Automaton - Knowledge

3993:, New York, Vintage Books, 1979, p.136: "The classical age discovered the body as object and target of power... The great book of Man-the-Machine was written simultaneously on two registers: the anatomico-metaphysical register, of which Descartes wrote the first pages and which the physicians and philosophers continued, and the technico-political register, which was constituted by a whole set of regulations and by empirical and calculated methods relating to the army, the school and the hospital, for controlling or correcting the operations of the body. These two registers are quite distinct, since it was a question, on one hand, of submission and use and, on the other, of functioning and explanation: there was a useful body and an intelligible body... The celebrated automata were not only a way of illustrating an organism, they were also political puppets, small-scale models of power: Frederick, the meticulous king of small machines, well-trained regiments and long exercises, was obsessed with them." 1614:. Automaton clocks being finite essentially means that automaton clocks have a certain number of states in which they can exist. The exact number is the number of combinations possible on a clock with the hour, minute, and second hand: 43,200. The title of timed automaton declares that the automaton changes states at a set rate, which for clocks is 1 state change every second. Clock automata only takes as input the time displayed by the previous state. The automata uses this input to produce the next state, a display of time 1 second later than the previous. Clock automata often also use the previous state's input to 'decide' whether or not the next state requires merely changing the hands on the clock, or if a special function is required, such as a mechanical bird popping out of a house like in cuckoo clocks. This choice is evaluated through the position of complex gears, cams, axles, and other mechanical devices within the automaton. 483:

time...As the performance was drawing to an end, the robot winked its eye and made advances to the ladies in attendance, whereupon the king became incensed and would have had Yen Shih executed on the spot had not the latter, in mortal fear, instantly taken the robot to pieces to let him see what it really was. And, indeed, it turned out to be only a construction of leather, wood, glue and lacquer, variously coloured white, black, red and blue. Examining it closely, the king found all the internal organs complete—liver, gall, heart, lungs, spleen, kidneys, stomach and intestines; and over these again, muscles, bones and limbs with their joints, skin, teeth and hair, all of them artificial...The king tried the effect of taking away the heart, and found that the mouth could no longer speak; he took away the liver and the eyes could no longer see; he took away the kidneys and the legs lost their power of locomotion. The king was delighted.

61: 871: 930: 1444: 1253: 1108: 1097: 533: 227: 372: 120: 1382: 1234: 602:"lions, made either of bronze or wood covered with gold, which struck the ground with their tails and roared with open mouth and quivering tongue," "a tree of gilded bronze, its branches filled with birds, likewise made of bronze gilded over, and these emitted cries appropriate to their species" and "the emperor's throne" itself, which "was made in such a cunning manner that at one moment it was down on the ground, while at another it rose higher and was to be seen up in the air." 4618: 1432: 5201: 1401: 1071: 69: 1186: 5213: 798:

Automated slaves were a frequent motif in ancient and medieval literature but it was not so common to find them described in a technical book. Balafrej has also written about automated female slaves, which appeared in timekeepers and as liquid-serving devices in medieval Arabic sources, thus suggesting a link between feminized forms of labor like housekeeping, medieval slavery, and the imaginary of automation.

708: 879: 49: 949:, built in the 14th century which takes up the entire side of a cathedral wall. It contained an astronomical calendar, automata depicting animals, saints and the life of Christ. The mechanical rooster of Strasbourg clock was active from 1352 to 1789. The clock still functions to this day, but has undergone several restorations since its initial construction. The 3699:... the date of the design and possible construction of this robot was 1495 ... Beginning in the 1950s, investigators at the University of California began to ponder the significance of some of da Vinci's markings on what appeared to be technical drawings ... It is now known that da Vinci's robot would have had the outer appearance of a Germanic knight. 719: 4490: 1236: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1240: 2488:... went forth halting; but there moved swiftly to support their lord handmaidens wrought of gold in the semblance of living maids. In them is understanding in their hearts, and in them speech and strength, and they know cunning handiwork by gift of the immortal gods. These busily moved to support their lord 842:

that incorporated several automata as entertainment in the walled park. The work was conducted by local workmen and overseen by the Italian knight Renaud Coignet. It included monkey marionettes, a sundial supported by lions and "wild men", mechanized birds, mechanized fountains and a bellows-operated

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Al-Jazari thus appears to have been the first inventor to display an interest in creating human-like machines for practical purposes such as manipulating the environment for human comfort. Lamia Balafrej has also pointed out the prevalence of the figure of the automated slave in al-Jazari's treatise.

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has in its collection a clockwork monk, about 15 in (380 mm) high, possibly dating as early as 1560. The monk is driven by a key-wound spring and walks the path of a square, striking his chest with his right arm, while raising and lowering a small wooden cross and rosary in his left hand,

821:(11th century), includes a chapter about the construction of mechanical contrivances (automata), including mechanical bees and birds, fountains shaped like humans and animals, and male and female dolls that refilled oil lamps, danced, played instruments, and re-enacted scenes from Hindu mythology. 462:

scroll. It is also said that when King Solomon stepped upon the throne, a mechanism was set in motion. As soon as he stepped upon the first step, a golden ox and a golden lion each stretched out one foot to support him and help him rise to the next step. On each side, the animals helped the King up

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typically featured religious characters or other mythical characters such as Death or Father Time. As time progressed, however, automaton clocks began to feature influential characters at the time of creation, such as kings, famous composers, or industrialists. Examples of automaton clocks include

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The king stared at the figure in astonishment. It walked with rapid strides, moving its head up and down, so that anyone would have taken it for a live human being. The artificer touched its chin, and it began singing, perfectly in tune. He touched its hand, and it began posturing, keeping perfect

