Ashgabat - Knowledge

795:) neighborhoods to the south and industrial parks to the east. In 2013, Ashgabat annexed a portion of the then-Ruhabat district of Ahal Province as well as the city of Abadan (previously named Büzmeýin, and renamed that as a neighborhood) plus all land and villages in between. The southern boundary of Ashgabat was extended southward to the foothills of the Kopet Dag mountains. Overall, Ashgabat's land area rose by 37,654 hectares. The following municipalities were abolished due to their incorporation into the city of Ashgabat: city of Abadan, towns of Jülge and Ruhabat, villages of Gökje, Gypjak, Birleşik, Magaryf, Herrikgala, Ýalkym, Gurtly, Hellewler, Ylmy-Tejribe bazasy, Ýasmansalyk, Köne Gurtly, Gulantäzekli, Serdar ýoly, Gaňtar, Gyzyljagala, Inerçýage, Tarhan, Topurly, and Ussagulla. A further expansion occurred January 5, 2018, when additional land to the north was annexed, incorporating the Gurtly Reservoir and two greenfield residential construction projects, known today as Täze Zaman. This statute also established the current four boroughs of Ashgabat. 1750:) with very hot, dry summers and cool, short, somewhat moist, winters. The average high temperature in July is 38.3 °C (100.9 °F). Nighttimes in the summer are warm, with an average minimum temperature in July of 23.8 °C (75 °F). The average January high temperature is 8.6 °C (47.5 °F), and the average low temperature is −0.4 °C (31.3 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Ashgabat is 47.2 °C (117 °F), recorded in June 2015. A low temperature of −24.1 °C (−11 °F) was recorded in January 1969. Snow is infrequent in the area. Annual precipitation is only 201 millimetres (7.91 in); March and April are the wettest months, and June to September are the driest months. In May 2022, 338 millimetres (13.31 in), 1,352% of the monthly normal, was reported. 4255: 4133:. The Museum of the President of Turkmenistan of the State Museum of the State Cultural Center of Turkmenistan was commissioned in June 2009. The main objective of this museum is a thorough study of information about the domestic and foreign policies of Turkmenistan. The Museum of Ethnography and Local History of the State Museum of the State Cultural Center of Turkmenistan opened in May 2009. The exhibition on the first floor of the museum is dedicated to the nature of Turkmenistan. On the second floor there is an exhibition concerning the ethnography of Turkmenistan. The exhibition of the Museum of Nature consists of 11 sections. 94: 2745:, his father, and his mother. The Presidential Palace Square was designated 2000 to symbolize the beginning of the 21st century. The rest of the streets were assigned larger or smaller four-digit numerical names. Following Niyazov's death in 2006, Soviet-era street names were restored, though in the years since, many of them have been replaced with names honoring Turkmen scholars, poets, military heroes, and figures from art and culture, as well as celebrating the nation's independence. For example, Karl Marx Square became Garaşsyzlyk (Independence) Square, Ostrovskiy Street became Abba Annaýew (in honor of President 3929: 3668: 2855: 4810: 408: 87: 4560: 2777:, the city spent $ 5 billion on residential construction. December 4, 2014, the president issued a decree calling for construction of 60 9-story apartment buildings in the Parahat-7 microdistrict, a greenfield project in the southeast quadrant of the city. On November 10, 2015, the "13th Line" was dedicated, a complete reconstruction of buildings along Oguzhan köçesi west of Garaşsyzlyk şaýoly. Projects included demolition and redevelopment of the Leningrad kolkhoz neighborhood as the "14th Line", and the Gazha and Vosmushka neighborhoods as the "15th Line". 693: 4414: 684:

unable to implement the new master plan "as it implied significant demolition of the existing buildings". A description of Ashgabat published in 1948 just before the earthquake noted, "In Ashgabat there are nearly no tall buildings, thus every two-story building is visible from above...", i.e., from the foothills. The tallest structures were the clock tower of the textile mill, the "round smokestack of the glass factory", two "exceptionally thin minarets" of the "former mosque", and "two splendid towers over the long building of the main city hotel".

