255:
cellular or PCS data services to communicate location data from vehicles to their dispatching center. Location data is periodically polled from each vehicle in a fleet by a central controller or computer. In the simplest systems, data from the GPS receiver is displayed on a map allowing humans to determine the location of each vehicle. More complex systems feed the data into a computer assisted dispatch system which automates the process. For example, the computer assisted dispatch system may check the location of a call for service and then pick a list of the four closest ambulances. This narrows the dispatcher's choice from the entire fleet to an easier choice of four vehicles.
363:
company has several vehicles operating in the area. Without needing to call each driver to check his location the dispatcher can pinpoint the nearest recovery vehicle and assign it to the new job. If you were to incorporate the other aspects of vehicle telematics into this scenario; the dispatcher, rather than phoning the recovery vehicle operative, could transmit the job details directly to the operative's mobile data device, who would then use the in-vehicle satellite navigation to aid his journey to the job.
1012:
156:. The simplest forms of these systems calculate the bearing from two fixed sites to the mobile. This creates a triangle with endpoints at the two fixed points and the mobile. Trigonometry tells you roughly where the mobile transmitter is located. In wireless telephone systems, the phones transmit continually when off-hook, making continual tracking and the collection of many location samples possible. This is one type of location system required by
1032:
1628:
1022:
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break onto one site and a piece equipment, such as a digger, is loaded on the back of a flat bed truck and then driven away. Typically the ignition wouldn’t need to be turned on and as such most of the AVL products available wouldn’t typically be activated. Only products that included a unit that was activated by a motion sensor or GeoFence alarm event, would be activated.
388:
when managing a fleet of vehicles, knowing the real-time location of all drivers allows management to meet customer needs more efficiently. Vehicle location information can also be used to verify that legal requirements are being met: for example, that drivers are taking rest breaks and obeying speed
366:
EATS technology is predominantly used when applying vehicle tracking to vehicle security solutions. An example of this distinction is given in the following scenario; A construction company owns some pieces of plant machinery that are regularly left unattended, at weekends, on building sites. Thieves
338:
It might be helpful to draw a distinction between vehicle location systems which track automatically and event activated tracking systems which track when triggered by an event. There is increasingly crossover between the different systems and those with experience of this sector will be able to draw
325:
Another scenario for sensor functions is to connect the AVL to driver information, to collect data about driving time, stops, or even driver absence from the vehicle. If the driver/worker conditions is such as the hourly rates for driving and working outside is not the same, this can be monitored by
61:
to manage an overview of vehicle travel. As of 2017, GPS technology has reached the point of having the transmitting device be smaller than the size of a human thumb (thus easier to conceal), able to run 6 months or more between battery charges, easy to communicate with smartphones (merely requiring
254:
Large private telelocation or AVL systems send data from GPS receivers in vehicles to a dispatch center over their private, user-owned radio backbone. These systems are used for businesses like parcel delivery and ambulances. Smaller systems which do not justify building a separate radio system use
119:
Automatic vehicle locating is a powerful tool for managing fleets of vehicles such as service vehicles, emergency vehicles, and public transport vehicles such as buses and trains. It is also used to track mobile assets, such as non wheeled construction equipment, non motorized trailers, and mobile
412:
companies needing to track valuable assets for insurance or other monitoring purposes can now plot the real-time asset location on a map and closely monitor movement and operating status. For example, haulage and logistics companies often operate trucks with detachable load carrying units. In this
201:
or industrial plants which radiated electrical noise sometime overwhelmed the LORAN signals, affecting the system's ability to determine the mobile's geolocation. Because of the limited resolution, this type of system was impractical for small communities or operational areas such as a pit mine or
250:
equipment has lent itself to more accurate and reliable telelocation systems. GPS signals are impervious to most electrical noise sources and do not require the user to install an entire system. Usually only a receiver to collect signals from the satellite segment is installed in each vehicle and
123:
Another purpose of tracking is to provide graded service or to manage a large driver and crewing staff effectively. For example, suppose an ambulance fleet has an objective of arriving at the location of a call for service within six minutes of receiving the request. Using an AVL system allows to
362:
AVL technology is predominantly used when applying vehicle tracking to fleet or driver management solutions. The use of
Automatic Vehicle Location is given in the following scenario; A car breaks down by the side of the road and the occupant calls a vehicle recovery company. The vehicle recovery
354:
This type of system is primarily used in connection with vehicle or driver security solutions. If, for example a thief breaks into your car and attempts to steal it, the tracking system can be triggered by the immobiliser unit or motion sensor being activated. A monitoring bureau will then be
413:
case, trailers can be tracked independently of the cabs used to drive them. Combining vehicle location with inventory management that can be used to reconcile which item is currently on which vehicle can be used to identify physical location down to the level of individual packages.
