Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

1511: 2126: 601: 8083: 744: 1610: 1482: 33: 446: 1502: 1046: 8071: 925: 2880: 4217:, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Chapter 1, p. 115: "To balance the absorbed incoming energy, the Earth must, on average, radiate the same amount of energy back to space. Because the Earth is much colder than the Sun, it radiates at much longer wavelengths, primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum (see Figure 1). Much of this thermal radiation emitted by the land and ocean is absorbed by the atmosphere, including clouds, and reradiated back to Earth. This is called the greenhouse effect." 732: 724: 284: 1491: 1718: 9627: 9615: 2114: 1840: 8059: 9651: 9639: 1185: 1006: 842: 6302: 5178: 3975: 1852: 6332:". Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, 1722: 1721: 1726: 1724: 1719: 1725: 1890:

Carbon dioxide is believed to have played an important effect in regulating Earth's temperature throughout its 4.54 billion year history. Early in the Earth's life, scientists have found evidence of liquid water indicating a warm world even though the Sun's output is believed to have only been 70% of

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first exceeded 400 ppm on 10 May 2013 although this concentration had already been reached in the Arctic in June 2012. Data from 2013 showed that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is this high "for the first time in 55 years of measurement—and probably more than 3 million years of

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From 1850 until 2022, the ocean has absorbed 26% of total anthropogenic emissions. However, the rate at which the ocean will take it up in the future is less certain. Even if equilibrium is reached, including dissolution of carbonate minerals, the increased concentration of bicarbonate and decreased

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levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity. Anthropogenic carbon emissions exceed the amount that can be taken up or balanced out by natural sinks. Thus carbon dioxide has gradually accumulated in the atmosphere and, as of May 2022, its concentration is 50%

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do not persist over time in the same way as carbon dioxide. Even if human carbon dioxide emissions were to completely cease, atmospheric temperatures are not expected to decrease significantly in the short term. This is because the air temperature is determined by a balance between heating, due to

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makes life as we know it possible, and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere plays a significant role in providing for the relatively high temperature on Earth. The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it

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levels and the heating effect would slowly decrease, but simultaneously the cooling due to heat transfer would diminish (because sea temperatures would get closer to the air temperature), with the result that the air temperature would decrease only slowly. Sea temperatures would continue to rise,

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A change in pH by 0.1 represents a 26% increase in hydrogen ion concentration in the world's oceans (the pH scale is logarithmic, so a change of one in pH units is equivalent to a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration). Sea-surface pH and carbonate saturation states vary depending on ocean

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spring and summer as plants consume the gas and rising during northern autumn and winter as plants go dormant or die and decay. The level drops by about 6 or 7 ppm (about 50 Gt) from May to September during the Northern Hemisphere's growing season, and then goes up by about 8 or 9 ppm. The

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Friedlingstein, Pierre; O'Sullivan, Michael; Jones, Matthew W.; Andrew, Robbie M.; Gregor, Luke; Hauck, Judith; Le Quéré, Corinne; Luijkx, Ingrid T.; Olsen, Are; Peters, Glen P.; Peters, Wouter; Pongratz, Julia; Schwingshackl, Clemens; Sitch, Stephen; Canadell, Josep G. (11 November 2022).

1723: 1796:) is removed from the atmosphere by deliberate human activities and durably stored in geological, terrestrial, or ocean reservoirs, or in products. This process is also known as carbon removal, greenhouse gas removal or negative emissions. CDR is more and more often integrated into 1938:

to 280 parts per million during the interglacial periods. Carbon dioxide concentrations have varied widely over the Earth's history. It is believed to have been present in Earth's first atmosphere, shortly after Earth's formation. The second atmosphere, consisting largely of

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A model of the behavior of carbon in the atmosphere from 1 September 2014 to 31 August 2015. The height of Earth's atmosphere and topography have been vertically exaggerated and appear approximately 40 times higher than normal to show the complexity of the atmospheric

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in the 1950s. Measurements at Mauna Loa have been ongoing since 1958. Additionally, measurements are also made at many other sites around the world. Many measurement sites are part of larger global networks. Global network data are often made publicly available.

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The concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are expressed as parts per million by volume (abbreviated as ppmv, or ppm(v), or just ppm). To convert from the usual ppmv units to ppm mass (abbreviated as ppmm, or ppm(m)), multiply by the ratio of the

2025:. On a timescale of billions of years, such downward trend appears bound to continue indefinitely as occasional massive historical releases of buried carbon due to volcanism will become less frequent (as earth mantle cooling and progressive exhaustion of 346:

It has been estimated that 2,400 gigatons of CO₂ have been emitted by human activity since 1850, with some absorbed by oceans and land, and about 950 gigatons remaining in the atmosphere. Around 2020 the emission rate was over 40 gigatons per year.

4814: 1127:, show a warming of 1.09 °C (range: 0.95 to 1.20 °C) from 1850–1900 to 2011–2020, based on multiple independently produced datasets. The trend is faster since the 1970s than in any other 50-year period over at least the last 2000 years. 2212:

concentrations vary between glacial and interglacial phases, and these variations correlate strongly with temperature. Direct data does not exist for periods earlier than those represented in the ice core record, a record that indicates that

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and the acid dissolution of carbonate deposits. There are two broad carbon cycles on Earth: the fast carbon cycle and the slow carbon cycle. The fast carbon cycle refers to movements of carbon between the environment and living things in the

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Fox-Kemper, B., H.T. Hewitt, C. Xiao, G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, S.S. Drijfhout, T.L. Edwards, N.R. Golledge, M. Hemer, R.E. Kopp, G. Krinner, A. Mix, D. Notz, S. Nowicki, I.S. Nurhati, L. Ruiz, J.-B. Sallée, A.B.A. Slangen, and Y. Yu, 2021:

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Cheng, Lijing; Abraham, John; Trenberth, Kevin E.; Fasullo, John; Boyer, Tim; Mann, Michael E.; Zhu, Jiang; Wang, Fan; Locarnini, Ricardo; Li, Yuanlong; Zhang, Bin; Yu, Fujiang; Wan, Liying; Chen, Xingrong; Feng, Licheng (2023).

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This diagram of the carbon cycle shows the movement of carbon between land, atmosphere, and oceans in billions of metric tons of carbon per year. Yellow numbers are natural fluxes, red are human contributions, white are stored

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Gulev, S.K., P.W. Thorne, J. Ahn, F.J. Dentener, C.M. Domingues, S. Gerland, D. Gong, D.S. Kaufman, H.C. Nnamchi, J. Quaas, J.A. Rivera, S. Sathyendranath, S.L. Smith, B. Trewin, K. von Schuckmann, and R.S. Vose, 2021:

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concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere, where most of the world's population lives (and emissions originate from), compared to the southern hemisphere. This difference has increased as anthropogenic emissions have

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It was pointed out in 2021 that "the current rates of increase of the concentration of the major greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) are unprecedented over at least the last 800,000 years".

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It is clear that the ocean is warming as a result of climate change, and this rate of warming is increasing. The global ocean was the warmest it had ever been recorded by humans in 2022. This is determined by the

179:'s surface temperature through the greenhouse effect. Light emission from the Earth's surface is most intense in the infrared region between 200 and 2500 cm, as opposed to light emission from the much hotter 1978:

that ended Earth's second atmosphere and brought about the Earth's third atmosphere (the modern atmosphere) 2.4 billion years ago. Carbon dioxide concentrations dropped from 4,000 parts per million during the

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mole fractions above 300 ppm during the period ten to seven thousand years ago, though others have argued that these findings more likely reflect calibration or contamination problems rather than actual

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reached a new record high of 425.22 parts per million (ppm), marking an increase of 4.7 ppm over March 2023. By the latest measurement, levels had further escalated to 427.48 ppm. This continuous increase in

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as a greenhouse gas depends on temperature. Carbon dioxide is often mentioned in the context of its increased influence as a greenhouse gas since the pre-industrial (1750) era. In 2013, the increase in

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by volume (ppm). Figures are published monthly by the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The value had been about 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century.

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record comes from East Antarctica, where ice has been sampled to an age of 800,000 years. During this time, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has varied between 180 and 210 ppm during

2298:, with concentrations four to six times current concentrations during the Mesozoic era, and ten to fifteen times current concentrations during the early Palaeozoic era until the middle of the 2176:

mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by around 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009. One study using evidence from

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Eyring, V., N.P. Gillett, K.M. Achuta Rao, R. Barimalala, M. Barreiro Parrillo, N. Bellouin, C. Cassou, P.J. Durack, Y. Kosaka, S. McGregor, S. Min, O. Morgenstern, and Y. Sun, 2021:

2193:) and the time period represented in each ice sample analyzed, these figures represent averages of atmospheric concentrations of up to a few centuries rather than annual or decadal levels. 521:

From these measurements, further products are made which integrate data from the various sources. These products also address issues such as data discontinuity and sparseness. GLOBALVIEW-CO

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Smith WK, Reed SC, Cleveland CC, Ballantyne AP, Anderegg WR, Wieder WR, et al. (March 2016). "Large divergence of satellite and Earth system model estimates of global terrestrial CO

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whereas the slow carbon cycle involves the movement of carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, soil, rocks, and volcanism. Both cycles are intrinsically interconnected and atmospheric CO

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Archer, David; Eby, Michael; Brovkin, Victor; Ridgwell, Andy; Cao, Long; Mikolajewicz, Uwe; Caldeira, Ken; Matsumoto, Katsumi; Munhoven, Guy; Montenegro, Alvaro; Tokos, Kathy (2009).

1160:, which is primarily caused by rising levels of greenhouse gases. Between pre-industrial times and the 2011–2020 decade, the ocean's surface has heated between 0.68 and 1.01 °C. 3956:

Friedlingstein, P., Jones, M., O'Sullivan, M., Andrew, R., Hauck, J., Peters, G., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Sitch, S., Le Quéré, C. and 66 others (2019) "Global carbon budget 2019".

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Carbon dioxide has unique long-term effects on climate change that are nearly "irreversible" for a thousand years after emissions stop (zero further emissions). The greenhouse gases

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from the atmosphere. For example, the decay of organic material in forests, grasslands, and other land vegetation - including forest fires - results in the release of about 436

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traps energy near the surface, warming the surface of Earth and its lower atmosphere. Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.

4482: 3878: 2454: 1166:. For example, between the 1950s and the 1980s, the temperature of the Antarctic Southern Ocean rose by 0.17 °C (0.31 °F), nearly twice the rate of the global ocean. 1020:

in the form of bicarbonate and carbonate ions—much more than the amount in the atmosphere. The bicarbonate is produced in reactions between rock, water, and carbon dioxide.

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Ballantyne, A.P.; Alden, C.B.; Miller, J.B.; Tans, P.P.; White, J.W.C. (2012). "Increase in observed net carbon dioxide uptake by land and oceans during the past 50 years".

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The actual figures fluctuate month-by-month throughout the year, so figures for the same month of different years should be compared, or a seasonally corrected figure used.

1510: 3871:"Analysis: Which countries are historically responsible for climate change? / Historical responsibility for climate change is at the heart of debates over climate justice" 291:

estimates that about 2/3rds of excess carbon dioxide emissions have been caused by burning fossil fuels, and a little less than half of that has stayed in the atmosphere.

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A.P. Ballantyne; C.B. Alden; J.B. Miller; P.P. Tans; J.W. C. White (2012). "Increase in observed net carbon dioxide uptake by land and oceans during the past 50 years".

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Source: Carbon Brief analysis of figures from the Global Carbon Project, CDIAC, Our World in Data, Carbon Monitor, Houghton and Nassikas (2017) and Hansis et al (2015).

3449: 1304:. This can cause acidity to rise, lowering the pH and carbonate saturation levels in these areas. There are several other factors that influence the atmosphere-ocean CO 6619: 3820:

Bender, Michael L.; Ho, David T.; Hendricks, Melissa B.; Mika, Robert; Battle, Mark O.; Tans, Pieter P.; Conway, Thomas J.; Sturtevant, Blake; Cassar, Nicolas (2005).

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Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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mole fractions stayed within a range of 180 ppm to 280 ppm throughout the last 800,000 years, until the increase of the last 250 years. However, various

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Estimates in 2023 found that the current carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere may be the highest it has been in the last 14 million years. However the

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emissions have also led to the stratosphere contracting by 400 meters since 1980, which could affect satellite operations, GPS systems and radio communications.

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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

387:. Concentrations reach a peak in May as the Northern Hemisphere spring greenup begins, and decline to a minimum in October, near the end of the growing season. 932:

flows from anthropogenic sources (left) into Earth's atmosphere, land, and ocean sinks (right) since year 1960. Units in equivalent gigatonnes carbon per year.

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Greenhouse gases allow sunlight to pass through the atmosphere, heating the planet, but then absorb and redirect the infrared radiation (heat) the planet emits

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emission of comparable scale has occurred since. In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tons of CO

1816:). In the future, CDR may be able to counterbalance emissions that are technically difficult to eliminate, such as some agricultural and industrial emissions. 9368: 7949:

Pagani, Mark; Huber, Matthew; Liu, Zhonghui; Bohaty, Steven M.; Henderiks, Jorijntje; Sijp, Willem; Krishnan, Srinath; Deconto, Robert M. (2 December 2011).

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Bastos A, Ciais P, Chevallier F, Rödenbeck C, Ballantyne AP, Maignan F, Yin Y, Fernández-Martínez M, Friedlingstein P, Peñuelas J, Piao SL (7 October 2019).

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fertilization, nitrogen deposition, climate change, and land use and land cover change on the global terrestrial carbon uptake in the twenty-first century".