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straightening and widening of Atamyrat Nyýazow şaýoly plus construction of 13 high-rise apartment buildings, two secondary schools, two kindergartens, a new headquarters building for the Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, the Telekeçi shopping center, and the Development Bank. On that same date, the new Cabinet of Ministers building was also opened.

2438:, first mentioned as a wine-producing village in the 1st-2nd century BC and leveled by an earthquake in the 1st century BC. Konjikala was rebuilt because of its advantageous location on the Silk Road and it flourished until its destruction by Mongols in the 13th century. After that it survived as a small village until Russians took over in the 19th century. 4081:

Turkmenistan accredited to award postgraduate degrees. In 2019, President Berdimuhamedov decreed that state funding of the Academy of Sciences would end within three years. Prior to founding of the Turkmen Academy of Sciences, local scientific-research institutes, all located in a single two-story building, were subordinate to the USSR Academy of Sciences.

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the railroad depot, engaged in locomotive and railcar maintenance and repair, with the rest occupied in cotton ginning, cottonseed oil extraction, flour milling, and leather-, brick-, glass-, and iron production. By 1915 the city boasted as well three printing houses, an electrical power station, three cotton gins, a creamery, a tannery, and 35 brickyards.

2995:. In 1926 Ashkhabad's population of 51,593 included 52.4% Russians, 13.53% Armenian, 4.3% Persians, , and 29.8% "other". By 1939, Ashkhabad counted 126,500 residents, including 11.7% Armenian. The 1959 census recorded a population of 169,900, which grew to 338,000 by 1983, including 105 nationalities, of which ethnic Armenians constituted 40 percent. 3278:. A large percentage of the employment in Ashgabat is provided by the state institutions; such as the ministries, undersecretariats, and other administrative bodies of the Turkmenistan government. There are also many foreign citizens working as diplomats or clerks in the embassies of their respective countries. Ashgabat lends its name to the 2976:. The population was 2,500 in 1881, virtually all Russian. By 1886 Askhabad's population was about 10,000, mainly ethnic Russians. Construction of the Trans-Caspian Railway stimulated an influx of migrants seeking employment, particularly from the Caucasus, Volga Valley, and Iran, and Askhabad's subsequent population growth was as follows: 4277:, or head Turkmen). The 15 m (50 ft) high statue, which rotated in order to always face the sun during daylight hours, was removed on August 26, 2010, after Niyazov's successor, current President Berdimuhamedov, made clear earlier in the year that the statue was to be taken out of Ashgabat's Independence Square. In 2011 a 2527:(village) of Askhabad on the Gaudan (Howdan) road leading to Persia. The fortress stood on a hill 12 meters high, on which was constructed a citadel-redoubt, and below , the residential area, surrounded by walls and a moat." Sixty-seven Turkmen families were compensated for the land confiscated from them for this construction. 4108:

On March 17, 1899, the official opening of the Trans-Caspian Regional Museum took place in Ashgabat. On November 12, 1998, the opening of the National Museum of Turkmenistan took place. Its primary goal is to chronicle Turkmenistan's history in various forms from the earliest periods using historical

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On 23 August 2022 the government announced plans to demolish one- and two-story houses in several microdistricts of central Ashgabat and to replace them with modern apartment buildings. A map of the areas intended for urban renewal was broadcast on national television that day, but no indication of a

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Between 1881 and 1921, little industry existed in Ashgabat. Muradov relates that in 1915 the city featured "68 enterprises, mainly semi-handicrafts, with a total of 200-300 workers". Another source relates that as of 1911 roughly half the workforce of somewhat more than 400 "workers" was employed at

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In advance of the V Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games held in September 2017, roughly one billion dollars was spent on widening and upgrading Ashgabat's major thoroughfares. Several traffic circles were created, in which were placed mainly abstract monuments. As of 2020 the most recent addition to

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reached Askhabad in 1885. The population grew from 2,500 in 1881 to 10,000 in 1886 and 19,428 (of whom one third were Persian) by 1897. The Transcaspian Public Library was established in 1885, boys and girls high schools were founded in 1886, and the Kuropatkin School of Horticulture and Viticulture