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Some products on the market are a hybrid of both AVL and EATS technology. However industry practice has tended to lean towards a separation of these functions. It is worth taking note that vehicle tracking products tend to fall into one, not both of the technologies.
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data at a moderately higher cost, but across a global coverage area and into very remote locations not covered well by terrestrial radio or public carriers. Other options for determining actual location, for example in environments where GPS illumination is poor, are
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This type of vehicle tracking is normally used in the fleet or driver management sector. The unit is configured to automatically transmit its location at a set time interval, e.g. every 5 minutes. The unit is activated when the ignition is switched on/off.
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The main purpose of using AVL is not only to locate the vehicles, but also to obtain information about engine data, fuel consumption, driver data and sensor data from i.e. doors, freezer room on trucks or air pressure. Such data can be obtained via the
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LORAN receiver and data interface box/modem connected to a separate two-way radio. The receiver and interface calculated a latitude and longitude in degrees, decimal degrees format based on the LORAN signals. This was sent over the radio as
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maritime navigation system. The LORAN system was intended for ships but signal levels on the US east- and west-coast areas were adequate for use with receivers in automobiles. The system may have been marketed under the
Motorola model name
85:
are the most common services applied, because of the low data rate needed for AVL, and the low cost and near-ubiquitous nature of these public networks. The low bandwidth requirements also allow for satellite technology to receive
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companies with a field service or sales workforce can use information from vehicle tracking systems to plan field workers' time, schedule subsequent customer visits and be able to operate these departments
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evaluate the locations of all vehicles in service with drivers and other crew in order to pick the vehicle that will most likely arrive at the destination fastest, (meeting the service objective).
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power generators. AVL is often utilized by government agencies, such as Public Safety and Parks and
Recreation, to track the movement of patrol units, emergency responders, and field workers.
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or other personal identification devices. Later by analyzing log-file it is possible to get reports on any kind of events, like stops, visited streets, speed limits violations, etc.
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have embedded GPS receivers which are polled if 9-1-1 is dialed. The 9-1-1 center is provided with latitude and longitude from the radio's GPS receiver. In centers with
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or MDC-4800 data to a system controller, which plotted the mobile's approximate location on a map. The system worked reliably but sometimes had problems with electrical
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vehicle location devices attached covertly by law enforcement or espionage organizations can be used to track journeys made by individuals who are under surveillance
226:, or handshake, from the signpost transmitter. A transmitter on the mobile would report passing the signpost to a system controller. This allows supervision, a
77:, or a satellite or terrestrial radio from the vehicle to a radio receiver. A single antenna unit covering all the needed frequency bands can be employed.
270:, the system may assign an address to the call based on these coordinates or may project an icon depicting the caller's location onto a map of the area.
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With an open bus system the users can send invoices based on goods delivered with exact location, time and date data where if connected to scale,
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is employed. This is used on transit routes and rail lines where the vehicles to be tracked continually operated on the same linear route. A
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systems using a low frequency switched packet radio network have also been used as an alternative to GPS based systems.
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307:, most AVL systems are fixed for its purposes unless they connect to an open bus system for expansion possibilities.
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238:. These systems are an alternative inside tunnels or other conveyances where GPS signals are blocked by terrain.
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have decided GPS was the best way to provide the mandated location data for wireless
Enhanced 9-1-1. Newer
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In countries with high prices on gasoline external fuel sensors are used to prevent cases of fuel theft.
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a duplicate SIM card from one's mobile phone carrier in most cases) — all for less than $ 20 USD.
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systems. These systems may be applied in combination in some cases. In addition, terrestrial
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Means for automatically determining and transmitting the geographic location of a vehicle
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automatically notified that the unit has been activated and begin tracking the vehicle.
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Differentiating between automatic vehicle location and events activated tracking systems
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center to monitor the progress of the vehicle and assess whether or not the vehicle was
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use predictions based on AVL input to show the expected arrival and departure times of
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or RFID chip along the vehicle route would be polled as the train or bus traverses its
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or barcode readers, can make a fairly good automated system to avoid human errors.
