is believed to contribute to low research output on PPD.
2228:
1212:
American
Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
603:
Grandiose beliefs are irrational and flimsy; pretentious, expensive supercilious contempt and arrogance toward others; lost pride reestablished with extravagant claims and fantasies.
551:
version and lists associated features that describe it in a more quotidian way. These features include suspiciousness, intimacy avoidance, hostility and unusual beliefs/experiences.
648:
Belligerent, cantankerous, intimidating, vengeful, callous, and tyrannical; hostility vented primarily in fantasy; projects own venomous outlook onto others; persecutory beliefs.
1854:
350:
isolation to their life experience. People with PPD may have a tendency to bear grudges, suspiciousness, tendency to interpret others' actions as hostile, persistent tendency to
2062:
1859:
2086:
1578:
Bernstein, D. P., Useda, D., Siever, L. J. (1995). Paranoid
Personality Disorder. In: J. W. Livesley (Ed.). The DSM-IV Personality Disorders. (pp. 45-57). New York: Guilford.
1826:
633:
Reclusive, self-sequestered, hermitical; self-protectively secluded from omnipresent threats and destructive forces; hypervigilant and defensive against imagined dangers.
618:
Contentious, caviling, fractious, argumentative, faultfinding, unaccommodating, resentful, choleric, jealous, peevish, sullen, endless wrangles, whiny, waspish, snappish.
342:
They tend to be guarded and suspicious and have quite constricted emotional lives. Their reduced capacity for meaningful emotional involvement and the general pattern of
1487:"Prevalence, Correlates, and Disability of Personality Disorders in the United States: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions"
433:. It is also pointed out that for different cultures it may be necessary to develop specific sets of criteria with regard to social norms, rules and other obligations.
302:
61:, pervasive suspiciousness, generalized mistrust of others, hypersensitivity, scanning of environments for clues or suggestions that may validate fears or biases
2052:
839:
846:
who described a "fragile personality" that showed idiosyncratic thinking, hypochondriasis, undue sensitivity, referential thinking, and suspiciousness.
1819:
1485:
Grant, Bridget F.; Hasin, Deborah S.; Stinson, Frederick S.; Dawson, Deborah A.; Chou, S. Patricia; Ruan, W. June; Pickering, Roger P. (2004-07-01).
898:
In the 1980s, paranoid personality disorder received little attention, and when it did receive it, the focus was on its potential relationship to
559:
Various researchers and clinicians may propose varieties and subsets or dimensions of personality related to the official diagnoses. Psychologist
377:
found paranoid personality disorder to be modestly heritable and to share a portion of its genetic and environmental risk factors with the other
2214:
193:
1164:
817:
2093:
2038:
1812:
396:
believe the disorder to be a result of an underlying belief that other people are unfriendly in combination with a lack of self-awareness.
202:
2163:
789:
2112:
1997:
1924:
1849:
295:
241:
2196:
1558:
1486:
450:
suspiciousness and a pervasive tendency to distort experience by misconstruing the neutral or friendly actions of others as hostile or
2135:
141:
1944:
796:
581:
540:
Perceives attacks on their character or reputation that are not apparent to others and is quick to react angrily or to counterattack.
174:
2255:
1884:
113:
83:
759:
700:
612:
803:
288:
915:
3) The dynamics of denying personal insecurities, attributing these to others, and self-inflation through grandiose fantasies
1793:
1233:
1197:
1026:
1252:
785:
2076:
531:
Is reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fear that the information will be used maliciously against them.
246:
1939:
1904:
2186:
1992:
1137:
688:
597:
165:
2153:
684:
506:
386:
132:
430:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2107:
1949:
696:
276:
218:
160:
155:
150:
87:
2209:
1934:
952:
774:
188:
1052:
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2071:
1987:
1982:
1959:
1929:
692:
680:
672:
642:
627:
382:
266:
261:
251:
183:
127:
429:
It is a requirement of ICD-10 that a diagnosis of any specific personality disorder also satisfies a set of
366:
A genetic contribution to paranoid traits and a possible genetic link between this personality disorder and
2022:
810:
717:
393:
271:
676:
358:
with other personality disorders, such as schizotypal, schizoid, narcissistic, avoidant, and borderline.
876:
770:
1835:
660:
528:
Is preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates.
410:
766:
1739:
460:
recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding sexual fidelity of spouse or sexual partner;
79:
842:. One of the earliest descriptions of the paranoid personality comes from the French psychiatrist
838:
Paranoid personality disorder is listed in DSM-V and was included in all previous versions of the
1977:
668:
869:
feelings of self-importance and experiencing the environment as unappreciative and humiliating.
543:
Has recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding fidelity of spouse or sexual partner.
447:
tendency to bear grudges persistently (i.e. refusal to forgive insults and injuries or slights);
392:
Psychosocial theories implicate projection of negative internal feelings and parental modeling.
