Australian Army Reserve

957:

Militia units that had perpetuated the units of the AIF and serving as a valuable link to the traditions and service of earlier units. Nevertheless, many CMF soldiers felt that the introduction of these regiments reduced the Army's links to the community due to the move away from the traditional regionally based system and as a result many of these soldiers chose to leave the organisation. In 1965, as the pentropic system was abandoned, a further re-organisation of the CMF was undertaken as existing battalions were reduced and additional battalions were raised in the more populous areas, namely in Queensland, Victoria and New South Wales. Concerns about the regional identity of these units were addressed by reintroducing the old numerical designations. In 1966, the Army authorised the raising of six remote area battalions, one in each state. These units offered special conditions of service for men who could not meet their training requirements through normal attendance due to their occupation or place of residence. Ultimately though the Tasmanian battalion was never formed.

977:

various definitions of that term), the new scheme was implemented with the express purpose of sending these recruits overseas as Australia's commitments in the region required a large-scale increase in the Army. Additionally, instead of being used to fill the ranks of the CMF, the scheme was essentially used to expand the Regular Army. Due to the terms of service, national servicemen were required to serve two years full-time in Regular Army units, after which they were required to serve a further three years in the CMF. Despite this, however, potential conscripts were given the option to voluntarily enlist in the CMF prior to their date of birth being announced, thus exempting them from being drafted for overseas service. Due to the desire of many to avoid being sent overseas, as a result of this option, it was estimated that by 1968 almost half of the 35,000 men in the CMF had joined to avoid being drafted.

1140: 961: 504: 624:

shift in focus and a realisation of the mistakes that had been made prior to World War II. This would see the CMF providing a platform upon which the Army could mobilise in the event of a war. Initially, the plan had been for the CMF to be made up of 50,000 men organised into two divisions and other units, however, recruitment was unable to meet these targets as initially it was attempted to achieve this through voluntary enlistment. Indeed, in its first year of existence, the actual strength of the CMF was only 8,698 personnel, although this rose the following year to 16,202 and to 32,779 in 1950. In March 1951, a system of compulsory national service was re-established.

309:

composition and size of the new national army and role it would play at home and indeed within the wider Imperial defence system. Nevertheless, the official transfer of forces from the states to the Commonwealth occurred on 1 March 1901, and this date is today celebrated as the birthday of the modern Australian Army. At the outset, the bulk of the Commonwealth military force was to be made up of part-time volunteers. This was arguably due to two factors. Firstly, there was a widespread desire amongst Australian policymakers to keep defence expenditure low, while secondly there was a widespread mistrust or suspicion surrounding the idea of a large standing army.

984:", and to the creation of an organisation in which the majority of its members had little or no motivation to fulfil their training obligations. Although this was not a universal experience, overall it affected the morale of the CMF and, coupled with the decision by the government not to activate CMF units for service in Vietnam, this led to a decline in genuine voluntary enlistment. To a large extent also, the government's decision to not use the CMF during this time highlighted the organisation's increasing structural irrelevance, and questions about the role that the CMF had to play in the defence of Australia would remain until following the end of the 496:. Nevertheless, for a period of time the government attempted to limit the number of militiamen transferring across to the AIF to build defences at home against concerns that Britain might not be able to fulfil its pledge to defend Singapore in the event of an attack there by the Japanese. As such, once again Australia maintained a policy of two armies. For the first two years Australia's involvement in the war was focused in overseas theatres in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, and during this time it was the AIF that was involved in the fighting overseas, while units of the Militia were used in garrison duties in Australia and 475:

government decided to double the strength of the Militia as war clouds began to loom on the horizon, and late in the year a recruiting campaign was launched that saw the size of the Militia increase from 35,000 to 43,000 men over the space of three months. This trend continued into 1939 and by midway through the year there were over 80,000 men serving on a part-time voluntary basis. Nevertheless, there was a serious shortage of equipment and as a result, when World War II broke out in September 1939 the Militia was by no means an effective fighting force and the nation as a whole was not as well prepared for war as it had been in 1914.

374: 313: 471:

up to 50 per cent of the Militia's other ranks were medically unfit. The numbers situation had become so tenuous that it was rare for a battalion to be able to field even 100 men during an exercise, so units accepted men that would not normally meet the medical requirements, indeed it has been stated that men who were "lame and practically blind" were allowed to join in an effort to improve numbers. To illustrate this, in 1936, the largest battalion—the 30th/51st Battalion—had just 412 personnel of all ranks, while the 11th/16th Battalion, which was the smallest, had only 156 men.

96: 523:. In April 1942, following the loss of Malaya and Singapore and the subsequent Japanese landings in New Guinea, the possibility of invasion appeared much more real. Seeing the threat that the Japanese posed to British and Australian interests in the region, the government had begun to bring AIF units back from the Middle East. Nonetheless, the bulk of the forces immediately available for the defence of Australia came from the militia, which was at that stage an organisation of some 265,000 men organised into five infantry and two cavalry divisions. 448: 3974: 1014:

links units had established in their local areas and thus further impacting upon recruitment and retention. Further, the decision was made to abolish the old CMF divisions, as the role of the Army Reserve would no longer be to act as a skeleton force that would be filled out upon mobilisation, but rather a force that could provide individual sub-units of capability should the need arise to augment the Regular Army. Centralisation of training was also a result of the Millar Report; beforehand, recruit training had been an

1114:

training obligation. Since September 2006, in an incentive to rectify sliding retention rates, Reservist salaries have been streamlined with those of regular forces as a reflection of overall higher standard of training. This initiative shows that in recent decades, there are now many positions for which there is little training gap at all between Reservists and Permanent Force members. In 2008–09 total strength included 17,064 active personnel. In addition there were another 12,496 members of the Standby Reserve.

467:. The result of this change in recruitment policy was a huge drop in the size of the Army, as numbers fell by almost 20,000 in one year as there was little prospect for training and as the financial difficulties of the Great Depression began to be felt. As a result, in 1930 the decision was made to disband or amalgamate a number of units and five infantry battalions and two light horse regiments were removed from the order of battle. The following year, nine more infantry battalions were disbanded. 1023: 75: 4047: 3374:

serve in the High Readiness Reserve have a higher minimum requirement, being required to serve at least 32 days. The Standby Reserve has no training obligation and is mainly used to maintain the administration of members upon discharge from the Regular Army or the Active Reserve in case they are required to be called back into service in a time of national emergency. Members of the Regular Army are required to remain in the Standby Reserve for five years following discharge.

198: 5070: 1066: 1603: 440:. The AIF officially ceased to exist on 1 April 1921 and the new organisation of the Citizen Forces was adopted a month later; this saw the reorganisation of the 88 infantry battalions and five pioneer regiments that had been established under the 1918 scheme, the abolition of infantry regiments and the re-establishment of the 60 infantry battalions that had existed within the AIF, as well as various other units, such as light horse regiments, as well. 444:

it was decided that it would only be focused on the more populated areas, essentially ending the scheme in rural areas. The result of this was that the course of only a year the strength of the Citizen Forces fell from 127,000 to only 37,000 in 1922. Throughout the 1920s, numbers decreased even further and although the divisional structure was maintained, it was little more than a skeleton force as units found their numbers dropping drastically.

1010:

be called upon to provide the base upon which mobilisation in a time of war would be built, instead it would be used to augment the Regular Army. This was the first step in creating the concept of a total force, in which the differing virtues of the citizen soldier and the regular soldier would be used to complement each other, and in this vein the Millar Report recommended that the name be changed from the CMF to the Australian Army Reserve.

463:

voluntary service (rather than compulsory national service). The force would be based upon the five divisions of the old AIF, although it was decided to limit the overall number of units. This force would also be armed with modern weapons and equipment. That, at least, was the promise, however, in reality this never came to fruition and to a large extent they continued to be trained and equipped with 1914–18 equipment right up to and during

1674: 608: 1098:. In lower intensity areas, such as East Timor and the Solomon Islands, formed units of Reservists raised from personnel drawn from many units, have been deployed on peacekeeping duties to relieve the pressure being placed upon the Regular Army and allowing them to focus on the higher intensity combat zones in Iraq and Afghanistan. In addition to this Australian Army Reserve units have been deployed on border security duties with the 423:

renumbering the infantry regiments that had been formed in 1912, and giving them the numbers of the AIF units that had been formed in their regimental areas. A total of 60 AIF infantry battalions had seen active service during the war, but there were more than 60 infantry regiments; as a result, a number of the Citizen Forces regiments were reorganised with multiple battalions, while other units were converted to pioneer regiments.