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Him she found sweating with toil as he moved to and fro about his bellows in eager haste; for he was fashioning tripods, twenty in all, to stand around the wall of his well-builded hall, and golden wheels had he set beneath the base of each that of themselves they might enter the gathering of the

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The period between 1860 to 1910 is known as "The Golden Age of Automata". Mechanical coin-operated fortune tellers were introduced to boardwalks in Britain and America. In Paris during this period, many small family based companies of automata makers thrived. From their workshops they exported

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Automaton clocks are clocks which feature automatons within or around the housing and typically activate around the beginning of each hour, at each half hour, or at each quarter hour. They were largely produced from the 1st Century BC to the end of the Victorian times in Europe. Older clocks

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Automata, particularly watches and clocks, were popular in China during the 18th and 19th centuries, and items were produced for the Chinese market. Strong interest by Chinese collectors in the 21st century brought many interesting items to market where they have had dramatic realizations.

1063:. In what is the first documented description of how a mechanical cuckoo works, a mechanical organ with several automated figures is described. In 18th-century Germany, clockmakers began making cuckoo clocks for sale. Clock shops selling cuckoo clocks became commonplace in the 880: 4020:

Mechanical curiosities were all the rage in China during the 18th and 19th centuries, as the Qing emperors developed a passion for automaton clocks and pocket watches, and the "Sing Song Merchants", as European watchmakers were called, were more than happy to encourage that

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to describe an automatic door opening, or automatic movement of wheeled tripods. It is more often used to describe non-electronic moving machines, especially those that have been made to resemble human or animal actions, such as the jacks on old public striking

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Le macchine cifrate di Giovanni Fontana: con la riproduzione del Cod. icon. 242 della Bayerische Staatsbibliothek di Monaco di Baviera e la decrittazione di esso e del Cod. lat. nouv. acq. 635 della Bibliothèque nationale di

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which makes a servant figure appear from behind a door under the peacock and offer soap. When more water is used, a second float at a higher level trips and causes the appearance of a second servant figure—with a towel!"

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witnessed a considerable revival of interest in automata. Hero's treatises were edited and translated into Latin and Italian. Hydraulic and pneumatic automata, similar to those described by Hero, were created for garden

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While functional, early clocks were also often designed as novelties and spectacles which integrated features of automata. Many big and complex clocks with automated figures were built as public spectacles in European

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for practical reasons—Venus's harsh conditions, particularly its surface temperature of 462 °C (864 °F), make operating electronics there for any significant time impossible. It would be controlled by a

254:, from the 16th century BC until the 11th century BC, ancient Egyptians would frequently consult these statues for advice. The statues would reply with a movement of the head. According to Egyptian lore, pharaoh 2356:"Soon Ctesibius's clocks were smothered in stopcocks and valves, controlling a host of devices from bells to puppets to mechanical doves that sang to mark the passing of each hour – the very first cuckoo clock!" 776:

filled with water. When the user pulls the lever, the water drains and the automaton refills the basin. His "peacock fountain" was another more sophisticated hand washing device featuring humanoid automata as

478:(1023–957 BCE) and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi, an 'artificer'. The latter proudly presented the king with a very realistic and detailed life-size, human-shaped figure of his mechanical handiwork: 4383: 1211:, a mechanical duck that – apart from quacking and flapping its wings – gave the false illusion of eating and defecating, seeming to endorse Cartesian ideas that animals are no more than machines of flesh. 1237: 121: 789:. Mark E. Rosheim describes it as follows: "Pulling a plug on the peacock's tail releases water out of the beak; as the dirty water from the basin fills the hollow base a float rises and actuates a 1023:

turning and nodding his head, rolling his eyes, and mouthing silent obsequies. From time to time, he brings the cross to his lips and kisses it. It is believed that the monk was manufactured by

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thousands of clockwork automata and mechanical singing birds around the world. Although now rare and expensive, these French automata attract collectors worldwide. The main French makers were

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was built in 1410, animated figures were added from the 17th century onwards. Numerous clockwork automata were manufactured in the 16th century, principally by the goldsmiths of the

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exhibits autonomous clocks. While automaton clocks' usage are largely perceived to have been in use during medieval times in Europe, they are largely produced in Japan today.

1397:(1805–1871) was known for creating automata for his stage shows. Automata that acted according to a set of preset instructions were popular with magicians during this time. 1283:. Maillardet, a Swiss mechanic, created an automaton capable of drawing four pictures and writing three poems. Maillardet's Automaton is now part of the collections at the 1428:. The automaton was powered by clockwork and could perform 12 different arias. As part of the performance, it would rise from the chair, bow its head, and roll its eyes. 926:

driven by a clothed primate twice the height of a human being and an automaton of Mary Magdalene. He also created mechanical devils and rocket-propelled animal automata.

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designed for him a miniature coach, complete with horses and footmen, a page, and a lady within the coach; all these figures exhibited a perfect movement. According to

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Contemporary automata continue this tradition with an emphasis on art, rather than technological sophistication. Contemporary automata are represented by the works of

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with an angel that would perpetually turn to face the sun. He also drew an automaton of a bird with jointed wings, which led to their design implementation in clocks.

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legends, statues of divinities, mostly made of stone, metal or wood, were animated and played a key role in religious ceremonies. They were believed to have a soul (a

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A banquet in Camilla of Aragon's honor in Italy, 1475, featured a lifelike automated camel. The spectacle was a part of a larger parade which continued over days.

