Atmosphere of Venus

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in her, tho in Jupiter and Mars, which seem much less to us, they are very plainly perceived. For if Venus had any such thing as Sea and Land, the former must necessarily show much more obscure than the other, as anyone may satisfy himself, that from a very high Mountain will but look down upon our Earth. I thought that perhaps the too brisk Light of Venus might be the occasion of this equal appearance; but when I used an Eye-glass that was smok’d for the purpose, it was still the same thing. What then, must Venus have no Sea, or do the Waters there reflect the Light more than ours do, or their Land less? or rather (which is most probable in my opinion) is not all that Light we see reflected from an Atmosphere surrounding Venus, which being thicker and more solid than that in Mars or Jupiter, hinders our seeing any thing of the Globe it self, and is at the same time capable of sending back the Rays that it receives from the Sun?

499: 484: 1734: 627: 2051:, scientists were able to analyze sunlight that passed through the planet's atmosphere to reveal chemicals within it. As the technique to analyse light to discover information about a planet's atmosphere only first showed results in 2001, this was the first opportunity to gain conclusive results in this way on the atmosphere of Venus since observation of solar transits began. This solar transit was a rare opportunity considering the lack of information on the atmosphere between 65 and 85 km. The solar transit in 2004 enabled astronomers to gather a large amount of data useful not only in determining the composition of the upper atmosphere of Venus, but also in refining techniques used in searching for 10735: 541:) might be present in trace amounts in Venus's atmosphere. This would be noteworthy as phosphine is a potential biomarker indicating the presence of life. This was prompted by an announcement in September 2020 that this compound had been detected in trace amounts. No known abiotic source present on Venus could produce phosphine in the quantities detected. On review, an interpolation error was discovered that resulted in multiple spurious spectroscopic lines, including the spectral feature of phosphine. Re-analysis of data with the fixed algorithm either do not result in the detection of the phosphine or detected it with much lower concentration of 1 ppb. 1576: 2134:(Venus Climate Orbiter), launched in May 2010, is studying the planet for a period of two years, including the structure and activity of the atmosphere, but it failed to enter Venus orbit in December 2010. A second attempt to achieve orbit succeeded 7 December 2015. Designed specifically to study the planet's climate, Akatsuki is the first meteorology satellite to orbit Venus (the first for a planet other than Earth). One of its five cameras known as the "IR2" will be able to probe the atmosphere of the planet underneath its thick clouds, in addition to its movement and distribution of trace components. With a highly 1099: 2091: 2216:

altitude where sunlight, air pressure, and wind speed would enable it to remain in the air perpetually, with slight dips down to lower altitudes for a few hours at a time before returning to higher altitudes. As sulfuric acid in the clouds at this height is not a threat for a properly shielded craft, this so-called "solar flyer" would be able to measure the area in between 45 km and 60 km indefinitely, for however long it takes for mechanical error or unforeseen problems to cause it to fail. Landis also proposed that rovers similar to

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oxides", "suboxides", "sulfur oxides", "oxygen", "elemental sulfur", "nitrogen oxides", "sulfuric acid clusters", "polysulfur oxides", "carbon soot", etc.). Lightning could contribute to the production of carbon monoxide and oxygen gas by converting sulfur and sulfur dioxide into sulfuric acid, and water and sulfuric dioxide to sulfur to sustain clouds. Regardless of how frequent lightning on Venus is, it is important to study as it can be a potential hazard for spacecraft.

1402: 2150: 600: 29: 8107: 407: 8117: 1149: 10887: 10911: 10711: 6493: 1197:. Vortices rotate with the period of about 3 days in the direction of general super-rotation of the atmosphere. The linear wind speeds are 35–50 m/s near their outer edges and zero at the poles. The temperature at the cloud-tops in each polar vortex is much higher than in the nearby polar collars, reaching 250 K (−23 °C). The conventional interpretation of the polar vortices is that they are 1177:, which is also concentrated in the vicinity of ±60° latitudes. Poleward of the Hadley cell a different pattern of circulation is observed. In the latitude range 60°–70° cold polar collars exist. They are characterized by temperatures about 30–40 K lower than in the upper troposphere at nearby latitudes. The lower temperature is probably caused by the upwelling of the air in them and by the resulting 10863: 10723: 10899: 6472: 10875: 2239:(Venus-D) probe in 2029. The main scientific goals of the Venera-D mission are investigation of the structure and chemical composition of the atmosphere and investigation of the upper atmosphere, ionosphere, electrical activity, magnetosphere, and escape rate. It has been proposed to fly together with Venera-D an inflatable aircraft designed by Northrop Grumman, called 1082:

differences in temperature to a certain extent, anywhere from about 50 to 54 km or so above the surface would be the easiest altitude in which to base an exploration or colony, where the temperature would be in the crucial "liquid water" range of 273 K (0 °C) to 323 K (50 °C) and the air pressure the same as habitable regions of Earth. As CO

1870:(OCS). The first two gases react with each other, implying that something must produce them. Carbonyl sulfide is difficult to produce inorganically, but it is present in the Venusian atmosphere. However, the planet's volcanism could explain the presence of carbonyl sulfide. In addition, one of the early Venera probes detected large amounts of toxic 1726:. It is theorized that early volcanic activity released sulfur into the atmosphere and the high temperatures prevented it from being trapped into solid compounds on the surface as it was on the Earth. Besides sulfuric acid, cloud droplets can contain a wide array of sulfate salts, raising pH of droplet to 1.0 in one of scenarios explaining the 1920:

Venus, and was detected primarily at mid-latitudes with none detected at the poles of Venus. Scientists note that the detection itself could be further verified beyond the use of multiple telescopes detecting the same signal, as the phosphine fingerprint described in the study could theoretically be a false signal introduced by the

426:. The amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere is relatively small compared to the amount of carbon dioxide, but because the atmosphere is so much thicker than that on Earth, its total nitrogen content is roughly four times higher than Earth's, even though on Earth nitrogen makes up about 78% of the atmosphere. 3410:

Cordiner, M. A.; Villanueva, G. L.; Wiesemeyer, H.; Milam, S. N.; De Pater, I.; Moullet, A.; Aladro, R.; Nixon, C. A.; Thelen, A. E.; Charnley, S. B.; Stutzki, J.; Kofman, V.; Faggi, S.; Liuzzi, G.; Cosentino, R.; McGuire, B. A. (2022), "Phosphine in the Venusian Atmosphere: A Strict Upper Limit from

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on both the top and the bottom of a craft could be used with nearly equal efficiency. In addition to this, the slightly lower gravity, high air pressure and slow rotation allowing for perpetual solar power make this part of the planet ideal for exploration. The proposed flyer would operate best at an

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troposphere super-rotates more slowly than the troposphere at the midlatitudes. The winds also have a strong vertical gradient. They decline deep in the troposphere with the rate of 3 m/s per km. The winds near the surface of Venus are much slower than that on Earth. They actually move

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could possibly explore the surface, with the difference being that Venus surface rovers would be "dumb" rovers controlled by radio signals from computers located in the flyer above, only requiring parts such as motors and transistors to withstand the surface conditions, but not weaker parts involved

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occurred, leading to the current greenhouse-dominated atmosphere. The timing of this transition away from Earthlike is not known, but is estimated to have occurred around 4 billion years ago. The runaway greenhouse effect may have been caused by the evaporation of the surface water and the rise

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or by data processing. The detection was later suggested to be a false positive or true signal with much over-estimated amplitude, compatible with 1 ppb concentration of phosphine. The re-analysis of ALMA dataset in April 2021 have recovered the 20 ppb phosphine signal, with signal-to-noise ratio of

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was identified as a possible candidate for causing the so far unknown UV absorption of the Venusian atmosphere. The dark patches of "unknown UV absorbers" are prominent enough to influence the weather on Venus. In 2021, it was suggested the color of "unknown UV absorber" match that of "red oil" - a

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appearance suggests a pattern associated with weather activity. According to the whistler observations, the lightning rate is at least half of that on Earth and may possibly be similar. However, the Venus Express findings are incompatible with data from the JAXA Akatsuki spacecraft which indicate a

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that the atmospheric haze extends much further up on the night side than the day side. On the day side the cloud deck has a thickness of 20 km and extends up to about 65 km, whereas on the night side the cloud deck in the form of a thick haze reaches up to 90 km in altitude—well into

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begins. It is the coldest part of the Venusian dayside atmosphere. In the dayside mesopause, which serves as a boundary between the mesosphere and thermosphere and is located between 95 and 120 km, temperature increases to a constant—about 300–400 K (27–127 °C)—value prevalent in the

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I have often wonder’d that when I have viewed Venus at her nearest to the Earth, when she resembled an Half-moon, just beginning to have something like Horns, through a Telescope of 45 or 60 Foot long, she always appeared to me all over equally lucid, that I can’t say I observ’d so much as one spot

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The Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) was equipped with an electric field detector specifically to detect lightning and the Venera 13 and 14 missions included a radio receiver and point discharge sensor to search for thunderstorms. Other missions equipped with instruments that could search for lightning

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is about three kilometers, but this will likely vary with the wind conditions. Little to no solar energy could conceivably be collected by solar panels on a surface probe. In fact, due to the thick, highly reflective cloud cover, the total solar energy received by the surface of the planet is less

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in the sense that they blow in the direction of the retrograde rotation of the planet. The winds quickly decrease towards the higher latitudes, eventually reaching zero at the poles. Such strong cloud-top winds cause a phenomenon known as the super-rotation of the atmosphere. In other words, these

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probes, the altitude from 52.5 to 54 km has a temperature between 293 K (20 °C) and 310 K (37 °C), and the altitude at 49.5 km above the surface is where the pressure becomes the same as Earth at sea level. As crewed ships sent to Venus would be able to compensate for

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The troposphere on Venus contains 99% of the atmosphere by mass. 90% of the atmosphere of Venus is within 28 km (17.5 mi) of the surface; by comparison, 90% of the atmosphere of Earth is within 16 km (10 mi) of the surface. At a height of 50 km (31 mi) the atmospheric

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transfers heat very efficiently, buffering the temperature changes between night and day (which last 56 terrestrial days). Particularly at possible higher atmospheric pressures in Venus' past might have created an even more fluid-like layer of supercritical carbon dioxide shaping Venus' landscape;

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of production present, or possible under Venusian conditions. It is extremely hard to make, and the chemistry in the Venusian clouds should destroy the molecules before they could accumulate to the observed amounts. The phosphine was detected at heights of at least 48 km above the surface of

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cooling. Such an interpretation is supported by the denser and higher clouds in the collars. The clouds lie at 70–72 km altitude in the collars—about 5 km higher than at the poles and low latitudes. A connection may exist between the cold collars and high-speed midlatitude jets in which

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in the upper atmosphere as the agent absorbing the UV light. In 2012, the abundance and vertical distribution of these unknown ultraviolet absorbers in the Venusian atmosphere have been investigated from analysis of Venus Monitoring Camera images, but their composition is still unknown. In 2016,

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ion, whereas the v3 layer consists of O ions. The ionospheric plasma is observed to be in motion; solar photoionization on the dayside and ion recombination on the nightside are the processes mainly responsible for accelerating the plasma to the observed velocities. The plasma flow appears to be

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is almost zero. The ionosphere of Venus consists of three layers: v1 between 120 and 130 km, v2 between 140 and 160 km and v3 between 200 and 250 km. There may be an additional layer near 180 km. The maximum electron volume density (number of electrons in a unit of volume) of

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The mesosphere of Venus can be divided into two layers: the lower one between 62 and 73 km and the upper one between 73 and 95 km. In the first layer the temperature is nearly constant at 230 K (−43 °C). This layer coincides with the upper cloud deck. In the second layer, the

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The circulation patterns in the upper mesosphere and thermosphere of Venus are completely different from those in the lower atmosphere. At altitudes 90–150 km the Venusian air moves from the dayside to nightside of the planet, with upwelling over sunlit hemisphere and downwelling over dark

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heating of the air, which forms a warm layer in the nightside mesosphere at the altitudes 90–120 km. The temperature of this layer—230 K (−43 °C)—is far higher than the typical temperature found in the nightside thermosphere—100 K (−173 °C). The air circulated from the

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of 243 days. The winds supporting super-rotation blow at a speed of 100 m/s (≈360 km/h or 220 mph) or more. Winds move at up to 60 times the speed of the planet's rotation, while Earth's fastest winds are only 10% to 20% rotation speed. On the other hand, the wind speed becomes

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mission to send an atmospheric probe to Venus in the late 2020s. DAVINCI+ will measure the composition of Venus' atmosphere to understand how it formed and evolved, as well as determine whether the planet ever had an ocean. The mission consists of a descent sphere that will plunge through the

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Lightning could potentially contribute to atmospheric chemistry, through heating which could break apart molecules that contain carbon, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and hydrogen molecules (carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, sulfuric acid, and water), that will recombine to form new molecules ("carbon

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and sulfur from the atmosphere. Early Venus would thus most likely have had water oceans like the Earth, but any plate tectonics would have ended when Venus lost its oceans. Its surface is estimated to be about 500 million years old, so it would not be expected to show evidence of plate

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The surface temperature of Venus (over 450 °C) is far beyond the extremophile range, which extends only tens of degrees beyond 100 °C. However, the lower temperature of the cloud tops means that life could plausibly exist there, the same way that bacteria have been found living and

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9 and 10 orbiters obtained ambiguous optical and electromagnetic evidence of lightning. There have been attempts to observe lightning from the Venera 11, 12, 13, and 14 landers, however no lightning activity was recorded, but very low frequency (VLF) waves were detected during descent. The

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at only a few kilometres per hour (generally less than 2 m/s and with an average of 0.3 to 1.0 m/s), but due to the high density of the atmosphere at the surface, this is still enough to transport dust and small stones across the surface, much like a slow-moving current of water.