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in the near suburbs and their conversion into residential neighborhoods, one of which, Leningrad kolkhoz, to this day is referred to informally by its former name. The plan was reworked in 1974, and this resulted in relocation of several industrial plants away from the city center, and thus creation

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The fortress was the center of the bureaucratic part of the city. Here stood especially sturdy thick-walled houses, with strong window grates and corner buttresses. Earthquakes were less frightening in such houses, and behind the thick walls even in the hottest months some measure of indoor coolness

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characteristics, often with a motif reflecting the structure's intended occupant. For example, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs building is topped by a globe of the Earth, inside which is a conference center; the Development Bank building is topped by a giant coin; the Ministry of Health and Medical

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Subsequent to conclusion of the Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games, the "16th Line" project, a redevelopment of the Köşi neighborhood and extension of Magtymguly Avenue to the west, was begun in 2018. The "16th Line" was dedicated on November 10, 2020; it includes 16 high-rise apartment buildings,

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The first master plan for Ashgabat, developed between 1935 and 1937 at the Moscow Institute of Geodesy, Aerial Imagery, and Cartography, envisioned expansion to the west, including irrigation and greening of the Bikrova canyon (today Bekrewe). The city architect's office was created in 1936 but was

662:, who lived in Askhabad from 1901 to 1904, described the city as "a little tidy town consisting of numerous clay houses, surrounded by fruit gardens with straight streets, planted with slim cottonwood, chestnut, and white acacia planned by the hand of military engineers". Another description noted, 3710:

From November 1, 2017, the electronic system of payment for public transport came into full force in Ashgabat. Payment can be made using an electronic transport card. There are three types of electronic cards: school, for pensioners and general. When entering through the front door of the bus, the

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The memorial complex in Bekrewe includes a statue of a bull with the Earth balanced on its horns, symbolizing the 1948 earthquake, and a statue of two traditionally dressed Turkmen warriors guarding a widow grieving the death of her husband in World War II. The exterior wall of the museum features

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and were limited to one story in height due to the seismic risk. As of 1900 only one building in the city was two stories tall, the municipal museum. City planning began following the Russian conquest, with "very simple planning schemes". The basic layout of downtown streets "has been preserved to

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Other Christian denominations exist but as of 2019 only two were registered with the government and thus able to operate legally. The U.S. Department of State reported that Turkmen authorities "scrutinize or obstruct religious groups attempting to purchase or lease buildings or land for religious

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was founded June 29, 1951, and includes the unique Desert Institute among its 26 scientific research institutes, as well as the State Seismological Service, 17-degree-granting schools, two medical research centers, a library, and two print shops. The Academy of Sciences is the only institution in

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The Abadan State Power Plant (now Büzmeýin State Power Plant), commissioned in 1957, was the first large power plant in Turkmenistan. Two gas turbine plants with a capacity of 123 MW each currently generate electricity in this plant. The Ashgabat State Power Plant, located in the southern part of

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The Turkmen State Project Institute undertook a feasibility study in the mid-1960s to forecast Ashgabat's development to the year 2000, and on that basis to develop a new master plan. Up until then the city had largely expanded to the east, but now the plan called for development to the south and

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is headquartered at the airport. Ashgabat offers air service to and from all the major cities of the Turkmenistan. Since March 2020, in order to prevent the import and spread of coronavirus infection, all planes arriving in Turkmenistan from abroad are redirected to the Turkmenabat International

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In 1921 Soviet authorities built a new glass plant plus a wine and spirits factory. In the years following several more factories were added, including the "Red Metalworker" iron-working plant (1925), the silk spinning plant (1928), a cotton spinning plant and textile plant (1929), candy factory

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After independence, the city architect's office ordered construction of many high-rise (generally 12-story) residential buildings. Modern construction techniques allow high-rise development with good seismic safety. Primarily consisting of residential towers, the first floor is typically used as

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north of the Choganly residential neighborhood, which is planned to include over 200 buildings on 744 hectares, and for the first time in the city's history to feature some buildings as tall as 35 stories. These will include 180 12- to 35-story residential buildings containing 17,836 apartments