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fertilization do not directly enhance all plant growth, and thus carbon storage. The carbon fertilization effect has been reported to be the cause of 44% of

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in 2021, more than 1,000 times greater than those of the bottom 1% of emitters. The global average energy-related carbon footprint is around 4.7 tonnes of CO

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are crossed. Climate activists are engaged in a range of activities around the world that seek to ameliorate these issues or prevent them from happening.

100:, as of 2010, contributing 50% of the greenhouse effect, followed by carbon dioxide at 20%. The current global average concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 8804: 8630: 2641: 2125: 8799: 7241: 5244:"The recent state and variability of the carbonate system of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and adjacent basins in the context of ocean acidification" 5928: 2329:

Eon, and was succeeded by the generally warmer conditions of the Phanerozoic, during which multicellular animal and plant life evolved. No volcanic CO

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concentrations were about 260–280 ppm immediately before industrial emissions began and did not vary much from this level during the preceding 10,000

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The most direct method for measuring atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations for periods before instrumental sampling is to measure bubbles of air (

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Etheridge, D.M.; L.P. Steele; R.L. Langenfelds; R.J. Francey; J.-M. Barnola; V.I. Morgan (1996). "Natural and anthropogenic changes in atmospheric CO

1386:(NPP) might positively respond to the carbon fertilization effect. Although, evidence shows that enhanced rates of photosynthesis in plants due to CO 4132: 683:

or about 4.3 ppm in Earth's atmosphere) were released from fossil fuels and cement production worldwide, compared to 6.15 GtC in 1990. In addition,

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concentration of the atmosphere abruptly to 12%, about 350 times modern levels, causing extreme greenhouse conditions and carbonate deposition as

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Schenuit, Felix; Colvin, Rebecca; Fridahl, Mathias; McMullin, Barry; Reisinger, Andy; Sanchez, Daniel L.; Smith, Stephen M.; Torvanger, Asbjørn;

5203:"Two Decades of Ocean Acidification in the Surface Waters of the Beaufort Gyre, Arctic Ocean: Effects of Sea Ice Melt and Retreat From 1997–2016" 4261: 3534: 3292: 2450: 487: 7897: 2807: 4210: 3643: 1382:). The carbon fertilization effect varies depending on plant species, air and soil temperature, and availability of water and nutrients. Net 636:(9 billion tonnes carbon) each year. This larger disruption to the natural balance is responsible for recent growth in the atmospheric CO 394:

with much smaller variations aloft. In urban areas concentrations are generally higher and indoors they can reach 10 times background levels.

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was about 760 ppm, and there is geochemical evidence that concentrations were less than 300 ppm by about 20 million years ago. Decreasing CO

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reduces the flux of thermal radiation emitted to space (causing the large dip near 667 cm), thereby contributing to the greenhouse effect.

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Carbon dioxide observations from 2008 to 2017 showing the seasonal variations and the difference between northern and southern hemispheres

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Carbon dioxide concentrations have shown several cycles of variation from about 180 parts per million during the deep glaciations of the

1661: 7043: 5463: 8689: 8647: 4329: 4115: 4087: 3870: 3675: 499: 440: 17: 2446: 9568: 8684: 8269: 6328:". Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C. Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.). In " 3356: 2284:

concentrations of over 6,000 ppm between 600 and 400 million years ago, and of over 3,000 ppm between 200 and 150 million years ago.

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concentrations fall below 150 ppm and 200 ppm although some microbes can extract carbon from the air at much lower concentrations.

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as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later, and the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the

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will require first and foremost deep and sustained cuts in emissions, and then—in addition—the use of CDR ("CDR is what puts the

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or unchanged concentration of carbonate ion will give rise to a higher concentration of un-ionized carbonic acid and dissolved CO

7217: 4083: 1094: 8904: 8867: 8721: 8706: 8625: 8274: 8218: 3412: 3037: 1114: 3181: 1433:. Earth's vegetated lands have shown significant greening since the early 1980s largely due to rising levels of atmospheric CO 9563: 8701: 6198: 4808: 4767: 4303: 4275: 3463: 3123:"Carbon dioxide and climate impulse response functions for the computation of greenhouse gas metrics: A multi-model analysis" 2728: 2354: 775:

that is influenced by human activities. Water is responsible for most (about 36–70%) of the total greenhouse effect, and the

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ice sheets. The most widely accepted of such studies come from a variety of Antarctic cores and indicate that atmospheric CO

1028:. This higher concentration in the seas, along with higher temperatures, would mean a higher equilibrium concentration of CO 241:

of the last two million years. Reconstructed temperature records for the last 420 million years indicate that atmospheric CO

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Cheng, Lijing; Abraham, John; Hausfather, Zeke; Trenberth, Kevin E. (11 January 2019). "How fast are the oceans warming?".

5097: 3154: 1593: 6551:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 287–422, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.004. 6526: 6309: 5185: 3560: 1156:, which exceeded the previous 2021 maximum in 2022. The steady rise in ocean temperatures is an unavoidable result of the 600: 350:

Some fraction (a projected 20–35%) of the fossil carbon transferred thus far will persist in the atmosphere as elevated CO

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which is most intense in the visible region. Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric CO

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variability. Because of the way air is trapped in ice (pores in the ice close off slowly to form bubbles deep within the

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contributed 0.87 GtC in 2010, compared to 1.45 GtC in 1990. In the period 1751 to 1900, about 12 GtC were released as CO

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proceed further). The rates of these processes are extremely slow; hence they are of no relevance to the atmospheric CO

632:. As of year 2019 the extraction and burning of geologic fossil carbon by humans releases over 30 gigatonnes of CO 491: 474: 6921: 6441: 4654: 3099: 2084:

plants which increased greatly in abundance between 7 and 5 million years ago over plants that use the less efficient

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fertilization, and climate variability to the Eastern US carbon sink: Partitioning of the Eastern US Carbon Sink".

4762:. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 1876: 1693: 1443:

to have the largest uptake due to the carbon fertilization effect, but this has not been observed. The amount of CO

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Global change issues have become significant due to the sustained rise in atmospheric trace gas concentrations (CO

9412: 9363: 8789: 8751: 8696: 8166: 8019: 6544: 4931: 4917: 4750: 4133:

https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-world-s-top-1-of-emitters-produce-over-1000-times-more-co2-than-the-bottom-1

3584: 3013: 2999: 2652: 2535: 1967:. A major part of carbon dioxide emissions were soon dissolved in water and incorporated in carbonate sediments. 1569: 1399: 1069: 664: 199: 6325: 5901: 4181: 3755:) over recent years, attributable to the increased per capita energy consumption of a growing global population. 3203: 2744: 2313:

Earlier still, a 200-million year period of intermittent, widespread glaciation extending close to the equator (

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for long lived drivers like carbon dioxide emissions is not represented. Whiskers on each bar show the possible

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what it is today. Higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the early Earth's atmosphere might help explain this

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From the human pre-industrial era to 1940, the terrestrial biosphere represented a net source of atmospheric CO

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concentrations is a clear indicator of ongoing global environmental stress, primarily driven by the burning of

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concentration continued to fall after about 60 million years ago. About 34 million years ago, the time of the

1609: 1425:. The response by plants to the carbon fertilization effect is unlikely to significantly reduce atmospheric CO 9590: 9125: 8657: 7055: 2638: 2070: 1665: 1286: 503: 7238: 5014: 9677: 9573: 9245: 8774: 8769: 8674: 8551: 8108: 2196:

Ice cores provide evidence for greenhouse gas concentration variations over the past 800,000 years. Both CO

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causing thermal expansion and some sea level rise. Lowering global temperatures more rapidly would require

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Käse, Laura; Geuer, Jana K. (2018). "Phytoplankton Responses to Marine Climate Change – an Introduction".

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concentration, with a tipping point of 600 ppm, was the primary agent forcing Antarctic glaciation. Low CO

8784: 8637: 2317:) appears to have been ended suddenly, about 550 Ma, by a colossal volcanic outgassing that raised the CO 1157: 747: 695: 511: 7252: 6972: 6644:

Pavlov, Alexander A.; Kasting, James F.; Brown, Lisa L.; Rages, Kathy A.; Freedman, Richard (May 2000).

5037:"Ocean acidification in emission-driven temperature stabilization scenarios: the role of TCRE and non-CO 3822:"Atmospheric O2/N2changes, 1993–2002: Implications for the partitioning of fossil fuel CO2sequestration" 3667: 691:

to the atmosphere from burning of fossil fuels, whereas from 1901 to 2013 the figure was about 380 GtC.

9643: 9407: 9210: 9167: 8940: 8862: 8716: 8049: 2897:"Parts per million" refers to the number of carbon dioxide molecules per million molecules of dry air. 2484: 2045:

concentrations have played a role in biological evolution. The first photosynthetic organisms probably

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Overview of climatic changes and their effects on the ocean. Regional effects are displayed in italics.

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from human activities are the primary cause of ocean acidification, with atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO

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uptake by new growth on land counteracts these releases, absorbing 451 Gt (123 Gt C). Although much CO

113: 7893: 7042:

Etheridge, D.M.; Steele, L.P.; Langenfelds, R.L.; Francey, R.J.; Barnola, JM; Morgan, VI (June 1998).

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Albani M, Medvigy D, Hurtt GC, Moorcroft PR (December 2006). "The contributions of land-use change, CO

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concentrations below 600 parts per million might have been the stimulus that favored the evolution of

1402:

are used to investigate and interpret vegetation trends related to increasing levels of atmospheric CO

866:, to form limestones for example, and added back to the atmosphere by other natural processes such as 9687: 9512: 9187: 9162: 9135: 9097: 9014: 8832: 8679: 8642: 8392: 8161: 8156: 8151: 2799: 2417: 2396: 1801: 1736: 1550: 1422: 820: 804: 219: 9027: 4426: 3697: 1451:

fertilization also depends on how forests respond to climate change, and if they are protected from

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concentration over the next century due to the increasing anthropogenic influences on atmospheric CO

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Changes in global temperatures over the past century provide evidence for the effects of increasing

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to those of living plants, enabling distinction between natural and human-caused contributions to CO

9522: 9517: 9507: 9448: 9288: 8794: 8759: 8652: 8579: 8420: 8249: 8185: 8146: 7672: 4207: 1391: 1363: 1351: 1211: 1210:. Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05. 1077: 1053: 906: 836: 776: 591: 587: 564:

levels are decreasing in Earth's atmosphere as it reacts with the carbon in fossil fuels to form CO

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There are several surface measurement (including flasks and continuous in situ) networks including

391: 207: 6643: 6533:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.002. 5297:

fertilization effect based on global monitoring land-atmosphere exchange with a theoretical model"

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to the present day. The current rate of increase is much higher than at any point during the last

1297:, are especially vulnerable because they rely on calcium carbonate to build shells and skeletons. 743: 616:

absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO

9682: 9631: 9553: 9463: 9205: 9177: 8857: 8516: 8494: 8101: 7950: 7519: 6027:"If you're looking for good news about climate change, this is about the best there is right now" 4544: 3326: 2091:

metabolic pathway. At current atmospheric pressures photosynthesis shuts down when atmospheric CO

1975: 1892: 1834: 1536: 1124: 514:. The Reseau Atmospherique de Mesure des Composes an Effet de Serre database (RAMCES) is part of 198:

increase the absorption and emission of infrared radiation by the atmosphere. This has led to a

9230: 9050: 8992: 8909: 8894: 8779: 8425: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 7667: 7640: 6973:"Atmospheric pressure as a natural climate regulator for a terrestrial planet with a biosphere" 5291:

Ueyama M, Ichii K, Kobayashi H, Kumagai TO, Beringer J, Merbold L, et al. (17 July 2020).

4386: 3692: 1960: 1789: 1783: 1744: 1641: 750: 52:

over that time period is clearly visible. The concentration is expressed as μmole per mole, or

7401:

concentration of air trapped in GISP2 ice from the Last Glacial Maximum-Holocene transition".

4265: 2937: 2720: 2714: 1778:

Various techniques have been proposed for removing excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

1762:

greenhouse gases, and cooling due to heat transfer to the ocean. If emissions were to stop, CO

1580:. As the climate changes it impacts the natural environment with effects such as more intense 9619: 9265: 9142: 8950: 8410: 8333: 8087: 8075: 7771:

Hoffmann, PF; AJ Kaufman; GP Halverson; DP Schrag (1998). "A neoproterozoic snowball earth".

7059: 5471: 2306:

concentrations during the late Devonian, and plant activities as both sources and sinks of CO

1896: 1830: 470: 415: 301: 288: 238: 168: 109: 61: 41: 7048:

record derived from a spline fit (20-year cutoff) of the Law Dome DE08 and DE08-2 ice cores"

6465:"Carbon dioxide removal is not a current climate solution — we need to change the narrative" 6276:

Doney, Scott C.; Busch, D. Shallin; Cooley, Sarah R.; Kroeker, Kristy J. (17 October 2020).

5805:

Sugden AM (11 December 2020). Funk M (ed.). "A decline in the carbon fertilization effect".

4938:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1211–1362 3020:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 423–552, 2302:

period, about 400 million years ago. The spread of land plants is thought to have reduced CO

1374:

while limiting leaf transpiration in plants. Both processes result from increased levels of

354:

levels for many thousands of years after these carbon transfer activities begin to subside.

9458: 9336: 8997: 8572: 8499: 7962: 7866: 7780: 7722: 7659: 7613: 7568: 7475: 7410: 7285: 7123: 6984: 6933: 6814: 6759: 6661: 6577: 6476: 6417: 6231: 6127: 6068: 5966: 5814: 5753: 5624: 5557: 5506: 5426: 5360: 5308: 5255: 5139: 5126:

Jiang, Li-Qing; Carter, Brendan R.; Feely, Richard A.; Lauvset, Siv K.; Olsen, Are (2019).