354:, or a tenacious sense of personal right. Patients with this disorder can also have significant
962:
899:
457:
a combative and tenacious sense of self-righteousness out of keeping with the actual situation;
66:
20:
1779:
1556:
Paranoid
Personality Disorder: A Synthesis of Developmental, Dynamic, and Descriptive Features
1555:
1161:
972:
525:
Suspects, without sufficient basis, that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving them.
335:
106:
1643:
Triebwasser, Joseph; Chemerinski, Eran; Roussos, Panos; Siever, Larry J. (December 2013).
8:
1728:
998:
490:
441:
71:
46:
1625:
1467:
1368:
1311:
1186:
1107:
53:
1804:
1733:
918:
4) Coping style of detesting dependence and hostile distancing of oneself from others
2260:
1672:
1664:
1617:
1609:
1514:
1506:
1459:
1451:
1412:
1392:
1373:
1355:
1316:
1298:
1229:
1193:
1143:
1133:
1099:
1022:
943:
909:
1) Behavioral characteristics of vigilance, abrasive irritability, and counterattack
209:
37:
1798:
1629:
1471:
1111:
679:. Criteria for other personality disorder diagnoses are commonly also met, such as:
1656:
1601:
1498:
1443:
1404:
1363:
1347:
1306:
1290:
1091:
1064:
967:
865:
537:
Persistently bears grudges (i.e., is unforgiving of insults, injuries, or slights).
464:
343:
1744:
1562:
1223:
1168:
1016:
903:
843:
560:
474:" explanations of events both immediate to the patient and in the world at large.
323:
1256:
1068:
471:
1589:
883:
850:
713:
712:
assumptions to treat some of the symptoms. Another form of treatment of PPD is
351:
1718:
1644:
1605:
1447:
1351:
1294:
1095:
906:
who divided the features of paranoid personality disorder to four categories:
424:
2249:
1668:
1660:
1613:
1510:
1455:
1416:
1359:
1302:
1147:
1125:
858:
547:
The DSM-5 lists paranoid personality disorder essentially unchanged from the
534:
Reads hidden demeaning or threatening meanings into benign remarks or events.
494:
463:
tendency to experience excessive self-aggrandizing, manifest in a persistent
367:
75:
1431:
1335:
1278:
1676:
1621:
1518:
1463:
1377:
1320:
1188:
Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (2013)
1103:
872:
738:
451:
1336:"Mistrustful and Misunderstood: a Review of Paranoid Personality Disorder"
1279:"Mistrustful and Misunderstood: a Review of Paranoid Personality Disorder"
1774:
1502:
1160:
The
Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders (ICD-10) by WHO: "
912:
2) Complaints indicating oversensitivity, social isolation, and mistrust
664:
355:
256:
223:
479:
374:
42:
1701:
1081:
1864:
1750:
1408:
1003:
548:
483:
378:
748:
2002:
1642:
957:
347:
331:
327:
58:
436:
PPD is characterized by at least three of the following symptoms:
1755:
659:
The paranoid may be at greater than average risk of experiencing
339:
potentially not appreciating other interpretations or evidence.
330:, and a pervasive, long-standing suspiciousness and generalized
1888:
1713:
414:
371:
902:. The most significant contribution of this decade comes from
2126:
1124:
510:
1393:"Cognitive intervention for a paranoid personality disorder"
1050:
97:
Estimated between 0.5% and 2.5% of the general population
1834:
1587:
1484:
1429:
1588:
Schulte
Holthausen, Barbara; Habel, Ute (2018-10-11).
1430:
Schulte
Holthausen, Barbara; Habel, Ute (2018-10-11).
1253:"Internet Mental Health—paranoid personality disorder"
1691:
933:
563:
has proposed five subtypes of paranoid personality:
1397:
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training
1222:Millon, Théodore; Grossman, Seth (6 August 2004).
1185:
1794:National Personality Disorder website for England
16:Personality disorder involving mistrust of others
2247:
1247:
1245:
1184:"Schizoid Personality Disorder (pp. 652–655)".
1221:
2061:
1820:
486:and sensitive paranoid personality disorder.
296:
2094:Personality disorder not otherwise specified
1242:
1051:MacManus, Deirdre; Fahy, Tom (August 2008).
993:
991:
989:
775:introducing citations to additional sources
1118:
1075:
1827:
1813:
1590:"Sex Differences in Personality Disorders"
1432:"Sex Differences in Personality Disorders"
1192:. American Psychiatric Association. 2013.
1130:Cognitive Therapy of Personality Disorders
303:
289:
1550:
1548:
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1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1367:
1310:
1014:
986:
654:
1390:
765:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1340:Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports
1283:Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports
1215:
1179:
1177:
849:Closely related to this description is
2248:
1531:
1015:Waldinger, Robert J. (1 August 1997).