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Travel in the Ashgabat city public transport for the majority of the country's population incurs a fee. Money is thrown into a box next to the driver. Large bills are given to the driver, he gives change. The fare for travel in city public transport is 50 Turkmen tenge (since 2017). Route taxi

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In 1948 Ashgabat was described before the earthquake as lying "on a sloping plain of the Kopet-Dag foothills, stretching seven kilometers from west to east and five kilometers from the railroad right-of-way to the south, in the direction of the mountains". Through the mid-1970s, Ashgabat was a

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Nearly all one-story residential buildings in the city made of mud brick were destroyed, 95 percent of all one-story buildings made of fired brick, and the remaining structures were damaged beyond repair. The number of inhabitable buildings was in single digits, and at that, only after capital

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was retained. Each house had a garden around it, on maintenance of which residents spared neither expenditures nor water...Nearer the rail station lived the railroad workers and craftsmen. Here the houses were shorter and more densely spaced, gardens smaller, and dust on the streets greater...

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Much of the urban renewal since 1991 has involved demolition of traditional single-family residential housing, commonly with allegedly forced eviction of residents, and often without compensation to the homeowners. In particular, private homes rebuilt in neighborhoods flattened by the 1948

3103:. Since then, however, much new sculpture has appeared. In Ylham (Inspiration) Park are found numerous busts and statues. Additional statues can be seen in the VDNH Park. A monumental statue of the current president was dedicated in May 2015 near Ashgabat Stadium. One also finds statues of 2769:

Ashgabat's "11th Line" project was dedicated on June 29, 2012, including 17 high-rise apartment buildings along 10 ýyl Abadançylyk şaýoly, two secondary schools, two kindergartens, a fire station, and a health clinic. The "12th Line" project was completed October 1, 2014, consisting of a

7074: 2551:, commander of Russian forces during the 1880–1881 Trans-Caspian military campaign. These included as well the western boundary avenue, named in honor of General Nikolai Grodekov, and the city's central avenue, renamed in the 1890s to honor General and Trans-Caspian Governor-General 2918:

On 15 June 2020, Turkmen President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov announced intention to create a fifth borough of Ashgabat, to be called Altyn etraby, centered on the new resort zone created on the shores of the former Gurtly Water Reservoir, recently renamed "Golden Lake" (Altyn köl).

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Prior to establishment of Soviet authority in Turkmenistan, Ashgabat had only 11 schools and no scientific or research centers. By 1948 Ashgabat had three institutions of higher education, 20 technical schools, 60 libraries, "and approximately the same number of kindergartens".

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Ashgabat has many parks and open spaces, mainly established in the early years of the Independence and well maintained and expanded thereafter. The most important of these parks are: the Botanical Garden, Güneş, Turkmen-Turkish friendship, Independence. The oldest city park,

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earthquake, many of which were never formally registered with the government, were subject to confiscation and demolition without compensation, as were former dacha communities like Ruhabat, Berzengi, and Choganly, which in nearly all cases lacked formal ownership documents.

3334:(1930), garment factory (1933), shoe factory (1934), and a meat cannery (1938). As of 1948, Ashgabat boasted "about twenty large factory-plant enterprises, which produce fabrics, glass, footwear, garments, meat products, dredges, agricultural implement parts and much else". 2487:, inclusive. One of these villages was named Askhabad. The first Russian reference to Ashgabat dates to 1850, in a document kept in the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs archives listing 43 Ahal fortresses, "Ishkhabad" among them. It was described as a "typical Turkmen 3870:

is a Turkmen national state company for the provision of communication services, established in 2004. In 2010, the company launched a 3G network of UMTS standard, covering all districts of Ashgabat and the Ashgabat International Airport . On September 18, 2013, the

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A new general plan was hastily developed by July 1949. The city was divided into four zones: central, northern, eastern, and southwestern. Reconstruction of the city began in that year. Thus from the early 1950s through 1991 Ashgabat's skyline was dominated by