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reproducing in clouds on Earth. Any such bacteria living in the cloud tops, however, would have to be hyper-acidophilic, due to the concentrated sulfuric acid environment. Microbes in the thick, cloudy atmosphere could be protected from solar radiation by the sulfur compounds in the air.

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is the radius of Venus) above the surface of Venus. This distance was measured in 2007 near the solar activity minimum. Near the solar activity maximum it can be several times further from the planet. The magnetopause is located at the altitude of 300 km. The upper boundary of the

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circulation observed near the poles penetrates as deep as to 50 km altitude, i.e. to the base of the clouds. The polar upper troposphere and mesosphere are extremely dynamic; large bright clouds may appear and disappear over the space of a few hours. One such event was observed by

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Greaves, Jane S.; Richards, Anita M. S.; Bains, William; Rimmer, Paul B.; Clements, David L.; Seager, Sara; Petkowski, Janusz J.; Sousa-Silva, Clara; Ranjan, Sukrit; Fraser, Helen J. (2021), "Reply to: No evidence of phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus from independent analyses",

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10 kg, about 93 times the mass of the Earth's total atmosphere. The density of the air at the surface is 65 kg/m, which is 6.5% that of liquid water on Earth. The pressure found on Venus's surface is high enough that the carbon dioxide is technically no longer a gas, but a

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After missions discovered the reality of the harsh nature of the planet's surface, attention shifted towards other targets such as Mars. There have been a number of proposed missions afterward, however, and many of these involve the little-known upper atmosphere. The

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Greaves, Jane S.; Rimmer, Paul B.; Richards, Anita M. S.; Petkowski, Janusz J.; Bains, William; Ranjan, Sukrit; Seager, Sara; Clements, David L.; Clara Sousa Silva; Fraser, Helen J. (2022), "Low levels of sulphur dioxide contamination of Venusian phosphine spectra",

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believe that up to 2 billion years could also be plausible. This longer timescale for the persistence of oceans is also supported by General Circulation Model simulations incorporating the thermal effects of clouds on an evolving Venusian hydrosphere.

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Despite the harsh conditions on the surface, the atmospheric pressure and temperature at about 50 km to 65 km above the surface of the planet are nearly the same as that of the Earth, making its upper atmosphere the most Earth-like area in the

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Infrared image of the night-side of Venus, showing different layers of clouds at altitudes of 35 to 50 km in different colours. Red coloured clouds are the highest, green and blue are below. Carbon dioxide and monoxide areas are absorbing infrared

1482:(ionopause) is near 250 km. Between the magnetopause and ionopause there exists a magnetic barrier—a local enhancement of the magnetic field, which prevents the solar plasma from penetrating deeper into the Venusian atmosphere, at least near 623:, begins at the surface and extends upwards to 65 km. The winds are slow near the surface, but at the top of the troposphere the temperature and pressure reaches Earth-like levels and clouds pick up speed to 100 m/s (360 km/h). 5079:

Lorenz, Ralph D.; Imai, Masataka; Takahashi, Yukihiro; Sato, Mitsuteru; Yamazaki, Atsushi; Sato, Takao M.; Imamura, Takeshi; Satoh, Takehiko; Nakamura, Masato (2019). "Constraints on Venus Lightning From Akatsuki's First 3 Years in Orbit".

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The mechanism generating lightning on Venus, if present, remains unknown. Whilst the sulfuric acid cloud droplets can become charged, the atmosphere may be too electrically conductive for the charge to be sustained, preventing lightning.

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in 1985 dropped two balloons into the atmosphere, but these were battery-powered and lasted for only about two Earth days each before running out of power. Since then, there has been no exploration of the upper atmosphere. In 2002, the

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Due to the harsh conditions on the surface, little of the planet has been explored; in addition to the fact that life as currently understood may not necessarily be the same in other parts of the universe, the extent of the tenacity of

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Meridional (north-south) component of the atmospheric circulation in the atmosphere of Venus. Note that the meridional circulation is much lower than the zonal circulation, which transports heat between the day and night sides of the

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radiation at the wavelength 1.27 μm. This radiation from the altitude range 90–100 km is often observed from the ground and spacecraft. The nightside upper mesosphere and thermosphere of Venus is also the source of

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Venusian clouds are thick and are composed mainly (75–96%) of sulfuric acid droplets. These clouds obscure the surface of Venus from optical imaging, and reflect about 75% of the sunlight that falls on them. The geometric

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balance. Venus's windspeeds can be directly measured only in the upper troposphere (tropopause), between 60 and 70 km, altitude, which corresponds to the upper cloud deck. The cloud motion is usually observed in the

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winds in the low and middle cloud region, which extends from 45 to 60 km in altitude. The wind speed maximized near the equator. In September 2017, JAXA scientists named this phenomenon "Venusian equatorial jet".

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as well. Hydrogen is in relatively short supply in the Venusian atmosphere. A large amount of the planet's hydrogen is theorised to have been lost to space, with the remainder being mostly bound up in water vapour and

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has increased by 25% since around 3.8 billion years ago, it is thought that the early environment of Venus was more like that of Earth with liquid water on the surface. At some point in the evolution of Venus, a

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Snellen, I. A. G.; Guzman-Ramirez, L.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Hygate, A. P. S.; van der Tak, F. F. S. (2020), "Re-analysis of the 267-GHz ALMA observations of Venus No statistically significant detection of phosphine",

1237:, red areas are signatures of the hot surface radiating through the atmosphere relatively unhindered. The dark spots are clouds silhouetted against the very hot lower atmosphere emitting thermal infrared radiation. 222:(467 °C, 872 °F), and the pressure is 93 bar (1,350 psi), roughly the pressure found 900 m (3,000 ft) under water on Earth. The atmosphere of Venus supports decks of opaque clouds of 1881:

light from the Sun as a source of energy, which could be a possible explanation for the "unknown UV absorber" seen as dark patches on UV images of the planet. The existence of this "unknown UV absorber" prompted

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penetrates relatively deep into the planetary exosphere and causes substantial atmosphere loss. The loss happens mainly via the magnetotail. Currently the main ion types being lost are O, H and He. The ratio of

591:, although the detection was rejected that time due to poorly characterized sensors behavior in Venusian environment and ammonia believed to be chemically unstable in the strongly oxidizing atmosphere of Venus. 3358:; Greathouse, T. K.; Marcq, E.; Widemann, T.; Bézard, B.; Fouchet, T.; Giles, R.; Sagawa, H.; Greaves, J.; Sousa-Silva, C. (2020), "A stringent upper limit of the PH3 abundance at the cloud top of Venus", 638:

The atmospheric pressure at the surface of Venus is about 92 times that of the Earth, similar to the pressure found 900 m (3,000 ft) below the surface of the ocean. The atmosphere has a mass of

5658:"Life on Venus? Astronomers See a Signal in Its Clouds - The detection of a gas in the planet's atmosphere could turn scientists' gaze to a planet long overlooked in the search for extraterrestrial life" 2070:

A solar transit of Venus is an extremely rare event, and the last solar transit of the planet before 2004 was in 1882. The most recent solar transit was in 2012; the next one will not occur until 2117.

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The altitude of the troposphere most similar to Earth is near the tropopause—the boundary between troposphere and mesosphere. It is located slightly above 50 km. According to measurements by the

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Zhang, T.L.; Delva, M.; Baumjohann, W.; Auster, H.-U.; Carr, C.; Russell, C. T.; Barabash, S.; Balikhin, M.; et al. (2007). "Little or no solar wind enters Venus' atmosphere at solar minimum".

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is a NASA concept for a crewed exploration of Venus. Rather than traditional landings, it would send crews into the upper atmosphere, using dirigibles. Other proposals from the late 2010s include

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Markiewicz, W.J.; Titov, D.V.; Limaye, S.S.; Keller, H. U.; Ignatiev, N.; Jaumann, R.; Thomas, N.; Michalik, H.; et al. (2007). "Morphology and dynamics of the upper cloud layer of Venus".

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There are no geologic forms on the planet to suggest the presence of water over the past billion years. However, there is no reason to suppose that Venus was an exception to the processes that

3859:. 40th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit sponsored by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Reno, Nevada. pp. IAC–02–Q.4.2.03, AIAA–2002–0819, AIAA0. Archived from 676:

despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does. The average temperature on the surface is above the melting points of

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in 2015 did not reveal any phosphine in the Venusian atmosphere, placing an upper limit for phosphine concentration at 5 ppb—a quarter of the spectroscopic value reported in September.

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increasingly slower as the elevation from the surface decreases, with the breeze barely reaching the speed of 2.8 m/s (≈10 km/h or 6.2 mph) on the surface. Near the poles are

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The Venusian atmosphere has been found to be sufficiently out of equilibrium as to require further investigation. Analysis of data from the Venera, Pioneer, and Magellan missions has found

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very low flash rate. Recent work from a Parker Solar Probe flyby indicates that the direction of the whistler waves is towards Venus rather than away, indicating a non-planetary origin.

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Molaverdikhani, Karan (2012). "The abundance and vertical distribution of the unknown ultraviolet absorber in the venusian atmosphere from analysis of Venus Monitoring Camera images".

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with downwelling in the centre and upwelling in the cold polar collars. This type of circulation resembles a winter polar anticyclonic vortex on Earth, especially the one found over

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Patzold, M.; Hausler, B.; Bird, M.K.; Tellmann, S.; Mattei, R.; Asmar, S. W.; Dehant, V.; Eidel, W.; et al. (2007). "The structure of Venus' middle atmosphere and ionosphere".

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observed an arc of light surrounding the part of Venus off the Sun's disc at the beginning of the egress phase of the transit and concluded that Venus has an atmosphere. In 1940,

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thermosphere. In contrast, the nightside Venusian thermosphere is the coldest place on Venus with temperature as low as 100 K (−173 °C). It is even called a cryosphere.

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planet's thick atmosphere, measuring noble gases and other elements to understand Venus' climate change. This will be the first U.S.-led mission to Venus' atmosphere since 1978.

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can be fitted anywhere on the craft. The density of the clouds is highly variable with the densest layer at about 48.5 km, reaching 0.1 g/m similar to the lower range of

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is a proposed probe which would aid in understanding the processes on the planet that led to climate change, as well as paving the way towards a later sample return mission.

10638: 10212: 4262:; Thompson, K. W.; Brynsvold, R.R.; Eich, C.J.; Knudsen, W.C.; Miller, K.L.; et al. (November 1984). "Dynamics of the Venus ionosphere: A two-dimensional model study". 2956:

Krasnopolsky, V.A.; Belyaev, D.A.; Gordon, I.E.; Li, G.; Rothman, L.S. (2013). "Observations of D/H ratios in H2O, HCl, and HF on Venus and new DCl and DF line strengths".

2211:, and reflects most of the sunlight that shines on it making the surface quite dark, the upper atmosphere at 60 km has an upward solar intensity of 90%, meaning that 692:

rotation of the planet causes a single solar day to last 116.5 Earth days. The surface of Venus spends 58.3 days in darkness before the sun rises again behind the clouds.

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HITRAN is a compilation of spectroscopic parameters that a variety of computer codes use to predict and simulate the transmission and emission of light in the atmosphere.

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5.4, and by August 2021 it was confirmed the suspected contamination by sulfur dioxide was contributing only 10% to the tentative signal in phosphine spectral line band.