254:, however, this focus gradually shifted due to the changing strategic environment, and the requirement for a higher readiness force available to support collective security goals. Since then, Australian defence policy has been focused more upon the Regular Army, and there has been considerable debate about the role of the Army Reserve within defence planning circles. As the strategic situation has evolved in the post 484:

on 15 September to include all of the Militia, in two drafts of 40,000 men, for one month's continuous training, however, the suspension on compulsory training introduced in 1929 was not amended until January 1940. On 5 September 1939 it was also announced that a division would be raised for overseas service, but there was still large-scale opposition to the concept of conscription and the provisions of the

5080: 1050:, an existing Regular brigade based in Brisbane at the time, was converted to a Ready Reserve formation. The majority of the personnel were Reservists who undertook a period of twelve months full-time service before returning to normal Reserve status for a further four years. The scheme showed considerable promise. Nevertheless, due to cost constraints it was abolished in 1996 by the newly elected 1082:

toyed with since the formation of the citizen force almost a hundred years earlier: enacting legislation that enabled the call-up of Reservists to full-time service in circumstances that fell short of a full scale defence emergency, thereby allowing their deployment overseas, while also protecting their employment and providing remuneration to employers.

640:(five battle group) division into the Australian Army in 1960. This proved a disaster for the CMF, as wholesale changes were made and units removed from the order of battle. Seven artillery regiments were disbanded from an original total of 17, while 31 infantry battalions were reduced to 17. This excluded the University Regiments and the 555:, officially referring to the organisation as the CMF, was passed to change the law to allow the transfer of Militia or CMF units to the AIF, if 65 percent or more of their personnel had volunteered for overseas service. Additionally, changes to the Act meant that Militia units were able to serve anywhere south of the Equator in the 567:, later in the war. Despite these changes, the AIF remained the Australian Army's main combat force during the war and indeed more than 200,000 members of the Militia transferred to the AIF throughout the course of the conflict. Nevertheless, 32 Militia infantry battalions, later organised into three Militia divisions ( 418:. By June 1918, 9,215 home service troops were on active duty in Australia, alongside 2,476 regular soldiers. From 1915, only skeleton garrisons were maintained at coastal forts, but the personnel manning them were forbidden to enlist in the AIF. This ban was lifted in April 1915 but the presence of a German 1250:

The majority of Australian Army Reserve units are under the command of the 2nd Division in six state-based brigades. There are also many Reservists serving on full-time service within Regular Army units, performing the same roles and under the same pay and conditions as Regular soldiers. 2nd Division

483:

Following the outbreak of the war in Europe, the government's immediate response was to announce on 5 September 1939 that it would begin calling up 10,000 militiamen at a time to provide sixteen days continuous service manning guard posts at selected points around the country. This was later expanded

3293:

The reference to "chocolate soldiers" relates to the widely held belief that the militiamen would melt the first time they were required for action, while the jibe about "koalas" is taken from the fact that at the time koalas were protected under law, in so much as it was illegal for them to be shot

1085:

The continuing high operational tempo of the Army after East Timor further emphasised the need to develop the capability of the Army Reserve. Since then increasing numbers of Reservists have been deployed overseas in varying capacities as well as undertaking periods of full-time service in Australia

1081:

highlighted the limits of the Australian Defence Force and the need for an Army Reserve that could effectively provide deployable capabilities and individuals to round-out to the Regular Army in times of heavy operational commitment. As such, in late 2000 the government did what many governments had

1013:

Nevertheless, due to further cuts in defence spending and an eagerness of the government to implement those recommendations that could assist in achieving this goal, units that were unable to meet attendance requirements were disbanded or amalgamated with others, thus further diffusing the community

1009:

The committee found that the CMF was a hollow shell of its former self, depleted in numbers and in equipment and unable to adequately fulfil its tasks. However, it still found that there was a role for the CMF to play in the strategic environment that existed at the time, although it would no longer

1005:

and the subsequent report developed from this inquiry became known as the Millar Report. Far from being a vehicle of the Regular Army to denigrate the CMF as some opponents predicted, the report did much to highlight many of the conceptual and structural problems that the CMF was afflicted by at the

488:

still precluded conscripts from serving outside Australian territory, so it was announced that this force would be raised from volunteers only and would not be raised directly from the Militia. Conscripts, however, were required to serve in the Militia, with the result being that the Militia's ranks

470:

Between 1929 and 1937, the number of soldiers within the Militia who could provide effective service was well below the force's actual on paper strength as many soldiers were unable to attend even a six-day annual camp out of fear of losing their civilian employment. Also, it has been estimated that

462:

government, the compulsory training scheme was abolished and in its place a new system was introduced whereby the CMF would be maintained on a part-time, voluntary basis only. At this time it was also decided to change the name of the force to the Militia, as it was felt that the latter name implied

431:

Following the end of World War I, the units that had been raised as part of the AIF were disbanded, and the focus of Australian defence planning returned once more to the maintenance of the Citizen Forces. To this end, a review of defence requirements in 1920 established the need for Australia to be

401:

that precluded sending conscripts overseas, upon the outbreak of the war it was necessary for the Australian government to raise a separate force, outside the Citizen Forces organisation for service overseas. Regardless, it has been estimated that up to 50,000 militiamen subsequently enlisted in the

1121:

became the first formed Army Reserve unit to see combat since World War II when it was deployed to Afghanistan as part of the Australian Special Operations Task Group. The initial deployment proved problematic however, with a subsequent inquiry finding that the company had received less support for

976:

The subordinate relationship between the CMF and Regular Army was further underlined when the national service scheme was re-introduced in 1965, albeit in the guise of a selective ballot. Whereas previous incarnations of the system had not allowed for national servicemen to be sent overseas (within

443:

There was little support for compulsory military service amongst the public, however, and combined with the financial pressure that the government felt at that time to reduce defence spending, the 1920 recommendations were not fully implemented. Although the compulsory training scheme was retained,

270:

Australia's contribution to the fighting came from forces raised outside the citizen forces that were in existence at the time, and although many citizen soldiers enlisted in these forces, the Citizen Forces units remained in Australia. With the outbreak of World War II a similar situation evolved,

3373:

Within the Active Reserve there are two categories of service—the High Readiness Reserve and the Reserve Response Force. The Reserve Response Force are required to serve a minimum of 20 days and may serve a maximum 100, although a further 50 days may be undertaken upon special approval. Those that

1057:

By the time that the opening phases of the East Timor operation began in 1999, the issue regarding the purpose of the Army Reserve still had not been resolved. Instead of being able to provide formed units to augment the Regular Army, the Reserves was reduced to providing individuals for round-out

615:

Due to an overcommitment of resources early in the war, the Australian economy suffered badly from manpower shortages as early as 1942. As a result, the government began the demobilisation process before the war was over and, when it had finally come to an end, the government was very keen for the

396:

during World War I and the expanded organisation allowed citizen forces officers more experience in commanding formed bodies of men. However, it was the main factor contributing to the decision to recruit the AIF on the basis of voluntary enlistment. Because the army in 1914 was largely made up of

3363:

The general obligation of a Reservist is four nights and one weekend a month, as well as an annual two-week training exercise. Outside this there are periods of continuous training, such as basic and initial employment training that are required to be undertaken in the first two to three years of

1113:

As such, the role of the Army Reserve now encompasses the '3 Rs'—that is reinforcement, round-out and rotation. With a total strength in 2005–06 of just 15,579 active personnel, recruitment and retention remain an ongoing issue for Defence planners, nevertheless Reservists continue to have a high

623:

in 1948, the first regular infantry unit of the Australian Army. From that time on as tension within the region increased the strength of the Regular Army increased rapidly in contrast to the CMF, signifying if not an end to Australian military planners' reliance upon citizen soldiers, at least a

355:

defence system (although this later realisation remained little more than a consideration on paper only). The review also validated the compulsory military training scheme that was to be introduced in 1910, which was directly responsible for expanding the Citizen Forces by up to 50 percent in the

335:

regiments, supplemented by the transfer of men from a number of superfluous infantry units, while the remaining infantry were organised into battalions of the Australian Infantry Regiment and engineers and artillery were organised into field companies and garrison artillery batteries. Due to the