1808:
431:general personality disorder criteria
84:other cluster A personality disorders
1799:Articles about Personality Disorders
1225:Personality disorders in modern life
1174:
1132:(1st ed.). The Guilford Press.
953:DSM-IV codes (personality disorders)
742:
470:preoccupation with unsubstantiated "
1836:Personality disorder classification
1333:
1276:
13:
1491:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
14:
2272:
2113:Negativistic (passive–aggressive)
1687:
1567:American Journal of Psychotherapy
701:negativistic personality disorder
1649:Journal of Personality Disorders
936:
758:relies largely or entirely on a
747:
507:American Psychiatric Association
2256:Cluster A personality disorders
1645:"Paranoid Personality Disorder"
1636:
1581:
1572:
1478:
1423:
1384:
1327:
1270:
1018:Psychiatry for Medical Students
786:"Paranoid personality disorder"
723:
88:borderline personality disorder
1206:
1154:
1044:
1035:
1008:
921:
478:Includes: expansive paranoid,
1:
979:
673:obsessive-compulsive disorder
515:paranoid personality disorder
419:paranoid personality disorder
316:Paranoid personality disorder
32:Paranoid personality disorder
2077:Self-defeating (masochistic)
1391:Williams, Janice G. (1988).
1334:Lee, Royce J. (2017-06-01).
1277:Lee, Royce J. (2017-06-01).
718:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
706:
399:
334:of others. People with this
7:
1069:10.1016/j.mpmed.2008.06.001
929:
677:substance-related disorders
10:
2277:
1594:Current Psychiatry Reports
1436:Current Psychiatry Reports
1041:Meissner & Kuper, 2008
736:
732:
18:
2224:Section III (alternative)
2223:
2195:
2162:
2134:
2125:
2100:
2085:
2051:
2031:
2015:
1970:
1920:
1913:
1897:
1883:
1842:
1765:
1695:
1606:10.1007/s11920-018-0975-y
1448:10.1007/s11920-018-0975-y
1352:10.1007/s40473-017-0116-7
1295:10.1007/s40473-017-0116-7
1128:, Arthur Freeman (1990).
1096:10.1017/S0033291706008609
661:major depressive disorder
513:has similar criteria for
411:World Health Organization
404:
370:exist. A large long-term
361:
93:
65:
52:
36:
31:
1661:10.1521/pedi_2012_26_055
1021:. American Psychiatric.
554:
500:
444:to setbacks and rebuffs;
346:often lend a quality of
80:schizoaffective disorder
19:Not to be confused with
1843:General classifications
1053:"Personality disorders"
739:Paranoia § History
669:social anxiety disorder
381:personality disorders,
203:Not otherwise specified
1801:in Web4health web site
1554:Salman Akhtar (1990).
1084:Psychological Medicine
963:Delusions of reference
900:paranoid schizophrenia
655:Differential diagnosis
272:Post-traumatic organic
67:Differential diagnosis
21:paranoid schizophrenia
2101:Appendix B (proposed)
1162:Diagnostic guidelines
999:Personality Disorders
973:Persecutory delusions
857:Following Kraepelin,
107:Personality disorders
2215:Obsessive-compulsive
2164:Cluster B (dramatic)
1945:Emotionally unstable
1503:10.4088/JCP.v65n0711
771:improve this article
336:personality disorder
194:Obsessive–compulsive
142:Cluster B (dramatic)
2197:Cluster C (anxious)
491:delusional disorder
394:Cognitive theorists
344:isolated withdrawal
175:Cluster C (anxious)
72:Delusional disorder
47:clinical psychology
1998:Passive–aggressive
1930:Anxious (avoidant)
1766:External resources
1561:2018-04-01 at the
1167:2014-03-23 at the
639:Malignant paranoid
609:Querulous paranoid
242:Passive–aggressive
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2121:
2120:
2047:
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2011:
2010:
1887:classifications (
1789:
1788:
1235:978-0-471-23734-1
1199:978-0-89042-555-8
1028:978-0-88048-789-4
944:Psychology portal
836:
835:
821:
652:
651:
578:Obdurate paranoid
326:characterized by
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101:
100:
26:Medical condition
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1255:. Archived from
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1039:
1033:
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1012:
1006:
995:
968:Paranoid anxiety
946:
941:
940:
939:
866:Ernst Kretschmer
851:Emil Kraepelin's
831:
828:
822:
820:
779:
751:
743:
624:Insular paranoid
594:Fanatic paranoid
566:
565:
465:self-referential
305:
298:
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103:
102:
29:
28:
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2229:Trait specified
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2136:Cluster A (odd)
2117:
2096:
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2055:classifications
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2027:
2007:
1966:
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1169:Wayback Machine
1159:
1155:
1140:
1123:
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1090:(11): 1583–91.