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Clockwork music: an illustrated history of mechanical musical instruments from the music box to the pianola, from automation lady virginal players to orchestrion

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text, believed to have originated around 400 BCE and compiled around the fourth century CE. Within it there is a description of a much earlier encounter between

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with mechanical animals which hailed him as king when he ascended it; upon sitting down an eagle would place a crown upon his head, and a dove would bring him a

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in a game of chess when Franklin was ambassador to France. The Turk was actually operated from inside by a hidden human director, and was not a true automaton.

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in mechanical clocks, are designed to give the illusion to the casual observer that they are operating under their own power or will, like a mechanical

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video game series, one of the main characters is an automaton called Oscar. He is very proud of his own design and dislikes being called a "robot".

143:, or control mechanism designed to automatically follow a sequence of operations, or respond to predetermined instructions. Some automata, such as 1797: 712: 843:

organ. The park was famed for its automata well into the fifteenth century before it was destroyed by English soldiers in the sixteenth century.

247: 670:, which had the features of an automatic machine. There were metal birds that sang automatically on the swinging branches of this tree built by 4075: 2256: 1563:, designed to survive for an extended time in Venus' environmental conditions. Unlike other modern automata, AREE is an automaton instead of a 606:

Similar automata in the throne room (singing birds, roaring and moving lions) were described by Luitprand's contemporary the Byzantine emperor

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season 3 (2021) features an automaton at a fair made by an early version of Technical Boy. This differs from the novel the show is based on.

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tubes, which made the automaton's lips and fingers move on the flute according to a program recorded on a cylinder similar to those used in

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when he suggested that the bodies of animals are nothing more than complex machines – the bones, muscles and organs could be replaced with

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in 1206. His automaton was a boat with four automatic musicians that floated on a lake to entertain guests at royal drinking parties. His

2919: 4337: 1536:(beach animal) that can walk on wind power or compressed air. Jansen claims that he intends them to automatically evolve and develop 4133: 1560: 1420:-playing automaton, in the shape of a man, life-size, seated on a chair. Hidden inside the chair were levers, connecting rods and 1850: 996:

was not rediscovered until the 1950s. A functional replica was later built that could move its arms, twist its head, and sit up.

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that flaps its wings and opens its beak in time to the sounds of the cuckoo call to mark the number of hours on the analogue dial

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and then built several of these large puppets for theatrical exhibitions. Karakuri puppets went through a golden age during the

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However, the information gleaned from recent scans of the fragments indicate that it may have come from the colonies of

4539: 3952: 3045:"Automated Slaves, Ambivalent Images, and Noneffective Machines in al-Jazari's Compendium of the Mechanical Arts, 1206" 2860:"Automated Slaves, Ambivalent Images, and Noneffective Machines in al-Jazari's Compendium of the Mechanical Arts, 1206" 1904:"Automated Slaves, Ambivalent Images, and Noneffective Machines in al-Jazari's Compendium of the Mechanical Arts, 1206" 406:, where there was apparently a tradition of mechanical engineering; the island was renowned for its automata; to quote 5249: 4316: 3920: 3825: 3443: 3372: 3197: 3170: 3143: 3028: 2994: 2960: 2783: 2753: 2446: 2330: 2313: 2294: 2275: 2223: 2197: 2176: 2157: 2111: 2039: 2003: 1984: 1961: 1892: 1556: 1074:

A Japanese automata theater in Osaka, drawn in 18th century. The Takeda family opened their automata theater in 1662.

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in 1515. Although no record of the device's original designs remain, a recreation of this piece is housed at the

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The manufacturing tradition of automata continued in the Greek world well into the Middle Ages. On his visit to

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made about 1890 by Bontems. Bird dressed with iridescent hummingbird feathers and case made of tortoiseshell.

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Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology Part 2, Mechanical Engineering

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Koetsier, Teun (2001). "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators".

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constructed, in 1688, in addition to machines for gunnery and navigation, a peacock that walked and ate.

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sketched a complex mechanical knight, which he may have built and exhibited at a celebration hosted by

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palaces where automata of various types were predominantly displayed." Also in the 8th century, the

4413: 1937: 411: 391: 301: 144: 4352: 1518: 862:, there were—among many other mechanical devices—automata found that were in the shape of tigers. 165:, often used for the portrayal of characters or creatures in films and in theme park attractions. 4813: 4808: 2927: 1652: 1537: 1343: 1296: 1178:

produced many automata to create Jesuit shows, including a statue which spoke and listened via a

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automata were built: "statues that turned with the wind over the domes of the four gates and the

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Ismail b. Ali Ebu'l Feda history, Weltgeschichte, hrsg. von Fleischer and Reiske 1789–94, 1831.

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All three of Vaucanson's Automata: The Flute Player, The Tambourine Player, and Digesting Duck

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in Baghdad in 917, with birds on it flapping their wings and singing. In the 9th century, the

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for demonstrating basic scientific principles. Numerous water-powered automata were built by

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Clockwork crayfish automoton, made in Augsburg in 1589, Technical Instrument Museum, Dresden

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dispatched her squadron to the "Land of Incense" after consulting with the statue of Amun.

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Von der Äolsharfe zum Digitalspieler: 2000 Jahre mechanische Musik, 100 Jahre Schallplatte

1661:(2000 novel) by Darryl A. Smith features automata doppelgängers in order to critique race. 8: 5217: 5159: 5022: 4722: 4562: 1569: 1320: 1167: 1159: 1004: 993: 297:

move. In other Greek legends he used quicksilver to install voice in his moving statues.

4141: 3571: 3540: 1716:) which are mechanical beings with most originating from the lost kingdom of Khaenri'ah. 1689:

is a 2008 novel that features an automaton girl who must be wound up with a key to live.