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Arizona Phase II Final Report: Statewide Radio
Interoperability Needs Assessment,
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222:. As each transponder was passed, the moving vehicle would query and receive an
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radio or GSM to communicate the collected location data with a dispatch point.
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534:, (Schaumburg, Illinois: Motorola Communications and Electronics, 1979).
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of transmitter signals radiated by the mobile. This is sometimes called
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Vehicle location technologies can be used in the following scenarios:
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To track and locate vehicles along fixed routes, a technology called
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in EU) is a means for automatically determining and transmitting the
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559:"fuel theft in the usa reaches 8 billion in 2008 – RFID Switchboard"
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Both AVL and EATS systems track, but often for different purposes.
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For an example of one US signpost system, see its service manual:
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modem with additional embedded AVL software contained in a
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T1919A Metrocom II 150.8-174 MHz
Vehicle Location Receiver
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Macro
Corporation and The State of Arizona, 2004, pp. 165.
469:, an implementation used for public transportation systems
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296:
78:
70:
57:, from one or more vehicles, may then be collected by a
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text format. Because most AVL consists of two parts,
475:, vehicle manufacturer implemented tracking systems.
374:Special applications of automatic vehicle locating
172:Motorola offered a 1970s-era system based on the
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65:Most commonly, the location is determined using
339:on a number of examples which break the rule.
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517:One definition of AVL exists in, "Glossary,"
287:that both sends and receives data via SMS or
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132:
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351:E.A.T.S (Events Activated Tracking system)
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1021:
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24:
494:Vehicle Infrastructure Integration
437:Automatic number plate recognition
343:A.V.L (Automatic Vehicle Location)
197:in urban areas. Sparking electric
146:direction finding or triangulation
69:and the transmission mechanism is
25:
1709:
1180:Common traffic advisory frequency
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988:Automobile auxiliary power outlet
452:Intelligent transportation system
158:Federal Communications Commission
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1020:
1011:
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643:Part of a series of articles on
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248:Global Positioning System or GPS
569:from the original on 2012-07-20
258:Some wireless carriers such as
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589:"GPS fleet management system;"
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246:The low price and ubiquity of
13:
1:
1289:Maritime mobile amateur radio
700:Electronic instrument cluster
504:
397:passenger information systems
1566:Passenger information system
1432:Voting (diversity combining)
1170:Aircraft emergency frequency
1117:General Mobile Radio Service
660:Automotive navigation system
545:"GPS-based location feature"
7:
1693:Scheduling (transportation)
1185:Mandatory frequency airport
786:Electronic throttle control
430:
168:Former LORAN-based locating
10:
1714:
1546:Automatic vehicle location
1377:Automatic vehicle location
832:Automatic vehicle location
242:Today's GPS-based locating
31:Automatic vehicle location
18:Automatic Vehicle Location
1658:Global Positioning System
1622:
1579:
1532:
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1402:Dynamic range compression
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1319:Dual-tone multi-frequency
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1233:Professional mobile radio
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1195:Single Frequency Approach
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819:
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174:United States Coast Guard
1678:Vehicle security systems
1517:Autonomous Rapid Transit
1427:Radiotelephony procedure
1243:Specialized Mobile Radio
417:Field worker management:
133:Simple direction finding
1137:Multi-Use Radio Service
665:Automotive night vision
499:Vehicle tracking system
268:computer-aided dispatch
150:radio direction finding
103:systems or cooperative
59:vehicle tracking system
1653:Automotive accessories
1209:Land-based commercial
1097:Amateur radio repeater
393:Passenger Information:
1211:and government mobile
1158:(aeronautical mobile)
847:Remote keyless system
462:Mobile phone tracking
212:Signpost transmitters
184:. It consisted of an
144:wireless systems use
140:and some cellular or
55:vehicle location data
1683:Ubiquitous computing
1673:Satellite navigation
1512:Guided Light Transit
1248:Trunked radio system
1112:Public Radio Service
1107:Family Radio Service
1085:Amateur and hobbyist
424:Covert surveillance:
274:Sensor-augmented AVL
1279:Coast radio station
1165:Air traffic control
1102:Citizens band radio
160:Rules for wireless
97:inertial navigation
47:geographic location
1688:Vehicle technology
1597:Rubber-tyred metro
1502:Bi-articulated bus
1262:Marine (shipboard)
1147:UHF CB (Australia)
695:Check engine light
675:Blind spot monitor
326:sensors, by using
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1602:Rubber-tyred tram
1474:Bus rapid transit
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1439:
1301:Selective calling
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952:Glove compartment
906:Child safety lock
321:Logbook functions
109:radio positioning
16:(Redirected from
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1663:Radio navigation
1633:Buses portal
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1571:Proof-of-payment
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1358:System elements
1284:Marine VHF radio
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911:Rear-view mirror
842:Power door locks
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442:Fleet telematics
401:public transport
384:Fleet management
206:Signpost systems
128:Types of systems
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563:www.rfidsb.com
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408:Asset tracking
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93:dead reckoning
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1260:
1254:
1253:Walkie-talkie
1251:
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1234:
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1223:Business band
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1092:Amateur radio
1090:
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1083:
1079:
1078:Two-way radio
1072:
1067:
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957:Molded carpet
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801:Parking brake
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750:Trip computer
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670:Backup camera
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547:. 2017-09-08.
