75:, a rudimentary body of masters existed to regulate professional matters of mutual concern and masters were responsible for renting suitable premises for their lectures. Oxford's informal association of masters had no real authority and relied upon its members' clerical status and prestige for protection. Unsurprisingly, the association of masters was unable to curb the behaviour of the unsupervised hordes of students taking up residence in Oxford. The ongoing feuds between the university cohort and the townsfolk threatened the existence of higher education in Oxford. To counter this threat, the masters sought to combat the public disorder by curbing profiteering by the townspeople as landlords and tradespeople and reining in the student's freedoms. These attempts led to the gradual introduction of academic halls as the officially recognised accommodation for students.
175:
to consider and implement reform of the university and its colleges. The commissioners came to the view that the four remaining medieval halls were not viable and should merge with colleges on the death or resignation of the incumbent principals. In 1881, the commissioners issued
University Statutes
67:
Historians believe that by the beginning of the 13th
Century Oxford's student population exceeded fifteen hundred and was equal in size to the town's non-student population. Throughout this period, students and their masters lived either as lodgers or as private tenants in accommodation owned by the
125:
In around 1413 the university issued a statute requiring all academics to live in colleges or halls. This was followed by a royal ordinance in 1420 requiring students to swear to obey the university statutes, be governed by a principal and not live in private houses. In about 1440–50 the antiquary
94:
developed into the medieval academic halls. A typical hall would have been a house with a narrow street frontage consisting of a single-storey communal hall and smaller rooms for students, two to four to a room. Later in the 13th century the first colleges were founded:
122:(1379) admitted undergraduates from the beginning, and from that time colleges increasingly competed with the halls. The colleges had statutes and an endowment to ensure their permanence, whereas the halls depended on the ability and resources of their principals.
159:
made the appointment. In the 19th century the halls were able to offer a less expensive education than the colleges; however this advantage was removed by the admission of unattached students, who could live in lodgings, in 1868 and the opening of Keble in 1870.
68:
townsfolk. The students and their masters depended on the townsfolk for their basic needs, namely food and accommodation. Essentially, half of Oxford's population were consumers only, leaving the other half of the town's population to profit from them.
110:
The religious privileges enjoyed by students and masters and the presence of so many clerks lead to jurisdictional disputes between the university's attendees and the townsfolk. Moreover, differences between academics related to
England's
130:
compiled a list of 63 current halls, together with six halls which had closed before his time and six halls which had been replaced by All Souls
College. In 1483–90 the university issued the first aularian statutes (from
211:. In 1912 a statute was passed preserving the independence of the hall, which enabled Moore to retire. In 1957 St Edmund Hall became a college, keeping its old name as the last surviving academic hall.
207:
wished to retire and become a resident canon in
Canterbury Cathedral. Queen's College proposed an amended statute for complete rather than partial merger, which was rejected by
155:
halls had become colleges. Their principals were chosen by the chancellor of the university, except for St Edmund Hall, where the provost of
688:
115:
and an influx of poorly behaved young students with no higher authority to answer to made
Thirteenth-Century Oxford a volatile place.
393:
168:
39:
655:
112:
156:
71:
At this point in time, the nascent university owned no buildings. Like in Europe's other fledgling
University,
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208:
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17:
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321:
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51:
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83:
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of the college, the halls were governed by their principals. Of over a hundred halls in the
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Catto, J. I.; Evans, Ralph; Aston, Trevor Henry (1992). "14 Colleges and Halls 1380–1500".
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328:
189:
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35:
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to resolve a dispute over two clerks who had been hanged by townspeople. The rent of all "
8:
482:
119:
72:
43:
651:
172:
164:
152:
562:
Brock, Michael G.; Curthoys, Mark C., eds. (2000). "4 The
Colleges in the New Era".
643:
564:
The
History of the University of Oxford, Vol. 7: Nineteenth-Century Oxford, Part 2
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682:
667:
An Oxford Hall in
Medieval Times: Being the Early History of St Edmund Hall
79:
47:
607:
A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 3: The University of Oxford
531:
The History of the University of Oxford, Vol. 2: Late Medieval Oxford
487:
A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 3: The University of Oxford
54:
survived into the mid-20th century, becoming a college in 1957.
143:
In 1603 only eight Oxford halls survived, and by 1842 five, as
27:
Former educational institutions within the University of Oxford
582:
570:
118:
The earliest colleges were intended for graduates; however
42:
and a hall was that whereas the former are governed by the
78:
Student housing was regulated as early as 1214, when a
501:
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and for a partial merger of St Edmund with Queen's.