1096: 5128: 5103: 5093: 5058: 5002: 4982: 4929: 4902: 4840: 4752: 4686: 4587: 4069: 3881: 3873: 3633: 3297: 3250: 3242: 2640: 2632: 2390: 2250: 1973: 1834: 1792: 1698: 1413: 1405: 1347: 1292: 1284: 1272: 1175: 1054: 1028: 954: 365: 333: 235: 4111: 2844: 2811: 1436: 827:, in his 1230s sketchbook, depicted an early escapement mechanism in a drawing titled 371: 5239: 5205: 5169: 5098: 5027: 4914: 4700: 4602: 4577: 4525: 4312: 4239: 4057: 4047: 3926: 3916: 3885: 3821: 3690: 3507: 3476: 3439: 3368: 3289: 3254: 3234: 3193: 3166: 3139: 3105: 3064: 3024: 2990: 2956: 2879: 2779: 2749: 2665: 2644: 2624: 2442: 2326: 2309: 2290: 2271: 2265: 2238: 2219: 2193: 2187: 2172: 2153: 2107: 2088: 2071: 2054: 2035: 2018: 1999: 1980: 1957: 1923: 1888: 1628: 1596: 1447: 1227: 1046: 985: 691: 631:". The "public spectacle of wind-powered statues had its private counterpart in the ' 329: 290: 226: 155:

that resemble moving humans or animals, built to impress and/or to entertain people.

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Battisti, Eugenio; Saccaro Del Buffa Battisti, Giuseppa; Fontana, Giovanni (1984).

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in the form of a tower which featured mechanical figurines which chimed the hours.

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Fryer, David M.; Marshall, John C. (1979). "The Motives of Jacques de Vaucanson".

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Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate: from contemporary Arabic and Persian sources

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J. Douglas Bruce, 'Human Automata in Classical Tradition and Mediaeval Romance',

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The world's first successfully-built biomechanical automaton is considered to be

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Brett, Gerard (July 1954), "The Automata in the Byzantine "Throne of Solomon"",

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Carrera, Roland; Loiseau, Dominique; Roux, Olivier; Luder, Jean Jacques (1979).

495:. Similar Chinese accounts of flying automata are written of the 5th century BC 5181: 4997: 4987: 4909: 4852: 4793: 4732: 4727: 4712: 4644: 2807: 1947:. Vol. III (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 142. 1772: 1704: 1693: 1670: 1502: 1471: 1456: 1421: 1207: 1151: 851: 738: 660: 587: 543: 353: 53: 4506: 4495: 4061: 3974: 3616:

Bowles, Edmund A. (1953). "Instruments at the Court of Burgundy (1363–1467)".

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Manual of Egyptian Archaeology: A Guide to the Studies of Antiquities in Egypt

1919: 1381: 175: 5233: 5133: 5088: 4772: 4767: 4742: 4737: 3317:"The Garden of Earthly Delights: Mahaut of Artois and the Automata at Hesdin" 3293: 3238: 3109: 3068: 2883: 2628: 2515: 2139: 2122: 2075: 2058: 1927: 1813: 1649:(1927 silent film) features a female automaton in this science fiction story. 1588: 1510: 1366: 1324: 1179: 1111: 612: 492: 467: 180: 3930: 3686: 3332: 3044: 2859: 2368:

Bellicorum instrumentorum liber, cum figuris et fictitys litoris conscriptus

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This "first cuckoo clock" was further stated and described in the 2007 book

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Ungerer (1921). "L'Horloge Astronomique de la Cathedrale de Strasbourg".

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The earliest known analog computing device is the Antikythera mechanism.

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Genesis Redux: Essays in the History and Philosophy of Artificial Life

1655:, American artist and sculptor, has work that has focused on automata. 68: 5083: 4977: 4309:

Gothic Afterlives: Reincarnations of Horror in Film and Popular Media

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gods at his wish and again return to his house, a wonder to behold.

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This article is about a self-operating machine. For other uses, see

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My Fair Ladies: Female Robots, Androids, and Other Artificial Eves.

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Faszinierende Welt der Automaten : Uhren, Puppen, Spielereien

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automaton first employing the flush mechanism now used in modern

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The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings

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was designed to calculate the positions of astronomical objects.

196:), which means "acting of one's own will". It was first used by 5108: 4659: 4654: 4176: 3388: 2370:, Latin for "Illustrated and encrypted book of war instruments" 2352:

The Rise and Fall of Alexandria: Birthplace of the Modern World

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Other 18th century automaton makers include the prolific Swiss

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Da Vinci is frequently credited with constructing a mechanical

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The House of Automata – The largest online gallery of automata

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Barrel organ: the story of the mechanical organ and its repair

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from 1740 to 1786, was "obsessed" with automata. According to

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of central Europe. These wondrous devices found a home in the

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that would be subject to their creator's control in his coded

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How to make an angel keep pointing his finger toward the Sun

151:. The term has long been commonly associated with automated 48: 5113: 4517: 4285:"All About Automata: Mechanical Magic (With Action Videos)" 1315:

is another late-18th century example of automata, made for

1123: 1008: 1000: 782: 773: 500: 104: 4032: 3820:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 33. 1730:

and his automatons, complete with an automaton boss fight.

1466:

Abstract automata theory started in mid-20th century with

1150:

in the 17th century was the birthplace of those ingenious

741:

amongst other machines he designed and constructed in the

98: 3818:

Robots that Talk and Listen: Technology and Social Impact

3788:

Musurgia Universalis sive Ars magna consoni & dissoni

1081:

adopted clockwork automata in the early 17th century as "

874:

First Strasbourg clock rooster, worked from 1352 to 1789.