1080:
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1036:
1029:
1013:
1009:
996:
987:
982:
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904:Theodore Millon
877:phenomenologist
844:Valentin Magnan
832:
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741:
735:
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561:Theodore Millon
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324:mental disorder
309:
114:Cluster A (odd)
27:
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12:
11:
5:
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2003:Psychoneurotic
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788: –
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760:single source
756:This section
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2187:Narcissistic
2143:
1993:Narcissistic
1954:
1773:
1749:
1738:
1723:
1708:
1652:
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1522:. Retrieved
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1261:. Retrieved
1257:the original
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727:
724:Epidemiology
710:
689:narcissistic
658:
638:
623:
613:negativistic
608:
598:narcissistic
593:
577:
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477:
452:contemptuous
435:
422:
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391:
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341:
319:
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314:
232:
166:Narcissistic
122:
2154:Schizotypal
2039:Unspecified
2032:Unspecified
1905:Schizotypal
1898:Schizotypal
1860:Multi-axial
1855:Categorical
1850:Dimensional
1775:MedlinePlus
1600:(12): 107.
1569:, 44, 5–25.
1442:(12): 107.
922:Controversy
875:, a German
685:schizotypal
665:agoraphobia
641:(including
626:(including
611:(including
596:(including
580:(including
442:sensitivity
387:schizotypal
356:comorbidity
257:Psychopathy
247:Masochistic
224:Cyclothymic
133:Schizotypal
2250:Categories
2182:Histrionic
2177:Borderline
2172:Antisocial
2108:Depressive
1950:Histrionic
1925:Anankastic
1875:Structural
1870:Relational
1865:Prototypal
1524:2022-04-24
1263:2004-06-01
980:References
827:March 2024
797:newspapers
737:See also:
697:borderline
645:features)
630:features)
615:features)
600:features)
584:features)
582:compulsive
489:Excludes:
440:excessive
375:twin study
277:Adjustment
219:Depressive
210:Depressive
161:Histrionic
156:Borderline
151:Antisocial
43:Psychiatry
2210:Dependent
2063:DSM-III-R
1978:Eccentric
1940:Dissocial
1935:Dependent
1751:SNOMED CT
1669:0885-579X
1614:1523-3812
1511:0160-6689
1456:1535-1645
1417:1939-1536
1360:2196-2979
1303:2196-2979
1228:. Wiley.
1148:906420553
1004:eMedicine
882:In 1950,
767:talk page
707:Treatment
572:Features
549:DSM-IV-TR
484:querulant
467:attitude;
400:Diagnosis
379:cluster A
372:Norwegian
189:Dependent
94:Frequency
38:Specialty
2261:Paranoia
2205:Avoidant
2149:Schizoid
2144:Paranoid
2072:Sadistic
1988:Immature
1983:Haltlose
1960:Schizoid
1955:Paranoid
1914:Specific
1756:13601005
1677:22928850
1630:52959021
1622:30306417
1559:Archived
1519:15291684
1472:52959021
1464:30306417
1378:29399432
1321:29399432
1165:Archived
1112:21613637
1104:16893481
1057:Medicine
958:Paranoia
930:See also
693:avoidant
681:schizoid
643:sadistic
628:avoidant
569:Subtype
383:schizoid
348:schizoid
332:mistrust
328:paranoia
267:Immature
262:Haltlose
252:Sadistic
184:Avoidant
128:Schizoid
123:Paranoid
59:Paranoia
54:Symptoms
2023:Organic
2016:Organic
1745:D010260
1369:5793931
1312:5793931
1171:, p.158
811:scholar
733:History
480:fanatic
322:) is a
2087:DSM-IV
1889:ICD-10
1780:000938
1675:
1667:
1628:
1620:
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421:under
417:lists
415:ICD-10
405:ICD-10
362:Causes
233:Others
2127:DSM-5
1971:Other
1734:301.0
1719:F60.0
1626:S2CID
1468:S2CID
1108:S2CID
818:JSTOR
804:books
555:Other
511:DSM-5
501:DSM-5
425:F60.0
2089:only
2065:only
1740:MeSH
1729:9-CM
1673:PMID
1665:ISSN
1618:PMID
1610:ISSN
1515:PMID
1507:ISSN
1460:PMID
1452:ISSN
1413:ISSN
1374:PMID
1356:ISSN
1317:PMID
1299:ISSN
1230:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1144:OCLC
1134:ISBN
1100:PMID
1023:ISBN
790:news
699:and
675:and
505:The
493:and
409:The
385:and
2053:DSM
1885:ICD
1725:ICD
1710:ICD
1657:doi
1602:doi
1499:doi
1444:doi
1405:doi
1364:PMC
1348:doi
1307:PMC
1291:doi
1092:doi
1065:doi
1002:at
840:DSM
773:by
509:'s
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320:PPD
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