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Composite image of the polar vortex of Venus in strong red (red image is an infrared view of hot high clouds and the grey image is an ultra-violet view of lower clouds)

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What the dark patches are is still a mystery, though astronomers dating back to Carl Sagan have suggested they could be extraterrestrial microorganisms. Erica Naone,

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of 310,000 km), it will be able to take close-up photographs of the planet, and should also confirm the presence of both active volcanoes as well as lightning.

1962:. The common view among research scientists is that water would have existed for about 600 million years on the surface before evaporating, though some such as 1173:

on Venus is near ±60° latitudes. Here air starts to descend and returns to the equator below the clouds. This interpretation is supported by the distribution of the

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pressure is approximately equal to that at the surface of Earth. On the night side of Venus clouds can still be found at 80 km (50 mi) above the surface.

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Composition of the atmosphere of Venus. The chart on the right is an expanded view of the trace elements that all together do not even make up a tenth of a percent.

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Russell, C.T.; Zhang, T.L.; Delva, M.; Magnes, W.; Strangeway, R. J.; Wei, H. Y. (2007). "Lightning on Venus inferred from whistler-mode waves in the ionosphere".

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winds blow as fast as 140 m/s. Such jets are a natural consequence of the Hadley-type circulation and should exist on Venus between 55 and 60° latitude.

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is less than 0.1%. Venus's sulfuric acid rain never reaches the ground, but is evaporated by the heat before reaching the surface in a phenomenon known as

317:. It is speculated that the atmosphere of Venus up to around 4 billion years ago was more like that of the Earth with liquid water on the surface. A 1490:. The magnetotail continues up to ten radii from the planet. It is the most active part of the Venusian magnetosphere. There are reconnection events and 6181: 5180:

Michael, Marykutty; Tripathi, Sachchida Nand; Borucki, W. J.; Whitten, R. C. (2009-04-17). "Highly charged cloud particles in the atmosphere of Venus".

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The cloud cover is such that it reflects more than 60% of the solar light Venus receives, leaving the surface with typical light levels of 14,000

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contractor Global Aerospace proposed a balloon that would be capable of staying in the upper atmosphere for hundreds of Earth days as opposed to two.

8454: 8444: 688:(693 K, 420 °C). The thick troposphere also makes the difference in temperature between the day and night side small, even though the slow 10645: 8741: 3744: 6424: 1140:

high-speed winds circle the whole planet faster than the planet itself rotates. The super-rotation on Venus is differential, which means that the

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Bertaux, Jean-Loup; Vandaele, Ann-Carine; Korablev, Oleg; Villard, E.; Fedorova, A.; Fussen, D.; Quémerais, E.; Belyaev, D.; et al. (2007).

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Drossart, P.; Piccioni, G.; Gerard, G.C.; Lopez-Valverde, M. A.; Sanchez-Lavega, A.; Zasova, L.; Hueso, R.; Taylor, F. W.; et al. (2007).

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Thompson, M. A. (2021), "The statistical reliability of 267 GHz JCMT observations of Venus: No significant evidence for phosphine absorption",

10197: 6062: 5414: 1446:. This process can be understood as the field lines wrapping around an obstacle—Venus in this case. The induced magnetosphere of Venus has a 4475: 3769: 3119: 648:. This supercritical carbon dioxide forms a kind of sea, with a 6.5% density of water, that covers the entire surface of Venus. This sea of 6231: 2816: 4830: 3975: 10342: 9049: 5568: 2995: 2059:, absorbs near-infrared radiation, making it easy to observe. During the 2004 transit, the absorption in the atmosphere as a function of 5839:

M. Way et al. "Was Venus the First Habitable World of Our Solar System?" Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 43, Issue 16, pp. 8376–8383.

2180:

A craft called the Venus Mobile Explorer has been proposed by the Venus Exploration Analysis Group (VEXAG) to study the composition and

1978:

and a surface temperature of 230 °C, and possibly even sulfuric acid clouds, until about 4.0 billion years ago, by which time

1593:. Smaller-scale cloud features have been emphasized and a bluish hue has been applied to show that it was taken through a violet filter. 1357:

mesosphere, continuing even further to 105 km as a more transparent haze. In 2011, the spacecraft discovered that Venus has a thin

1284:

begins at approximately 120 km, eventually reaching the upper limit of the atmosphere (exosphere) at about 220 to 350 km. The

8364: 7535: 5314: 3849: 1632:. Monatomic oxygen is highly reactive; when it reacts with sulfur dioxide, a trace component of the Venusian atmosphere, the result is 9163: 10108: 3028: 2898: 2625:

Piccioni, G.; Drossart, P.; Sanchez-Lavega, A.; Hueso, R.; Taylor, F. W.; Wilson, C. F.; Grassi, D.; Zasova, L.; et al. (2007).

1220:

between 9 and 13 January 2007, when the south polar region became brighter by 30%. This event was probably caused by an injection of

575:

In 2022, no phosphine detection with an upper limit concentration of 0.8 ppb was announced for Venusian altitudes of 75–110 km.

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Barabash, S.; Fedorov, A.; Sauvaud, J.J.; Lundin, R.; Russell, C. T.; Futaana, Y.; Zhang, T. L.; Andersson, H.; et al. (2007).

668:, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the 466:

measured in the Venusian atmosphere. The ratio is about 0.015–0.025, which is 100–150 times higher than the terrestrial value of 1.6

8791: 8459: 7977: 6561: 5467: 4668:

Rimmer, Paul B.; Jordan, Sean; Constantinou, Tereza; Woitke, Peter; Shorttle, Oliver; Hobbs, Richard; Paschodimas, Alessia (2021),

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was the first to hypothesize the existence of an atmosphere on Venus. In the Book II of Cosmotheoros, published in 1698, he writes:

3793: 2266:. In June 2018, NASA also awarded a contract to Black Swift Technologies for a concept study of a Venus glider that would exploit 8826: 8596: 7962: 2240: 6368: 6090: 3671:

Geochemistry of Surface-Atmosphere Interactions on Venus (Venus II: Geology, Geophysics, Atmosphere, and Solar Wind Environment)

10263: 9908: 9893: 9873: 9185: 9132: 7597: 3463:

Cleland, Carol E.; Rimmer, Paul B. (2022), "Ammonia and Phosphine in the Clouds of Venus as Potentially Biological Anomalies",

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Through studies of the present cloud structure and geology of the surface, combined with the fact that the luminosity of the

6206: 262:. Each vortex is double-eyed and shows a characteristic S-shaped pattern of clouds. Above there is an intermediate layer of 10633: 10570: 10224: 9945: 9883: 9878: 9174: 8449: 8434: 8194: 7573: 7213: 7208: 7180: 7175: 6896: 6891: 6497: 9172: 9169: 9165: 9161: 6016: 6004: 470:

10. According to some measurements, in the upper atmosphere of Venus D/H ratio is 1.5 higher than in the bulk atmosphere.

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and gave it its water during its early history, possibly from the original rocks that formed the planet or later on from

1224:

into the mesosphere, which then condensed, forming a bright haze. The two eyes in the vortices have yet to be explained.

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in the Venusian atmosphere would raise surface temperature above the boiling point for water. This was confirmed when

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included Venera 9 which had a visible spectrometer; Pioneer which had a star sensor; and VEGA which had a photometer.

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is heavier than air, the colony's air (nitrogen and oxygen) could keep the structure floating at that altitude like a

10036: 10009: 9177: 8439: 3728: 2872: 1733: 2039:

The upper atmosphere of Venus can be measured from Earth when the planet crosses the sun in a rare event known as a

1804:") on Venus was lightning however, there may be the possibility that Venus lightning would be too weak to cause it. 1368:

located at altitudes 120–300 km. The ionosphere almost coincides with the thermosphere. The high levels of the

1292:

temperature starts to decrease again, reaching about 165 K (−108 °C) at the altitude of 95 km, where

1288:

begins when the atmosphere becomes so thin that the average number of collisions per air molecule is less than one.

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Svedhem, Hakan; Titov, Dmitry V.; Taylor, Fredric V.; Witasse, Oliver (2007). "Venus as a more Earth-like planet".

2005:

Venus transits the face of the Sun on June 8, 2004, providing valuable information on the upper atmosphere through

619:

The atmosphere is divided into a number of sections depending on altitude. The densest part of the atmosphere, the

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George, H.; Malaspina, D. M.; Goodrich, K.; Ma, Y.; Ramstad, R.; Conner, D.; Bale, S. D.; Curry, S. (2023-10-16).

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measurements of the surface and the atmosphere, for about 90 days. The mission has not been selected for launch.

1385:. The upper boundary of the ionosphere (the ionopause) is located at altitudes 220–375 km and separates the 1332: 9952: 6665: 2999: 2207:

in place of a balloon, and the idea has been featured from time to time since the early 2000s. Venus has a high

10603: 10019: 9853: 8581: 8139: 2860: 1908: 1115: 5985: 1737:

Close-up view of a cloud front encircling Venus' south polar vortex in morning infrared and ultra-violet light

1636:, which can combine with water vapour, another trace component of Venus's atmosphere, to yield sulfuric acid. 10128: 10024: 8846: 8714: 8523: 8414: 6185: 1904: 462:). Strong evidence of significant hydrogen loss over the historical evolution of the planet is the very high 274:

is also characterized by strong circulation, but very different in its nature—the gases heated and partially

241:

Aside from the very surface layers, the atmosphere is in a state of vigorous circulation. The upper layer of

10541: 3612: 2790: 10628: 10183: 10163: 10058: 9034: 8907: 8404: 6704: 6699: 6440: 6399:. (PDF). S. Warwick, F. Ross, D. Sokol. 15th Meeting of the Venus Exploration Analysis Group (VEXAG) 2017. 4301: 1136: 649: 313:. Lighter gases, including water vapour, are continuously blown away by the solar wind through the induced 10546: 9184: 2401: 1741:

In 2009, a prominent bright spot in the atmosphere was noted by an amateur astronomer and photographed by

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can survive a varied number of extreme conditions, and many other types of extremophiles exist on Earth.

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Atmospheres in boldface are significant atmospheres; atmospheres in italics are unconfirmed atmospheres.

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may have been caused by the evaporation of the surface water and subsequent rise of the levels of other

10853: 10618: 10419: 10302: 10285: 10251: 9183: 9125: 8966: 8684: 8606: 6759: 6154: 5006:

Russell, C. T.; Zhang, T. L.; Delva, M.; Magnes, W.; Strangeway, R. J.; Wei, H. Y. (29 November 2007).

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that followed. Venus's atmosphere has therefore received a great deal of attention from those studying

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sufficient to maintain the nightside ionosphere at or near the observed median level of ion densities.

246: 6645: 5747:

Newman, M.J.; Rood, R. T. (1977). "Implications of solar evolution for the Earth's early atmosphere".

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Ksanfomaliti, L. V. (20 March 1980). "Discovery of frequent lightning discharges in clouds on Venus".

4964: 4022: 10461: 10436: 10246: 8551: 8359: 8092: 8087: 7460: 7389: 7354: 6517: 2550:

Normile, Dennis (2010). "Mission to probe Venus's curious winds and test solar sail for propulsion".

2080: 2048: 2006: 1939: 1896:

known substance comprising a mixed organic carbon compounds dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid.

1307: 318: 283: 9180: 6257: 6091:"NCAR Scientist to View Venus's Atmosphere during Transit, Search for Water Vapor on Distant Planet" 5657: 385:, based on his observation of the transit of Venus in 1761 in a small observatory near his house in 249:, in which the atmosphere circles the planet in just four Earth days, much faster than the planet's 10752: 10357: 8724: 7815: 7261: 7165: 6881: 3032: 1761:, but the debate is ongoing, with volcanic lightning and sprites also under discussion. The Soviet 588: 6130:"The World's First Planetary Meteorological Satellite: Exploring the Mystery of the Wind on Venus" 6093:. National Center for Atmospheric Research and UCAR Office of Programs. 2004-06-03. Archived from 6066: 1974:

eon is believed by most scientists to have had a Venus-like atmosphere, with roughly 100 bar of CO

1430:. The reason for its absence is not at all clear, but it may be related to a reduced intensity of 10441: 10268: 9915: 9819: 9732: 9432: 9282: 9173: 9164: 8419: 7957: 7874: 7339: 6981: 6949: 6129: 4647: 4046:

This thickness corresponds to the polar latitudes. It is narrower near the equator—65–67 km.

3759: 3695: 3584: 498: 214:, with other chemical compounds present only in trace amounts. It is much denser and hotter than 6235: 1372:

are maintained only over the dayside of the planet. Over the nightside the concentration of the

10446: 10384: 10332: 10322: 10307: 10258: 10118: 10048: 9470: 9158: 8976: 8951: 8941: 8781: 8660: 8464: 8389: 7982: 7967: 7414: 7374: 6684: 5816: 4860: 4559:

Krasnopolsky, V. A.; Parshev, V. A. (1981). "Chemical composition of the atmosphere of Venus".