274:

Following the end of World War II, however, the decision was made to establish a permanent standing defence force and the role of Reserve forces was reduced to the point where for a while their relevance was called into question. Recently, however, there has been a move to develop a more capable

956:

At the same time, it was decided to amalgamate old local and regional regiments that had existed into six new multi-battalion state-based regiments. While the pentropic system eventually fell by the wayside, these regiments have endured, maintaining the battle honours of the previously existing

330:

was proclaimed, providing the Commonwealth Military Forces a statutory framework within which they could operate. Amidst a background of political manoeuvring and personal agendas, the military forces were eventually reorganised into a more or less unified command structure. As a part of this,

1042:

of Australia's defence capabilities seemed to provide the Reserves with a definite role. Nevertheless, there remained a reluctance to rebuild the Reserves and despite these major reviews, as late as the 1990s the Army still had not managed to develop a well-structured reserve force, as it had

343:

The lack of importance placed on military matters in Australian political circles continued for some time, and the size of the Australian military in this time continued to fall, in part due to the emphasis placed upon mounted units in the new command structure. However, following a number of

474:

Financially the Militia was neglected also. Despite the upturn in the economic situation in the early 1930s there was little financial respite for the Militia in this time. As the situation continued to improve, however, the defence vote was increased steadily after 1935. Indeed, in 1938 the

422:

in Australian waters caused a mobilisation from February to April 1916, while another mobilisation occurred in April 1918 for the same reason. Just before the end of World War I, Australia's home forces were reorganised to perpetuate the numerical identities of the AIF units. This was done

308:

assigned primary responsibility for defence to the Commonwealth. Indeed, this process took some time as, to a large extent, matters of defence were not necessarily a priority of the new Australian legislature at the time, and there was also a considerable diversity in opinion regarding the

1000:

came to power in late 1972, the CMF was in a very poor state. The new government moved quickly to end conscription, and this caused the CMF's strength to fall by roughly 5,000 to 23,119 by June 1973. In 1973 a committee of inquiry into the CMF was announced, under the chairmanship of Dr.

258:

era, the organisation, structure, training and role of the Army Reserve has undergone considerable changes, and members of the Army Reserve are increasingly being used on overseas deployments, not only within Regular Army units, but also in units drawn almost entirely from Reserve units.

627:

The reintroduction of this conscription scheme saw the numbers of the CMF rise substantially but its management and administration required the allocation of a large number of resources and personnel from the Regular Army at a time when the army Regular Army already heavily committed in

644:

which remained unchanged. The remaining battalions were later merged into just nine battalions. Meanwhile, the CMF armoured units had already been rationalised in 1957 and as a result the change to the pentropic structure mostly resulted in a change in role only, such as the

1006:

time, however, the way in which the government chose to implement the recommendations, and indeed the way in which some of them were allowed to lapse, ultimately served to at least partially justify some of the cynicism voiced in certain CMF circles about the report.

271:

with the establishment of an all-volunteer expeditionary force, however, with the entry of Japan into the war the threat to Australia became more direct and a number of Militia units were called upon to fight in New Guinea and other areas of the South West Pacific.

534:, members of the Militia found themselves on the front lines. As reinforcements were brought up from Australia, the Militia units that had been sent to New Guinea as garrison troops earlier in the war were called upon to fight a stubborn rearguard action on the 1043:

continued to grapple with the competing demands of maintaining large-scale general readiness over developing a 'hard core' of capability within the Reserves that would be able to provide the Army with a nucleus force in times of national emergency.

1018:

process managed mainly by the units themselves. Other issues such as pay and conditions of service, protection of civilian employment and recruitment and retention were touched upon but remained largely unaddressed until more recently.

405:

During the precautionary stage on 2 August 1914, Citizen Forces units were called up to guard essential points and man coastal forts and harbour defences. The first Australian shots (many sources report the first Allied shots) of both

241:. In 1980, however, the current name—Australian Army Reserve—was officially adopted, and it now consists of a number of components based around the level of commitment and training obligation that its members are required to meet. 275:

Reserve force, as Australia's overseas military commitments in the Pacific and Middle East have highlighted the importance of the Reserves once more. As such, since 2000 units of the Australian Army Reserve have been deployed to

616:

demobilisation process to be completed as quickly as possible. Defence issues were not given a high priority as people tried to rebuild their lives after the war and as such it was not until 1948 that the CMF was reformed.

1548: 1139: 249:

For the first half of the 20th century, due to a widespread distrust of permanent military forces in Australia, the reserve military forces were the primary focus of Australian military planning. Following the end of

1122:

its pre-deployment preparations than was typical for regular units and that its training was inadequate. The 1st Commando Regiment contributed forces to several other Special Operations Task Group rotations.

1062:, mostly in specialist roles that the Regular Army had trouble providing. As the deployment progressed to a second rotation in April 2000, however, a further 630 Reservists volunteered for full-time service. 1143:

An 8th Brigade soldier during an exercise in 2016 in which the brigade formed Battle Group Waratah to operate alongside the regular 7th Brigade; such a pairing is a key feature of the Plan Beersheba reforms

4831: 1151:

reorganisation of the Army. The Army has stated that the reserves' role will become "to deliver specified capability and support and sustain Australian Defence Force (ADF) preparedness and operations".

4355: 1619: 636:

and so the scheme was suspended in 1959. This was a significant blow to the CMF and its strength fell by more than half in that year to 20,000 men. Further changes came with the introduction of the

1034:

Further reviews came in this time as Defence planners attempted to grapple with the questions regarding strategy following the wars of diplomacy of the previous three decades. The emergence of the

340:

which did not provide for the establishment of a regular infantry force, the notion that the Commonwealth Military Forces would be largely based on a part-time militia was set out in legislation.

326:

After the initial transfer of forces in March 1901, further progress was slow as administrative and legislative instruments took time to develop. Indeed, it was not until 1 March 1904 that the

500:, then occupied by Australia. During this time, the Militia units came to be derided by the men of the AIF units, with militiamen sometimes being labelled as "chocolate soldiers" or "koalas". 432:

able to field a force of approximately 270,000 men in the event of a war, of which half of this would be maintained in peacetime through compulsory enlistment, i.e. in essence a form of

549:

After 1940, use of the term "Militia" to describe the part-time military forces waned and by 1942 the term "Citizen Military Forces" (CMF) had become more common. Later in the war, the

2701: 2796: 1929: 2616: 1346: 3262:

The military forces under Commonwealth control in 1901 were 28,886 men, of whom only 1,500 were permanent soldiers—mostly serving in the artillery and instructional corps.

2990: 351:. The result of this review was the realisation of the need to build a credible defence force that could not only defend the nation, but also possibly contribute to the 283:

on peacekeeping duties and many more individual Reservists have been used to provide specialist capabilities and to fill in Regular Army formations being sent overseas.

3173: 344:

strategic and political "scares", defence matters slowly began to take on more primacy in the Australian psyche before a review of defence needs was made in 1909 by

1236:

These components are basically categories of service, which are determined by the level of training obligation and commitment that a member is required to meet.

436:. It was also decided that the CMF would be re-organised along the lines of the AIF, adopting the divisional structure of the AIF units and maintaining their 4751: 4185: 3341:. Additionally, a company battlegroup formed almost entirely of Reserve personnel was deployed to the Solomon Islands with relative frequency as part of the 2960: 1574: 1498: 5011: 530:, especially in 1942, when they fought Japanese forces in New Guinea. As the situation in the Pacific worsened in July 1942 and the Japanese drove towards 5109: 2900: 17: 3338: 1417: 1411: 4498: 4350: 4035: 3493: 1422: 4889: 4175: 1579: 1512: 1441: 3436: 2838: 4976: 3342: 2646: 1538: 1533: 1428: 181: 2723: 4816: 3445: 2005: 960: 2697: 1198:

The structure of the reserve brigades is also being altered. The reserve artillery regiments will be re-equipped with mortars; the reserve

4335: 3330: 3326: 2930: 2800: 1377: 1372: 1070: 845: 619:

Subsequent reviews of defence policy and the strategic situation in South East Asia after the war had resulted in the formation of the

551: 4386: 3354:

Out of a total of 7,270 Australian personnel deployed to the Solomon Islands between 2003 and 2013, some 2,122 were reserve personnel.

