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According to Atkins in
History of Halifax City, "On the 12th of April, 1753, Glaude Gisigash, an Indian who styled himself Governor of LaHave, appeared before the Council, and having declared his intention of making peace, terms of amity were drawn up and signed by the Governor and the Indian Chief,
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A team of warriors seized the delegation and took it to the Mi'kmaq village on the bank of the river. Casteel reported the Mi'kmaq killed
Captain James Bannerman and the other eight British in front of him. He reported that he watched the warriors cure and mount the scalps of his companions. (One
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at the mouth of a river at
Jeddore, in which there was a Mi'kmaq village up stream. They slept overnight and the next day four Mi'kmaq men and one woman, Cope not among them, came to the ship. They invited Captain Bannerman to come to get provisions from the village. The captain followed their
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A Mi'kmaq leader offering peace might in fact be an agent of the French Empire. A dutiful messenger and interpreter might be an ally of the Mi'kmaq or the French. An invitation to negotiations, or any offer of assistance, might be a ploy, and lead to a fatal ambush. Casteel helped confirm the
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occurred on
February 21, 1753, when two English died and six or seven Mi'kmaq. Both sides blamed each other for the incident. In response, Cope requested time, political support, and presents to distribute to his compatriots as tokens of British respect. In response to Cope's invitation, a
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delegation of 9 soldiers and one translator left
Halifax in a sloop under the command of Bannerman to sail east to meet a group of Mi'kmaq leaders that Cope had assembled. They planned to exchange presents and advance the negotiations for an expansion of the peace.
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Despite the collapse of peace on the eastern shore, the
British did not formally renounce the Treaty of 1752 until 1756, when Lawrence declared created another proclamation. Even more fuel was given to the conflict when the British establish
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Casteel reported that Cope burned the treaty that was signed less than six months earlier. The Mi'kmaq ransomed
Anthony Casteel to the French and let him off at Port Toulouse, where the Mi'kmaq sank the schooner after looting it.
598:
Plank, Geoffrey. "The
Changing Country of Anthony Casteel : Language, Religion, Geography, Political Loyalty, and Nationality in Mid-Eighteenth Century Nova Scotia." Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture 27 (1998):
157:(which included the Mi'kmaq) resisting British colonial encroachment by launching raids on their settlements along the New England/ Acadia border in Maine (See the Northeast Coast Campaigns
40:
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on the part of himself and his people. The terms were the same as those made with Major Cope, and it was arranged that some of his tribe should come up and ratify the treaty."
153:
in 1710, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by
Catholic Acadians and Mi'kmaq. By the time Cornwallis had arrived in Halifax, there was a long history of the
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in
Halifax. Cope did not speak on behalf off all the Mi'kmaq people. Most of the other Mi'kmaq people, even those in his local community, denounced the treaty.
33:
722:
595:
Geoffrey Plank, "The Two Majors Cope: the boundaries of Nationality in Mid-18th Century Nova Scotia", Acadiensis, XXV, 2 (Spring 1996), pp. 18–40.
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in their belief that the Mi'kmaq resistance was continuing to work closely with the French military, Catholic missionaries, and the Acadians.
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According to historian Geoffery Plank, this incident reminded the British that individuals were not always what they seemed:
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185:). On 22 November 1752, after several years of fighting, the leader of the Shubenacadie Mi'kmaq village under the chief
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Grenier, John. The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 2008.
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month later at Chignecto, Le Loutre paid Mi'kmaq warriors 1800 livres for eighteen British scalps.) Chief
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133:. The Mi'kmaq killed nine of the British delegates and spared the life of the French-speaking translator
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Scott, Tod (2016). "Mi'kmaw Armed Resistance to British Expansion in Northern New England (1676–1761)".
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569:"Indian-White Relations in Nova Scotia, 1749-61: A Study in Political Interaction"
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Essays on Northeastern North America, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
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Mi'kmaq Treaties on Trial: History, Land and Donald Marshall Junior
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was among the Mi'kmaq and is reported to have helped save Casteel.
326:"Amerindian Power in the Early Modern Northeast: A Reappraisal"
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The Acadiensis Reader: Atlantic Canada before confederation
571:. In P.A. Buckner; Gail G. Campbell; David Frank (eds.).
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439:, who purchased Bannerman's property upon his death.
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213:On the night of May 18, the British delegation met
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544:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 125–155.
538:"1744–1763: Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples"
332:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 129–152.
218:directions, and sailed up stream into an ambush.
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542:The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History
527:. Vol. II. Halifax: J. Barnes. pp.
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577:(3rd ed.). Acadiensis Press. pp.
540:. In Phillip Buckner; John G. Reid (eds.).
466:Whitehead, p. 137; Patterson, 1994, p. 135
285:Gentleman's Magazine. Vol 44. 1753, p. 444
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723:Military history of the Thirteen Colonies
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435:Bannerman's property was adjacent to
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623:Whitehead, Ruth. The Oldman Told Us.
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299:Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society
524:A History of Nova-Scotia, Or Acadie
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191:a peace agreement with Nova Scotia
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743:History of Halifax, Nova Scotia
718:Military history of New England
713:Military history of Nova Scotia
609:. University of Toronto Press.
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603:Wicken, William C. (2002).
437:Richard Bulkeley (governor)
137:, who wrote one of the few
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738:Massacres by First Nations
708:Military history of Acadia
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728:Conflicts in Nova Scotia
651:Diary of Anthony Casteel
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274:Diary of Anthony Casteel
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753:Father Le Loutre's War
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149:Following the British
131:Father Le Loutre's War
52:Father Le Loutre's War
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457:Plank, 1996, p.33-34
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85:1st Northeast Coast
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202:Attack at Mocodome
187:Jean-Baptiste Cope
151:Conquest of Acadia
145:Historical context
748:Mi'kmaq in Canada
698:Conflicts in 1753
616:978-0-8020-7665-6
588:978-0-919107-44-1
551:978-1-4875-1676-5
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16:1753 battle
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193:Governor
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80:Chignecto
75:St. Croix
70:Grand Pré
521:(1866).
324:(2008).
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662:44°45′N
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209:Attack
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