1532:

has been building large automated PVC structures called

1450:

automaton (2010) by Swiss automaton maker François Junod

1319:, featuring a European soldier being mauled by a tiger. 402:. The clockwork is thought to have come originally from 390:

Complex mechanical devices are known to have existed in

2284: 2213: 2206:

Rausser, Fernand; Bonhôte, Daniel; Baud, Frédy (1972).

1637:(1923) by E.V. Odle, features an automaton-like man or 304:

were intended as tools, toys, religious spectacles, or

4472:

M. B. Ogle, 'The Perilous Bridge and Human Automata',

2032:

Music and the brain. Studies in the neurology of music

1358:

mechanism whose components were robot-like warriors".

1267:, featuring a European soldier being mauled by a tiger 1154:

that were to become prototypes for the engines of the

643:(Geber), included recipes for constructing artificial 250:), derived from the divinity they represented. In the 3438:(. ed.). Chicago : University of Chicago Press. 2015:

Le monde des automates; étude historique et technique

1756:, one of the enemy factions is called the Automatons. 1369:

that was controlled autonomously with punched cards.

514: 508: 3673:

Moran, M. E. (December 2006). "The da Vinci robot".

2308:. Genève: Musée de l'horlogerie et de l'émaillerie. 2285:

Weiss-Stauffacher, Heinrich; Bruhin, Rudolf (1976).

1623:

One of the oldest stories involving an automaton is

1307:

Hubert Martinet in 1774 is one of the highlights of

945:. One of the earliest of these large clocks was the 107: 95: 3553: 3215:"The Role of Automata in the History of Technology" 2728: 2707: 1327:created by James Cox in 1781 now on display in the 1085:" puppets. In 1662, Takeda Omi completed his first 101: 92: 4508:Video of Catherine the Great's 'The Peacock Clock' 1979:(4. printing ed.). Vestal, NY: Vestal Press. 1972: 1118:A new attitude towards automata is to be found in 730:An automaton writing a letter in Swiss Museum CIMA 4210:"Automaton Rover for Extreme Environments (AREE)" 4163:"Biography, Sam Smith 1908–1983 | Sam Smith" 4002: 2906:Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices 2816:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 992:at the court of Milan around 1495. The design of 743:Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices 463:until he was comfortably seated upon the throne. 281:employed gold and silver watchdogs. According to 5231: 4414:The Automata and Art Bots mailing list home page 4026: 3790:. Vol. 2. Rome. p. 343f and Plate XXI. 3738:"Clockwork Prayer: Introduction, Elizabeth King" 3016:Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics 2982:Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics 2948:Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics 2746:Heaven on Earth: Art and the Church in Byzantium 1547:(1908–1983) was a well-known maker of automata. 1323:of Russia was gifted a very large and elaborate 846:The Chinese author Xiao Xun wrote that when the 470:, a curious account of automata is found in the 3972: 3841:Duane P. Schultz; Sydney Ellen Schultz (2008). 3467:, University of Chicago Press, pp. 46–62, 3049:21: Inquiries into Art, History, and the Visual 2864:21: Inquiries into Art, History, and the Visual 2661:Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology 2657: 2354:by Justin Pollard and Howard Reid on page 132: 2104:Museums of horology La Chaux-de-Fonds, Le Locle 2102:Cardinal, Catherine; Mercier, François (1993). 2101: 2085:The Automaton in English Renaissance Literature 2029: 1908:21: Inquiries into Art, History, and the Visual 1724:(2020) includes a side plot featuring a fallen 865: 772:. It features a female automaton standing by a 513:) that could successfully fly according to the 4003:Kolesnikov-Jessop, Sonia (November 25, 2011). 3713:"Da Vinci's lion prowls again after 500 years" 3589: 3587: 3267: 2772:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 2436: 1354:, "he put together his armies as a well-oiled 1049:in 1629. The clock belonged to Prince Elector 801:In 1066, the Chinese inventor Su Song built a 666:had a silver and golden tree in his palace in 336:(sometimes known as Heron), whose writings on 4533: 3855: 2303: 1975:Encyclopedia of Automatic Musical Instruments 1769:, the study of abstract machines and automata 1708:features an enemy group called an Automaton ( 1618:In art and popular culture throughout history 1226:purporting to be an automaton. The Turk beat 854:(r. 1368–1398) was destroying the palaces of 312:, a Greek inventor and the first head of the 2904:al-Jazari (1026), "Category II, Chapter 4", 2748:. Pittsburgh: Penn State Press. p. 30. 2589: 2030:Critchley, Macdonald; Henson, R. A. (1978). 2012: 1540:, with herds roaming freely over the beach. 3584: 3192:. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. 2065: 838:, built a pleasure garden at his castle at 749:had a programmable drum machine with pegs ( 487:Other notable examples of automata include 394:, though the only surviving example is the 4540: 4526: 4491:Automata in the Waddesdon Manor collection 4476:, Vol. 35, No. 3 (Mar., 1920), pp. 129–136 4467:, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Apr., 1913), pp. 511–526 4074:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3760: 3360: 3350:. New York: Thames and Hudson. p. 22. 3131: 2806: 2737: 2593:The programmable robot from Ancient Greece 2270:(2nd ed.). Vestal, NY: Vestal Press. 2255:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2235:The wonderland of music boxes and automata 1798:Centre International de la Mécanique d'Art 1067:region by the middle of the 18th century. 3975:"A Marvellous Elephant – Waddesdon Manor" 3849: 3815: 3394:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 133 & 508. 3345: 3099: 2903: 2888: 2547: 2383: 2138: 698:player and which they described in their 574:Learn how and when to remove this message 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3644: 3158: 3081: 3042: 2857: 2830: 2824: 2185: 2166: 2013:Chapuis, Alfred; Gélis, Edouard (1928). 1901: 1561:Automaton Rover for Extreme Environments 1442: 1430: 1399: 1380: 1303:. A musical elephant made by the French 1251: 1232: 1214:In 1769, a chess-playing machine called 1184: 1106: 1095: 1069: 928: 877: 869: 717: 706: 370: 225: 67: 59: 47: 4373: 4282: 3785: 3710: 3526: 3458: 3185: 3012: 2978: 2972: 2944: 2232: 2147: 2120: 1993: 1439:", with mechanism (right), 19th century 261:There are many examples of automata in 14: 5232: 4005:"Chinese Swept Up in Mechanical Mania" 3800: 3754: 3615: 3554:Ungerer, Alfred; La Redaction (1921). 3473:10.7208/chicago/9780226720838.003.0003 3433: 3314: 3212: 2743: 2192:. South Brunswick, N.J.: A.S. Barnes. 2066:Chapuis, Alfred; Droz, Edmond (1956). 1998:. München: Klinkhardt & Biermann. 1970: 1934: 1882: 834:At the end of the thirteenth century, 273:was an artificial man of bronze; King 4947:Simultaneous localization and mapping 4521: 3905: 3892: 3845:. Thompson Wadsworth. pp. 28–34. 3672: 2606: 2287:The marvelous world of music machines 2082: 2048: 1951: 682:also had a silver and golden tree in 4233: 4207: 4043:David Copperfield's history of magic 3803:Rare and Unusual Black Forest Clocks 3711:Shirbon, Estelle (August 14, 2009). 3650: 3138:. Abhinav Publications. p. 68. 2889:Nadarajan, Gunalan (November 2008). 2769: 2263: 2216:Androids: The Jaquet-Droz Automatons 1851:Marvin's Marvelous Mechanical Museum 972:created an entertainment show named 526: 507:, who made artificial wooden birds ( 209:and any other animated figures on a 4109: 3996: 3666: 3651:Sill, Christina Rose (2013-04-10). 3135:History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1 3132:Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1987). 2920:"A 13th Century Programmable Robot" 2664:. Infobase Publishing. p. 13. 