5052: 4962: 4858: 4689: 4620: 4561: 4501: 4455: 4318: 4038: 3904: 3833: 3784: 3684: 3246: 3075: 2848: 2682: 2570: 1996: 1860: 1768: 1740: 1653: 996: 867: 85: 32: 6294: 6277: 5609:

fertilization, land-use change and warming on seasonal amplitude of Northern Hemisphere CO

4904: 3979: 3348: 2884: 2879: 8: 9475: 9250: 8484: 8479: 4781: 4779: 2358: 2026: 1697: 1649: 1645: 1561: 1199: 1177: 1073: 1057: 384: 372: 367: 313: 270: 203: 7966: 7870: 7784: 7726: 7663: 7617: 7572: 7479: 7414: 7289: 7152: 7127: 6988: 6937: 6818: 6763: 6665: 6581: 6480: 6421: 6235: 6131: 6072: 5970: 5818: 5757: 5628: 5561: 5510: 5430: 5364: 5312: 5259: 5143: 5056: 4966: 4862: 4693: 4632: 4624: 4565: 4505: 4459: 4042: 3908: 3837: 3788: 3688: 3250: 3087: 3079: 2883: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the 2852: 2686: 2574: 445: 9303: 9235: 9152: 9002: 8967: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8489: 7986: 7804: 7496: 7459: 7426: 7007: 6897: 6868: 6835: 6802: 6783: 6727: 6702: 6611: 6508: 6278:"The Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Ecosystems and Reliant Human Communities" 6255: 6204: 6156: 6091: 6052: 5982: 5878: 5849: 5830: 5787: 5718: 5580: 5541: 5384: 5273: 5224: 5162: 5127: 5076: 4986: 4889: 4846: 4584: 4549: 4414: 4297: 4146:"IPCC Fifth Assessment Report – Chapter 8: Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing" 4062: 3936: 3378: 2594: 2374: 2085: 2078: 2066: 1805: 1685: 1395: 1383: 1153: 1137: 675:

is the second major cause. In 2010, 9.14 gigatonnes of carbon (GtC, equivalent to 33.5

156: 112:, up from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years prior to the mid-18th century. The increase 53: 7745: 7706: 7625: 7308: 7269: 5737: 4776: 3706: 3121:

Joos F, Roth R, Fuglestvedt JS, Peters GP, Enting IG, Von Bloh W, et al. (2013).

2899: 1300:

depth and location. Colder and higher latitude waters are capable of absorbing more CO

9537: 9200: 8945: 8711: 8504: 8467: 8254: 8208: 7990: 7978: 7796: 7750: 7501: 7430: 7313: 7209: 7183: 7012: 6945: 6902: 6840: 6775: 6732: 6698: 6679: 6615: 6603: 6512: 6500: 6492: 6433: 6386: 6355:"Carbon Dioxide Removal Policy in the Making: Assessing Developments in 9 OECD Cases" 6247: 6208: 6194: 6096: 5953:

Zhu Z, Piao S, Myneni RB, Huang M, Zeng Z, Canadell JG, et al. (1 August 2016).

5883: 5834: 5791: 5779: 5774: 5714: 5642: 5585: 5522: 5444: 5388: 5376: 5326: 5277: 5228: 5167: 5106: 5080: 5068: 4978: 4953: 4894: 4876: 4804: 4763: 4725: 4720: 4707: 4677: 4646: 4589: 4271: 4244: 4224: 4091: 4054: 3928: 3920: 3851: 3802: 3797: 3768: 3767:

Keeling, Charles D.; Piper, Stephen C.; Whorf, Timothy P.; Keeling, Ralph F. (2011).

2724: 2586: 2490: 2006: 1681: 1621: 1049: 1045: 792: 785: 766: 762: 595: 380: 321: 105: 73: 7808: 7330: 6787: 6259: 5826: 4990: 4909: 2598: 1113:

follows. Measurement of the GST is one of the many lines of evidence supporting the

819:

absorbs outgoing long-wave energy. The increased forcing drives further changes in

9580: 9147: 9130: 9071: 8962: 8726: 8450: 8323: 8259: 7970: 7874: 7788: 7740: 7730: 7677: 7621: 7576: 7491: 7483: 7418: 7382: 7377: 7361: 7353: 7348: 7332: 7303: 7293: 7201: 7131: 7002: 6992: 6941: 6892: 6884: 6830: 6822: 6767: 6722: 6714: 6669: 6593: 6585: 6525:

M. Pathak, R. Slade, P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Pichs-Madruga, D. Ürge-Vorsatz,2022:

6484: 6425: 6376: 6366: 6333: 6289: 6239: 6186: 6135: 6086: 6076: 5986: 5974: 5873: 5865: 5822: 5769: 5761: 5722: 5710: 5677: 5632: 5575: 5565: 5514: 5434: 5368: 5316: 5263: 5214: 5157: 5147: 5060: 4970: 4884: 4866: 4796: 4715: 4697: 4636: 4628: 4579: 4569: 4509: 4463: 4066: 4046: 4029: 3965: 3940: 3912: 3841: 3792: 3702: 3258: 3254: 3144: 3134: 3091: 3083: 3021: 2866: 2856: 2690: 2578: 2138: 2062: 1904: 1826: 1528: 910: 898: 699: 625: 7792: 5736:

Wang S, Zhang Y, Ju W, Chen JM, Ciais P, Cescatti A, et al. (December 2020).

4223:

Lennart O. Bengtsson and Claus U. Hammer, eds., Cambridge University Press, 2001,

3177: 2954: 2260:. It is a breakdown product of chlorophyll, and is now used to estimate ancient CO 2221:

and models suggest larger variations in past epochs: 500 million years ago CO

1983:

about 500 million years ago to as low as 180 parts per million 20,000 years ago .

1592:. These changes impact ecosystems and societies, and can become irreversible once 1481: 924: 9532: 9453: 9417: 9346: 9320: 9308: 9225: 9157: 9032: 8889: 8511: 8462: 8440: 7256: 7245: 6313: 5347:

Tharammal T, Bala G, Narayanappa D, Nemani R (April 2019). "Potential roles of CO

5189: 5018: 4935: 4924: 4319:"On the influence of carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature of the ground" 4214: 4111: 3588: 3017: 3006: 2982: 2656: 2645: 2218: 2121:(green), reconstructed temperature (blue) and dust (red) from the Vostok ice core 2108: 1880: 1625: 1589: 1577: 1540: 1524: 1246: 1000: 987:), but subsequently switched to a net sink with growing fossil carbon emissions. 984: 684: 604:

The US, China and Russia have cumulatively contributed the greatest amounts of CO

8070: 6718: 6190: 6154: 5546:

fertilization of terrestrial photosynthesis inferred from site to global scales"

3122: 2556: 2380:

plants, which increased greatly in abundance between 7 and 5 million years ago.

407:

concentration was rising at a rate of approximately 2 ppm/year and accelerating.

245:

concentrations peaked at approximately 2,000 ppm. This peak happened during the

9485: 9341: 9283: 9278: 9120: 9009: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8589: 8526: 8264: 8244: 8203: 8124: 7702: 7597: 6864: 6488: 6306: 6140: 6115: 6061:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5550:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5321: 5292: 5182: 5152: 5064: 5003: 3556: 3139: 2871: 2314: 2054: 1916: 1772: 1689: 1673: 1657: 1629: 1565: 1557: 1371: 1163: 1118: 1106: 1102: 859: 772: 641: 542: 309: 278: 262: 133: 89: 81: 65: 8034: 7205: 6771: 6371: 6354: 6337: 5637: 5604: 5372: 5036: 4941: 4871: 4800: 3969: 3149: 3025: 2861: 2836: 1414:

fertilization effect remain uncertain and therefore are challenging to model.

9671: 9558: 9490: 9215: 9037: 9022: 8957: 8852: 8063: 7213: 6496: 6437: 6390: 6350: 5954: 5646: 5526: 5380: 5330: 5072: 4880: 4711: 4650: 4545: 4446: 4105: 4026: 3924: 3855: 3806: 3488: 2659:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA 2590: 2391: 2325:

at the rate of about 1 mm per day. This episode marked the close of the

2295: 1971: 1908: 1839: 1758: 1700:. Scientists estimate that the ocean absorbs about 25% of all human-caused CO 1452: 1309: 1227: 731: 672: 640:

concentration. Currently about half of the carbon dioxide released from the

628:

for many millions of years, has increased the atmospheric concentration of CO

145: 45: 7974: 7919: 7735: 6997: 6949: 6318: 6243: 6081: 5765: 5570: 5268: 5243: 5242:

Beaupré-Laperrière, Alexis; Mucci, Alfonso; Thomas, Helmuth (31 July 2020).

4974: 4702: 4574: 4548:; Gian-Kasper Plattner; Reto Knutti; Pierre Friedlingstein (February 2009). 3288: 2228:

Various proxy measurements have been used to try to determine atmospheric CO

2021:

over tens to hundreds of millions of years has been to reduce atmospheric CO

132:, which is the principal cause of this rise and also a major contributor to 9443: 9240: 8884: 8874: 8531: 8415: 8328: 7982: 7754: 7505: 7487: 7317: 7298: 7016: 6906: 6888: 6844: 6826: 6779: 6736: 6683: 6607: 6504: 6405: 6251: 6100: 5887: 5783: 5662:"Leaf Area Index identified as a major source of variability in modelled CO 5589: 5448: 5171: 4982: 4898: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4729: 4593: 4058: 3932: 3421: 3063: 2710: 2166: 2018: 2014: 1864: 1581: 1262: 918: 851: 832: 723: 624:

The extraction and burning of fossil fuels, releasing carbon that has been

283: 274: 77: 7800: 7681: 6271: 6269: 5869: 4608: 4385:

Kayler, Z.; Janowiak, M.; Swanston, C. (2017). "The Global Carbon Cycle".

4208:

FAQ 1.3 – AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science

4127:

IEA (2023), The world’s top 1% of emitters produce over 1000 times more CO

3668:"Stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry in global climate change research" 108:(0.04%) as of May 2022. This is an increase of 50% since the start of the 9470: 8987: 8979: 8239: 7581: 7552: 7136: 7082: 6674: 6645: 6598: 5978: 5518: 5219: 5202: 4948: 4394:. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. pp. 3–9. 3846: 3821: 2975: 2695: 2670: 2326: 2292: 2254: 1935: 1669: 1333: 1329: 941: 660: 494:, WDCGG, and RAMCES. The NOAA/ESRL Baseline Observatory Network, and the 129: 5682: 5661: 4832: 4050: 3916: 2373:

concentrations may have been the stimulus that favored the evolution of

1501: 9502: 8879: 7770: 7267: 6589: 6381: 6266: 5415:

fertilization effect in old-growth subalpine forests of western Canada"

2833: 2142: 2010: 1912: 1585: 1242: 1223: 894: 890: 863: 784:

was estimated to be responsible for 1.82 W m of the 2.63 W m change in

645: 455: 397: 366:

concentrations fluctuate slightly with the seasons, falling during the

160: 7878: 7422: 6877:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

6548: 6530: 6329: 5439: 5410: 4928: 4757: 4641: 4513: 4467: 3581: 3169: 3095: 3010: 2649: 2582: 2527: 1927:, a very active greenhouse gas, may have been more prevalent as well. 753:

of water vapor and carbon dioxide. For wavelengths near 15-microns, CO

8457: 6429: 5850:"Does enhanced photosynthesis enhance growth? Lessons learned from CO 5012:

SDG 14 – Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals

5007: 4951:(15 February 2002). "Warming of the Southern Ocean Since the 1950s". 4745: 3207: 2923:"Global Monitoring Laboratory - Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide" 2322: 2146: 2046: 1964: 1956: 1633: 1407: 1313: 902: 872: 676: 656: 332: 69: 6044: 3613: 3230: 3206:. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC). Archived from 2922: 2447:"Carbon dioxide now more than 50% higher than pre-industrial levels" 2291:

concentrations are thought to have prevailed throughout most of the

2113: 7951:"Drop in carbon dioxide levels led to polar ice sheet, study finds" 5929:"Human Activity in China and India Dominates the Greening of Earth" 4204:

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report,

2299: 2158: 2058: 1980: 1940: 1931: 1520: 1321: 1290: 1278: 1192: 1189: 1184: 887: 811:

in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO

528: 320:

in Earth's atmosphere, adjusted for seasonal variation, was 422.17

250: 246: 234: 7396: 7184:"Ice Core Record Extended: Analyses of trapped air show current CO 5201:

Zhang, Y.; Yamamoto-Kawai, M.; Williams, W.J. (16 February 2020).

944:, in the form of chemical and biological processes which remove CO 8435: 8093: 8058: 7331:

Andreas Indermühle; Bernhard Stauffer; Thomas F. Stocker (1999).

7041: 6869:"Nature's green revolution: the remarkable evolutionary rise of C 6116:"Stratospheric contraction caused by increasing greenhouse gases" 5533: 5011: 4741: 4739: 3978:

Material was copied from this source, which is available under a

2534:

Global Monitoring Laboratory/Earth System Research Laboratories.

2250: 2244: 2240: 2177: 2162: 1924: 1754: 1677: 1440: 1317: 965: 858:

is removed from the atmosphere by some natural processes such as

850:

Atmospheric carbon dioxide plays an integral role in the Earth's

195: 149: 7604:

change: evaluating geochemical and paleobiological approaches".

5128:"Surface ocean pH and buffer capacity: past, present and future" 5099:

Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide

3769:"Evolution of natural and anthropogenic fluxes of atmospheric CO 2243:

ratios in certain types of marine sediments, and the numbers of

1490: 644:

is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans and remains in the

171:) and 14.99 μm (667 cm) (bending vibrational mode). CO 9438: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6221: 6183:

YOUMARES 8 – Oceans Across Boundaries: Learning from each other

4480: 4202:

A concise description of the greenhouse effect is given in the

2528:"The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) – An Introduction" 2310:

have since been important in providing stabilizing feedbacks.