1606:

Commandos from 1st Commando Company parachute with inflatable boats from an RAAF C-130H into Shoalwater Bay during an exercise in 2001

266:

Reserve units have primarily been used in the role of home defence and to provide a mobilisation platform during times of war. During

5021: 4871: 4826: 4746: 4266: 4256: 3962: 1363: 646: 559:(SWPA), excluding western Java and northern Borneo, and as a result of this, Militia units saw action against Japanese forces in the 2624: 5036: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4821: 4811: 4806: 4322: 1528: 1287: 1027: 649:, which changed from an armoured unit to a reconnaissance regiment. The two CMF armoured brigade headquarters were also disbanded. 304:

to form a unified force controlled by the Commonwealth was an inevitable, albeit slowly realised, consequence, given that the new

5031: 3790:. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, Volume XI (7th ed.). Sydney, New South Wales: Angus and Robertson. 3410: 3137: 1631: 520: 2994: 2771: 1737: 1058:

purposes only. As a result, in the initial phase of the operation there were only 100 Reservists available to fill positions in

4953: 4741: 4648: 4376: 4213: 4145: 4019: 3016: 1704: 1656: 1472: 1406: 361: 538:

to delay the Japanese advance long enough for these reinforcements to arrive. At the same time, the Militia battalions of the

503: 4756: 4643: 4468: 4371: 4303: 4180: 3898: 3860: 3757: 3702: 3623: 3582: 3563: 3538: 3506: 3482: 3046: 1589: 1569: 1482: 1203: 348: 3871: 3532: 3180: 546:, when Australian and United States forces defeated the Japanese in a large-scale battle for the first time during the war. 5006: 4715: 4097: 3675: 1679: 1626: 519:. Suddenly the war was brought much closer to Australia's borders, and there was a perception that Japan might attempt to 5001: 4991: 4981: 4508: 3940: 4986: 4949: 4915: 4910: 4503: 4391: 2260: 1584: 1543: 1387: 754: 370:

was appointed to draw up plans for the Australian Army Reserve in 1915, and became its first director-general in 1916.

150: 3284:

It is estimated that up to 15 percent of AIF recruits had gained prior military experience as a result of this scheme.

3205: 1206:, and a brigade operational supply company will be established within each of the combat services support battalions. 4939: 4905: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4705: 4658: 4575: 4570: 4523: 4203: 4195: 4170: 4165: 3917: 3795: 3738: 3644: 3604: 1661: 1433: 1317: 1118: 641: 367: 5083: 4996: 4710: 4613: 4493: 4401: 4340: 4278: 4251: 4155: 4055: 1957: 1648: 1215: 921: 493: 2968: 5026: 4943: 4690: 4532: 4463: 4381: 4330: 4283: 1367: 1199: 393: 5041: 4736: 4638: 4633: 4608: 4598: 4455: 1553: 1504: 1477: 1467: 892: 774: 735: 345: 2908: 4720: 4676: 4628: 4518: 4313: 3955: 3102: 1457: 1322: 3076: 4565: 4345: 4308: 4246: 4160: 2675: 511:

This changed dramatically, however, following the entry of Japan into the war on 8 December 1941, with the

397:

young men aged between 19 and 21 who had been enlisted under this scheme, and due to the provisions of the

297: 4942:(1st Signal Regiment, 1st Combat Signal Regiment, 3rd Combat Signal Regiment, 7th Combat Signal Regiment, 3512: 392:

Undoubtedly, the scheme proved to have numerous benefits, as many of these youths went on to serve in the

5016: 4241: 1125:

Between 2004 and 2017 a total of approximately 2,400 Army Reserve personnel have deployed on operations.

1035: 1046:

In 1991, in an attempt to rectify this, the Ready Reserve scheme was established. Under this scheme the

5046: 4841: 4798: 4623: 4298: 4208: 4064: 4013: 1462: 932: 928: 903: 897: 880: 876: 853: 849: 783: 779: 750: 740: 719: 715: 692: 688: 684: 3821:(4 (December)). Garran, Australian Capital Territory: Military Historical Society of Australia: 5–12. 1155:

As part of this reform, the six Army Reserve brigades are being paired with the regular brigades. The

4593: 4547: 4396: 4001: 2842: 1610:

The following units are reserve units within integrated (mixed regular army and reserve) formations:

1107: 820: 816: 791: 787: 746: 710: 680: 675: 620: 588: 576: 433: 305: 162: 2650: 5104: 5073: 4770: 4226: 4135: 4130: 4107: 4030: 4025: 3987: 3948: 3303:

The Australian Regiment later gained the Royal cipher, thus becoming the Royal Australian Regiment.

2727: 1560: 1519: 1291: 1245: 1184: 1180: 572: 568: 526:

Despite earlier derision, a number of Militia units went on to perform with distinction during the

175: 3452: 2001: 373: 5114: 4618: 4603: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 3334: 1643: 1614: 1489: 1448: 1397: 1382: 1354: 1188: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1047: 871: 840: 811: 584: 556: 539: 263: 222: 3634: 579:), saw service over much of the South West Pacific and participated in the following campaigns: 4964: 4236: 3813:

Shaw, Peter (2010). "The Evolution of the Infantry State Regiment System in the Army Reserve".

1276: 637: 512: 459: 381:

in August 1914. This gun fired Australia's first shot of the war when the German merchant ship

332: 214: 168: 3632: 3325:

During the second rotation to East Timor, a company of Reservists was deployed based upon the

5051: 1901: 1099: 965: 596: 580: 535: 312: 301: 2938: 1038:

as the foundation upon which Australian defence policy would be based following Paul Dibb's

492:

As was the case during World War I, many members of the Militia would go on to serve in the

4483: 4007: 3654: 592: 1261:

141st Signal Squadron (Gallipoli Barracks in Brisbane and Lavarack Barracks in Townsville)

8: 4288: 3970: 3934: 1336: 543: 507:

Militia soldiers of the 39th Battalion following their relief at Kokoda in September 1942

4417: 3876:. ASPI Policy Analysis. Vol. 25. Canberra: Australian Strategic Policy Institute. 3472: 3272: 1326: 997: 3414: 1705:"Portfolio Budget Statements 2022-23 Budget Related Paper No. 1.4A - Dfence Portfolio" 4293: 3913: 3894: 3877: 3856: 3839: 3822: 3801: 3791: 3772: 3753: 3734: 3717: 3698: 3681: 3662: 3640: 3619: 3600: 3578: 3559: 3542: 3502: 3478: 3430: 3397: 1733: 1051: 633: 560: 364: 262:

Despite being the main focus upon which Australian defence planning was based, since

3024: 1195:-sized force upon mobilisation during the regular brigade's 12 month 'ready' phase. 4671: 4488: 4442: 4427: 1635: 1342: 1270:

144th Signal Squadron (Keswick Barracks in Adelaide and Derwent Barracks in Hobart)

419: 3785: 3054: 1086:

to maintain capabilities within Regular units heavily committed to deployments to

4422: 4273: 3978: 3838:. Issues Brief. Vol. 20. Canberra: Department of the Parliamentary Library. 1961:. Vol. XXXVI, no. 277. Tasmania, Australia. 20 November 1916. p. 7 1103: 1095: 382: 280: 218: 128: 3389: 2865: 225:

in 1901, the reserve military force has been known by many names, including the

4929: 4478: 3592: 1148: 1134: 516: 437: 352: 1952: 1924: 1191:. The pairs of Army Reserve brigades will be expected to be able to provide a 1147:

In 2011, the Army Reserve's role and structure began being reformed under the

5098: 4473: 3881: 3843: 3826: 3805: 3776: 3771:(33 (March/April)). North Melbourne, Victoria: Department of Defence: 44–48. 3714:

Committee of Inquiry into the Citizen Military Forces Report. (Millar Report)

3685: 3597:

Australian Armour: A History of the Royal Australian Armoured Corps 1927–1972

3546: 3401: 1896: 1002: 456: 3721: 3396:(1398 ed.). Canberra: Department of Defence. 15 June 2017. p. 10. 2256: 1225:

The Australian Army Reserve currently consists of the following components:

4437: 4432: 3695:

The Once and Future Army: A History of the Citizen Military Forces, 1947–74

3666: 3213: 1022: 981: 531: 464: 447: 411: 251: 142: 3501:. Audit Report No.31 2008–09. Canberra: Australian National Audit Office. 980:

This led to a widespread public perception that the CMF was a refuge for "

4046: 1091: 1039: 985: 527: 415: 407: 378: 357: 267: 197: 138: 74: 3891:

Pacific Fury: How Australia and Her Allies Defeated the Japanese Scourge

2580:

Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade 2000, pp. 142–143.