2514:The automatones of Greek Mythology 1885:Automata: The Golden Age: 1848–1914 1840:La Maison de la Magie Robert-Houdin 1222:, made the rounds of the courts of 269:created automata for his workshop; 161:are a modern type of automata with 128: 24: 4374:Johnson, Micaiah (7 August 2020). 4331: 4236:Formal Methods in Computer Science 4088: 3809: 3595:"The Real History of Animatronics" 2694: 2658:Harry Henderson (1 January 2009). 2306:Automates & musiques: pendules 2167:Ord-Hume, Arthur W. J. G. (1973). 2152:. Geneva: Art and History Museum. 2068:The Jaquet-Droz mechanical puppets 1956:(1st ed.). München: Callwey. 1876: 1037:The first description of a modern 965:of the princely courts of Europe. 619:In the mid-8th century, the first 594:described automata in the emperor 25: 5271: 4407: 3662:. Simon Fraser University: 1, 16. 3268:de Solla Price, Derek J. (1964). 2289:. Tokyo: Kodansha International. 2051:From music boxes to street organs 1557:NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts 1435:Tea-serving Japanese automaton, " 139:) is a relatively self-operating 5211: 5200: 5199: 4616: 4386:from the original on 2020-08-10. 4363:from the original on 2002-06-18. 4350: 4340:from the original on 2018-08-16. 3973:Waddesdon Manor (22 July 2015). 3915:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 3361:Macdougall, Elisabeth B (1986). 2760:Records Liutprand's description. 2208:All'Epoca delle Scatole Musicali 2186:Ord-Hume, Arthur W.J.G. (1978). 2070:. Neuchatel: Historical Museum. 1842:display of 19th century automata 531: 424:And seem to breathe in stone, or 85: 5212: 4390: 4367: 4344: 4325: 4301: 4276: 4252: 4227: 4201: 4183: 4169: 4155: 4126: 4103: 4082: 3981: 3966: 3937: 3834: 3794: 3779: 3730: 3704: 3609: 3547: 3520: 3494: 3452: 3427: 3407:Bellicorum Instrumentorum Liber 3397: 3354: 3339: 3261: 3206: 3179: 3152: 3125: 3122:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 111. 3116: 3075: 3036: 3006: 2938: 2912: 2897: 2851: 2800: 2791: 2763: 2716: 2688: 2651: 2600: 2596:, vol. 2611, New Scientist 2583: 2572:from the original on 2022-11-08 2558: 2548:Aristotle (1907). "Chapter 3". 2360: 2344: 1470:; it is applied in branches of 920:Bellicorum instrumentorum liber 891:with a built in automaton of a 737:described complex programmable 556:check for citation inaccuracies 368:was famous for his inventions. 4283:Munchow, Joshua (2020-07-19). 3843:A History of Modern Psychology 2541: 2532: 2508: 2478: 2455: 2430: 2421: 2408: 2171:. New York: Crown Publishers. 2150:Clock and Watch Museum, Geneva 2121:Montiel, Luis (30 June 2013). 616:(Perì tês Basileíou Tákseōs). 439:and implies a connection with 324:. This tradition continued in 13: 1: 3556:"1921LAstr..35...89U Page 91" 3434:Riskin, Jessica, ed. (2007). 2845:10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 2590:Noel Sharkey (July 4, 2007), 2554:. Cambridge University Press. 2377: 1559:program studied a rover, the 1459:, Lambert, Phalibois, Renou, 1295:created the mechanism of the 1201:in 1737. He also constructed 1138:became the standard to which 947:Strasbourg astronomical clock 922:which includes a puppet of a 380: 293:to make his wooden statue of 52:A postulated interior of the 4547: 4486:Thomas Edison's talking doll 4260:"How Do Cuckoo Clocks Work?" 4208:Hall, Loura (1 April 2016). 3786:Kircher, Athanasius (1650). 3506:. Milano: Arcadia Edizioni. 2833:Mechanism and Machine Theory 2304:Winter-Jensen, Anne (1987). 2087:. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. 1666:The Invention of Hugo Cabret 1550: 918:engineer in 1420, developed 866:Renaissance and early modern 454:used his wisdom to design a 421:Adorning every public street 184: 168: 7: 4957:Vision-guided robot systems 4497:Video of elephant automaton 4334:"The Clockwork Man (intro)" 1935:Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). 1760: 1625:"The Sandman" (short story) 608:Constantine Porphyrogenitus 522: 515: 509: 364:, and a programmable cart. 328:with inventors such as the 314:Great Library of Alexandria 179:is the latinization of the 10: 5276: 5245:18th century in technology 5177:Technological unemployment 4191:"H C Westermann/Sam Smith" 4091:"Fortune Telling Machines" 4040:; Britland, David (2021). 3816:Markowitz, Judith (2014). 3660:Summit Research Repository 3618:The Galpin Society Journal 3346:Landsberg, Sylvia (1995). 3213:Bedini, Silvio A. (1964). 3159:Wujastyk, Dominik (2003). 2106:. Geneva: Banque Paribas. 2083:Hyman, Wendy Beth (2011). 1883:Bailly, Christian (2003). 1579: 1572:and driven by wind power. 1499:Cabaret Mechanical Theatre 1412:In 1840, Italian inventor 858:belonging to the previous 836:Robert II, Count of Artois 418:The animated figures stand 221: 216: 190: 39:Automaton (disambiguation) 36: 29: 5195: 5165:Workplace robotics safety 5147: 5041: 4965: 4928: 4883: 4781: 4625: 4614: 4555: 4311:. Lexington Books. 2019. 4238:. CRC Press. p. 34. 3949:www.thebowesmuseum.org.uk 3742:blackbird-archive.vcu.edu 3459:Grafton, Anthony (2007), 3409:| The Faith of a Heretic" 3061:10.11588/xxi.2022.4.91685 3013:Rosheim, Mark E. (1994), 2979:Rosheim, Mark E. (1994), 2945:Rosheim, Mark E. (1994), 2876:10.11588/xxi.2022.4.91685 2391:"Definition of AUTOMATON" 2210:, Edizioni Mondo, 175 pp. 1971:Bowers, Q. David (1974). 1920:10.11588/xxi.2022.4.91685 1713: 1673:(2007 graphic novel) and 1606:, clocks are regarded as 1575: 1395:Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin 1376: 1338:According to philosopher 951:Prague astronomical clock 935:Prague astronomical clock 701:Book of Ingenious Devices 43:Automata (disambiguation) 5250:Ancient Greek technology 4481:conservation of automata 4114:. The Rutherford Journal 3461:"The Devil as Automaton" 3315:Truitt, Elly R. (2010). 3186:Needham, Joseph (1965). 3165:. Penguin. p. 222. 3082:Balafrej, Lamia (2023). 3043:Balafrej, Lamia (2022). 2858:Balafrej, Lamia (2022). 2839:(5). Elsevier: 589–603. 2538:Hyginus. Astronomica 2.1 2337: 2267:The musical box handbook 2233:Troquet, Daniel (1989). 2148:Lapaire, Claude (1992). 2140:10.3989/asclepio.2013.01 1902:Balafrej, Lamia (2022). 1528:Since 1990 Dutch artist 1164:François-Joseph de Camus 1003:, which he presented to 764:Al-Jazari constructed a 753:) that bump into little 30:Not to be confused with 5013:Human–robot interaction 3805:. Schiffer. p. 30. 3801:Miller, Justin (2012). 3767:. JB Lippincott Company 3687:10.1089/end.2006.20.986 3333:10.17077/1536-8742.1850 3321:Medieval Feminist Forum 2951:, Wiley-IEEE, pp. 2928:University of Sheffield 2770:Meri, Josef W. (2005), 2697:"King Solomon's Throne" 2437:Gaston Maspero (2009). 