2257: 2237: 1325: 1282: 921:, as well as some industrial processes such as cement making. 841: 141: 5602: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5346: 5342: 5340: 4736: 2775:"Current carbon dioxide levels last seen 14 million years ago" 2561:

over the last 1000 years from air in Antarctic ice and firn".

2337:

per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tons of CO

1688:

because the ocean takes up most of the additional heat in the

1145:

Effects of climate change on oceans § Rising ocean temperature

1005: 506:. The World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG), part of 465:

The first reproducibly accurate measurements of atmospheric CO

237:

about 500 million years ago, and as low as 180 ppm during the

9352:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

8445: 7595: 6348: 6305:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

6301: 6155:

CounterAct; Women's Climate Justice Collective (4 May 2020).

5241: 5181:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

5177: 4903:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

4550:"Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions" 3974: 3235:

concentration and temperature across an urban–rural transect"

2233: 2154: 1986: 1920: 1708: 1637: 1532: 1294: 1207: 969: 949: 249:

period (400 million years ago). Another peak occurred in the

176: 93: 7707:"Feedbacks and the co-evolution of plants and atmospheric CO 6851: 6148: 5660:

Li Q, Lu X, Wang Y, Huang X, Cox PM, Luo Y (November 2018).

5492: 5409:

Hararuk O, Campbell EM, Antos JA, Parish R (December 2018).

5119: 5035:

Terhaar, Jens; Frölicher, Thomas L.; Joos, Fortunat (2023).

4843: 3640:"GLOBALVIEW-CO2 information page. Retrieved 9 February 2016" 2232:

concentrations millions of years in the past. These include

2098: 2033:

concentration over the next hundreds or thousands of years.

2009:

including organic carbon burial in sediments, silicate rock

1628:

are linked to this. The rising temperature contributes to a

1308:

exchange, and thus local ocean acidification. These include

956:(containing 119 gigatonnes carbon) every year, while CO 807:

in 1896. The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO

390:

Concentrations also vary on a regional basis, most strongly

164: 159:

at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies. The two

8041: 8028: 7274:

changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P. cooling event"

7249: 6862: 5696: 5395: 5337: 5290: 5200: 5090: 4746: 4180:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Archived from 4001: 3600: 3496: 3386: 2614:"Carbon Dioxide Just Took an Ominous, Record-Breaking Jump" 2531: 2190: 1875:

estimated similar levels 3 to 3.3 million years ago in the

1370:

or carbon fertilization effect causes an increased rate of

1274: 1226:

is absorbed by the oceans. This chemical reaction produces

964:

in the early atmosphere of the young Earth was produced by

652: 6750:

Olson JM (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era".

6519: 6456: 6002:"Carbon Dioxide Fertilization Greening Earth, Study Finds" 5408: 4388:

Considering Forest and Grassland Carbon in Land Management

3228: 2180:

of fossilized leaves suggests greater variability, with CO

1851: 462:

to that of air, i.e. times 1.52 (44.01 divided by 28.96).

256: 9528:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

7638: 7632: 4483:"The Contemporary and Historical Budget of Atmospheric CO 3894: 3120: 968:, modern volcanic activity releases only 130 to 230 229:

is the highest for 14 million years. Concentrations of CO

180: 155:

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. It absorbs and emits

119:

As of March 2024, the monthly average concentration of CO

7460:"Molecular fossils from phytoplankton reveal secular pCO 6464: 5028: 4606: 3766: 2745:"Carbon Dioxide Absorbs and Re-emits Infrared Radiation" 2268:

concentrations but it also can overlap a break in the CO

698:

estimates that the top 1% of emitters globally each had

379:

concentration because it has much greater land area and

6275: 5540:

Chen C, Riley WJ, Prentice IC, Keenan TF (March 2022).

5539: 5125: 4997: 1203: 233:

in the atmosphere were as high as 4,000 ppm during the

7397:

H. J. Smith; M. Wahlen; D. Mastroianni (1997). "The CO

6307:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

5183:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

4905:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

4384: 4267:

The Earth's Biosphere: Evolution, Dynamics, and Change

3980:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

2938:"Table of atmospheric CO₂ since 1958, updated monthly" 2927:

Latest figure, and graphs of trend; frequently updated

2036: 1820: 1519:

Some climate change effects, clockwise from top left:

771:

On Earth, carbon dioxide is the most relevant, direct

713: 9369:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

8047: 7924:

data helps unlock the secrets of Antarctic formation"

6050: 4235:

Climate Change: Science, Strategies, & Solutions,

3819: 2940:. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. 2829: 2827: 2825: 2129:

Correspondence between temperature and atmospheric CO

1883:

for likely climate outcomes with current levels of CO

1664:(AMOC). The main root cause of these changes are the 1095:

Global surface temperature § Total warming and trends

803:

increasing ground temperature was first published by

8020:

Current global map of carbon dioxide concentrations.

7948: 7766: 7764: 7701: 7268:

Friederike Wagner; Bent Aaby; Henk Visscher (2002).

6696: 5034: 4678:"Climate change and carbon dioxide: An introduction" 4609:"Atmospheric Lifetime of Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide" 3862: 3064:"Atmospheric lifetime of fossil fuel carbon dioxide" 2925:. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. 2264:

levels. Phytane gives both a continuous record of CO

1903:

concentrations may have been higher, with estimated

1119:

humans are causing warming of Earth's climate system

398:

Measurements and predictions made in the recent past

5742:

fertilization effects on vegetation photosynthesis"

3888: 3229:George K, Ziska LH, Bunce JA, Quebedeaux B (2007). 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 1052:of global warming that has happened so far. Future 537:

The burning of long-buried fossil fuels releases CO

357: 6157:"Climate Justice and Feminism Resource Collection" 6051:Schimel D, Stephens BB, Fisher JB (January 2015). 5952: 5464:"How does carbon fertilization affect crop yield?" 3175: 2822: 2737: 1417:Terrestrial ecosystems have reduced atmospheric CO 214:. The increase in atmospheric concentrations of CO 7761: 7520:"IPCC: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis" 4918:Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change 2005:concentration is determined by the balance among 1680:are examples of greenhouse gases. The additional 815:and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO 572: 410:The daily average concentration of atmospheric CO 222:on the environment and human living conditions. 136:. Other significant human activities that emit CO 9669: 9569:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 8035:Video (03:10) – A Year in the Life of Earth's CO 5470:. Environmental Research Letters. Archived from 3760: 3282: 3280: 3000:Chapter 3: Human Influence on the Climate System 2432: 2117:Over 400,000 years of ice core data: Graph of CO 331:in the atmosphere represents approximately 2.13 190:The increase in atmospheric concentrations of CO 7641:"GEOCARB III: a revised model of atmospheric CO 7639:Berner, Robert A.; Kothavala, Zavareth (2001). 6977:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6545:Chapter 2: Changing State of the Climate System 5735: 4682:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2961:. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 18 July 2020. 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2451:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2275: 2225:levels were likely 10 times higher than now. 1899:may have contained more greenhouse gases and CO 1471: 1016:The Earth's oceans contain a large amount of CO 823:and, over the longer term, in Earth's climate. 529:Analytical methods to investigate sources of CO 7859:Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 7589: 7553:"GEOCARB II: a revised model of atmospheric CO 6570:Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 4789:The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate 3985: 3413:"Greenhouse gas levels pass symbolic 400ppm CO 2994: 2992: 2990: 2709: 2631: 2041:Over the course of Earth's geologic history CO 1847:concentrations over the last 500 Million years 1792:(CDR) is a process in which carbon dioxide (CO 1316:zones, proximity to large continental rivers, 1162:The majority of ocean heat gain occurs in the 1035: 796:would have in the absence of its atmosphere. 577: 194:and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as 8314:History of climate change policy and politics 8109: 7695: 6794: 6743: 5659: 4613:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 4600: 4447:Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 4439: 4326:Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 4221:Geosphere-biosphere Interactions and Climate, 4104:Calculated from file global.1751_2013.csv in 3483: 3481: 3315: 3277: 3068:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 2768: 2766: 2017:. The net effect of slight imbalances in the 1560:are well documented and growing for Earth's 1131: 757:is a much stronger absorber than water vapor. 44:in Hawaii from 1958 to 2023 (also called the 7846: 4847:"Another Year of Record Heat for the Oceans" 4440:Gerlach, T.M. (4 June 1991). "Present-day CO 3813: 2611: 2550: 2469: 2344: 1959:, supplemented by gases produced during the 1421:concentrations and have partially mitigated 469:were from flask sample measurements made by 403:Data from 2009 found that the global mean CO 308:concentration have been increasing, causing 8431:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 7544: 4233:E. Claussen, V.A. Cochran, and D.P. Davis, 4196: 3991: 2987: 2747:. UCAR Center for Science Education. 2012. 2419:Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect 1692:. The ocean also absorbs some of the extra 1662:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 1527:caused by ocean acidification and heating, 1340: 1188:Ocean acidification means that the average 1087: 426:concentrations were measured to be 410 ppm. 225:The present atmospheric concentration of CO 9650: 9638: 9095: 8116: 8102: 7824:"How Much CO2 Does A Single Volcano Emit?" 7453: 7451: 7359: 7181: 7096:ice core record and its relationship with 7052:Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center 6803:"When did oxygenic photosynthesis evolve?" 6707:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 6282:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 5847: 5461: 4540: 4538: 4481:Junling Huang; Michael B. McElroy (2012). 4170: 4116:Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center 4088:Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research 3676:International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 3614:"CDIAC CO2 page Retrieved 9 February 2016" 3523:"The Early Keeling Curve | Scripps CO 3478: 2959:Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center 2763: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2489:. Cambridge University Press. p. 52. 2165:, increasing to 280–300 ppm during warmer 2073:possible. In recent geologic times, low CO 441:Space-based measurements of carbon dioxide 383:in mid-latitudes (30-60 degrees) than the 27:Atmospheric constituent and greenhouse gas 9390: 9196:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 8339:United Nations Climate Change conferences 7744: 7734: 7671: 7580: 7495: 7457: 7381: 7352: 7307: 7297: 7144: 7135: 7080: 7006: 6996: 6896: 6834: 6726: 6673: 6597: 6380: 6370: 6293: 6180: 6139: 6090: 6080: 5877: 5773: 5681: 5636: 5579: 5569: 5438: 5320: 5267: 5218: 5161: 5151: 4888: 4870: 4719: 4701: 4640: 4583: 4573: 4316: 4310: 4078: 4076: 3845: 3796: 3696: 3666:Gosh, Prosenjit; Brand, Willi A. (2003). 3665: 3341: 3325:. globalcarbonproject.org. Archived from 3148: 3138: 2904:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet 2870: 2860: 2694: 2671:"A First Course in Atmospheric Radiation" 1668:from human activities, mainly burning of 1620:. One of the main ones is an increase in 1273:) lowers the pH of the ocean, increasing 1123:The global average and combined land and 1068:concentrations in the atmosphere include 430: 316:. In October 2023 the average level of CO 98:Water vapor is the primary greenhouse gas 8900:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 6919: 6807:Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci 6749: 3952: 3950: 3286: 3178:"Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Growth Rate" 2482: 2124: 2112: 1923:the gas to carbon compounds and oxygen. 1850: 1838: 1716: 1694:carbon dioxide that is in the atmosphere 1608: 1320:coverage, and atmospheric exchange with 1218:) levels exceeding 410 ppm (in 2020). CO 1183: 1044: 1004: 923: 840: 742: 730: 722: 599: 444: 282: 175:plays a significant role in influencing 31: 9256:National Adaptation Programme of Action 9045:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 7852: 7458:Witkowski, Caitlyn (28 November 2018). 7448: 6800: 6690: 6637: 6554: 5955:"Greening of the Earth and its drivers" 5411:"Tree rings provide no evidence of a CO 4675: 4535: 4474: 4353: 3557:"NOAA CCGG page Retrieved 2 March 2016" 2515: 1459: 1269:). The presence of free hydrogen ions ( 990: 257:Current concentration and future trends 167:(2,347 cm) (asymmetric stretching 14: 9670: 8905:Economics of climate change mitigation 8868:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 8391: 8219:Scientific consensus on climate change 7900:from the original on 25 September 2012 7550: 7512: 6625:from the original on 14 September 2012 6560: 6113: 5804: 4347: 4073: 3881:from the original on 26 October 2021. 3658: 3489:"Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide" 3447: 3061: 2965:from the original on 27 September 2017 2751:from the original on 21 September 2017 2719:(8th ed.). W.H. Freeman. p. 2486:A Short Introduction to Climate Change 1170: 1115:scientific consensus on climate change 9564:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 9389: 9094: 8830: 8390: 8302: 8183: 8135: 8097: 7023:from the original on 12 February 2013 6922:"Gaia as seen through the atmosphere" 6403: 6295:10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083019 5999: 5926: 4947: 4676:Keeling, Charles D. (5 August 1997). 4335:from the original on 18 November 2020 4237:University of Michigan, 2001. p. 373. 4084:"Global carbon budget 2010 (summary)" 3947: 3868: 3349:"Carbon dioxide passes symbolic mark" 3102:from the original on 24 February 2021 2668: 2538:from the original on 27 November 2020 2415: 1974:photosynthesis eventually led to the 1859:over the last 40,000 years, from the 940:are more or less balanced by natural 437:Total Carbon Column Observing Network 9586:Representative Concentration Pathway 8537:Tipping points in the climate system 8213:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 7163:from the original on 23 January 2013 7150: 4260: 4158:from the original on 22 October 2018 3646:from the original on 31 January 2020 3503:from the original on 25 January 2013 3429:from the original on 22 January 2014 3371: 3303:from the original on 25 January 2013 3265:from the original on 15 October 2019 2612:Pierre-Louis, Kendra (10 May 2024). 2361:started to take its current form, CO 1564:and human societies. Changes to the 718: 295: 253:period (220–200 million years ago). 9357:Nationally determined contributions 9067:Individual action on climate change 8282:World energy supply and consumption 7853:Gerlach, TM (1991). "Present-day CO 7691:from the original on 25 April 2006. 7600:(2001). "Phanerozoic atmospheric CO 7532:from the original on 29 August 2022 7444:File:Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide.png 7153:"Deep ice tells long climate story" 6563:"Carbon dioxide on the early earth" 4633:10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100206 4138: 3992:Dlugokencky, E. (5 February 2016). 3716:from the original on 11 August 2017 3620:from the original on 13 August 2011 3563:from the original on 11 August 2011 3537:from the original on 8 October 2022 3088:10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100206 2910:from the original on 17 April 2022. 2900:"Carbon Dioxide LATEST MEASUREMENT" 2810:from the original on 6 October 2018 2037:Photosynthesis in the geologic past 1821:Concentrations in the geologic past 1618:effects of climate change on oceans 1603:Effects of climate change on oceans 714:Roles in natural processes on Earth 496:Scripps Institution of Oceanography 335:of carbon, or 7.82 gigatonnes of CO 72:that plays an integral part in the 24: 9496:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 8123: 7926:. Physorg.com. 13 September 2009. 7821: 7551:Berner, Robert A. (January 1994). 7188:at highest level in 650,000 years" 6970: 6462: 4820:from the original on 29 March 2023 4657:from the original on 14 March 2023 4523:from the original on 3 August 2017 4284:from the original on 14 March 2023 4008:from the original on 14 March 2023 3998:Earth System Research Laboratories 3493:Earth System Research Laboratories 3184:from the original on 14 March 2023 2503:from the original on 14 March 2023 2272:record of over 500 million years. 2001:On long timescales, atmospheric CO 1915:), because there was no bacterial 1656:. All this can lead to changes of 799:The concept of more atmospheric CO 663:is the leading cause of increased 200:rise in average global temperature 25: 9699: 9423:Satellite temperature measurement 9028:forestry for carbon sequestration 8319:History of climate change science 8025:Global Carbon Dioxide Circulation 8013: 7930:from the original on 15 July 2011 6650:in the atmosphere of early Earth" 6161:The Commons Social Change Library 5617:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 4366:from the original on 5 March 2016 4302:: CS1 maint: extra punctuation ( 4206:"What is the Greenhouse Effect?" 3994:"Annual Mean Carbon Dioxide Data" 3425:. Associated Press. 1 June 2012. 3157:from the original on 22 July 2020 3127:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2772: 2355:Eocene–Oligocene extinction event 2247:observed on fossil plant leaves. 1970:The production of free oxygen by 1660:, for example a weakening of the 1574:changes to precipitation patterns 1040: 882:Natural sources of atmospheric CO 9649: 9637: 9626: 9625: 9613: 9274:Climate Change Performance Index 8081: 8069: 8057: 7997:from the original on 22 May 2013 7942: 7912: 7885: 7834:from the original on 6 June 2017 7815: 7437: 7390: 7324: 7261: 7232: 7220:from the original on 15 May 2019 7175: 7074: 7035: 6964: 6913: 6561:Walker, James C.G. (June 1985). 6536: 6444:from the original on 25 May 2021 6353:; Geden, Oliver (4 March 2021). 6300: 6057:on the terrestrial carbon cycle" 5715:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01254.x 5176: 4851:Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 4401:from the original on 7 July 2022 3973: 3798:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00507.x 3393:from the original on 24 May 2019 3359:from the original on 23 May 2019 2878: 2457:from the original on 5 June 2022 1955:was produced by outgassing from 1782:This section is an excerpt from 1698:pH value of the seawater to drop 1601:This section is an excerpt from 1549:This section is an excerpt from 1509: 1500: 1489: 1480: 1400:Dynamic Global Vegetation Models 1394:(GPP) increase since the 2000s. 1350:This section is an excerpt from 1176:This section is an excerpt from 1143:This section is an excerpt from 1093:This section is an excerpt from 481: 375:dominates the annual cycle of CO 358:Annual and regional fluctuations 9413:Instrumental temperature record 9364:Sustainable Development Goal 13 7193:Chemical & Engineering News 6654:Journal of Geophysical Research 6397: 6342: 6215: 6174: 6107: 6019: 5993: 5946: 5920: 5902:"Global Green Up Slows Warming" 5894: 5841: 5827:10.1126/science.370.6522.1286-e 5798: 5729: 5690: 5653: 5596: 5486: 5462:Cartwright J (16 August 2013). 5455: 5284: 5235: 5194: 4669: 4433: 4378: 4354:Riebeek, Holli (16 June 2011). 4254: 4243:Oxford University Press, 1999, 4241:A Dictionary of Earth Sciences, 4131:than the bottom 1%, IEA, Paris 4121: 4098: 4020: 3869:Evans, Simon (5 October 2021). 3632: 3606: 3594: 3575: 3549: 3515: 3441: 3405: 3323:"Carbon Budget 2009 Highlights" 3222: 3196: 3114: 3055: 3030: 2947: 2930: 2915: 2891: 2792: 2563:Journal of Geophysical Research 1855:Concentration of atmospheric CO 1202:is the ongoing decrease in the 1064:Direct effects of increasing CO 826: 552:There are higher atmospheric CO 541:containing carbon of different 498:Network data are hosted at the 206:. Another direct effect is the 9481:Climate variability and change 8831: 8522:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 7383:10.1126/science.286.5446.1815a 7362:"Early Holocene atmospheric CO 7354:10.1126/science.286.5446.1815a 7333:"Early Holocene Atmospheric CO 7081:Flückiger, Jacqueline (2002). 6703:"Earth's Earliest Atmospheres" 6406:"An actionable climate target" 6120:Environmental Research Letters 5848:Kirschbaum MU (January 2011). 5301:Environmental Research Letters 5045:Environmental Research Letters 3450:"Climate Milestone: Earth's CO 3259:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.08.018 2906:. NASA Global Climate Change. 2703: 2662: 2605: 2409: 2109:Climate reconstruction proxies 1070:increasing global temperatures 573:Causes of the current increase 267:Climate variability and change 13: 1: 9591:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 9126:Climate emergency declaration 7793:10.1126/science.281.5381.1342 7626:10.1016/S0012-8252(00)00042-8 7151:Amos, J. (4 September 2006). 7056:Oak Ridge National Laboratory 6463:Ho, David T. (4 April 2023). 3707:10.1016/S1387-3806(03)00289-6 3448:Kunzig, Robert (9 May 2013). 3379:"Up-to-date weekly average CO 2402: 2280:There is evidence for high CO 2133:during the last 800,000 years 1666:emissions of greenhouse gases 651:Burning fossil fuels such as 621:above pre-industrial levels. 9574:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 8800:Middle East and North Africa 8136: 7403:Geophysical Research Letters 7182:Hileman B. (November 2005). 