1106:, as well as participating regularly in multinational exercises such as 3633:

Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade (2000).

1602: 1078: 1065: 988:. Meanwhile, the last CMF armoured regiment gave up its tanks in 1971. 629: 497: 296:

Following the Federation of Australia in 1901, the amalgamation of the

276: 146: 3599:. Puckapunyal, Victoria: Royal Australian Armoured Corps Tank Museum. 1192: 95: 1905:. No. 27, 846. Victoria, Australia. 18 November 1935. p. 8 607: 4666: 2889:

Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade 2000, p. 109.

2647:"The History of the 25th/49th Battalion, Royal Queensland Regiment" 2550:

Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade 2000, p. 135.

2538:

Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade 2000, p. 142.

1332: 1059: 255: 3636:

From Phantom to Force: Towards a More Efficient and Effective Army

3106: 489:

were filled with both volunteers and conscripts during this time.

3577:(3rd ed.). Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. 3080: 969: 564: 108: 3910:

For Hearths and Homes: Citizen Soldiering in Australia 1854–1945

3491: 3470: 2923: 2617:"Australia-led Combined Task Forces Concludes Role With RAMSI" 1202:

units will convert from light cavalry to producing crews for

929:

16th Battalion (The Cameron Highlanders of Western Australia)

3853:

Invading Australia: Japan and the Battle for Australia, 1942

3750:

The Australian Army: A History of its Organisation 1901–2001

2879:(2). Royal United Services Institute of New South Wales: 29. 1734:"Military Organisation and Structure: One Army, Two Armies?" 1087: 3618:. Elite # 153. Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing. 3271:

For example the Japanese victory over the Russians in the

3179:. Australian Military Medicine Association. Archived from 2765: 2763: 1282:

Operational Support Squadron (Randwick Barracks in Sydney)

388:

attempted to escape from Port Philip Bay on 5 August 1914.

991: 2726:. Minister for Defence. 4 September 2006. Archived from 1264:

142nd Signal Squadron (Holsworthy Barracks in Liverpool)

846:

8th/7th Battalion (The North Western Victorian Regiment)

3767:

Popple, Jeff (1982). "The Australian Militia 1930–39".

3228: 2760: 898:

27th Battalion (The South Australian Scottish Regiment)

602: 2991:"Formation of 9th Regiment Royal Australian Artillery" 2602: 2600: 741:

30th Battalion (The New South Wales Scottish Regiment)

656:

Redesignation of CMF battalions as pentropic companies

4186:

Australian Defence Force School of Special Operations

3165: 1575:

11th/28th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment

1499:

3rd/9th Light Horse (South Australian Mounted Rifles)

1303:

5th/11th Light Battery (HQ at Lavarack Barracks, Qld)

1273:

108th Signal Squadron (Simpson Barracks in Melbourne)

3716:. Canberra: Australian Government Printing Service. 2574: 2546: 2544: 2107: 2105: 1669: 3912:. St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. 3680:. Canberra: Australian Strategic Policy Institute. 2597: 1306:

6th/13th Light Battery (HQ at Keswick Barracks, SA)

1258:8th Signal Regiment (HQ at Randwick Barracks, NSW) 1255:

Headquarters, 2nd Division (Randwick Barracks, NSW)

726:

A and B Companies: The Far North Queensland Company

4227:1st Division (Deployable Joint Force Headquarters) 3855:. Melbourne, Victoria: Penguin Group (Australia). 3339:2nd/17th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment 3198: 3138:"13 Engineer Regiment raised in historic ceremony" 2961:"Signals Corps Officer : Employment Location" 1933:. Victoria, Australia. 21 November 1916. p. 3 1418:2nd/17th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment 824:58th/32nd Battalion (The City of Essendon Regiment 716:51st Battalion (The Far North Queensland Regiment) 4832:20th Surveillance and Target Acquisition Regiment 4499:Battle and theatre honours of the Australian Army 2883: 2541: 2102: 611:A CMF machine gun team during an exercise in 1952 5096: 3752:. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. 3661:. Melbourne, Victoria: Grayflower Publications. 3534:Stepping Up: Part-time Forces and ADF Capability 2772:"Deadly Afghan raids expose leadership Failings" 2532: 1580:16th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment 1312:23rd Light Battery (HQ at Kogarah Barracks, NSW) 926:11th/44th Battalion (The City of Perth Regiment) 850:38th Battalion (The Northern Victorian Regiment) 3443: 3069: 2866:"The Australian Army's 2nd Division: An Update" 1267:143rd Signal Squadron (HMAS Harman in Canberra) 922:1st Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment 817:5th Battalion (The Victorian Scottish Regiment) 759:A Company: The New South Wales Scottish Company 3893:. Sydney, New South Wales: William Heinemann. 3537:. Strategic Insights. Vol. 44. Canberra: 3343:Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands 3237: 3156: 2748:Australian Department of Defence 2009, p. 199. 2525: 2523: 2240: 2213: 1539:31st/42nd Battalion, Royal Queensland Regiment 1534:25th/49th Battalion, Royal Queensland Regiment 1509:3rd Field Squadron, Royal Australian Engineers 1429:41st Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment 755:6th Battalion (New South Wales Mounted Rifles) 747:2nd Battalion (The City of Newcastle Regiment) 744:17th/18th Battalion (The North Shore Regiment) 3956: 3869: 3314:Defence Reserve Service (Protection) Act 2001 3009: 2086: 2084: 1383:12th/40th Battalion, Royal Tasmanian Regiment 1323:51st Battalion, Far North Queensland Regiment 1297:2nd/10th Light Battery (HQ in Melbourne, Vic) 1251:is currently made up of the following units: 943:D Company: The West Australian Rifles Company 893:1st Battalion, Royal South Australia Regiment 775:3rd Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment 736:2nd Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment 331:state-based mounted units were reformed into 1300:3rd Light Battery (HQ at Irwin Barracks, WA) 901:43rd/48th Battalion (The Hindmarsh Regiment) 821:6th Battalion (The Royal Melbourne Regiment) 693:41st Battalion (The Byron Scottish Regiment) 291: 3530: 3451:. Canberra: Australian Army. Archived from 3435:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2670: 2668: 2520: 1757: 1755: 730:D and E Companies: The Capricornia Company 685:25th Battalion (The Darling Downs Regiment} 5110:Military units and formations of Australia 3963: 3949: 3733:. Frenchs Forest: Child & Associates. 3558:. Melbourne, Victoria: Allara Publishing. 2821:Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper 2017, p. 10. 2590: 2588: 2586: 2567: 2565: 2553: 2511: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2482: 2466: 2464: 2452: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2343: 2341: 2222: 2195: 2186: 2081: 2074: 2072: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 1969:– via National Library of Australia. 1941:– via National Library of Australia. 1913:– via National Library of Australia. 1378:8th/7th Battalion, Royal Victoria Regiment 1373:5th/6th Battalion, Royal Victoria Regiment 1071:5th/6th Battalion, Royal Victoria Regiment 552:Defence (Citizen Military Forces) Act 1943 451:Soldiers of the CMF 56th Battalion in 1937 73: 4257:Directorate of Army Research and Analysis 3492:Australian National Audit Office (2009). 3471:Australian Department of Defence (2009). 3121: 2698:"Boredom, poor pay depletes Army Reserve" 1828: 1826: 1824: 1814: 1812: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1128: 723:42nd Battalion (The Capricornia Regiment) 3888: 3833: 3692: 3613: 3553: 3477:. Canberra: Defence Publishing Service. 3408: 2824: 2665: 1987: 1985: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1752: 1620:C Company, 1st Military Police Battalion 1601: 1529:9th Battalion, Royal Queensland Regiment 1288:9th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery 1138: 1064: 1028:9th Battalion, Royal Queensland Regiment 1021: 959: 877:12th Battalion (The Launceston Regiment) 802:D Company: The Australian Rifles Company 769:Support Company: The Kuring Gai Company 763:C Company: The City of Newcastle Company 711:2nd Battalion, Royal Queensland Regiment 676:1st Battalion, Royal Queensland Regiment 606: 502: 446: 372: 311: 3850: 3836:Australian Defence Statistics 1972–1992 3747: 3639:. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. 3591: 2967:. Department of Defence. Archived from 2649:. Department of Defence. Archived from 2639: 2583: 2562: 2491: 2461: 2443: 2420: 2377: 2368: 2359: 2338: 2231: 2204: 2069: 2029: 2002:"People power wins out at Point Nepean" 806:Support Company: The St George Company 784:34th Battalion (The Illawarra Regiment) 780:45th Battalion (The St George Regiment) 751:13th Battalion (The Macquarie Regiment) 455:In 1929, following the election of the 14: 5097: 4747:4th/19th Prince of Wales's Light Horse 4742:1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers 4649:University of New South Wales Regiment 4020:Special Operations Commander Australia 3907: 3873:ADF Capability Review: Australian Army 3870:Thomson, Mark; Davies, Andrew (2008). 3766: 3731:Army Australia: An Illustrated History 3728: 3711: 2898: 2769: 2757:Australian National Audit Office 2009. 1844: 1821: 1809: 1773: 1597: 1549:11th Combat Services Support Battalion 1473:University of New South Wales Regiment 1407:1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers 1364:4th/19th Prince of Wales's Light Horse 1309:7th Light Battery (HQ in Dee Why, NSW) 1204:Bushmaster Protected Mobility Vehicles 992:Post Vietnam War to the new millennium 964:Two CMF Brigadiers examine a captured 872:1st Battalion, Royal Tasmania Regiment 866:E Company The Goulburn Valley Company 841:2nd Battalion, Royal Victoria Regiment 812:1st Battalion, Royal Victoria Regiment 705:E Company: The Byron Scottish Company 689:47th Battalion (The Wide Bay Regiment) 647:4th/19th Prince of Wales's Light Horse 4644:Western Australia University Regiment 4469:Australian and New Zealand Army Corps 4181:Special Operations Logistics Squadron 4036:Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army 3944: 3783: 3697:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3673: 3653: 3539:Australian Strategic Policy Institute 3174:"17th Combat Service Support Brigade" 1982: 1793: 1590:13th Combat Service Support Battalion 1483:Western Australia University Regiment 916:E Company: The Port Adelaide Company 881:40th Battalion (The Derwent Regiment) 792:4th Battalion (The Australian Rifles) 720:31st Battalion (The Kennedy Regiment) 356:three years prior to the outbreak of 5079: 4890:Special Operations Engineer Regiment 4176:Special Operations Engineer Regiment 3812: 3677:Australian Defence Almanac 2011–2012 3572: 3531:Davies, Andrew; Smith, Hugh (2008). 2863: 1680:Military history of Australia portal 1513:9th Combat Service Support Battalion 1442:8th Combat Service Support Battalion 1438:5th Combat Service Support Battalion 1392:4th Combat Service Support Battalion 1209: 937:A Company: The City of Perth Company 904:10th Battalion (The Adelaide Rifles) 788:3rd Battalion (The Werriwa Regiment) 699:B Company: The Darling Downs Company 681:9th Battalion (The Moreton Regiment) 603:Post World War II to the Vietnam War 316:Members of the militia in Tasmania, 27:Reserve units of the Australian Army 5012:Electrical and Mechanical Engineers 4509:Australian Army during World War II 3616:The Australian Army in World War II 3390:"Exciting Times Ahead for Our Army" 2621:Department of Defence Media Release 945:E Company: The North Coast Company 761:B Company: The North Shore Regiment 426: 24: 18:Australian Citizens Military Forces 4950:Australian Army Intelligence Corps 4504:Australian Army during World War I 4392:Australian Army Memorial, Canberra 3556:The Lineage of the Australian Army 2724:"Increased Pay for ADF Reservists" 950:Source: Palazzo 2001, p. 259 933:28th Battalion (The Swan Regiment) 854:59th Battalion (The Hume Regiment) 213:is a collective name given to the 25: 5126: 4940:Royal Australian Corps of Signals 3928: 3446:"Adaptive Army Public Info Paper" 3413:. Australian Army. Archived from 3212:. Australian Army. Archived from 3171: 3105:. Australian Army. Archived from 3079:. Australian Army. Archived from 3023:. Australian Army. Archived from 2937:. Australian Army. Archived from 2841:. Australian Army. Archived from 2799:. Australian Army. Archived from 2704:from the original on 2 April 2009 2676:"Army Reserve Transition Seminar" 1318:Regional Force Surveillance Group 908:A Company: The South-East Company 885:A Company: The Launceston Company 835:E Company: The Footscray Company 642:Papua New Guinea Volunteer Rifles 5078: 5069: 5068: 4614:Royal Western Australia Regiment 4494:Second Australian Imperial Force 4279:Royal Military College, Duntroon 4045: 3972: 3937: – Australian Army web site 3130: 3095: 3039: 2983: 2953: 2892: 2700:. Sun Herald. 