3971: 3613:"The deep atmosphere of Venus and the possible role of density-driven separation of CO2 and N2" 2299: 2255: 2166: 2153: 1836: 1098: 10367: 9178: 9170: 9167: 10931: 10812: 10739: 10613: 10466: 10429: 10317: 10312: 9118: 9079: 8981: 8806: 8699: 8534: 8469: 8162: 8016: 8005: 7897: 7841: 7809: 7804: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7530: 7525: 7130: 7100: 6605: 6578: 6115: 4518:

100 watts per square meter ... 14,000 lux ... corresponds to ... daytime with overcast clouds

3355: 2174: 1767: 1491: 1257: 1242: 1107: 545: 358: 10481: 5337: 5286: 4976: 4615: 3860: 3381: 3168: 2814:

Shiltsev, Vladimir (2014). "The 1761 Discovery of Venus' Atmosphere: Lomonosov and Others".

583:

The ammonia in the atmosphere of Venus was tentatively detected by two atmospheric probes -

10374: 10327: 9984: 9442: 9407: 9402: 9296: 9247: 9220: 9176: 9155: 9069: 8956: 8946: 8917: 8734: 8629: 7931: 7848: 7450: 7434: 6783: 6732: 6619: 6510: 6396: 6290: 5958: 5919: 5864: 5756: 5615: 5482: 5440: 5329: 5282: 5232: 5189: 5144: 5089: 5022: 4972: 4916: 4844: 4793: 4722: 4611: 4568: 4430: 4381: 4316: 4271: 4216: 4162: 4072: 3950: 3899: 3627: 3539: 3482: 3430: 3377: 3279: 3219: 3164: 3077: 3055: 2965: 2825: 2760: 2696: 2638: 2559: 2508: 2416: 2343: 2251: 2135: 2116: 1580: 1548:. This high reflectivity potentially enables any probe exploring the cloud tops sufficient 1232: 1231:

False colour near-infrared (2.3 μm) image of the deep atmosphere of Venus obtained by

483: 306: 55: 9159: 9157: 6281:

Landis, Geoffrey A. (2006). "Robotic Exploration of the Surface and Atmosphere of Venus".

4123: 2906: 2402:"A warm layer in Venus' cryosphere and high-altitude measurements of HF, HCl, H2O and HDO" 429:

The atmosphere contains a range of compounds in small quantities, including some based on

337:. Due to the similarity in pressure and temperature and the fact that breathable air (21% 8: 10915: 10826: 10715: 10553: 10526: 10476: 10280: 9744: 9437: 9289: 8882: 8729: 8709: 8655: 8621: 8516: 8188: 8176: 8120: 7855: 7394: 7329: 6831: 6725: 6651: 6591: 2929: 2232: 2221: 645: 612: 490: 353:

is a lifting gas on Earth, the upper atmosphere has been proposed as a location for both

215: 9640: 9519: 6694: 6294: 5962: 5947:"Mikhail Lomonosov and the discovery of the atmosphere of Venus during the 1761 transit" 5923: 5868: 5760: 5619: 5486: 5444: 5333: 5236: 5193: 5148: 5093: 5026: 4920: 4848: 4797: 4726: 4629: 4572: 4434: 4320: 4275: 4220: 4166: 4076: 3954: 3903: 3631: 3543: 3486: 3434: 3283: 3223: 3081: 2969: 2829: 2764: 2700: 2642: 2563: 2512: 2496: 2420: 2347: 1343:

molecules, which are responsible for the low temperature of the nightside thermosphere.

10903: 10891: 10806: 10676: 10623: 10501: 10471: 10379: 10192: 9329: 9160: 9004: 8861: 8811: 8601: 8529: 7399: 7344: 7334: 7314: 7188: 7080: 6987: 6798: 6598: 6550: 5718: 5662: 5631: 5605: 5537: 5248: 5113: 5046: 4940: 4746: 4673: 4584: 4509: 4456: 4350: 4240: 4178: 4104: 3923: 3797: 3738: 3651: 3563: 3472: 3446: 3420: 3393: 3367: 3338: 3320: 3295: 3269: 3237: 3209: 3180: 3154: 3093: 3067: 2841: 2662: 2532: 2440: 2359: 2204: 2112:

spacecraft formerly in orbit around the planet probed deeper into the atmosphere using

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Venus interacts with the solar wind. Components of the induced magnetosphere are shown.

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Venus Atmospheric Maneuverable Platform (VAMP) – Future Work and Scaling for a Mission

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Lightning on Venus according to information obtained by the satellites Venera 9 and 10

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Moshkin, B.E.; Ekonomov, A.P.; Golovin, Iu.M. (1979). "Dust on the surface of Venus".

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Landis, Geoffrey A.; Colozza, Anthony; LaMarre, Christopher M (January 14–17, 2002).

3724: 3674: 3655: 3643: 3555: 3450: 3397: 3342: 3299: 3241: 3184: 3097: 2936: 2868: 2712: 2708: 2654: 2575: 2524: 2432: 2363: 2052: 2017: 1916: 1111: 723: 689: 665: 631: 438: 434: 382: 183: 173: 116: 9696: 8484: 6719: 6343: 6317: 6302: 5591: 5252: 2845: 1781: 1567:, comparable to that on Earth "in the daytime with overcast clouds". The equivalent 1169:

air motions are much slower than zonal winds. The poleward limit of the planet-wide

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altogether, it is unclear how the supercritical environment behaves and is shaped.

565: 553: 386: 73: 7015: 5931: 5768: 4692: 3822: 3389: 3176: 10598: 10496: 10404: 10295: 10273: 10070: 10014: 10004: 9794: 9774: 9749: 9737: 9691: 9679: 9583: 9566: 9526: 9504: 9499: 9099: 9089: 8912: 8771: 8756: 8719: 8704: 8650: 8576: 8269: 7757: 7655: 7507: 7379: 7369: 7349: 7319: 7304: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 6957: 6788: 6210: 6020: 6008: 5452: 2977: 1979: 1963: 1681: 1670: 1648: 1633: 1625: 1590: 1530: 1174: 442: 143: 6752: 6709: 2273: 2001: 10941: 10582: 10362: 10352: 10290: 10153: 10080: 10041: 9962: 9935: 9789: 9659: 9630: 9608: 9598: 9588: 9541: 8986: 8887: 8816: 8766: 8642: 8540: 8277: 8110: 7502: 7424: 7409: 7299: 7226: 7221: 7198: 7193: 7135: 7095: 7075: 7025: 7010: 6824: 6013: 6001: 5790: 3291: 2685:"Runaway and moist greenhouse atmospheres and the evolution of Earth and Venus" 2217: 1948: 1944: 1859: 1727: 1659: 1641: 1621: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1519: 1483: 1427: 1382: 1221: 1071: 661: 463: 423: 415: 322: 207: 110: 90: 78: 6658: 5971: 5946: 5627: 5401: 4984: 4904: 4806: 4781: 3334: 3089: 2776: 2229:

that could not be made resistant to the heat, pressure and acidic conditions.

230:

Earth-based and orbital observation of the surface. Information about surface

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Throughout the 1980s, it was thought that the cause of the night-side glow ("

1772: 1696: 1463: 1451: 1439: 1390: 1348: 1319: 1216: 1077: 451: 446: 235: 223: 6626: 6425:

Scientists Explore The Possibility Of Life Hidden Inside The Clouds Of Venus

4451: 4061:"A dynamic upper atmosphere of Venus as revealed by VIRTIS on Venus Express" 3847: 1122:. In contrast, the circulation in the Earth's atmosphere is governed by the 702: 10879: 10759: 10745: 10536: 10491: 10148: 10031: 9925: 9865: 9848: 9674: 9652: 9603: 9561: 9546: 9531: 9397: 9356: 9321: 9141: 9094: 9039: 9019: 9014: 9009: 8961: 8836: 8776: 8409: 8374: 7987: 7823: 7792: 7578: 7251: 7246: 7120: 7105: 7035: 7020: 6962: 6637: 5896: 5877: 5776: 5042: 4742: 4670:

Three Different Ways to Explain the Sulfur Depletion in the Clouds of Venus

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Mogul, Rakesh; Limaye, Sanjay S.; Way, M. J.; Cordova, Jamie A. Jr (2020),

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were in full force and together with the early water oceans, removed the CO

1549: 1545: 1499: 1487: 1455: 1340: 1281: 1246: 1210: 1186: 669: 330: 309:, giving Venus a distinct magnetic environment. This is considered Venus's 271: 267: 255: 250: 6612: 5511:"Mysterious dark patches in Venus' clouds are affecting the weather there" 2399: 1401: 10800: 10794: 10577: 10565: 10560: 10511: 10486: 10456: 10451: 10399: 10394: 10219: 10133: 10092: 10053: 9930: 9761: 9684: 9647: 9536: 9029: 8694: 8502: 8320: 8312: 8218: 7904: 7236: 7160: 7110: 7060: 7050: 7000: 6995: 6924: 5556: 5495: 5468:"Identification of OSSO as a near-UV absorber in the Venusian atmosphere" 5415:

Mysterious dark patches in Venus' clouds are affecting the weather there.

5356:

Venus Revealed: A New Look Below the Clouds of Our Mysterious Twin Planet

5201: 5157: 5132: 5101: 4337: 3442: 2212: 2149: 2095: 1878: 1828: 1801: 1610: 1553: 1459: 1418: 1358: 1353: 1198: 1170: 1128: 620: 599: 346: 314: 298: 287: 242: 133: 8131: 5466:

Frandsen, Benjamin N.; Wennberg, Paul O.; Kjaergaard, Henrik G. (2016).

5034: 5008:"Lightning on Venus inferred from whistler-mode waves in the ionosphere" 4734: 4328: 4228: 4084: 4058: 3911: 3794:"Flying over the cloudy world – science updates from Venus Express" 3551: 2650: 2520: 2428: 2334:

Basilevsky, Alexandr T.; Head, James W. (2003). "The surface of Venus".

1544:, a common measure of reflectivity, is the highest of any planet in the 568:. Another re-analysis of archived infrared spectral measurements by the 10819: 10766: 10506: 10085: 9669: 9044: 8922: 8841: 8285: 7784: 7710: 7685: 7470: 7465: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7125: 7055: 7005: 6967: 6939: 6934: 6533: 5656:

Stirone, Shannon; Chang, Kenneth; Overbye, Dennis (14 September 2020).

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Koehler, H. W. (1982). "Results of the Venus sondes Venera 13 and 14".

4513: 2624: 2267: 2060: 1883: 1568: 1506: 1479: 1443: 1431: 1406: 1369: 1365: 1277: 1264: 1202: 1166: 1158: 1119: 519: 515: 302: 294: 275: 263: 231: 203: 4476:"Venus Cloud Structure and Radiative Energy Balance of the Mesosphere" 4442: 4092: 3143: 2772: 406: 28: 10780: 10773: 10202: 10168: 9999: 9920: 9843: 9838: 9809: 9556: 9509: 9378: 9361: 9064: 8801: 8796: 8611: 8586: 8293: 8057: 7867: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7675: 7660: 7650: 7090: 7070: 7040: 7030: 6743: 5244: 4965:"Storms on Venus: Lightning-induced chemistry and predicted products" 4580: 3639: 2991: 2286: 2278: 2036:

confirmed that the atmosphere consisted primarily of carbon dioxide.

2029: 1921: 1912: 1877:

It has been proposed that microbes at this level could be soaking up

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Nimmo, F.; McKenzie, D. (1998). "Volcanism and Tectonics on Venus".

4505: 2684: 2627:"South-polar features on Venus similar to those near the north pole" 2626: 1148: 10833: 10671: 10138: 9994: 9979: 9720: 9427: 9275: 8786: 8761: 8673: 8666: 8561: 8492: 8072: 7936: 7926: 7715: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7680: 7670: 7665: 7630: 7565: 7140: 5723: 5610: 5542: 4678: 3477: 3425: 3372: 3325: 3274: 3214: 3159: 3072: 2236: 2113: 2033: 2014: 1871: 1719: 1511: 1495: 1373: 1327: 1311: 1280:

of Venus extends from 65 km to 120 km in height, and the

1206: 1132: 584: 561: 549: 430: 419: 342: 282:

in the sunlit hemisphere migrate to the dark hemisphere where they

279: 211: 100: 6459:"NASA Selects 2 Missions to Study "Lost Habitable" World of Venus" 3054:

Greaves, Jane S.; Richards, A.M.S.; Bains, W (14 September 2020).