7116:Global Biogeochemical Cycles 6946:10.1016/0004-6981(72)90076-5 6114:Pisoft, Petr (25 May 2021). 5738:"Recent global decline of CO 5207:Geophysical Research Letters 4786:"Summary for Policymakers". 3826:Global Biogeochemical Cycles 3204:"Frequently Asked Questions" 2276:600 to 400 million years ago 2051:evolutionary history of life 1873:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 1523:caused by heat and dryness, 1472:Indirect effects and impacts 1285:, with a pH higher than 8). 7: 8303: 7857:emissions from volcanoes". 7652:American Journal of Science 7561:American Journal of Science 7464:trend over the Phanerozoic" 6719:10.1101/cshperspect.a004895 6191:10.1007/978-3-319-93284-2_5 5927:Tabor A (8 February 2019). 4494:Canadian Journal of Physics 4444:emissions from volcanoes". 2837:"Global Carbon Budget 2022" 2385: 1987:Drivers of ancient-Earth CO 1895:. When Earth first formed, 1287:Marine calcifying organisms 1281:is acidic yet; it is still 1036:Effects of current increase 696:International Energy Agency 327:Each part per million of CO 104:) in the atmosphere is 421 10: 9704: 9408:Global surface temperature 9299:Popular culture depictions 9211:Ecosystem-based adaptation 8941:Carbon capture and storage 8863:Carbon offsets and credits 8184: 7715:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 7596:Royer, D.L.; R.A. Berner; 7278:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 7083:"High-resolution Holocene 6489:10.1038/d41586-023-00953-x 6404:Geden, Oliver (May 2016). 5605:"Contrasting effects of CO 5153:10.1038/s41598-019-55039-4 4759:The Physical Science Basis 4751:"Summary for Policymakers" 4554:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 4317:Arrhenius, Svante (1896). 4270:. MIT Press. p. 107. 3289:"Trends in Carbon Dioxide" 3140:10.5194/acpd-12-19799-2012 2716:Atkins' Physical Chemistry 2106: 2099:Measuring ancient-Earth CO 1994: 1824: 1781: 1749:Carbon capture and storage 1734: 1709:Approaches for reducing CO 1600: 1548: 1392:gross primary productivity 1376:atmospheric carbon dioxide 1349: 1175: 1142: 1135: 1132:Temperature rise in oceans 1092: 994: 830: 760: 585: 525:is one of these products. 434: 287:Between 1850 and 2019 the 260: 218:causes a range of further 88:. It is one of three main 40:concentration measured at 18:Atmospheric carbon dioxide 9620:Climate change portal 9607: 9546: 9513:Extreme event attribution 9431: 9400: 9396: 9385: 9329: 9264: 9186: 9136:School Strike for Climate 9108: 9104: 9090: 9059: 9015:Climate-smart agriculture 8976: 8933: 8843: 8839: 8826: 8750: 8613: 8560: 8403: 8399: 8386: 8309: 8298: 8227: 8196: 8192: 8179: 8162:Climate change adaptation 8157:Climate change mitigation 8152:Effects of climate change 8142: 8131: 7206:10.1021/cen-v083n048.p007 6971:Li, K.-F. (30 May 2009). 6772:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5 6646:"Greenhouse warming by CH 6372:10.3389/fclim.2021.638805 6338:10.1017/9781009157896.022 6000:Hille K (25 April 2016). 5906:earthobservatory.nasa.gov 5775:10067/1754050151162165141 5638:10.5194/acp-19-12361-2019 5373:10.1007/s00382-018-4388-8 4872:10.1007/s00376-023-2385-2 4801:10.1017/9781009157964.001 4239:A. Allaby and M. Allaby, 4219:Stephen H. Schneider, in 3970:10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019 3958:Earth System Science Data 3026:10.1017/9781009157896.005 2862:10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022 2841:Earth System Science Data 2639:Summary for policy makers 2397:Global temperature record 2345:60 to 5 million years ago 2071:evolution of complex life 2027:internal radioactive heat 1802:climate change mitigation 1737:Climate change mitigation 1551:Effects of climate change 1398:, Land System Models and 1277:(this does not mean that 1125:ocean surface temperature 879:facilitates the linkage. 510:, data are hosted by the 220:effects of climate change 9523:Global warming potential 9330:International agreements 8977:Preserving and enhancing 8421:Arctic methane emissions 8343:Years in climate change 8250:Greenhouse gas emissions 8147:Causes of climate change 7894:"U.S. Geological Survey" 7244:27 February 2015 at the 6920:Lovelock, J. E. (1972). 6141:10.1088/1748-9326/abfe2b 6053:"Effect of increasing CO 5468:environmentalresearchweb 5322:10.1088/1748-9326/ab79e5 5065:10.1088/1748-9326/acaf91 5023:SDG-Tracker.org, website 5010:, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina. " 4213:30 November 2018 at the 3231:"Elevated atmospheric CO 3176:Rasmussen, Carl Edward. 2981:23 February 2016 at the 1877:mid-Pliocene warm period 1535:and sea level rise, and 1212:Carbon dioxide emissions 1158:Earth's energy imbalance 1109:reacts to such changes, 1088:Temperature rise on land 1054:global warming potential 913:. Man-made sources of CO 837:Atmospheric carbon cycle 592:Causes of climate change 588:Greenhouse gas emissions 114:is due to human activity 9554:Climate change scenario 9206:Disaster risk reduction 8858:Carbon emission trading 8668:U.S. insurance industry 8648:Civilizational collapse 8495:sea surface temperature 7975:10.1126/science.1203909 7736:10.1073/pnas.0408724102 7705:; Berner, R.A. (2005). 6998:10.1073/pnas.0809436106 6926:Atmospheric Environment 6801:Buick R (August 2008). 6244:10.1126/science.aav7619 6082:10.1073/pnas.1407302112 5766:10.1126/science.abb7772 5571:10.1073/pnas.2115627119 5269:10.5194/bg-17-3923-2020 5188:16 October 2017 at the 5105:. Royal Society. 2005. 5017:22 January 2022 at the 4975:10.1126/science.1065863 4795:. 2019. pp. 3–36. 4703:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8273 4575:10.1073/pnas.0812721106 4110:22 October 2011 at the 3239:Atmospheric Environment 2713:; de Paula, J. (2006). 2483:Eggleton, Tony (2013). 2416:Gavin, Schmidt (2010), 2139:fluid or gas inclusions 1907:as large as 1,000 1893:faint young sun paradox 1879:. This period can be a 1835:Faint young Sun paradox 1652:, as well as increased 1537:environmental migration 917:include the burning of 751:absorption coefficients 702:of over 50 tonnes of CO 642:burning of fossil fuels 300:Since the start of the 9547:Research and modelling 9231:Nature-based solutions 9051:Nature-based solutions 8993:Carbon dioxide removal 8910:Fossil fuel divestment 8895:Climate risk insurance 8805:Small island countries 8426:Arctic sea ice decline 7645:over Phanerozoic time" 7557:over Phanerozoic time" 7488:10.1126/sciadv.aat4556 7360:IndermÜhle, A (1999). 7299:10.1073/pnas.182420699 6889:10.1098/rstb.2005.1737 6827:10.1098/rstb.2008.0041 3603:Retrieved 2 March 2016 3591:Retrieved 2 March 2016 2134: 2122: 1961:late heavy bombardment 1868: 1848: 1804:strategies. Achieving 1790:Carbon dioxide removal 1784:Carbon dioxide removal 1745:Carbon dioxide removal 1732: 1614: 1423:climate change effects 1410:associated with the CO 1196: 1195:is dropping over time. 1061: 1013: 1009:Air-sea exchange of CO 936:Natural sources of CO 933: 847: 821:Earth's energy balance 788:on Earth (about 70%). 758: 740: 728: 609: 450: 431:Measurement techniques 292: 57: 9508:Earth's energy budget 9391:Background and theory 9279:Climate crisis (term) 8951:Fossil fuel phase-out 8845:Economics and finance 8810:by individual country 8752:By country and region 8727:Security and conflict 8722:Psychological impacts 8411:Abrupt climate change 8334:Charles David Keeling 8167:By country and region 7682:10.2475/ajs.301.2.182 7606:Earth-Science Reviews 7270:"Rapid atmospheric CO 7255:22 April 2021 at the 6701:; Fegley, B. (2010). 5959:Nature Climate Change 5870:10.1104/pp.110.166819 5813:(6522): 1286.5–1287. 5703:Global Change Biology 5499:Nature Climate Change 5419:Global Change Biology 3454:Level Passes 400 ppm" 3016:9 August 2021 at the 2655:2 August 2022 at the 2644:12 March 2023 at the 2128: 2116: 2069:, which rendered the 2053:and most likely used 2007:geochemical processes 1854: 1842: 1831:Great Oxidation Event 1729: 1612: 1570:overall warming trend 1187: 1084:on plants and crops. 1048: 1008: 927: 844: 746: 734: 726: 603: 448: 416:Mauna Loa Observatory 302:Industrial Revolution 289:Global Carbon Project 286: 239:Quaternary glaciation 110:Industrial Revolution 92:in the atmosphere of 42:Mauna Loa Observatory 35: 9337:Glasgow Climate Pact 8998:Carbon sequestration 8573:Mass mortality event 7582:10.2475/ajs.294.1.56 7239:Vostok Ice Core Data 7137:10.1029/2001GB001417 6675:10.1029/1999JE001134 6359:Frontiers in Climate 5979:10.1038/nclimate3004 5519:10.1038/nclimate2879 5220:10.1029/2019GL086421 4135:, License: CC BY 4.0 3847:10.1029/2004GB002410 3587:6 April 2016 at the 3005:7 March 2023 at the 2696:10.1029/2004EO360007 2669:Petty, G.W. (2004). 1997:Biogeochemical cycle 1861:Last Glacial Maximum 1769:carbon sequestration 1741:Carbon sequestration 1654:ocean stratification 1460:Other direct effects 1439:Theory predicts the 1384:primary productivity 1368:fertilization effect 1356:fertilization effect 1345:fertilization effect 1082:fertilization effect 997:Oceanic carbon cycle 991:Oceanic carbon cycle 909:processes of living 212:fertilization effect 86:oceanic carbon cycle 9678:Atmosphere of Earth 9476:Climate sensitivity 9251:The Adaptation Fund 8707:Infectious diseases 8614:Social and economic 8044:; 17 November 2014) 8031:; 13 December 2016) 7967:2011Sci...334.1261P 7871:1991EOSTr..72..249. 7785:1998Sci...281.1342H 7727:2005PNAS..102.1302B 7664:2001AmJS..301..182B 7618:2001ESRv...54..349R 7573:1994AmJS..294...56B 7480:2018SciA....4.4556W 7415:1997GeoRL..24....1S 7290:2002PNAS...9912011W 7128:2002GBioC..16.1010F 6989:2009PNAS..106.9576L 6938:1972AtmEn...6..579L 6819:2008RSPTB.363.2731B 6764:2006PhoRe..88..109O 6666:2000JGR...10511981P 6582:1985OrLi...16..117W 6481:2023Natur.616....9H 6422:2016NatGe...9..340G 6326:Annex VII: Glossary 6236:2019Sci...363..128C 6132:2021ERL....16f4038P 6073:2015PNAS..112..436S 5971:2016NatCC...6..791Z 5854:enrichment studies" 5819:2020Sci...370S1286S 5758:2020Sci...370.1295W 5752:(6522): 1295–1300. 5683:10.5194/bg-2018-213 5629:2019ACP....1912361B 5623:(19): 12361–12375. 5562:2022PNAS..11915627C 5556:(10): e2115627119. 5511:2016NatCC...6..306K 5431:2019GCBio..25.1222H 5365:2019ClDy...52.4393T 5313:2020ERL....15h4009U 5260:2020BGeo...17.3923B 5144:2019NatSR...918624J 5057:2023ERL....18b4033T 4967:2002Sci...295.1275G 4961:(5558): 1275–1277. 4863:2023AdAtS..40..963C 4694:1997PNAS...94.8273K 4625:2009AREPS..37..117A 4566:2009PNAS..106.1704S 4506:2012CaJPh..90..707H 4460:1991EOSTr..72..249. 4454:(23): 249, 254–55. 4178:"Annex II Glossary" 4051:10.1038/nature11299 4043:2012Natur.488...70B 3917:10.1038/nature11299 3909:2012Natur.488...70B 3838:2005GBioC..19.4017B 3789:2011TellB..63....1K 3689:2003IJMSp.228....1G 3531:scrippsco2.ucsd.edu 3466:on 15 December 2013 3459:National Geographic 3329:on 16 December 2011 3251:2007AtmEn..41.7654G 3080:2009AREPS..37..117A 2955:"Conversion Tables" 2872:20.500.11850/594889 2853:2022ESSD...14.4811F 2687:2004EOSTr..85..341P 2575:1996JGR...101.4115E 2359:Antarctic ice sheet 1814:net zero emissions" 1800:, as an element of 1636:. Other effects on 1562:natural environment 1408:ecosystem processes 1396:Earth System Models 1200:Ocean acidification 1178:Ocean acidification 1171:Ocean acidification 1074:ocean acidification 983:(driven largely by 777:role of water vapor 385:Southern Hemisphere 373:Northern Hemisphere 368:Northern Hemisphere 314:ocean acidification 271:Atmospheric methane 204:ocean acidification 9047:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 9019:Forest management 9003:Direct air capture 8968:Sustainable energy 8925:Net zero emissions 8920:Low-carbon economy 8915:Green Climate Fund 8702:Indigenous peoples 8605:Plant biodiversity 8393:Effects and issues 7376:(5446): 1815a–15. 6952:on 3 November 2011 6590:10.1007/BF01809466 6312:2017-10-16 at the 6185:. pp. 55–71. 5908:. 18 February 2020 5359:(7–8): 4393–4406. 5132:Scientific Reports 4934:2021-08-09 at the 4923:2022-10-24 at the 4356:"The Carbon Cycle" 4184:on 3 November 2018 3773:from 1957 to 2003" 3150:20.500.11850/58316 3038:"The World Counts" 2804:in the Atmosphere" 2219:proxy measurements 2135: 2123: 2067:oxygen catastrophe 2015:volcanic degassing 1976:oxygen catastrophe 1897:Earth's atmosphere 1869: 1849: 1806:net zero emissions 1733: 1696:. This causes the 1630:rise in sea levels 1622:ocean temperatures 1615: 1197: 1154:ocean heat content 1138:Ocean heat content 1062: 1014: 934: 862:and deposition of 848: 759: 741: 729: 610: 451: 293: 279:Quaternary climate 157:infrared radiation 62:Earth's atmosphere 58: 9665: 9664: 9603: 9602: 9599: 9598: 9538:Radiative forcing 9381: 9380: 9377: 9376: 9201:Adaptive capacity 9086: 9085: 9082: 9081: 8946:Energy transition 8822: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8542:Tropical cyclones 8468:Urban heat island 8382: 8381: 8294: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8255:Carbon accounting 8209:Greenhouse effect 8175: 8174: 7879:10.1029/90EO10192 7779:(5381): 1342–46. 7423:10.1029/96GL03700 6983:(24): 9576–9579. 6813:(1504): 2731–43. 6527:Technical Summary 6410:Nature Geoscience 6230:(6423): 128–129. 6200:978-3-319-93283-5 5709:(12): 2370–2390. 5676:(22): 6909–6925. 5440:10.1111/gcb.14561 5254:(14): 3923–3942. 5041:greenhouse gases" 4810:978-1-00-915796-4 4769:978-92-9169-158-6 4688:(16): 8273–8274. 4514:10.1139/p2012-033 4468:10.1029/90EO10192 4360:Earth Observatory 4277:978-0-262-69298-4 3245:(35): 7654–7665. 3210:on 17 August 2011 3062:Archer D (2009). 2847:(11): 4811–4900. 2730:978-0-7167-8759-4 2618:www.bloomberg.com 2583:10.1029/95JD03410 2287:Indeed, higher CO 2141:) trapped in the 1963:of Earth by huge 1727: 1682:greenhouse effect 966:volcanic activity 911:aerobic organisms 793:greenhouse effect 786:radiative forcing 767:Radiative forcing 763:Greenhouse effect 748:Longwave-infrared 719:Greenhouse effect 700:carbon footprints 596:Radiative forcing 322:parts per million 296:Current situation 74:greenhouse effect 48:). The rise in CO 16:(Redirected from 9695: 9688:Greenhouse gases 9653: 9652: 9641: 9640: 9629: 9628: 9618: 9617: 9616: 9581:Paleoclimatology 9398: 9397: 9387: 9386: 9148:Ecological grief 9131:Climate movement 9106: 9105: 9092: 9091: 9072:Plant-based diet 8963:Renewable energy 8841: 8840: 8828: 8827: 8663:Economic impacts 8595:Invasive species 8451:Coastal flooding 8401: 8400: 8388: 8387: 8324:Svante Arrhenius 8300: 8299: 8270:from agriculture 8260:Carbon footprint 8245:Greenhouse gases 8194: 8193: 8181: 8180: 8133: 8132: 8118: 8111: 8104: 8095: 8094: 8086: 8085: 8084: 8074: 8073: 8062: 8061: 8053: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8002: 7961:(6060): 1261–4. 7946: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7935: 7916: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7896:. 14 June 2011. 7889: 7883: 7882: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7768: 7759: 7758: 7748: 7738: 7699: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7675: 7649: 7636: 7630: 7629: 7593: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7531: 7524: 7516: 7510: 7509: 7499: 7474:(11): eaat4556. 7468:Science Advances 7455: 7446: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7394: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7358: 7356: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7311: 7301: 7284:(19): 12011–14. 7265: 7259: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7107: 7106: 7105: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7078: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7058:. Archived from 7039: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7010: 7000: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6948:. Archived from 6917: 6911: 6910: 6900: 6883:(1465): 173–94. 6860: 6849: 6848: 6838: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6730: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6677: 6660:(E5): 11981–90. 6641: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6624: 6601: 6567: 6558: 6552: 6540: 6534: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6430:10.1038/ngeo2699 6401: 6395: 6394: 6384: 6374: 6346: 6340: 6322: 6316: 6304: 6299: 6297: 6273: 6264: 6263: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6111: 6105: 6104: 6094: 6084: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5881: 5858:Plant Physiology 5845: 5839: 5838: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5777: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5640: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5583: 5573: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5497:fertilization". 