13 February 2005. 2606:Thomson & Davies 2008, p. 1. 2263:from the original on 15 May 2009 2183:Stanley 2008, pp. 130 & 134. 2008:from the original on 15 May 2009 1740:from the original on 5 July 2009 1672: 1425:, Royal New South Wales Regiment 1414:, Royal New South Wales Regiment 1216:Structure of the Australian Army 1117:In late 2008 a company from the 912:C Company: The Mid-North Company 862:C Company: The Sunraysia Company 831:C Company: The Melbourne Company 798:B Company: The Illawarra Company 796:A Company: The St George Company 765:D Company: The Macquarie Company 300:controlled by the six separate, 196: 94: 4464:First Australian Imperial Force 3575:A Military History of Australia 3381: 3367: 3357: 3348: 3319: 3306: 3297: 3287: 3278: 3265: 3256: 2907:(1170 ed.). Archived from 2857: 2815: 2797:"Where did people deploy from?" 2789: 2751: 2742: 2716: 2690: 2609: 2473: 2434: 2411: 2402: 2393: 2350: 2329: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2249: 2177: 2168: 2159: 2150: 2141: 2132: 2123: 2114: 2093: 2060: 2051: 2020: 1994: 1973: 1945: 1917: 1889: 1880: 1871: 1862: 1853: 1368:Royal Australian Armoured Corps 1239: 1200:Royal Australian Armoured Corps 914:D Company: The Adelaide Company 887:B Company: The Derwent Company 833:D Company: The Essendon Company 827:A Company: The Scottish Company 804:E Company: The Riverina Company 703:D Company: The Wide Bay Company 478: 302:self-governing British colonies 4737:12th/16th Hunter River Lancers 4639:Adelaide Universities Regiment 4634:Queensland University Regiment 4609:Royal South Australia Regiment 4599:Royal New South Wales Regiment 4387:Colours, standards and guidons 3411:"13 Brigade Briefing Document" 1835: 1764: 1726: 1697: 1664:(HQ at Randwick Barracks, NSW) 1554:12th/16th Hunter River Lancers 1505:Royal South Australia Regiment 1478:Queensland University Regiment 1468:Adelaide Universities Regiment 1357: – Victoria and Tasmania 939:B Company: The Cameron Company 864:D Company: The Bendigo Company 858:A Company: The Geelong Company 800:C Company: The Werriwa Company 728:C Company: The Kennedy Company 697:A Company: The Moreton Company 651: 521:invade the Australian mainland 414:were fired by the garrison at 120:12,496 (Standby Reserve)(2009) 118:15,596 (Active Reserve)(2022) 13: 1: 4872:6th Engineer Support Regiment 4721:2nd/14th Light Horse Regiment 4677:Far North Queensland Regiment 4629:Melbourne University Regiment 4314:Army Logistic Training Centre 3474:Defence Annual Report 2008–09 3394:Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper 2905:Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper 2770:Hyland, Tom (21 March 2010). 1686: 1458:Melbourne University Regiment 1220: 1036:Defence of Australia doctrine 767:E Company: The Rifles Company 515:and on the British forces in 360:. Separately then-Brigadier 317: 4867:3rd Combat Engineer Regiment 4862:2nd Combat Engineer Regiment 4857:1st Combat Engineer Regiment 4566:Special Air Service Regiment 4309:Army Recruit Training Centre 4161:Special Air Service Regiment 3210:3rd Health Support Battalion 3144:(Press release). 6 July 2022 1691: 1651:(HQ at Keswick Barracks, SA) 910:B Company: The River Company 829:B Company: The Merri Company 7: 4294:Enoggera/Gallipoli Barracks 3234:Australian Army 2008, p. 7. 2259:. Australian War Memorial. 2246:Thompson 2008, pp. 321–330. 2219:Thompson 2008, pp. 297–315. 2004:. The Age. 26 August 2003. 1736:. Australian War Memorial. 1632:2nd Force Support Battalion 941:C Company: The Swan Company 244: 10: 5131: 4954:1st Intelligence Battalion 4624:Sydney University Regiment 4209:Oakey Army Aviation Centre 3659:South West Pacific 1941–45 3103:"Home Page—HQ 11 Bde—ARMY" 3077:"Headquarters 8th Brigade" 1657:Special Operations Command 1563: – Western Australia 1463:Sydney University Regiment 1243: 1213: 1132: 1073:marching on ANZAC day 2006 1030:during an exercise in 1999 402:First AIF during the war. 286: 239:Australian Military Forces 5064: 4963: 4928: 4898: 4880: 4849: 4840: 4797: 4769: 4757:10th Light Horse Regiment 4729: 4698: 4689: 4657: 4594:Royal Queensland Regiment 4584: 4556: 4548:Royal Australian Regiment 4540: 4531: 4517: 4454: 4433:Australian military slang 4410: 4364: 4321: 4265: 4194: 4144: 4106: 4063: 4054: 4043: 3994: 3985: 3693:McCarthy, Dayton (2003). 3554:Festberg, Alfred (1972). 2931:"Brigades and Formations" 2864:Clay, Peter (June 2014). 2776:The Sydney Morning Herald 2165:Wilcox 1998, pp. 107–114. 1953:"Australian Army Reserve" 1570:10th Light Horse Regiment 1566:Headquarters 13th Brigade 1525:Headquarters 11th Brigade 1279:(Irwin Barracks in Perth) 1108:Rifle Company Butterworth 949: 654: 542:played a key role in the 306:Constitution of Australia 292:Federation to World War I 192: 187: 174: 161: 156: 134: 124: 114: 104: 89: 81: 72: 39: 34: 4716:3rd/4th Cavalry Regiment 4098:17th Sustainment Brigade 4014:Commander Forces Command 3988:Australian Defence Force 3935:Australian Army Reserves 3889:Thompson, Peter (2008). 3834:Shephard, Allan (1992). 3787:Australia During the War 3748:Palazzo, Albert (2001). 3444:Australian Army (2008). 3249: 2308:Johnston 2007, pp. 9–10. 1991:Scott 1941, pp. 196–198. 1627:17th Sustainment Brigade 1495:Headquarters 9th Brigade 1492: – South Australia 1454:Headquarters 8th Brigade 1403:Headquarters 5th Brigade 1400: – New South Wales 1360:Headquarters 4th Brigade 1246:2nd Division (Australia) 670:Pentropic rifle company 4667:North-West Mobile Force 4619:Royal Tasmania Regiment 4604:Royal Victoria Regiment 3851:Stanley, Peter (2008). 3729:Odgers, George (1988). 3712:Millar, Thomas (1974). 3614:Johnston, Mark (2007). 3335:Royal Victoria Regiment 3021:North West Mobile Force 2899:McBean, Graham (2007). 2678:. Army Personnel Agency 2559:Grey 2008, pp. 261–266. 2517:Millar 1974, pp. 43–49. 2458:Grey 2008, pp. 239–240. 2326:Grey 2008, pp. 183–184. 2317:Grey 2008, pp. 180–183. 2174:Grey 2008, pp. 145–147. 2156:Popple 1982, pp. 44–48. 2147:Grey 2008, pp. 140–142. 2099:Grey 2008, pp. 138–139. 1333:North-West Mobile Force 557:South West Pacific Area 237:and, unofficially, the 231:Citizen Military Forces 223:Federation of Australia 211:Australian Army Reserve 44:Citizen Military Forces 35:Australian Army Reserve 4946:, 8th Signal Regiment) 4916:22nd Engineer Regiment 4911:11th Engineer Regiment 4377:Enlisted rank insignia 4031:Commander 2nd Division 4026:Commander 1st Division 3908:Wilcox, Craig (1998). 3784:Scott, Ernest (1941). 3674:Khosa, Raspal (2011). 3573:Grey, Jeffrey (2008). 2529:McCarthy 2003, p. 179. 1897:"Major-General Mackay" 1607: 1585:13th Engineer Regiment 1544:11th Engineer Regiment 1388:22nd Engineer Regiment 1277:109th Signals Squadron 1163:will partner with the 1144: 1129:Plan Beersheba reforms 1074: 1031: 973: 612: 513:attack on Pearl Harbor 508: 452: 389: 323: 176:Commander 2nd Division 4906:5th Engineer Regiment 4789:6th Aviation Regiment 4784:5th Aviation Regiment 4779:1st Aviation Regiment 4706:1st Armoured Regiment 4576:2nd Commando Regiment 4571:1st Commando Regiment 4372:Officer rank insignia 4204:16th Aviation Brigade 4171:2nd Commando Regiment 4166:1st Commando Regiment 3769:Defence Force Journal 3142:Department of Defence 2488:Shephard 1992, p. 31. 2440:Palazzo 2001, p. 278. 2417:McCarthy 2003, p. 99. 2281:Palazzo 2001, p. 141. 2257:"Battle of Milne Bay" 2228:Stanley 2008, p. 133. 2201:Stanley 2008, p. 115. 2192:Stanley 2008, p. 134. 2120:Palazzo 2001, p. 124. 2090:Palazzo 2001, p. 110. 1902:The Argus (Melbourne) 1761:Grey 2008, pp. 66–83. 1712:Department of Defence 1662:1st Commando Regiment 1605: 1503:10th/27th Battalion, 1434:5th Engineer Regiment 1292:Kogarah Barracks, NSW 1142: 1119:1st Commando Regiment 1100:Royal Australian Navy 1094:, East Timor and the 1068: 1025: 966:Type 56 assault rifle 963: 667:CMF source battalion 610: 506: 450: 376: 315: 193:Australian Army badge 85:1 March 1901 (as CMF) 4711:2nd Cavalry Regiment 4484:Desert Mounted Corps 4299:Army Aviation Centre 4156:Special Forces Group 4008:Deputy Chief of Army 3027:on 17 September 2011 2479:Hopkins 1978, p. 302 2408:Kuring 2004, p. 265. 2399:Blaxland 1989, p.83. 2356:Odgers 1988, p. 193. 2299:Johnston 2007, p. 9. 2138:Odgers 1988, p. 111. 2066:Festberg 1972, p. 8. 1649:3rd Health Battalion 860:The Ballarat Company 664:Pentropic battalion 659:(as at 1 July 1960) 4944:7th Signal Regiment 4752:3rd/9th Light Horse 4336:Historical weaponry 4289:Holsworthy Barracks 4284:Land Warfare Centre 3495:Army Reserve Forces 3275:. Grey 2008, p. 77. 3216:on 11 December 2011 3127:13th Brigade, p. 3. 2971:on 14 February 2012 2901:"Historic transfer" 2653:on 11 November 2012 2627:on 8 September 2013 2026:Shaw 2010, pp. 8–9. 1979:Wilcox 1998, p. 78. 1958:The Daily Telegraph 1598:Other Reserve units 1522: – Queensland 1337:Larrakeyah Barracks 701:C Company: Not Used 621:Australian Regiment 544:Battle of Milne Bay 167:Lieutenant General 46:(CMF); (1901–1980) 4146:Special Operations 3417:on 20 October 2009 3331:8th/7th Battalions 3273:Russo-Japanese War 3243:Khosa 2011, p. 24. 3162:Khosa 2011, p. 26. 3109:on 29 October 2009 3083:on 17 October 2009 2941:on 15 January 2012 2803:on 10 October 2016 2594:Grey 2008, p. 280. 2571:Grey 2008, p. 266. 2508:Grey 2008, p. 261. 2470:Grey 2008, p. 240. 2449:Grey 2008, p. 238. 2431:Grey 2008, p. 239. 2390:Grey 2008, p. 228. 2374:Grey 2008, p. 207. 