2032:

made radiometer measurements of the temperature in 1962. In 1967,

1835:

thrive at temperatures reaching above the boiling point of water,

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The first vortex on Venus was discovered at the north pole by the

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

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Landis, Geoffrey A. (2001). "Exploring Venus by Solar Airplane".

3998:"First Venus Express VIRTIS Images Peel Away the Planet's Clouds" 3889: 3768:. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University. 3409: 2181: 1586: 1486:

minimum. The magnetic field in the barrier reaches up to 40

6184:. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. 2006-05-17. Archived from 5851:"Initiation of clement surface conditions on the earliest Earth" 4299: 10516: 9713: 9708: 9422: 9417: 9383: 9371: 9316: 9268: 9261: 9236: 9231: 9110: 9054: 8566: 8474: 7861: 7833: 7828: 7797: 7624: 6570: 6492: 6155:"Development of the Venus Climate Orbiter PLANET-C (Akatsuki )" 4257: 3354: 2208: 1971: 1762: 1666: 1652: 1629: 1613: 1597:

Sulfuric acid is produced in the upper atmosphere by the Sun's

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mission in 1978. A discovery of the second large "double-eyed"

1194: 505: 390: 350: 338: 259: 227: 219: 153: 6502: 6114:"Venus Climate Orbiter "AKATSUKI" Inserted Into Venus' Orbit" 5707: 4667: 4382:"Beyond sulphuric acid – what else is in the clouds of Venus?" 4206: 3529: 1505:

Due to the lack of the intrinsic magnetic field on Venus, the

1469:

At the subsolar point the bow shock stands 1900 km (0.3 R

1110:. Its windspeeds are roughly determined by the balance of the 381:

Decisive evidence for the atmosphere of Venus was provided by

9833: 9412: 9344: 9339: 9254: 9209: 9204: 6847: 5986:

Britannica online encyclopedia: Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov

5179: 4712: 3718: 2143: 2139: 1959: 1723: 1707: 1688: 1249:

at the south pole of Venus was made in the summer of 2006 by

1106:

The circulation in Venus's troposphere follows the so-called

604: 533:

In 2020, there was considerable discussion regarding whether

489:

Absorption spectrum of a simple gas mixture corresponding to

199: 123: 5133:"Non-Lightning-Generated Whistler Waves in Near-Venus Space" 4408:

This is the spherical albedo. The geometrical albedo is 85%.

2120: 9465: 9349: 9214: 8336: 6541: 6133: 6035:"First Detection Made of an Extrasolar Planet's Atmosphere" 3120:"Scientists find gas linked to life in atmosphere of Venus" 2955: 2867:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier Science & Technology. 2197: 2189: 2170: 2063:

revealed the properties of the gases at that altitude. The

1820: 685: 677: 334: 163: 10874: 6258:"Robotic Balloon Probe Could Pierce Venus's Deadly Clouds" 6116:

http://global.jaxa.jp/press/2015/12/20151209_akatsuki.html

6063:"Venus' Atmosphere to be Probed During Rare Solar Transit" 5465: 3258: 3202:

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters

2903:

Institut de mécanique céleste et de calcul des éphémérides

2863:. In Tilman, Spohn; Breuer, Doris; Johnson, T. V. (eds.). 1990: 1886:

to publish an article in 1963 proposing the hypothesis of

1572:

than that of the Earth, despite its proximity to the Sun.

9194: 6161: 5130: 4523: 3696:"Venus Gets Weirder: CO2 Oceans May Have Covered Surface" 1934: 1564: 1498:

and ions in the magnetotail are around 100 and 1000

681: 198:

is the very dense layer of gasses surrounding the planet

6816: 6409:

Astronomers ponder possible life adrift in Venus' clouds

3024: 2333: 2067:

of the gases also enabled wind patterns to be measured.

5795:"How Venus Turned Into Hell, and How the Earth Is Next" 5685:"Possible sign of life on Venus stirs up heated debate" 5561:"Possible sign of life on Venus stirs up heated debate" 5078: 3626:(7). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 473–477. 2852: 1915:

in Venus's atmosphere that was not linked to any known

1840: 6224: 3940: 2893: 2891: 1301:

hemisphere. The downwelling over the nightside causes

560:-related, meaning lower than thought concentration of 10851: 9075:

Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact

4302:"The loss of ions from Venus through the plasma wake" 3611:

Lebonnois, Sebastien; Schubert, Gerald (2017-06-26).

3314: 1405:

The ionosphere of Venus and its interaction with the

1393:. The main ionic species in the v1 and v2 layers is O 3819:"Venus Atmosphere Temperature and Pressure Profiles" 3723:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 167. 3317:

Is Phosphine in the Mass Spectra from Venus' Clouds?

3053: 504:

The composition of the atmosphere of Venus based on

5951:

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union

5655: 5590:Greaves, Jane S.; et al. (14 September 2020). 2888: 634:

in his work on the discovery of atmosphere of Venus

6207:"New Frontiers Program – Program Description" 5944: 5848: 5424: 4153:Russell, C.T. (1993). "Planetary Magnetospheres". 2928: 2791:"The Cosmotheoros of Christiaan Huygens - Book II" 1823:itself has not yet been shown. Creatures known as 1442:formed by the Sun's magnetic field carried by the 1271: 1189:lie within the cold polar collars. They are giant 514:Green colour—water vapour, red—carbon dioxide, WN— 8455:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems 8445:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems 6032: 5909: 5849:Sleep, N. H.; Zahnle, K.; Neuhoff, P. S. (2001). 5817:"Was Venus Alive? 'The Signs are Probably There'" 5746: 5711:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 4782:"Lightning detection on Venus: a critical review" 3995: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3610: 2085: 1522:for water) indicating the ongoing loss of water. 1389:of the planetary origin from that of the induced 660:in the atmosphere together with water vapour and 10923: 8742:Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence 5957:(IAUC196). Cambridge University Press: 209–219. 5589: 4416: 4414: 3254: 3252: 3250: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2281:probe's descent stages through Venus' atmosphere 1757:The clouds of Venus may be capable of producing 518:(other colours have different meanings, shorter 293:Unlike Earth, Venus lacks a magnetic field. Its 9154: 5534:Organic Carbon Cycle in the Atmosphere of Venus 4828: 4764:The Strange Case of Missing Lightning at Venus. 4295: 4293: 4054: 4052: 4015: 3525: 3195: 3193: 2926: 2549: 2248:High Altitude Venus Operational Concept (HAVOC) 1866:) together in the upper atmosphere, as well as 1745:. Its cause is currently unknown, with surface 1306:dayside also carries oxygen atoms, which after 5789: 5430: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 4962: 4708: 4706: 3870: 3788: 3786: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2395: 2393: 1780:which could be attributed to lightning. Their 1381:10 m is reached in the v2 layer near the 9315: 9126: 8147: 6832: 6518: 5347: 5322:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 4971:. SI:Exploration of Venus. 113–114: 184–192. 4963:Delitsky, M. L.; Baines, K. H. (2015-08-01). 4411: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 3972:"Double vortex at Venus South Pole unveiled!" 3843: 3841: 3839: 3462: 3247: 3047: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2312: 1827:exist on Earth, preferring extreme habitats. 414:The atmosphere of Venus is composed of 96.5% 218:; the temperature at the surface is 740 6318:"To conquer Venus, try a plane with a brain" 6274: 6199: 6152: 5649: 5273:Cockell, Charles S (1999). "Life on Venus". 5222: 4492:"The Unveiling of Venus: Hot and Stifling". 4290: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4049: 3966: 3964: 3943:Kosmicheskie Issledovaniia (Cosmic Research) 3743:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3310: 3308: 3190: 2920: 2817:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 2807: 2742: 2740: 1157:All winds on Venus are ultimately driven by 508:data created using HITRAN on the Web system. 396: 9050:History of the extraterrestrial life debate 8747:Gauss's Pythagorean right triangle proposal 6315: 6085: 6083: 6057: 6055: 5592:"Phosphine gas in the cloud decks of Venus" 5583: 5549: 5402:"Acidic clouds of Venus could harbour life" 5301: 5259: 4703: 4389:Venus Exploration Targets Workshop ( 2014 ) 4040: 3783: 3502: 3056:"Phosphine gas in the cloud decks of Venus" 3017: 2996:Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 2599: 1899:In September 2020, research studies led by 9133: 9119: 8365:Planetary habitability in the Solar System 8154: 8140: 6839: 6825: 6525: 6511: 6369:"Scientific goals of the Venera-D mission" 6153:Oshima, Takeshi; Sasaki, Tokuhito (2011). 4137: 3989: 3836: 3668: 3662: 2451: 2370: 422:, and traces of other gases, most notably 27: 10937:Planetary atmospheres of the Solar System 8161: 6441:A Venus Aircraft Could Be in NASA's Plans 6390: 5970: 5938: 5903: 5886: 5876: 5732: 5722: 5609: 5541: 5494: 5353: 5156: 4805: 4677: 4531:"VenusExpress: Acid clouds and lightning" 4450: 4336: 4189: 4121: 4027:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) 3961: 3796:. Venus Today. 2006-07-12. Archived from 3757: 3687: 3494: 3476: 3424: 3371: 3324: 3305: 3273: 3231: 3213: 3158: 3071: 3029:V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics 2994:. Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, 2737: 2678: 2676: 544:The announcement promoted re-analysis of 266:which separates the troposphere from the 226:that cover the entire planet, preventing 10646:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules 8792:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence 8460:List of potentially habitable exoplanets 6361: 6174: 6080: 6052: 5995: 5993: 4829:Russell, C. T.; Phillips, J. L. (1990). 4822: 4429:. American Institute of Physics: 16–18. 3811: 3606: 3604: 3199: 2813: 2272: 2203:A solar flyer has also been proposed by 2156:proposed by NASA's New Frontiers program 2148: 2089: 2000: 1911:radio telescopes noted the detection of 1732: 1574: 1529: 1417: 1413: 1400: 1226: 1147: 1097: 625: 603:Comparison of Atmosphere Compositions – 598: 405: 10842:) may be read as "within" or "part of". 9870:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets 8597:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment 6065:. Space.com. 2004-06-07. Archived from 5814: 5808: 5272: 4902: 4786:Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 4685: 4601: 4595: 4152: 3111: 2682: 2241:Venus Atmospheric Maneuverable Platform 1991:Observations and measurement from Earth 10924: 6456: 6344:"New promise for the Venera-D project" 6309: 6280: 6249: 5783: 5740: 5531: 5358:. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. 5312: 4884:. Kosmich. Issled. 18, 429-434 (1980). 4779: 4420: 4122:Carpenter, Jennifer (7 October 2011). 3934: 3719:Blumenthal, Kay, Palen, Smith (2012). 3117: 3025:"HITRAN on the Web Information System" 2984: 2858: 2746: 2673: 1807: 1209:atmospheric windows indicate that the 33:Cloud structure in Venus's atmosphere 9114: 8498:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection 8135: 6820: 6506: 6255: 6026: 5990: 5555: 5394: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4402: 4004:from the original on 22 December 2007 3974:. European Space Agency. 2006-06-27. 3772:from the original on 14 February 2008 3601: 3579: 3577: 2047:occurred in 2012. Using quantitative 8450:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems 8435:Habitability of neutron star systems 8195:Viking lander biological experiments 6182:"Venus Exploration Mission PLANET-C" 4124:"Venus springs ozone layer surprise" 3821:. Shade Tree Physics. Archived from 3751: 3693: 2160: 1874:just below the Venusian cloud deck. 1749:advanced as a possible explanation. 35:revealed by ultraviolet observations 8425:Habitability of binary star systems 8400:Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems 6341: 6324:from the original on 2 January 2008 6232:"Venus Mobile Explorer—Description" 6127: 5372: 4640: 4630:"Planet Venus: Earth's 'evil twin'" 4622: 4473: 4368:2004 Venus Transit information page 3978:from the original on 7 January 2008 3002:from the original on 14 August 2012 333:, even more so than the surface of 13: 9150: 9060:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science 8903:Hypothetical types of biochemistry 8430:Habitability of natural satellites 5315:"Astrobiology: the Case for Venus" 4951: 4887: 4693:"Experts puzzled by spot on Venus" 4379: 4258:Whitten, R. C.; McCormick, P. T.; 3574: 3035:from the original on 19 April 2013 1205:. The observations in the various 522:on the right, longer on the left). 305:. This ionized layer excludes the 14: 10953: 8440:Habitability of red dwarf systems 6486: 5380:"Venus could be a haven for life" 3118:Sample, Ian (14 September 2020). 2931:Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth 2838:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2014.01.06 2074: 1579:Photograph taken by the uncrewed 234:has been obtained exclusively by 10909: 10897: 10885: 10873: 10861: 10733: 10721: 10709: 9140: 8592:Life Investigation For Enceladus 8115: 8106: 8105: 6560: 6491: 6470: 6450: 6434: 6418: 6402: 6373:Russian Space Research Institute 6335: 6146: 6121: 6108: 6033:Britt, Robert Roy (2001-11-27). 3996:Lakdawalla, Emily (2006-04-14). 3669:Fegley, B.; et al. (1997). 2899:"Clouds and atmosphere of Venus" 2865:Encyclopedia of the Solar System 2285:In June 2021, NASA selected the 2277:Artist's concept of the planned 2024:calculated that the amount of CO 1518:losses is around 2 (i.e. almost 701: 570:NASA Infrared Telescope Facility 497: 482: 10609:Gravitationally rounded objects 6532: 6303:10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.04.011 6002:The Discovery of Global Warming 5979: 5842: 5833: 5701: 5677: 5525: 5503: 5459: 5408: 5404:. NewScientist.com. 2002-09-26. 5216: 5182:Journal of Geophysical Research 5173: 5124: 5072: 4999: 4874: 4780:Lorenz, Ralph D. (2018-06-20). 4773: 4757: 4661: 4650:. hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu 4552: 4485: 4467: 4373: 4361: 4251: 4115: 4023:"Venus: Jet-setting atmosphere" 3712: 3694:Choi, Charles Q. (2014-12-28). 3673:. University of Arizona Press. 3456: 3403: 3348: 3137: 2949: 2783: 1361:at an altitude of 100 km. 1333:local thermodynamic equilibrium 1272:Upper atmosphere and ionosphere 1253:, which came with no surprise. 684:(505 K, 232 °C), and 8582:Journey to Enceladus and Titan 2723: 2586: 2572:10.1126/science.328.5979.677-a 2543: 2086:Recent and current spaceprobes 1263:revealed something similar to 1093: 594: 556:spectral features are instead 401: 349:on Venus in the same way that 297:separates the atmosphere from 1: 8715:Berkeley SETI Research Center 8415:Extraterrestrial liquid water 6342:Zak, Anatoly (5 March 2021). 5932:10.1146/annurev.earth.26.1.23 5815:Bortman, Henry (2004-08-26). 5769:10.1126/science.198.4321.1035 5295:10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00036-7 3850:"Atmospheric Flight on Venus" 2305: 2055:. The atmosphere of mostly CO 1616:of wavelengths less than 169 1494:in the tail. The energies of 1426:Venus is known not to have a 1326:), which then relax and emit 9035:Extraterrestrials in fiction 8908:Interplanetary contamination 8405:Circumstellar habitable zone 8289:(unusual light fluctuations) 8281:(unusual light fluctuations) 8273:(unusual light fluctuations) 6457:Potter, Sean (2 June 2021). 6256:Myers, Robert (2002-11-13). 5912:Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci 5453:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.08.008 5386:. 2002-09-28. Archived from 5313:Landis, Geoffrey A. (2003). 5137:Geophysical Research Letters 5082:Geophysical Research Letters 4857:10.1016/0273-1177(90)90174-X 4370:, Venus Earth and Mars, NASA 4284:10.1016/0019-1035(84)90192-1 3413:Geophysical Research Letters 3360:Astronomy & Astrophysics 2978:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.02.010 2747:Landis, Geoffrey A. (2003). 2709:10.1016/0019-1035(88)90116-9 2142:altitude of 400 km and 1928: 1752: 1438:. Venus only has an induced 650:supercritical carbon dioxide 528: 60:93 bar (1,350 psi) 7: 10704:Outline of the Solar System 10467:Interplanetary medium/space 8893:Extraterrestrial hypothesis 8038:Artificial objects on Venus 8033:Geological mapping of Venus 6794:Extraterrestrial atmosphere 6037:. Space.com. Archived from 5945:Marov, Mikhail Ya. (2004). 4969:Planetary and Space Science 4535:European Space Agency (ESA) 4500:(25): 388–389. 1976-06-19. 3411:SOFIA GREAT Observations", 3390:10.1051/0004-6361/202039559 3177:10.1051/0004-6361/202039717 2935:. Oxford University Press. 2859:Taylor, Fredric W. 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Leonard David, 6128:Imamura, Takeshi. 6019:2012-05-21 at the 6007:2012-05-21 at the 5663:The New York Times 5475:Geophys. Res. Lett 5343:on August 7, 2011. 4929:10.1007/BF00177140 4636:. 7 November 2005. 4029:. 5 September 2017 3585:"Venus Fact Sheet" 2283: 2205:Geoffrey A. Landis 2158: 2104: 2053:extrasolar planets 2011: 1901:Cardiff University 1739: 1595: 1537: 1424: 1411: 1318:in the long-lived 1239: 1163:Hadley circulation 1155: 1108:cyclostrophic flow 1104: 695: 636: 617: 491:Earth's atmosphere 412: 370:Christiaan Huygens 21: 10849: 10848: 10694: 10693: 10690: 10689: 10667:Lagrangian points 10639:by discovery date 10237:Human spaceflight 10208:historical models 10101: 10100: 9726:S/2015 (136472) 1 9108: 9107: 8638:SpaceX Red Dragon 8553:Rosalind Franklin 8348: 8347: 8207:Allan Hills 84001 8201:Allan Hills 77005 8129: 8128: 8046: 8045: 7942:Venus Life Finder 7613:Sputnik programme 7592: 7591: 7479: 7478: 6976: 6975: 6814: 6813: 6496:Media related to 6427:. Kritine Moore, 6411:. Deborah Byrd, 6283:Acta Astronautica 5421:. 29 August 2019. 5365:978-0-201-32839-4 5281:(12): 1487–1501. 5275:Planet. Space Sci 5231:(5753): 244–246. 5088:(14): 7955–7961. 5021:(7170): 661–662. 4905:"Venus lightning" 4831:"The Ashen Light" 4770:. 26 August 2019. 4721:(7170): 661–662. 4567:(5824): 610–613. 4443:10.1063/1.1357898 4315:(7170): 650–653. 4215:(7170): 654–656. 4071:(7170): 641–645. 3898:(7170): 633–636. 3680:978-0-8165-1830-2 3620:Nature Geoscience 3538:(7170): 657–660. 2942:978-0-19-286218-1 2773:10.1063/1.1541418 2637:(7170): 637–640. 2507:(7170): 629–632. 2415:(7170): 646–649. 2342:(10): 1699–1734. 2161:Proposed missions 2043:. The last solar 2018:Mikhail Lomonosov 2013:In 1761, Russian 1943:of the levels of 1845:polyextremophiles 1833:hyperthermophiles 1776:in 2007 detected 1112:pressure gradient 1063: 1062: 666:greenhouse effect 632:Mikhail Lomonosov 439:hydrogen fluoride 435:hydrogen chloride 383:Mikhail Lomonosov 192: 191: 184:Hydrogen fluoride 174:Hydrogen chloride 10949: 10914: 10913: 10912: 10902: 10901: 10900: 10890: 10889: 10888: 10878: 10877: 10866: 10865: 10864: 10857: 10843: 10841: 10832: 10825: 10818: 10811: 10805: 10799: 10793: 10786: 10779: 10772: 10765: 10758: 10751: 10738: 10737: 10736: 10726: 10725: 10724: 10714: 10713: 10712: 10415:Exozodiacal dust 10105: 10104: 10071:Detached objects 9313: 9312: 9309: 9308: 9153: 9135: 9128: 9121: 9112: 9111: 9085:San Marino Scale 9025:Brookings Report 8972:Neocatastrophism 8878:Cosmic pluralism 8852:Little green men 8827:Types of alleged 8752:Astrolinguistics 8341: 8333: 8332:(unknown origin) 8329:Fast radio burst 8325: 8317: 8298: 8297:(unknown origin) 8294:HD 164595 signal 8290: 8282: 8274: 8255: 8247: 8233: 8232: 8183:Nakhla meteorite 8156: 8149: 8142: 8133: 8132: 8119: 8109: 8108: 8011:Inspiration Mars 7603: 7602: 7488: 7487: 7461:Surface features 7116:Sacajawea Patera 6915: 6914: 6902:Mapping of Venus 6872: 6871: 6859:Outline of Venus 6841: 6834: 6827: 6818: 6817: 6564: 6527: 6520: 6513: 6504: 6503: 6495: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6454: 6448: 6438: 6432: 6422: 6416: 6415:. 31 March 2018. 6406: 6400: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6384: 6375:. Archived from 6365: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6262: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6193: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6159: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6125: 6119: 6112: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6087: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6059: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6030: 6024: 6014:Venus & Mars 5999:Weart, Spencer, 5997: 5988: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5890: 5880: 5863:(7): 3666–3672. 5846: 5840: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5726: 5717:(2): 2994–3001, 5705: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5695: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5613: 5597:Nature Astronomy 5587: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5567:. Archived from 5553: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5513:. 29 August 2019 5507: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5472: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5428: 5422: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5336:. Archived from 5328:(7/8): 250–254. 5319: 5310: 5299: 5298: 5270: 5257: 5256: 5245:10.1038/284244a0 5220: 5214: 5213: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5160: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5059: 5053:. Archived from 5012: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4960: 4949: 4948: 4900: 4885: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4868: 4859:. Archived from 4826: 4820: 4819: 4809: 4777: 4771: 4766:Meghan Bartels, 4761: 4755: 4754: 4710: 4701: 4700: 4699:. 