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5442: 5425:(4): 1222–1234. 5406: 5393: 5392: 5353:Climate Dynamics 5344: 5335: 5334: 5324: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5271: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5222: 5198: 5192: 5180: 5175: 5165: 5155: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5104: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5032: 5026: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4945: 4939: 4913: 4907: 4902: 4892: 4874: 4841: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4819: 4794: 4783: 4774: 4773: 4755: 4743: 4734: 4733: 4723: 4705: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4644: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4587: 4577: 4542: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4522: 4491: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4424: 4420: 4418: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4400: 4393: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4334: 4323: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4301: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4258: 4252: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4157: 4150: 4142: 4136: 4125: 4119: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4094:on 23 July 2012. 4090:. Archived from 4080: 4071: 4070: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4013: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3964:(4): 1783–1838. 3954: 3945: 3944: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3877:. Carbon Brief. 3866: 3860: 3859: 3849: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3800: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3739: 3723: 3721: 3715: 3700: 3672: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3485: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3462:. Archived from 3445: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3284: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3152: 3142: 3133:(5): 2793–2825. 3118: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3042:The World Counts 3034: 3028: 2996: 2985: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2934: 2928: 2926: 2919: 2913: 2912:Updated monthly. 2911: 2895: 2889: 2882: 2876: 2874: 2864: 2831: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2770: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2675:Eos Transactions 2666: 2660: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2524: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2480: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2443: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2413: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2063:hydrogen sulfide 1954: 1953: 1952: 1905:partial pressure 1827:Paleoclimatology 1728: 1626:marine heatwaves 1624:. More frequent 1529:coastal flooding 1513: 1504: 1493: 1484: 1272: 1268: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1240: 1117:, which is that 1103:greenhouse gases 1050:Physical drivers 985:land-use changes 805:Svante Arrhenius 791:Earth's natural 578:Anthropogenic CO 304:, atmospheric CO 275:Holocene climate 169:vibrational mode 90:greenhouse gases 21: 9703: 9702: 9698: 9697: 9696: 9694: 9693: 9692: 9668: 9667: 9666: 9661: 9614: 9612: 9595: 9542: 9533:Orbital forcing 9427: 9392: 9373: 9347:Paris Agreement 9325: 9321:Warming stripes 9260: 9226:Managed retreat 9221:Loss and damage 9182: 9116:Business action 9100: 9078: 9055: 8978: 8972: 8929: 8890:Climate finance 8835: 8814: 8746: 8609: 8585:Extinction risk 8561:Flora and fauna 8556: 8517:Permafrost thaw 8512:Ozone depletion 8441:Extreme weather 8395: 8378: 8305: 8286: 8223: 8188: 8171: 8138: 8127: 8122: 8092: 8082: 8080: 8068: 8056: 8048: 8038: 8016: 8011: 8010: 8000: 7998: 7947: 7943: 7933: 7931: 7923: 7918: 7917: 7913: 7903: 7901: 7892: 7890: 7886: 7856: 7851: 7847: 7837: 7835: 7822:Siegel, Ethan. 7820: 7816: 7769: 7762: 7710: 7700: 7696: 7688: 7647: 7644: 7637: 7633: 7603: 7594: 7590: 7556: 7549: 7545: 7535: 7533: 7529: 7522: 7518: 7517: 7513: 7463: 7456: 7449: 7442: 7438: 7400: 7395: 7391: 7366:concentrations" 7365: 7337:Concentrations" 7336: 7329: 7325: 7273: 7266: 7262: 7257:Wayback Machine 7246:Wayback Machine 7237: 7233: 7223: 7221: 7187: 7180: 7176: 7166: 7164: 7149: 7145: 7111: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7079: 7075: 7065: 7063: 7062:on 5 March 2012 7047: 7040: 7036: 7026: 7024: 6969: 6965: 6955: 6953: 6918: 6914: 6872: 6863:Osborne, C.P.; 6861: 6852: 6799: 6795: 6752:Photosynth. Res 6748: 6744: 6713:(10): a004895. 6695: 6691: 6649: 6642: 6638: 6628: 6626: 6622: 6565: 6559: 6555: 6541: 6537: 6524: 6520: 6461: 6457: 6447: 6445: 6402: 6398: 6347: 6343: 6323: 6319: 6314:Wayback Machine 6274: 6267: 6220: 6216: 6201: 6179: 6175: 6165: 6163: 6153: 6149: 6112: 6108: 6056: 6049: 6045: 6035: 6033: 6031:Washington Post 6025: 6024: 6020: 6010: 6008: 5998: 5994: 5951: 5947: 5937: 5935: 5925: 5921: 5911: 5909: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5853: 5846: 5842: 5803: 5799: 5741: 5734: 5730: 5700: 5695: 5691: 5665: 5658: 5654: 5612: 5608: 5601: 5597: 5545: 5538: 5534: 5496: 5491: 5487: 5477: 5475: 5474:on 27 June 2018 5460: 5456: 5414: 5407: 5396: 5350: 5345: 5338: 5296: 5289: 5285: 5240: 5236: 5199: 5195: 5190:Wayback Machine 5124: 5120: 5113: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5040: 5033: 5029: 5019:Wayback Machine 5002: 4998: 4949:Gille, Sarah T. 4946: 4942: 4936:Wayback Machine 4925:Wayback Machine 4914: 4910: 4842: 4833: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4811: 4792: 4785: 4784: 4777: 4770: 4753: 4744: 4737: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4605: 4601: 4543: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4489: 4486: 4479: 4475: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4422: 4421: 4412: 4411: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4369: 4367: 4352: 4348: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4321: 4315: 4311: 4295: 4294: 4287: 4285: 4278: 4259: 4255: 4238: 4232: 4218: 4215:Wayback Machine 4201: 4197: 4187: 4185: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4112:Wayback Machine 4103: 4099: 4082: 4081: 4074: 4037:(7409): 70–72. 4025: 4021: 4011: 4009: 3990: 3986: 3955: 3948: 3903:(7409): 70–72. 3893: 3889: 3875:CarbonBrief.org 3867: 3863: 3818: 3814: 3772: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3698:10.1.1.173.2083 3670: 3663: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3589:Wayback Machine 3580: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3526: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3506: 3504: 3487: 3486: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3453: 3446: 3442: 3432: 3430: 3416: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3382: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3355:. 10 May 2013. 3347: 3346: 3342: 3332: 3330: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3306: 3304: 3285: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3234: 3227: 3223: 3213: 3211: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3060: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3018:Wayback Machine 3007:Wayback Machine 2997: 2988: 2983:Wayback Machine 2968: 2966: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2832: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2803: 2800:"Climate and CO 2798: 2797: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2771: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2731: 2708: 2704: 2667: 2663: 2657:Wayback Machine 2646:Wayback Machine 2636: 2632: 2622: 2620: 2610: 2606: 2569:(D2): 4115–28. 2560: 2555: 2551: 2541: 2539: 2526: 2525: 2516: 2506: 2504: 2497: 2481: 2470: 2460: 2458: 2453:. 3 June 2022. 2445: 2444: 2433: 2424: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2388: 2378: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2352: 2347: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2320: 2309: 2305: 2290: 2283: 2278: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2231: 2224: 2216: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2188: 2183: 2175: 2152: 2132: 2120: 2111: 2105: 2102: 2094: 2089: 2082: 2076: 2055:reducing agents 2044: 2039: 2032: 2024: 2004: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1981:Cambrian period 1951: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1902: 1886: 1858: 1846: 1837: 1823: 1818: 1817: 1795: 1787: 1765: 1751: 1735:Main articles: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1642:sea ice decline 1632:due to melting 1616:There are many 1606: 1598: 1597: 1590:desertification 1578:extreme weather 1554: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1541:desertification 1516: 1515: 1514: 1506: 1505: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1486: 1485: 1474: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1456: 1450: 1446: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1420: 1413: 1406:. However, the 1405: 1389: 1381: 1367: 1359: 1355: 1347: 1344: 1338: 1337: 1307: 1303: 1270: 1266: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1250: 1247:bicarbonate ion 1239: 1235: 1231: 1221: 1217: 1206:of the Earth's 1181: 1173: 1168: 1167: 1148: 1140: 1134: 1129: 1128: 1098: 1090: 1081: 1067: 1043: 1038: 1031: 1027: 1019: 1012: 1003: 1001:Biological pump 995:Main articles: 993: 982: 975: 963: 959: 955: 947: 939: 931: 916: 885: 878: 857: 839: 831:Main articles: 829: 818: 814: 810: 802: 783: 769: 761:Main articles: 756: 738: 721: 716: 709: 705: 690: 685:land use change 682: 670: 639: 635: 631: 619: 615: 607: 598: 584: 581: 575: 567: 563: 555: 548: 543:isotopic ratios 540: 534: 532: 524: 484: 468: 461: 443: 433: 425: 419:Earth history." 413: 406: 400: 392:near the ground 378: 365: 360: 353: 338: 330: 319: 307: 298: 281: 259: 244: 235:Cambrian period 232: 228: 217: 211: 193: 186: 174: 139: 127: 122: 103: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9701: 9691: 9690: 9685: 9683:Carbon dioxide 9680: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9659: 9647: 9635: 9623: 9608: 9605: 9604: 9601: 9600: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9577: 9576: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9550: 9548: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9499: 9498: 9488: 9486:Cloud feedback 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9467: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9441: 9435: 9433: 9429: 9428: 9426: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9404: 9402: 9394: 9393: 9383: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9360: 9359: 9354: 9344: 9342:Kyoto Protocol 9339: 9333: 9331: 9327: 9326: 9324: 9323: 9318: 9317: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9296: 9294:Media coverage 9291: 9286: 9284:Climate spiral 9281: 9276: 9270: 9268: 9262: 9261: 9259: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9192: 9190: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9180: 9175: 9173:Public opinion 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9139: 9138: 9128: 9123: 9121:Climate action 9118: 9112: 9110: 9102: 9101: 9088: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9076: 9075: 9074: 9063: 9061: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9053: 9048: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9035: 9033:REDD and REDD+ 9030: 9025: 9017: 9012: 9010:Carbon farming 9007: 9006: 9005: 9000: 8990: 8984: 8982: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8954: 8953: 8943: 8937: 8935: 8931: 8930: 8928: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8871: 8870: 8860: 8855: 8849: 8847: 8837: 8836: 8824: 8823: 8820: 8819: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8756: 8754: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8744: 8742:Water security 8739: 8737:Water scarcity 8734: 8732:Urban flooding 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8693: 8692: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8634: 8633: 8628: 8617: 8615: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8590:Forest dieback 8587: 8582: 8577: 8576: 8575: 8564: 8562: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8527:Sea level rise 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8508: 8507: 8502: 8500:stratification 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8472: 8471: 8470: 8465: 8455: 8454: 8453: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8407: 8405: 8397: 8396: 8384: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8375: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8310: 8307: 8306: 8296: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8288: 8287: 8285: 8284: 8279: 8278: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8265:Carbon leakage 8262: 8257: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8221: 8216: 8206: 8204:Climate system 8200: 8198: 8190: 8189: 8177: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8129: 8128: 8125:Climate change 8121: 8120: 8113: 8106: 8098: 8091: 8090: 8088:Earth sciences 8078: 8076:Global warming 8066: 8046: 8045: 8036: 8032: 8022: 8015: 8014:External links 8012: 8009: 8008: 7941: 7921: 7911: 7884: 7865:(23): 249–55. 7854: 7845: 7814: 7760: 7721:(5): 1302–05. 7708: 7703:Beerling, D.J. 7694: 7673:10.1.1.393.582 7658:(2): 182–204. 7642: 7631: 7601: 7588: 7554: 7543: 7511: 7461: 7447: 7436: 7398: 7389: 7363: 7347:(5446): 1815. 7334: 7323: 7271: 7260: 7231: 7185: 7174: 7143: 7109: 7102: 7089: 7073: 7045: 7044:"Historical CO 7034: 6963: 6932:(8): 579–580. 6912: 6870: 6865:Beerling, D.J. 6850: 6793: 6742: 6689: 6647: 6636: 6553: 6535: 6518: 6455: 6416:(5): 340–342. 6396: 6351:Wreford, Anita 6341: 6317: 6265: 6214: 6199: 6173: 6147: 6106: 6054: 6043: 6018: 5992: 5965:(8): 791–795. 5945: 5919: 5893: 5851: 5840: 5797: 5739: 5728: 5698: 5689: 5670:Biogeosciences 5666:fertilization" 5663: 5652: 5610: 5606: 5595: 5543: 5532: 5505:(3): 306–310. 5494: 5485: 5454: 5412: 5394: 5348: 5336: 5294: 5283: 5248:Biogeosciences 5234: 5193: 5118: 5111: 5089: 5038: 5027: 4996: 4940: 4908: 4857:(6): 963–974. 4831: 4809: 4775: 4768: 4735: 4668: 4599: 4560:(6): 1704–09. 4534: 4484: 4473: 4441: 4432: 4423:|journal= 4377: 4346: 4309: 4276: 4253: 4195: 4169: 4137: 4128: 4120: 4097: 4072: 4019: 3984: 3946: 3887: 3861: 3812: 3770: 3759: 3749: 3736: 3727: 3657: 3631: 3605: 3601:RAMCES webpage 3593: 3574: 3548: 3524: 3514: 3477: 3451: 3440: 3414: 3404: 3380: 3370: 3340: 3314: 3287:Tans, Pieter. 3276: 3232: 3221: 3195: 3168: 3113: 3054: 3029: 2986: 2946: 2929: 2914: 2890: 2821: 2801: 2791: 2773:Ahmed, Issam. 2762: 2736: 2729: 2702: 2681:(36): 229–51. 2661: 2630: 2604: 2558: 2549: 2514: 2495: 2468: 2431: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2387: 2384: 2376: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2350: 2349:Atmospheric CO 2346: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2318: 2315:Snowball Earth 2307: 2303: 2288: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2229: 2222: 2214: 2206: 2197: 2186: 2181: 2173: 2157:. The longest 2150: 2130: 2118: 2104: 2100: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2080: 2074: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2030: 2022: 2002: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1972:cyanobacterial 1949: 1917:photosynthesis 1900: 1884: 1856: 1844: 1822: 1819: 1798:climate policy 1793: 1788: 1780: 1773:geoengineering 1763: 1714: 1713:concentrations 1710: 1707: 1701: 1690:climate system 1674:Carbon dioxide 1658:ocean currents 1607: 1599: 1594:tipping points 1566:climate system 1558:climate change 1555: 1547: 1525:bleached coral 1518: 1517: 1508: 1507: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1488: 1487: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1448: 1447:uptake from CO 1444: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1418: 1411: 1403: 1387: 1379: 1372:photosynthesis 1365: 1360: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1310:ocean currents 1305: 1301: 1237: 1233: 1219: 1215: 1182: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1164:Southern Ocean 1149: 1141: 1133: 1130: 1111:climate change 1107:climate system 1099: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1079: 1065: 1042: 1041:Direct effects 1039: 1037: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1017: 1010: 992: 989: 980: 973: 961: 957: 953: 945: 937: 929: 914: 899:organic matter 883: 876: 860:photosynthesis 855: 828: 825: 816: 812: 808: 800: 781: 773:greenhouse gas 754: 736: 720: 717: 715: 712: 707: 703: 688: 680: 668: 637: 633: 629: 617: 613: 605: 583: 579: 576: 574: 571: 570: 569: 565: 561: 558: 553: 550: 549:concentration. 