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Ashgabat became a refuge for both institutions, including Moscow State University and the Kiev film studio, and individuals. Roughly 8,000 refugees were quartered in private homes during the war. Among the outsiders who escaped to Ashgabat during the war were

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Gradually a third center of Ashkhabad started to emerge, of the merchants. Roughly equidistant from the rail station and the fortress was laid out a sad marketplace, becoming not only a center of stores and stalls, but a center of gravity for merchants'

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The city was regarded as a pleasant municipality with European-style buildings, shops, and hotels. Several streets were named after Russian military figures, reflecting its status as a garrison town, including the main square, named in honor of General

3111:. In addition to the statue of former President Niyazov atop the Neutrality Monument, a gilded statue of him stands before the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and a gilded seated statue of him graces the entry to the Turkmen Agricultural University. 2986:

Ethnic Russians dominated the population after 1881, with about 20 percent admixture of Caucasus-origin migrants (mainly Armenian). One source indicates that pre-revolutionary Askhabad had no Turkmen residents at all, and that they lived in nearby

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Today more than 43 large and 128 medium-sized industrial enterprises along with over 1,700 small industrial facilities are located in Ashgabat and its suburbs. The most important are Ashneftemash, Turkmenkabel, and Turkmenbashy Textile Complex.

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Since independence in 1991, several monuments to features of Turkmenistan's governance have been erected: to neutrality, to the constitution, to the renaissance of Turkmenistan, to independence, as well as a special monument to former President

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sponsors a French school for children of its Francophone employees, the Turkish Embassy sponsors the Turkish-medium Turgut Ozal Turkmen-Turkish School, and the American Embassy sponsors the English-medium Ashgabat International School.

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to Ashgabat. Ahmedov's greatest architectural accomplishment during this period is considered the Ashgabat Hotel (today renamed Paytagt Hotel), built between 1964 and 1970, "a harmonious synthesis of architecture and monumental art".

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In Ashgabat taxis are available at any time of the day or night. Passengers may also hire taxicabs via mobile apps. Other hailing methods, such as telephone based calls or raising one's hand on the street, are also common as well.

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The House of Worship itself was surrounded by gardens, with four buildings at the four corners of the gardens: a school, a hostel where travelling Bahá'ís were entertained, a small hospital, and a building for groundskeepers.

2785:. In addition, the Gurtly and Choganly housing complexes, both greenfield projects, were constructed. In May 2021 the government announced plans for the "17th Line", consisting of a resort complex encircling Golden Lake ( 7316: 8204: 6452: 3215:, the Bahá'ís, strictly adhering to their principle of obedience to legal government, abandoned these properties in 1928. For the decade from 1938 to 1948, when it was seriously damaged by the earthquake, it was an 2522:

The city was officially founded January 18, 1881, as a fortified garrison and was named after the Turkmen village on that site. Russian military engineers platted the garrison settlement "on the western edge of the

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khabad" was restored in 1927. In keeping with standard Soviet practice, Imperial Russian street names were changed to honor prominent Communists, Russians, or socialist ideals. For example, Skobolev Square became

621:). The highest point in the city is the 401 metres (1,316 ft) high sandhill upon which the Yyldyz Hotel was built, but most of the city lies between 200 and 255 metres (656 and 837 ft) of elevation. The 8397: 8215: 4057:, the Naval Institute, the Border Guards Institute, the Institute of National Security, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs Institute. In 2020 the Military Institute began accepting applications from women. 3985: 3683:

Public transport in the city consists mainly of buses. More than 100 bus lines cover a total range of more than 2,230 kilometres (1,386 miles) with 700 buses running on urban routes. The city primarily uses

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In 1871 a Russian visitor named Strebnitskiy counted over four thousand "nomad tents" (yurts), implying a population of 16 to 20 thousand Ahal Teke Turkmen, many of whom were killed or dispersed in the 1881