1 August 2009. 4689: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4581:10.1038/292610a0 4556: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4546: 4537:. Archived from 4527: 4521: 4520: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4454: 4452:2060/20020022923 4418: 4409: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4340: 4306: 4297: 4288: 4287: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4204: 4187: 4186: 4150: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4056: 4047: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4034: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4009: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3983: 3968: 3959: 3958: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3887: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3854: 3845: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3790: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3742: 3734: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3706: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3640:10.1038/ngeo2971 3617: 3608: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3595: 3581: 3572: 3571: 3527: 3500: 3499: 3498: 3480: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3428: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3375: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3328: 3312: 3303: 3302: 3277: 3262:Nature Astronomy 3256: 3245: 3244: 3235: 3217: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3162: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3075: 3060:Nature Astronomy 3051: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3007: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2934: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2914: 2905:. Archived from 2895: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2801: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2775:. Archived from 2759:(1): 1193–1198. 2744: 2735: 2734: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2680: 2671: 2670: 2622: 2597: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2494: 2449: 2448: 2406: 2397: 2368: 2367: 2331: 2227:microelectronics 2123:spectral range. 2119:in the 1–5 2100:Akatsuki mission 2045:transit of Venus 1997:Transit of Venus 1945:greenhouse gases 1893:disulfur dioxide 1868:carbonyl sulfide 1856:hydrogen sulfide 1714: 1676: 1655: 1434:in the Venusian 1380: 1256:Images from the 1058: 1044: 1035: 1027: 1021: 1015: 1007: 1001: 995: 987: 981: 975: 967: 961: 955: 947: 941: 935: 927: 921: 915: 907: 901: 895: 887: 881: 875: 867: 861: 855: 847: 841: 835: 824: 818: 807: 801: 790: 784: 773: 767: 756: 750: 739: 733: 705: 698: 694: 664:create a strong 642: 630:1761 drawing by 566:hydrogen sulfide 554:hydrogen sulfide 501: 486: 469: 387:Saint Petersburg 323:greenhouse gases 178:0.1–0.6 ppm 74:Chemical species 56:surface pressure 31: 24: 20: 10957: 10956: 10952: 10951: 10950: 10948: 10947: 10946: 10922: 10921: 10920: 10910: 10908: 10898: 10896: 10886: 10884: 10872: 10862: 10860: 10852: 10850: 10845: 10839: 10837: 10836: 10830: 10823: 10816: 10809: 10803: 10797: 10791: 10784: 10777: 10770: 10763: 10756: 10749: 10734: 10732: 10722: 10720: 10710: 10708: 10695: 10686: 10650: 10587: 10571:vs. Hill sphere 10497:Molecular cloud 10425:Sample curation 10405:Detached object 10344: 10337: 10181: 10173: 10110: 10097: 10042:Neptune trojans 9825: 9823: 9821: 9814: 9756: 9449: 9320: 9302: 9188: 9151: 9144: 9139: 9109: 9104: 9100:Xenoarchaeology 9090:Technosignature 8991: 8927: 8913:Kardashev scale 8866: 8828: 8821: 8817:Xenolinguistics 8782:Project Phoenix 8772:Project Cyclops 8757:Lincos language 8720:Bracewell probe 8705:Arecibo message 8686: 8679: 8577:Icebreaker Life 8479: 8391: 8384: 8344: 8339: 8331: 8323: 8315: 8301: 8296: 8288: 8280: 8272: 8258: 8253: 8245: 8224: 8165: 8160: 8130: 8125: 8097: 8042: 8021: 7998: 7992: 7946: 7910: 7885: 7856:Cassini–Huygens 7758:Mariner program 7588: 7560: 7512: 7475: 7439: 7256: 7212: 7203: 7179: 7170: 6986: 6984: 6972: 6958:Aphrodite Terra 6944: 6906: 6863: 6850: 6845: 6815: 6810: 6803: 6772: 6738: 6671: 6632: 6565: 6556: 6536: 6531: 6489: 6484: 6483: 6471: 6464: 6462: 6455: 6451: 6447:. 29 June 2018. 6439: 6435: 6431:. 1 April 2018. 6423: 6419: 6413:Earth & Sky 6407: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6382: 6380: 6367: 6366: 6362: 6352: 6350: 6348:RussianSpaceWeb 6340: 6336: 6327: 6325: 6314: 6310: 6279: 6275: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6250: 6241: 6239: 6230: 6229: 6225: 6216: 6214: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6191: 6189: 6180: 6179: 6175: 6166: 6164: 6157: 6151: 6147: 6138: 6136: 6126: 6122: 6113: 6109: 6100: 6098: 6089: 6088: 6081: 6072: 6070: 6061: 6060: 6053: 6044: 6042: 6041:on May 11, 2008 6031: 6027: 6021:Wayback Machine 6009:Wayback Machine 5998: 5991: 5984: 5980: 5943: 5939: 5908: 5904: 5847: 5843: 5838: 5834: 5825: 5823: 5813: 5809: 5800: 5798: 5788: 5784: 5745: 5741: 5706: 5702: 5693: 5691: 5683: 5682: 5678: 5668: 5666: 5654: 5650: 5640: 5638: 5588: 5584: 5574: 5572: 5554: 5550: 5530: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5481:(21): 11, 146. 5470: 5464: 5460: 5429: 5425: 5413: 5409: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5366: 5352: 5348: 5340: 5317: 5311: 5302: 5271: 5260: 5221: 5217: 5178: 5174: 5129: 5125: 5077: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5060:on 4 March 2016 5057: 5010: 5004: 5000: 4961: 4952: 4901: 4888: 4879: 4875: 4866: 4864: 4827: 4823: 4778: 4774: 4762: 4758: 4711: 4704: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4666: 4662: 4653: 4651: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4600: 4596: 4557: 4553: 4544: 4542: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4506:10.2307/3960800 4491: 4490: 4486: 4478: 4472: 4468: 4419: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4384: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4304: 4298: 4291: 4256: 4252: 4205: 4190: 4155:Rep. Prog. Phys 4151: 4138: 4129: 4127: 4120: 4116: 4057: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4032: 4030: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4007: 4005: 3994: 3990: 3981: 3979: 3970: 3969: 3962: 3939: 3935: 3888: 3871: 3863: 3852: 3846: 3837: 3828: 3826: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3803: 3801: 3792: 3791: 3784: 3775: 3773: 3756: 3752: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3717: 3713: 3704: 3702: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3667: 3663: 3615: 3609: 3602: 3593: 3591: 3583: 3582: 3575: 3528: 3503: 3461: 3457: 3408: 3404: 3353: 3349: 3313: 3306: 3257: 3248: 3198: 3191: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3116: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3052: 3048: 3038: 3036: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3005: 3003: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2925: 2921: 2912: 2910: 2897: 2896: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2857: 2853: 2812: 2808: 2799: 2797: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2745: 2738: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2681: 2674: 2623: 2600: 2591: 2587: 2548: 2544: 2495: 2452: 2404: 2398: 2371: 2336:Rep. Prog. Phys 2332: 2313: 2308: 2296: 2163: 2088: 2083: 2077: 2058: 2027: 1999: 1993: 1985: 1980:plate tectonics 1977: 1964:David Grinspoon 1931: 1865: 1816: 1810: 1755: 1711: 1704: 1700: 1692: 1685: 1679: 1674: 1663: 1658: 1645: 1640: 1634:sulfur trioxide 1626:carbon monoxide 1528: 1476: 1472: 1416: 1396: 1378: 1338: 1335:emissions of CO 1325: 1274: 1175:carbon monoxide 1165:. However, the 1096: 1085: 1056: 1042: 1033: 1028:0.004 760 1025: 1019: 1013: 1005: 999: 993: 985: 979: 973: 965: 959: 953: 945: 939: 933: 925: 919: 913: 905: 899: 893: 885: 879: 873: 865: 859: 853: 845: 839: 833: 822: 816: 805: 799: 788: 782: 771: 765: 754: 748: 737: 731: 721: 716: 711: 672:, even that of 659: 640: 597: 581: 540: 531: 526: 525: 524: 523: 511: 510: 509: 502: 494: 493: 487: 478: 477: 467: 461: 457: 443:carbon monoxide 441:(HF). There is 404: 399: 367: 144:Carbon monoxide 36: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10955: 10945: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10919: 10918: 10906: 10894: 10882: 10870: 10847: 10846: 10743: 10742: 10730: 10718: 10706: 10700: 10697: 10696: 10692: 10691: 10688: 10687: 10685: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10658: 10656: 10652: 10651: 10649: 10648: 10643: 10642: 10641: 10636: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10595: 10593: 10589: 10588: 10586: 10585: 10583:Scattered disc 10580: 10575: 10574: 10573: 10563: 10558: 10557: 10556: 10551: 10550: 10549: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10433: 10432: 10427: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10371: 10370: 10368:Excretion disk 10363:Accretion disk 10360: 10355: 10353:Star formation 10349: 10347: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10299: 10298: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10277: 10276: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10255: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10242:space stations 10234: 10233: 10232: 10227: 10217: 10216: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10195: 10189: 10187: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10115: 10113: 10102: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10095: 10090: 10089: 10088: 10083: 10081:Scattered disc 10078: 10073: 10068: 10067: 10066: 10061: 10046: 10045: 10044: 10039: 10029: 10028: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9966: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9949: 9948: 9943: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9913: 9912: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9868: 9863: 9862: 9861: 9856: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9830: 9828: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9772: 9766: 9764: 9758: 9757: 9755: 9754: 9753: 9752: 9742: 9741: 9740: 9730: 9729: 9728: 9718: 9717: 9716: 9706: 9705: 9704: 9699: 9689: 9688: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9657: 9656: 9655: 9645: 9644: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9618: 9617: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9581: 9580: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9524: 9523: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9492: 9491: 9490: 9485: 9475: 9474: 9473: 9468: 9459: 9457: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9447: 9446: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9395: 9394: 9393: 9392: 9391: 9386: 9376: 9375: 9374: 9369: 9354: 9353: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9326: 9324: 9307: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9300: 9293: 9286: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9251: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9149: 9146: 9145: 9138: 9137: 9130: 9123: 9115: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9001: 8999: 8997:Related topics 8993: 8992: 8990: 8989: 8987:Zoo hypothesis 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8938: 8936: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8888:Drake equation 8885: 8880: 8874: 8872: 8868: 8867: 8865: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8833: 8831: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8767:Pioneer plaque 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8738: 8737: 8732: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8691: 8689: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8677: 8670: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8640: 8635: 8627: 8619: 8617:Northern Light 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8558: 8557: 8544: 8541:Europa Clipper 8537: 8532: 8527: 8520: 8513: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8489: 8487: 8485:Space missions 8481: 8480: 8478: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8396: 8394: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8356: 8354: 8350: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8342: 8340:(radio signal) 8334: 8326: 8324:(inconclusive) 8318: 8316:(radio source) 8309: 8307: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8299: 8291: 8283: 8278:EPIC 204278916 8275: 8266: 8264: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8256: 8248: 8239: 8237: 8230: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8222: 8216: 8210: 8204: 8198: 8192: 8186: 8180: 8173: 8171: 8167: 8166: 8159: 8158: 8151: 8144: 8136: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8123: 8113: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8054: 8052: 8048: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8040: 8035: 8029: 8027: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8019: 8014: 8008: 8002: 8000: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7918: 7916: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7908: 7901: 7893: 7891: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7878: 7871: 7864: 7859: 7852: 7845: 7838: 7837: 7836: 7831: 7821: 7820: 7819: 7813: 7802: 7801: 7800: 7790: 7789: 7788: 7781: 7774: 7767: 7755: 7754: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7622: 7621: 7620: 7609: 7607: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7570: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7522: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7494: 7492: 7485: 7481: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7447: 7445: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7340:Goeppert-Mayer 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7266: 7264: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7227:Artemis Chasma 7224: 7222:Aikhulu Chasma 7218: 7216: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7201: 7199:Sedna Planitia 7196: 7194:Lakshmi Planum 7191: 7185: 7183: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7136:Siddons Patera 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7096:Pavlova Corona 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7076:Maxwell Montes 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7026:Ciuacoatl Mons 7023: 7018: 7013: 7011:Artemis Corona 7008: 7003: 6998: 6992: 6990: 6978: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6954: 6952: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6921: 6919: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6878: 6876: 6869: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6861: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6844: 6843: 6836: 6829: 6821: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6780: 6778: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6748: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6681: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6662: 6655: 6648: 6642: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6602: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6575: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6546: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6530: 6529: 6522: 6515: 6507: 6488: 6487:External links 6485: 6482: 6481: 6449: 6433: 6417: 6401: 6389: 6360: 6334: 6308: 6289:(7): 570–579. 6273: 6248: 6223: 6198: 6173: 6145: 6120: 6107: 6079: 6051: 6025: 5989: 5978: 5937: 5902: 5841: 5832: 5807: 5791:Paul M. Sutter 5782: 5739: 5700: 5676: 5648: 5604:(7): 655–664. 5582: 5548: 5524: 5502: 5458: 5439:(2): 648–660. 5423: 5407: 5393: 5371: 5364: 5346: 5300: 5258: 5215: 5188:(E4): E04008. 5172: 5123: 5071: 4998: 4950: 4886: 4873: 4843:(5): 137–141. 4821: 4772: 4756: 4702: 4684: 4660: 4639: 4621: 4594: 4551: 4522: 4484: 4466: 4410: 4401: 4372: 4360: 4289: 4270:(2): 317–326. 4260:Merritt, David 4250: 4188: 4161:(6): 687–732. 4136: 4114: 4048: 4039: 4014: 3988: 3960: 3933: 3869: 3866:on 2011-10-16. 3835: 3810: 3782: 3758:Nave, Carl R. 3750: 3729: 3711: 3686: 3679: 3661: 3600: 3573: 3501: 3455: 3402: 3347: 3304: 3268:(7): 636–639, 3246: 3208:(1): L18–L22, 3189: 3136: 3110: 3066:(7): 655–664. 3046: 3016: 2983: 2948: 2941: 2919: 2887: 2873: 2851: 2806: 2782: 2779:on 2012-07-11. 2753:AIP Conf. Proc 2736: 2722: 2695:(3): 472–494. 2672: 2598: 2585: 2542: 2450: 2369: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2295: 2292: 2169:, proposed by 2162: 2159: 2098:, seen by the 2087: 2084: 2079:Main article: 2076: 2075:Space missions 2073: 2056: 2025: 1995:Main article: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1975: 1949:climate change 1930: 1927: 1917:abiotic method 1888:microorganisms 1863: 1860:sulfur dioxide 1812:Main article: 1809: 1806: 1778:whistler waves 1754: 1751: 1730:measurements. 