546:
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264:Nextel radios
261:
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199:trolley poles
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138:Amateur radio
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19:
1624:
1592:People mover
1551:Bus priority
1545:
1376:
1339:Quik-Call II
1329:Push-to-talk
1299:Signaling /
1228:Mobile radio
1218:Base station
831:
766:Bowden cable
642:
635:Car interior
592:. Retrieved
583:
571:. Retrieved
562:
553:
539:
531:
526:
518:
513:
447:GPS tracking
423:
420:efficiently.
416:
406:
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211:
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181:
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162:Enhanced 911
153:
149:
145:
136:
122:
118:
115:Applications
99:, or active
64:
43:telelocating
42:
38:
34:
30:
29:
1422:Tone remote
1412:Link budget
1407:Fade margin
1334:Quik-Call I
976:Convenience
967:Vehicle mat
916:Rumble seat
901:Bucket seat
857:VIN etching
837:Immobiliser
730:Speedometer
680:Boost gauge
653:Instruments
236:on schedule
228:call center
216:transponder
1647:Categories
1587:Light rail
1524:Trolleybus
1507:Guided Bus
1132:Mobile rig
993:Cup holder
937:Boot liner
896:Bench seat
820:Anti-theft
791:Gear stick
740:Telematics
735:Tachometer
705:Fuel gauge
594:2010-06-28
505:References
484:Telematics
395:Real-time
1607:Translohr
1561:BRT creep
1392:DC remote
1382:Call sign
1156:Aviation
998:Car phone
962:Sun visor
947:Dashboard
921:Seat belt
852:Smart key
745:Tell-tale
479:StarChase
403:services.
88:telemetry
1580:See also
1556:Bus lane
1490:Vehicles
1483:Standard
1397:Dispatch
1324:MDC-1200
1269:2182 kHz
1190:MULTICOM
1016:Category
759:Controls
715:Odometer
690:Carputer
573:23 April
567:Archived
431:See also
291:in pure
232:dispatch
191:MDC-1200
182:Metricom
53:. This
39:locating
1533:Systems
1367:Antenna
1344:Selcall
1274:500 kHz
1175:Airband
1122:KDR 444
1026:Commons
891:Armrest
875:Seating
467:NextBus
389:limits.
328:iButton
281:CAN-bus
230:, or a
95:, i.e.
51:vehicle
1349:SELCAL
1314:D-STAR
1200:UNICOM
1142:PMR446
1127:LPD433
1036:Portal
886:Airbag
870:Safety
776:Clutch
685:Buzzer
473:OnStar
457:LoJack
260:Nextel
202:port.
1309:CTCSS
983:Audio
827:Alarm
771:Brake
293:ASCII
285:UFDEX
220:route
195:noise
177:LORAN
49:of a
1614:Tram
1537:List
1372:APRS
645:cars
575:2018
312:RFID
299:and
289:GPRS
105:RTLS
101:RFID
83:EVDO
81:and
75:GPRS
37:or ~
1387:CAD
301:GSM
297:GPS
224:ack
154:RDF
152:or
142:PCS
79:GSM
71:SMS
67:GPS
35:AVL
1649::
565:.
561:.
186:LF
164:.
73:,
41:;
1539:)
1535:(
1466:e
1459:t
1452:v
1070:e
1063:t
1056:v
628:e
621:t
614:v
597:.
577:.
410::
386::
33:(
20:)
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