90:
let to clerks" was to be halved for ten years. These
609:. Institute of Historical Research. pp. 319–335
555:
427:
Hibbert, Christopher, ed. (1988). "Academic halls".
489:. Institute of Historical Research. pp. 1–38
214:
680:
528:
422:
420:
418:
416:
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135:, the Latin for "hall") to regulate the halls.
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601:Salter, H. E.; Lobel, Mary D., eds. (1954).
481:Salter, H. E.; Lobel, Mary D., eds. (1954).
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600:
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648:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243563.001.0001
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394:Private halls of the University of Oxford
34:were educational institutions within the
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542:
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566:. Oxford University Press. p. 119.
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14:
681:
471:
664:
537:
38:. The principal difference between a
689:History of the University of Oxford
640:The University of Oxford: A History
24:
25:
700:
547:Thompson, Craig Ringwalt (1979).
533:. Clarendon Press. p. 627.
522:
513:
462:
453:
444:
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215:List of academic halls in 1600
167:appointed commissioners under
62:
13:
1:
549:Universities in Tudor England
404:
7:
642:. Oxford University Press.
429:The Encyclopaedia of Oxford
387:
10:
705:
638:Brockliss, L.W.B. (2016).
625:
551:. Folger Books. p. 3.
483:"The University of Oxford"
431:. Macmillan. pp. 3–5.
381:Incorporated as a College
57:
665:Emden, Alfred B. (1927).
301:Refounded as the second
138:
284:Refounded as the first
220:Academic halls in 1600
163:In 1877 Prime Minister
399:Permanent private hall
203:remained. Principal
36:University of Oxford
591:, pp. 370–371.
579:, pp. 364–365.
221:
176:which provided for
345:St Peter's College
219:
113:north south divide
603:"St. Edmund Hall"
385:
384:
269:Worcester College
173:Mountague Bernard
16:(Redirected from
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303:Hertford College
286:Hertford College
250:Pembroke College
239:Broadgates Hall
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343:, site part of
341:Balliol College
257:Gloucester Hall
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157:Queen's College
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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593:
589:Brockliss 2016
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577:Brockliss 2016
569:
554:
536:
521:
512:
510:, pp. 58.
508:Brockliss 2016
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470:
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459:Emden, pp. 8-9
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443:
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409:
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371:St Edmund Hall
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322:Merton College
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292:Magdalen Hall
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201:St Edmund Hall
180:to merge with
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52:St Edmund Hall
32:academic halls
26:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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657:9780199243563
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364:Oriel College
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267:Refounded as
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199:In 1903 only
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169:Lord Selborne
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55:
53:
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19:
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629:
611:. Retrieved
606:
596:
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572:
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548:
530:
524:
515:
503:
491:. Retrieved
486:
468:Emden, p. 10
464:
455:
446:
437:
428:
362:Merged with
352:St Mary Hall
339:Merged with
329:New Inn Hall
320:Merged with
228:Established
209:Congregation
205:Edward Moore
198:
188:with Oriel,
162:
142:
132:
124:
117:
109:
91:
87:
80:papal legate
77:
70:
66:
31:
29:
519:Emden, p. 8
450:Emden, p. 8
441:Emden, p. 7
120:New College
103:(1263) and
63:Middle Ages
48:Middle Ages
669:. Oxford:
613:9 December
493:9 December
405:References
275:Hart Hall
171:and later
149:Gloucester
145:Broadgates
97:University
82:issued an
128:John Rous
107:(1264).
84:ordinance
683:Category
388:See also
178:St Alban
165:Disraeli
99:(1249),
92:hospitia
88:hospitia
18:Aularian
626:Sources
231:Closed
194:Balliol
190:New Inn
186:St Mary
101:Balliol
58:History
50:, only
44:fellows
40:college
654:
234:Notes
182:Merton
105:Merton
631:Books
378:1957
375:1278
359:1902
356:1326
336:1887
333:1360
317:1882
314:1230
298:1874
295:1490
281:1740
278:1282
264:1714
261:1283
245:1624
242:1254
225:Name
192:with
139:Later
73:Paris
652:ISBN
615:2020
495:2020
153:Hart
151:and
133:aula
30:The
644:doi
685::
650:.
605:.
539:^
485:.
473:^
413:^
184:,
147:,
673:.
660:.
646::
617:.
497:.
20:)
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