546: 538: 533: 530: 527: 522: 483: 480: 466: 459: 432: 429: 428: 427: 423: 422:As of 2018, CO 420: 411: 408: 404: 399: 396: 376: 363: 362:Atmospheric CO 359: 356: 351: 336: 328: 317: 310:global warming 305: 297: 294: 263:Climate change 258: 255: 242: 230: 226: 215: 209: 191: 184: 172: 163:are 4.26 137: 134:climate change 125: 120: 101: 82:photosynthesis 66:carbon dioxide 49: 37: 36:Atmospheric CO 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9700: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9675: 9673: 9658: 9657: 9648: 9646: 9645: 9636: 9634: 9633: 9624: 9622: 9621: 9610: 9609: 9606: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9559:Climate model 9557: 9555: 9552: 9551: 9549: 9545: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9497: 9494: 9493: 9492: 9491:Cloud forcing 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9446: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9430: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9388: 9384: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9349: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9328: 9322: 9319: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9301: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9267: 9266:Communication 9263: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9246:Vulnerability 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9216:Flood control 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9185: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9137: 9134: 9133: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9093: 9089: 9073: 9070: 9069: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9058: 9052: 9049: 9046: 9043: 9039: 9038:reforestation 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9023:afforestation 9021: 9020: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8995: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8975: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8958:Nuclear power 8956: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8932: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8869: 8866: 8865: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8853:Carbon budget 8851: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8829: 8825: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8757: 8755: 8753: 8749: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8691: 8690:Mental health 8688: 8687: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8669: 8666: 8665: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8632: 8631:United States 8629: 8627: 8624: 8623: 8622: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8612: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8559: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8485:deoxygenation 8483: 8481: 8480:acidification 8478: 8477: 8476: 8473: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8459: 8456: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8389: 8385: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8311: 8308: 8301: 8297: 8283: 8280: 8276: 8275:from wetlands 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8235:Deforestation 8233: 8232: 8230: 8226: 8220: 8217: 8214: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8182: 8178: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8141: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8119: 8114: 8112: 8107: 8105: 8100: 8099: 8096: 8089: 8079: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8054: 8051: 8043: 8039: 8033: 8030: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8017: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7945: 7929: 7925: 7915: 7899: 7895: 7888: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7849: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7818: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7767: 7765: 7756: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7704: 7698: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7646: 7635: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7612:(4): 349–92. 7611: 7607: 7599: 7598:D.J. Beerling 7592: 7583: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7547: 7528: 7521: 7515: 7507: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7454: 7452: 7445: 7440: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7393: 7384: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7355: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7327: 7319: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7264: 7258: 7254: 7251: 7250:ncdc.noaa.gov 7247: 7243: 7240: 7235: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7178: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7138: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7077: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7038: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6967: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6916: 6908: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6866: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6846: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6758:(2): 109–17. 6757: 6753: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6693: 6685: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6640: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6600: 6599:2027.42/43349 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6576:(2): 117–27. 6575: 6571: 6564: 6557: 6550: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6459: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6400: 6392: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6345: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6324:IPCC, 2021: " 6321: 6315: 6311: 6308: 6303: 6296: 6291: 6288:(1): 83–112. 6287: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6270: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6218: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6177: 6162: 6158: 6151: 6142: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6126:(6): 064038. 6125: 6121: 6117: 6110: 6102: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6067:(2): 436–41. 6066: 6062: 6058: 6047: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6007: 6003: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5949: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5889: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5864:(1): 117–24. 5863: 5859: 5855: 5844: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5732: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5693: 5684: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5656: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5599: 5591: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5489: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5458: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5343: 5341: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5307:(8): 084009. 5306: 5302: 5298: 5293:"Inferring CO 5287: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5197: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5179: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5122: 5114: 5112:0-85403-617-2 5108: 5101: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5051:(2): 024033. 5050: 5046: 5042: 5031: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4944: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4790: 4782: 4780: 4771: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4740: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4619:(1): 117–34. 4618: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4546:Susan Solomon 4541: 4539: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4500:(8): 707–16. 4499: 4495: 4488: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4436: 4428: 4416: 4397: 4390: 4389: 4381: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4350: 4331: 4327: 4320: 4313: 4305: 4299: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4257: 4250: 4249:0-19-280079-5 4246: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4229:0-521-78238-4 4226: 4222: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4154: 4147: 4141: 4134: 4124: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4106: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4077: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4023: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3951: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3891: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3763: 3756: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3669: 3661: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3602: 3597: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3582:WDCGG webpage 3578: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3518: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3482: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3444: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3408: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3383:at Mauna Loa" 3374: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3328: 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482:Data networks 479: 476: 472: 463: 457: 447: 442: 438: 421: 417: 409: 402: 401: 395: 393: 388: 386: 382: 381:plant biomass 374: 369: 355: 348: 344: 340: 334: 325: 323: 315: 311: 303: 290: 285: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 254: 252: 248: 240: 236: 223: 221: 213: 205: 201: 197: 188: 182: 178: 170: 166: 162: 158: 153: 151: 147: 146:deforestation 143: 135: 131: 117: 115: 111: 107: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 55: 47: 46:Keeling Curve 43: 34: 30: 19: 9654: 9642: 9630: 9611: 9444:Carbon cycle 9401:Measurements 9096:Society and 8980:carbon sinks 8885:Climate debt 8875:Carbon price 8697:Human rights 8532:Season creep 8490:heat content 8416:Anoxic event 8329:James Hansen 8212: 7999:. Retrieved 7958: 7954: 7944: 7932:. Retrieved 7914: 7902:. Retrieved 7887: 7862: 7858: 7848: 7836:. Retrieved 7827: 7817: 7776: 7772: 7718: 7714: 7697: 7655: 7651: 7634: 7609: 7605: 7591: 7567:(1): 56–91. 7564: 7560: 7546: 7534:. Retrieved 7514: 7471: 7467: 7439: 7406: 7402: 7392: 7373: 7369: 7344: 7340: 7326: 7281: 7277: 7263: 7234: 7222:. Retrieved 7197: 7191: 7177: 7165:. Retrieved 7156: 7146: 7119: 7115: 7076: 7064:. Retrieved 7060:the original 7051: 7037: 7025:. Retrieved 6980: 6976: 6966: 6954:. Retrieved 6950:the original 6929: 6925: 6915: 6880: 6876: 6810: 6806: 6796: 6755: 6751: 6745: 6710: 6706: 6699:Schaefer, L. 6697:Zahnle, K.; 6692: 6657: 6653: 6639: 6627:. Retrieved 6573: 6569: 6556: 6538: 6521: 6472: 6468: 6458: 6446:. Retrieved 6413: 6409: 6399: 6362: 6358: 6344: 6320: 6285: 6281: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6182: 6176: 6164:. Retrieved 6160: 6150: 6123: 6119: 6109: 6064: 6060: 6046: 6034:. Retrieved 6030: 6021: 6009:. Retrieved 6005: 5995: 5962: 5958: 5948: 5936:. 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Retrieved 2423:, retrieved 2418: 2411: 2382: 2348: 2312: 2286: 2279: 2249: 2227: 2195: 2171: 2136: 2040: 2019:carbon cycle 2000: 1969: 1929: 1889: 1870: 1865:deglaciation 1813: 1809: 1777: 1752: 1670:fossil fuels 1582:forest fires 1463: 1416: 1361: 1332:burning and 1263:hydrogen ion 1198: 1150: 1100: 1063: 1032:in the air. 1022: 1015: 978: 976:each year. 942:carbon sinks 935: 919:fossil fuels 881: 852:carbon cycle 849: 833:Carbon cycle 827:Carbon cycle 798: 790: 770: 710:per person. 693: 650: 623: 611: 520: 485: 471:Dave Keeling 464: 452: 389: 361: 349: 345: 341: 326: 299: 224: 189: 154: 144:production, 130:fossil fuels 118: 78:carbon cycle 59: 29: 9471:Carbon sink 9449:atmospheric 9314:video games 8988:Blue carbon 8621:Agriculture 8600:Marine life 8547:Water cycle 8505:temperature 8240:Fossil fuel 7838:6 September 7122:(1): 1010. 6475:(7955): 9. 6382:1885/270309 6036:11 November 6011:27 December 5938:27 December 5912:27 December 4012:12 February 3783:(1): 1–22. 3683:(1): 1–33. 3307:11 December 2755:9 September 2542:18 December 2341:each year. 2327:Precambrian 2293:Phanerozoic 2255:diterpenoid 1936:Pleistocene 1644:, reducing 1576:, and more 1568:include an 1556:Effects of 1334:agriculture 1330:fossil fuel 1243:dissociates 1105:. 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NASA. 4339:14 March 4330:Archived 4288:14 March 4282:Archived 4264:(2003). 4211:Archived 4162:14 March 4153:Archived 4108:Archived 4059:22859203 4006:Archived 3933:22859203 3879:Archived 3777:Tellus B 3711:Archived 3650:14 March 3644:Archived 3624:14 March 3618:Archived 3585:Archived 3567:14 March 3561:Archived 3541:14 March 3535:Archived 3527:Program" 3507:14 March 3501:Archived 3427:Archived 3391:Archived 3357:Archived 3301:Archived 3263:Archived 3188:14 March 3182:Archived 3155:Archived 3100:Archived 3014:Archived 3003:Archived 2979:Archived 2963:Archived 2908:Archived 2887:license. 2808:Archived 2779:phys.org 2749:Archived 2653:Archived 2642:Archived 2599:19674607 2536:Archived 2507:14 March 2501:Archived 2455:Archived 2386:See also 2300:Devonian 2163:ice ages 2159:ice core 2059:hydrogen 2057:such as 1941:nitrogen 1932:Holocene 1640:include 1521:Wildfire 1322:nitrogen 1291:mollusks 1283:alkaline 1279:seawater 1261:) and a 1241:) which 1193:pH value 1190:seawater 905:and the 888:volcanic 886:include 612:While CO 251:Triassic 247:Devonian 140:include 9459:oceanic 9309:fiction 9158:Justice 9109:Society 8717:Poverty 8436:Drought 8304:History 8228:Sources 8050:Portals 7963:Bibcode 7955:Science 7920:"New CO 7867:Bibcode 7801:9721097 7781:Bibcode 7773:Science 7723:Bibcode 7660:Bibcode 7614:Bibcode 7569:Bibcode 7497:6261654 7476:Bibcode 7411:Bibcode 7370:Science 7341:Science 7286:Bibcode 7124:Bibcode 7066:12 June 7008:2701016 6985:Bibcode 6934:Bibcode 6898:1626541 6873:plants" 6836:2606769 6815:Bibcode 6760:Bibcode 6728:2944365 6662:Bibcode 6578:Bibcode 6477:Bibcode 6448:7 March 6418:Bibcode 6232:Bibcode 6224:Science 6128:Bibcode 6092:4299228 6069:Bibcode 5987:7980894 5967:Bibcode 5879:3075783 5815:Bibcode 5807:Science 5754:Bibcode 5746:Science 5723:2861520 5625:Bibcode 5581:8915860 5558:Bibcode 5507:Bibcode 5427:Bibcode 5361:Bibcode 5309:Bibcode 5256:Bibcode 5163:6901524 5140:Bibcode 5053:Bibcode 5025:(2018). 5004:Ritchie 4963:Bibcode 4954:Science 4890:9832248 4859:Bibcode 4690:Bibcode 4621:Bibcode 4585:2632717 4562:Bibcode 4502:Bibcode 4456:Bibcode 4370:5 April 4067:4335259 4039:Bibcode 3941:4335259 3905:Bibcode 3834:Bibcode 3785:Bibcode 3685:Bibcode 3247:Bibcode 3214:13 June 3161:7 March 3106:7 March 3076:Bibcode 2976:Alt URL 2969:18 July 2849:Bibcode 2683:Bibcode 2571:Bibcode 2461:14 June 2251:Phytane 2245:stomata 2241:isotope 2178:stomata 2047:evolved 1925:Methane 1755:methane 1678:methane 1441:tropics 1318:sea ice 1275:acidity 1245:into a 846:carbon. 475:Caltech 196:methane 150:biomass 9439:Albedo 9432:Theory 9143:Denial 8934:Energy 8795:Europe 8775:Arctic 8760:Africa 8685:Health 8680:Gender 8643:Cities 8568:Biomes 8475:Oceans 8463:Marine 8186:Causes 8064:Energy 8001:14 May 7989: 7981: 7828:Forbes 7807: 7799: 7753: 7746:547859 7743: 7670: 7504: 7494: 7429: 7316: 7309:129389 7306: 7212: 7108:and CO 7015: 7005: 6905: 6895: 6843: 6833: 6786: 6778: 6735: 6725: 6682: 6614: 6606: 6529:. In: 6511: 6503: 6495: 6469:Nature 6436: 6389: 6258: 6250: 6207: 6197: 6166:8 July 6099: 6089: 5985: 5886: 5876: 5833: 5790: 5782: 5721: 5645: 5588: 5578: 5525: 5447: 5387: 5379: 5329: 5276: 5227: 5170: 5160: 5109: 5079: 5071: 4989: 4981: 4897: 4887: 4879: 4807: 4766: 4728: 4718: 4710: 4649: 4592: 4582: 4274: 4247: 4227: 4065: 4057: 4030:Nature 3939: 3931: 3923: 3897:Nature 3854: 3805: 3720:2 July 3695: 3470:12 May 3433:11 May 3397:1 June 3363:10 May 2727: 2623:13 May 2597: 2589: 2493: 2258:alkane 2238:carbon 2013:, and 1921:reduce 1833:, and 1747:, and 1638:oceans 1588:, and 1533:storms 1326:sulfur 1295:corals 1076:and a 893:, the 659:, and 594:, and 277:, and 148:, and 142:cement 9656:Index 9418:Proxy 9178:Women 8653:Crime 8580:Birds 8446:Flood 7987:S2CID 7805:S2CID 7689:(PDF) 7648:(PDF) 7530:(PDF) 7523:(PDF) 7427:S2CID 6784:S2CID 6623:(PDF) 6612:S2CID 6566:(PDF) 6547:. 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