1728:sulfur dioxide 1718:Surface level 1716: 1715: 1709: 1702: 1698: 1690: 1683: 1677: 1672: 1661: 1656: 1643: 1628:and monatomic 1622:carbon dioxide 1607:sulfur dioxide 1603:carbon dioxide 1527: 1524: 1520:stoichiometric 1502:respectively. 1484:solar activity 1474: 1470: 1428:magnetic field 1415: 1412: 1394: 1383:subsolar point 1336: 1323: 1273: 1270: 1222:sulfur dioxide 1187:polar vortices 1095: 1092: 1083: 1061: 1060: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1040: 1037: 1030: 1029: 1023: 1017: 1010: 1009: 1008:0.036 90 1003: 997: 990: 989: 988:0.097 65 983: 977: 970: 969: 963: 957: 950: 949: 943: 937: 930: 929: 923: 917: 910: 909: 903: 897: 890: 889: 883: 877: 870: 869: 863: 857: 850: 849: 843: 837: 830: 829: 826: 820: 813: 812: 809: 803: 796: 795: 792: 786: 779: 778: 775: 769: 762: 761: 758: 752: 745: 744: 741: 735: 728: 727: 718: 713: 707: 706: 662:sulfur dioxide 657: 596: 593: 580: 577: 538: 530: 527: 513: 512: 503: 496: 495: 488: 481: 480: 479: 475: 474: 473: 472: 459: 455: 424:sulfur dioxide 416:carbon dioxide 403: 400: 398: 395: 366: 363: 247:super-rotation 208:carbon dioxide 190: 189: 186: 180: 179: 176: 170: 169: 166: 160: 159: 156: 150: 149: 146: 140: 139: 136: 130: 129: 126: 120: 119: 113: 111:Sulfur dioxide 107: 106: 103: 97: 96: 93: 91:Carbon dioxide 87: 86: 82: 81: 79:Molar fraction 76: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 58: 51: 50: 47: 43: 42: 38: 37: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10954: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10929: 10927: 10917: 10907: 10905: 10895: 10893: 10883: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10869: 10859: 10858: 10855: 10844: 10835: 10828: 10821: 10814: 10808: 10802: 10796: 10789: 10782: 10775: 10768: 10761: 10754: 10747: 10741: 10731: 10729: 10719: 10717: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10701: 10698: 10683: 10682:Tidal locking 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10662:Double planet 10660: 10659: 10657: 10653: 10647: 10644: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10631: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10614:Minor planets 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10596: 10594: 10590: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10572: 10569: 10568: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10555: 10552: 10548: 10547:Merging stars 10545: 10544: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10519: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10422: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10369: 10366: 10365: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10350: 10348: 10346: 10340: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10297: 10294: 10293: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10239: 10238: 10235: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10222: 10221: 10218: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10200: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10180: 10176: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10149:Subsatellites 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10116: 10114: 10112: 10109:Hypothetical 10106: 10103: 10094: 10091: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10056: 10055: 10052: 10051: 10050: 10047: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10034: 10033: 10030: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9982: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9975:Asteroid belt 9973: 9971: 9968: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9938: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9918: 9917: 9914: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9871: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9851: 9850: 9849:Minor planets 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9817: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9780: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9759: 9751: 9748: 9747: 9746: 9743: 9739: 9736: 9735: 9734: 9731: 9727: 9724: 9723: 9722: 9719: 9715: 9712: 9711: 9710: 9707: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9694: 9693: 9690: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9661: 9658: 9654: 9651: 9650: 9649: 9646: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9623: 9622: 9619: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9585: 9582: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9529: 9528: 9525: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9497: 9496: 9493: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9480: 9479: 9476: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9463: 9461: 9460: 9458: 9456: 9452: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9400: 9399: 9396: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9381: 9380: 9377: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9364: 9363: 9360: 9359: 9358: 9355: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9331: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9323: 9318: 9314: 9311: 9310: 9305: 9299: 9298: 9294: 9292: 9291: 9287: 9285: 9284: 9280: 9278: 9277: 9273: 9271: 9270: 9266: 9264: 9263: 9259: 9257: 9256: 9252: 9250: 9249: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9222: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9192: 9147: 9143: 9136: 9131: 9129: 9124: 9122: 9117: 9116: 9113: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8998: 8994: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8933:Fermi paradox 8930: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8898:Fermi paradox 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8869: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8857:Nordic aliens 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8837:Energy beings 8835: 8834: 8832: 8830: 8824: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8687:communication 8682: 8676: 8675: 8671: 8669: 8668: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8556: 8554: 8550: 8549: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8542: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8525: 8521: 8519: 8518: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8482: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8393: 8387: 8381: 8380:Life on Titan 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8370:Life on Venus 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8351: 8338: 8335: 8330: 8327: 8322: 8319: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8304: 8295: 8292: 8287: 8284: 8279: 8276: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8261: 8252: 8249: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8236:Misidentified 8234: 8231: 8227: 8220: 8217: 8214: 8213:Yamato 000593 8211: 8208: 8205: 8202: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8190: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8178: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8157: 8152: 8150: 8145: 8143: 8138: 8137: 8134: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8112: 8104: 8103: 8100: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8049: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8024: 8018: 8015: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8003: 8001: 7995: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7949: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7882: 7881:Venus Express 7879: 7877: 7876: 7872: 7870: 7869: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7857: 7853: 7851: 7850: 7846: 7844: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7825: 7822: 7817: 7814: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7806: 7805:Pioneer Venus 7803: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7794: 7791: 7787: 7786: 7782: 7780: 7779: 7775: 7773: 7772: 7768: 7766: 7765: 7761: 7760: 7759: 7756: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7595: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7579:Venus trojans 7577: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7515: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7489: 7486: 7482: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7442: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7375:Maria Celeste 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7242:Devana Chasma 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7232:Baltis Vallis 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7177: 7173: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7086:Onatah Corona 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7066:Jaszai Patera 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7046:Heng-o Corona 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7016:Baʽhet Corona 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6983: 6979: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6930:Asteria Regio 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6873: 6870: 6866: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6853: 6849: 6842: 6837: 6835: 6830: 6828: 6823: 6822: 6819: 6806: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6768: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6638:Dwarf planets 6635: 6629: 6628: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6617: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6603: 6601: 6600: 6596: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6568: 6563: 6553: 6552: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6528: 6523: 6521: 6516: 6514: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6501: 6499: 6494: 6478: 6477:public domain 6460: 6453: 6446: 6442: 6437: 6430: 6429:The Inquisitr 6426: 6421: 6414: 6410: 6405: 6398: 6393: 6379:on 2013-05-10 6378: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6349: 6345: 6338: 6323: 6319: 6312: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6277: 6259: 6252: 6238:on 2007-02-17 6237: 6233: 6227: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6188:on 2006-12-08 6187: 6183: 6177: 6163: 6156: 6149: 6135: 6131: 6124: 6117: 6111: 6097:on 2012-03-05 6096: 6092: 6086: 6084: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6056: 6040: 6036: 6029: 6022: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6010: 6006: 6003: 5996: 5994: 5987: 5982: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5906: 5898: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5845: 5836: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5778: 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4906: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4883: 4877: 4863:on 2015-12-08 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4825: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4707: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4649: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4541:on 2019-03-28 4540: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4481:. p. 14. 4477: 4470: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4415: 4405: 4390: 4383: 4380:Wilson, C.F. 4376: 4369: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4338:2027.42/62594 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4296: 4294: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 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1910: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1825:extremophiles 1822: 1821:life on Earth 1815: 1814:Life on Venus 1805: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1773:Venus Express 1769: 1764: 1760: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1743:Venus Express 1735: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1713: 1705: 1694: 1686: 1678: 1675: 1668: 1664: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1599:photochemical 1592: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1532: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1467: 1465: 1464:current sheet 1461: 1457: 1453: 1452:magnetosheath 1449: 1445: 1441: 1440:magnetosphere 1437: 1433: 1429: 1420: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1392: 1391:magnetosphere 1388: 1384: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1349:Venus Express 1344: 1342: 1334: 1329: 1321: 1320:singlet state 1317: 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586: 576: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 546:Pioneer Venus 542: 536: 521: 517: 507: 500: 492: 485: 471: 465: 453: 452:sulfuric acid 448: 447:atomic oxygen 444: 440: 436: 432: 427: 425: 421: 417: 408: 394: 392: 388: 384: 378: 373: 371: 362: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 291: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 252: 248: 244: 239: 237: 236:radar imaging 233: 229: 225: 224:sulfuric acid 221: 217: 216:that of Earth 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 187: 185: 181: 177: 175: 171: 167: 165: 161: 157: 155: 151: 147: 145: 141: 137: 135: 131: 127: 125: 121: 118: 114: 112: 108: 104: 102: 98: 94: 92: 88: 83: 80: 77: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 57: 52: 48: 44: 39: 30: 25: 19: 10932:Solar System 10916:Solar system 10838:Each arrow ( 10760:Local Bubble 10746:Solar System 10744: 10537:Planetesimal 10492:Kuiper cliff 10220:Space probes 10193:Colonization 10032:Kirkwood gap 9953:Saturn Moons 9866:Planetesimal 9330:Terrestrials 9295: 9288: 9281: 9274: 9267: 9260: 9253: 9246: 9219: 9142:Solar System 9095:UFO religion 9040:Extremophile 9020:Biosignature 9015:Astroecology 9010:Astrobiology 8962:Great Filter 8777:Project Ozma 8685:Interstellar 8672: 8665: 8643: 8631:Perseverance 8630: 8622: 8552: 8539: 8522: 8515: 8508: 8410:Earth analog 8392:habitability 8375:Life on Mars 8017:Terraforming 8006:Colonization 7988:Shukrayaan-1 7903: 7896: 7873: 7866: 7854: 7847: 7840: 7824:Vega program 7793:Zond program 7783: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7656:Venera 1964A 7252:Ganis Chasma 7247:Diana Chasma 7121:Sachs Patera 7106:Pancake dome 7036:Fotla Corona 7021:Boala Corona 6963:Ishtar Terra 6886: 6765: 6758: 6751: 6731: 6724: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6625: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6597: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6549: 6490: 6463:. 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SPACE.com 5797:. space.com 5689:www.msn.com 5064:8 September 3949:: 280–285. 3857:Proceedings 3471:(12): 752, 2733:. May 2006. 2222:Opportunity 2096:ultraviolet 1987:tectonics. 1879:ultraviolet 1837:acidophiles 1802:ashen light 1611:Ultraviolet 1554:solar cells 1535:signatures. 1460:magnetotail 1359:ozone layer 1171:Hadley cell 1129:ultraviolet 1124:geostrophic 1116:centrifugal 1094:Circulation 696:Atmosphere 621:troposphere 595:Troposphere 552:and all of 520:wavelengths 402:Composition 355:exploration 347:lifting gas 315:magnetotail 299:outer space 243:troposphere 158:12 ppm 148:17 ppm 138:20 ppm 134:Water vapor 128:70 ppm 95:96.5 % 85:Composition 10926:Categories 10820:Local Hole 10767:Gould Belt 10507:Oort cloud 10343:Formation, 10333:Deep space 10169:Vulcanoids 10086:Oort cloud 10010:first 1000 9946:Greek camp 9844:Meteoroids 9839:Damocloids 9785:Charikloan 9065:Noogenesis 9045:Hemolithin 8923:Panspermia 8871:Hypotheses 8847:Insectoids 8812:Water hole 8313:SHGb02+14a 8286:VVV-WIT-07 8093:Phosphorus 8068:In fiction 8063:In culture 7785:Mariner 10 7711:Kosmos 482 7686:Kosmos 167 7646:Sputnik 21 7641:Sputnik 20 7636:Sputnik 19 7471:Venusquake 7466:Venus snow 7395:Merit Ptah 7330:De Lalande 7156:Ushas Mons 7151:Theia Mons 7146:Skadi Mons 7126:Sapas Mons 7056:Idunn Mons 7006:Anala Mons 6968:Lada Terra 6940:Ovda Regio 6935:Beta Regio 6887:Atmosphere 6744:Exoplanets 6465:2021-06-02 6383:2012-02-22 6328:2008-01-17 6267:2011-03-23 6242:2008-12-23 6217:2008-01-17 6192:2008-01-17 6167:2018-10-18 6139:2018-10-18 6101:2008-01-17 6073:2008-01-17 6045:2008-01-17 5826:2008-01-17 5801:2019-08-30 5724:2108.08393 5694:2020-09-14 5611:2009.06593 5543:2108.02286 4867:2016-09-08 4679:2101.08582 4654:2014-04-06 4545:2016-09-08 4130:2011-10-08 4093:2268/29723 4033:2017-09-26 4008:2008-01-17 3982:2008-01-17 3829:2008-01-23 3804:2007-01-17 3776:2008-01-23 3705:2023-04-13 3594:2022-12-02 3478:2211.07786 3426:2210.13519 3373:2010.07817 3326:2009.12758 3275:2011.08176 3215:2010.15188 3160:2010.09761 3073:2009.06593 2913:2008-01-22 2880:12 January 2800:2022-10-06 2306:References 2268:wind shear 2061:wavelength 1951:on Earth. 1922:telescopes 1903:using the 1884:Carl Sagan 1601:action on 1569:visibility 1560:on Earth. 1552:such that 1507:solar wind 1480:ionosphere 1444:solar wind 1432:convection 1407:solar wind 1370:ionization 1366:ionosphere 1278:mesosphere 1265:jet stream 1203:Antarctica 1167:meridional 1159:convection 1142:equatorial 1137:retrograde 1120:zonal flow 690:retrograde 516:wavenumber 437:(HCl) and 433:, such as 303:solar wind 295:ionosphere 264:mesosphere 232:topography 204:atmosphere 202:. 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