2395:www.merriam-webster.com 1952:Beyer, Annette (1983). 1944:Encyclopædia Britannica 1887:. London: Robert Hale. 1538:artificial intelligence 1020:Smithsonian Institution 427:move their marble feet. 4446:Maillardet's Automaton 4431:Modern Automata Museum 3858:Technology and Culture 3274:Technology and Culture 3219:Technology and Culture 3101:10.52214/uw.v31i.10486 3019:, Wiley-IEEE, p. 2985:, Wiley-IEEE, p. 2744:Safran, Linda (1998). 2734:Needham, Volume 2, 54. 2713:Needham, Volume 2, 53. 2218:. Lausanne: Scriptar. 1846:Maillardet's automaton 1820:Fortune teller machine 1721:Immortals Fenyx Rising 1677:features an automaton. 1463:, Theroude and Vichy. 1451: 1440: 1409: 1390: 1268: 1249: 1246:Maillardet's automaton 1190: 1158:. Thus, in 1649, when 1115: 1104: 1100:Elephant automaton at 1075: 1057:'s handbook on music, 959:cabinet of curiosities 937: 933:Bell-ringing Death on 896: 875: 810:Samarangana Sutradhara 731: 715: 604: 485: 387: 239: 76: 65: 57: 27:Self-operating machine 5255:Automata (mechanical) 5119:Starship Technologies 4474:Modern Language Notes 4234:Wang, Jiacun (2019). 3990:Discipline and Punish 2264:Webb, Graham (1984). 2049:Waard, R. D. (1967). 2034:. London: Heinemann. 1994:Brauers, Jan (1984). 1675:film of the same name 1519:Le Défenseur du Temps 1461:Roullet & Decamps 1446: 1434: 1403: 1384: 1255: 1248:is drawing a picture. 1244: 1220:Wolfgang von Kempelen 1203:The Tambourine Player 1188: 1156:Industrial Revolution 1110: 1099: 1073: 1027:, mechanician to the 976:Feast of the Pheasant 932: 886: 873: 825:Villard de Honnecourt 729: 710: 678:. The Abbasid caliph 629:Round City of Baghdad 600: 598:' palace, including 503:and his contemporary 491:' dove, mentioned by 480: 398:, the earliest known 396:Antikythera mechanism 377:Antikythera mechanism 374: 229: 71: 63: 51: 5069:Energid Technologies 4264:www.cuckooclocks.com 4195:Serpentine Galleries 4110:Mahoney, Michael S. 3977:– via YouTube. 2441:. BoD. p. 108. 2427:Homer, Iliad, 18.376 2322:Wosk, Julie (2015). 1682:The Alchemy of Stone 1404:The flute-player by 1393:The famous magician 1277:Jaquet-Droz automata 1199:Jacques de Vaucanson 1114:created by James Cox 1060:Musurgia Universalis 1013:Château du Clos Lucé 955:Free Imperial Cities 690:brothers invented a 592:Liutprand of Cremona 300:The automata in the 252:New Kingdom of Egypt 41:. For Automata, see 5260:History of robotics 5160:Powered exoskeleton 4177:"Events: Sam Smith" 3761:Molesworth (1914). 3572:1921LAstr..35...89U 3541:1921LAstr..35...89U 3348:The Medieval Garden 1627:written in 1816 by 1570:mechanical computer 1344:Frederick the Great 1321:Catherine the Great 1162:was still a child, 5129:Universal Robotics 5104:Intuitive Surgical 5094:Harvest Automation 5059:Barrett Technology 4841:Robotic spacecraft 4687:Audio-Animatronics 4456:2021-03-18 at the 4419:2016-03-03 at the 4400:. 30 January 2021. 4134:"Artomic Automata" 4034:Copperfield, David 4009:The New York Times 3413:www.krauselabs.net 3367:. Dumbarton Oaks. 2521:2013-11-06 at the 2502:2023-01-08 at the 2472:2023-01-08 at the 1835:Hero of Alexandria 1793:Cellular automaton 1750:In the video game 1452: 1441: 1414:Innocenzo Manzetti 1410: 1406:Innocenzo Manzetti 1391: 1367:his loom automaton 1299:automaton, now at 1293:John Joseph Merlin 1287:Science Museum in 1285:Franklin Institute 1273:Pierre Jaquet-Droz 1269: 1250: 1191: 1176:Athanasius Kircher 1116: 1105: 1076: 1055:Athanasius Kircher 1051:August von Sachsen 1029:Holy Roman Emperor 938: 897: 876: 732: 716: 590:in 949 ambassador 392:Hellenistic Greece 388: 366:Philo of Byzantium 334:Hero of Alexandria 316:; for example, he 240: 236:Hero of Alexandria 77: 66: 58: 5227: 5226: 5170:Robotic tech vest 5099:Honeybee Robotics 4915:Electric unicycle 4868:remotely-operated 4451:Japanese Karakuri 4441:Automata Magazine 4357:Blackbird Archive 4351:King, Elizabeth. 4332:Newitz, Annalee. 4245:978-1-4987-7532-8 4053:978-1-9821-1291-2 3987:Michel Foucault, 3513:978-88-85684-06-5 3482:978-0-226-72081-4 3415:. 5 November 2015 3088:Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā 2934:on June 29, 2007. 2671:978-1-4381-1003-5 2094:978-0-7546-6865-7 1938:"Automaton" 1635:The Clockwork Man 1629:E. T. A. Hoffmann 1597:Cuckooland Museum 1543:British sculptor 1523:Jacques Monestier 1521:by French artist 1448:Alexander Pushkin 1242: 1228:Benjamin Franklin 1172:General de Gennes 1047:Philipp Hainhofer 986:Leonardo da Vinci 884: 757:that operate the 739:humanoid automata 727: 713:Swiss Museum CIMA 711:Automaton in the 584: 583: 576: 519:and other texts. 384: 150–100 BC 302:Hellenistic world 54:Duck of Vaucanson 16:(Redirected from 5267: 5215: 5214: 5203: 5202: 5187:Fictional robots 5155:Critique of work 4804:Unmanned vehicle 4620: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4519: 4518: 4509: 4498: 4465:Modern Philology 4402: 4401: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4295: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4270: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4149: 4140:. Archived from 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4097: 4089:Keyser, Cheryl. 4086: 4080: 4079: 4073: 4065: 4046:. New York, NY. 4038:Wiseman, Richard 4030: 4024: 4023: 4017: 4015: 4000: 3994: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3951:. Archived from 3941: 3935: 3934: 3903: 3890: 3889: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3764:The Cuckoo Clock 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3748: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3657: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3597:. 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Belgian-born 1233: 1152:mechanical toys 1102:Waddesdon Manor 1005:King Francois I 990:Ludovico Sforza 878: 868: 718: 580: 569: 563: 560: 553: 536: 532: 525: 476:King Mu of Zhou 400:analog computer 383: 319: 263:Greek mythology 224: 219: 171: 119: 118: 88: 84: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5273: 5263: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5209: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5182:Terrainability 5179: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5162: 5157: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4938: 4936: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4895: 4889: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4801: 4796: 4794:Cloud robotics 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