2365:Grey 2008, p. 205. 2347:Grey 2008, p. 201. 2335:Grey 2008, p. 200. 2290:Grey 2008, p. 180. 2237:Grey 2008, p. 179. 2210:Grey 2008, p. 165. 2129:Keogh 1965, p. 45. 2111:Keogh 1965, p. 44. 2078:Grey 2008, p. 138. 2048:Grey 2008, p. 125. 1877:Grey 2008, p. 141. 1832:Grey 2008, p. 183. 1818:Grey 2008, p. 146. 1790:Grey 2008, p. 279. 1608: 1412:1st/19th Battalion 1327:Cairns, Queensland 1145: 1077:The deployment to 1075: 1032: 998:Whitlam government 974: 613: 509: 453: 390: 377:A six-inch gun at 336:provisions of the 324: 151:War in Afghanistan 5092: 5091: 5060: 5059: 4924: 4923: 4817:8th/12th Regiment 4765: 4764: 4685: 4684: 4351:Armoured vehicles 4304:Campbell Barracks 4222: 4221: 3900:978-1-74166-708-0 3862:978-0-670-02925-9 3759:978-0-19-551506-0 3704:978-0-19-551569-5 3625:978-1-84603-123-6 3584:978-0-521-69791-0 3565:978-0-85887-024-6 3508:978-0-642-81063-2 3484:978-0-642-29714-3 2997:on 18 August 2017 1930:Rochester Express 1925:"An Army Reserve" 1886:Grey 2008, p. 78. 1868:Grey 2008, p. 72. 1859:Grey 2008, p. 69. 1850:Grey 2008, p. 67. 1841:Grey 2008, p. 66. 1806:Grey 2008, p. 80. 1714:. 31 October 2023 1451: – Training 1423:4th/3rd Battalion 1210:Current structure 1052:Howard government 954: 953: 561:Dutch East Indies 204: 203: 68: 61: 54: 47: 16:(Redirected from 5122: 5082: 5081: 5072: 5071: 5037:Public Relations 4847: 4846: 4696: 4695: 4672:Pilbara Regiment 4538: 4537: 4529: 4528: 4489:Australian Corps 4196:Aviation Command 4061: 4060: 4049: 3977: 3976: 3975: 3965: 3958: 3951: 3942: 3941: 3923: 3904: 3885: 3866: 3847: 3830: 3809: 3780: 3763: 3744: 3725: 3708: 3689: 3670: 3650: 3629: 3610: 3588: 3569: 3550: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3517: 3511:. Archived from 3500: 3488: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3458:on 22 April 2011 3457: 3450: 3440: 3434: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3405: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3346: 3323: 3317: 3312:For example the 3310: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3276: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3244: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3185: 3178: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3053:. Archived from 3051:The Pilbara Regt 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2993:. Archived from 2987: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2870: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2845:on 29 March 2016 2835: 2822: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2767: 2758: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2672: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2623:. Archived from 2613: 2607: 2604: 2595: 2592: 2581: 2578: 2572: 2569: 2560: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2539: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2518: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2489: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2459: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2432: 2429: 2418: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2400: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2375: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2336: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2318: 2315: 2309: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2211: 2208: 2202: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2130: 2127: 2121: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2100: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2079: 2076: 2067: 2064: 2058: 2057:Shaw 2010, p. 9. 2055: 2049: 2046: 2027: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2015: 2013: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1893: 1887: 1884: 1878: 1875: 1869: 1866: 1860: 1857: 1851: 1848: 1842: 1839: 1833: 1830: 1819: 1816: 1807: 1804: 1791: 1788: 1771: 1768: 1762: 1759: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1709: 1701: 1682: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1636:Derwent Barracks 1343:Pilbara Regiment 1026:A member of the 652: 589:Finisterre Range 434:national service 427:Post World War I 328:Defence Act 1903 322: 319: 200: 99: 98: 77: 63: 56: 49: 40: 32: 31: 21: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5105:Australian Army 5095: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5056: 5022:Military Police 4968: 4966: 4959: 4931: 4920: 4894: 4882: 4876: 4836: 4793: 4761: 4725: 4681: 4653: 4580: 4558: 4552: 4522: 4513: 4450: 4406: 4360: 4317: 4274:Russell Offices 4261: 4247:Airborne Forces 4218: 4190: 4147: 4140: 4102: 4050: 4041: 3990: 3981: 3979:Australian Army 3973: 3971: 3969: 3931: 3926: 3920: 3901: 3863: 3798: 3760: 3741: 3705: 3647: 3626: 3607: 3593:Hopkins, Ronald 3585: 3566: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3498: 3485: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3428: 3427: 3420: 3418: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3378: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3324: 3320: 3311: 3307: 3302: 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2394: 2389: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2082: 2077: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2011: 2009: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1964: 1962: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1923: 1922: 1918: 1908: 1906: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1822: 1817: 1810: 1805: 1794: 1789: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1753: 1743: 1741: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1717: 1715: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1600: 1347:Taylor Barracks 1248: 1242: 1229:Standby Reserve 1223: 1218: 1212: 1137: 1131: 1104:Operation Relex 1096:Solomon Islands 1069:Members of the 994: 944: 942: 940: 938: 931: 927: 915: 913: 911: 909: 902: 900: 886: 879: 865: 863: 861: 859: 852: 848: 834: 832: 830: 828: 823: 819: 805: 803: 801: 799: 797: 790: 786: 782: 768: 766: 764: 762: 760: 753: 749: 745: 743: 729: 727: 722: 718: 704: 702: 700: 698: 691: 687: 683: 658: 605: 481: 429: 420:commerce raider 320: 298:military forces 294: 289: 281:Solomon Islands 247: 227:Citizens Forces 219:Australian Army 207: 149: 145: 141: 129:Australian Army 119: 93: 62: 55: 48: 42: 41:Official names: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5128: 5118: 5117: 5115:Reserve forces 5112: 5107: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5076: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4947: 4936: 4934: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4886: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4803: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4775: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4702: 4700: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4663: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4590: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4562: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4550: 4544: 4542: 4535: 4526: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4479:II ANZAC Corps 4476: 4471: 4466: 4460: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4448: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4414: 4412: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4397:Field marshals 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4327: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4242:Special Forces 4239: 4234: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4214:Aviation Units 4211: 4206: 4200: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4152: 4150: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4112: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4069: 4067: 4065:Forces Command 4058: 4052: 4051: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4039: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4017: 4016:(COMD FORCOMD) 4011: 4005: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3968: 3967: 3960: 3953: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3930: 3929:External links 3927: 3925: 3924: 3918: 3905: 3899: 3886: 3867: 3861: 3848: 3831: 3810: 3796: 3781: 3764: 3758: 3745: 3739: 3726: 3709: 3703: 3690: 3671: 3655:Keogh, Eustace 3651: 3645: 3630: 3624: 3611: 3605: 3589: 3583: 3570: 3564: 3551: 3528: 3518:on 15 May 2009 3507: 3489: 3483: 3468: 3441: 3409:13th Brigade. 3406: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3366: 3356: 3347: 3318: 3305: 3296: 3286: 3277: 3264: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3245: 3236: 3227: 3206:"Key contacts" 3197: 3172:Flint, Clark. 3164: 3155: 3129: 3120: 3094: 3068: 3057:on 8 June 2011 3047:"Unit History" 3038: 3008: 2982: 2952: 2922: 2911:on 15 May 2009 2891: 2882: 2873:United Service 2856: 2823: 2814: 2788: 2759: 2750: 2741: 2730:on 15 May 2009 2715: 2689: 2664: 2638: 2608: 2596: 2582: 2573: 2561: 2552: 2540: 2531: 2519: 2510: 2490: 2481: 2472: 2460: 2451: 2442: 2433: 2419: 2410: 2401: 2392: 2376: 2367: 2358: 2349: 2337: 2328: 2319: 2310: 2301: 2292: 2283: 2274: 2248: 2239: 2230: 2221: 2212: 2203: 2194: 2185: 2176: 2167: 2158: 2149: 2140: 2131: 2122: 2113: 2101: 2092: 2080: 2068: 2059: 2050: 2028: 2019: 1993: 1981: 1972: 1944: 1916: 1888: 1879: 1870: 1861: 1852: 1843: 1834: 1820: 1808: 1792: 1772: 1770:McCarthy 2003. 1763: 1751: 1725: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1496: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1446: 1445: 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