2943:). These are administrative units that possess no independent governance structures. They are used for management of utilities and publicly owned housing. Ashgabat includes the following microdistricts: 745:(now renamed Paytagt), the Academy of Sciences complex, and the downtown library building. On then-Karl Marx Square stood a monument to the Soviet "fighters for victory of Soviet power in Turkmenistan". 9630: 3244:, where several ministries and agencies, as well as educational, research, and cultural centers, are found. The former Novofiryuzenskoye shosse (New Firyuza Highway) was rebuilt by Gap Inşaat in 2004. 5751: 6376: 3176:, the number of Bahá'ís in the city rose to over 1,000, and a Bahá'í community was established, with its own schools, medical facilities and cemetery. The community elected one of the first Bahá'í 784:

compact city, as shown by the 1974 Soviet military's General Staff map J-40-081. The village of Köşi, collective farm "Leningrad", airport, and suburbs to the north were outside the city limits.

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in English, a transliteration of the Russian form. It has also been variously spelled Ashkhabat and Ashgabad. From 1919 until 1927, the city was renamed Poltoratsk after a local revolutionary,

4246:, the first 3-D cinema in Turkmenistan, opened in Ashgabat. The Watan and Turkmenistan theaters were reconstructed. Additional cinemas are located in the Berkarar Mall and the Gül zemin Mall. 3742:, and Mollagara, as well as points in between. The main intracity bus terminals serving Ashgabat are near the Teke Bazaar and at the domestic airport terminal. Intercity lines are operated by 9252: 8920: 8193: 7180: 738: 6907: 6045: 3369:. It began operating in 2010 with two gas turbines producing 254.2 MW. Three small gas turbines were added in 2013 and two more gas turbines in 2014, bringing capacity to 648.1 MW. 7912: 3946:

Ashgabat TV is main city channel. The channel tells about the events of social, cultural, economic life, the activities of scientific and educational institutions of the Ashgabat.

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Ashgabat is in near proximity, approximately 50 km (30 mi), to the Iranian border. It occupies a highly seismically active oasis plain bounded on the south by the foothills of the

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along with other, mainly Asian, brands. Taxicabs are either sedans, station wagons, or MPVs. Most taxicabs are automatic transmission, and some have navigation systems on board.

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Beginning in the 1970s, Ashgabat's boundaries shifted outward, with the aforementioned municipalities annexed, the aerodrome at Howdan redeveloped, and creation of the Parahat (

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from east to west. Since 2019, the city has been recognized as having one of the highest costs of living in the world largely due to Turkmenistan's inflation and import issues.

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National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972).

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mountain range is about 25 kilometres (16 mi) to the south, and Ashgabat's northern boundary touches the Kara-Kum desert. Because of this Ashgabat has a "Mediterranean"

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Among the buildings erected in the 1950s and 1960s were the headquarters of the Central Committee of the Turkmenistan Communist Party, the Council of Ministers Building, the

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and serves as the headquarters for the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea and United Nations Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia (UNRCCA).

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https://unrcca.unmissions.org/ru/%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2

9369: 8527: 5400: 3071:. The dominant characteristic of new construction since 1991 has been nearly universal facing with white marble. Another recurring motif is the eight-pointed star of 3431:

in Choganly, also known as "Tolkuchka", features manufactured items including traditional fabrics and hand-woven carpets, as well as livestock and used automobiles.

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In Ashgabat and Turkmenistan, taxicabs are mostly white or yellow coloured . Taxis have a small green illuminated cylinder-like "TAXI" sign on the roof of the car.

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In 1930, asphalt was used for the first time to pave Ashgabat's streets. The water supply was increased by piping water from springs in neighboring Gämi and Bagyr.

8149: 5175: 4027: 8161:Скоростная трасса Ашхабад-Теджен открывается 29 октября Orient Link: https://orient.tm/ru/post/35050/skorostnaya-trassa-ashhabad-tedzhen-otkryvaetsya-29-oktyabrya 4089:

Ashgabat is the cultural heart of Turkmenistan. Ashgabat enjoys numerous theatres, museums, galleries, concert halls, cinemas and foreign cultural institutions.

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The main offices of 7 television channels are located in Ashgabat: Altyn Asyr, Yashlyk, Miras, Turkmenistan Sport, Turkmen Owazy, Ashgabat and Turkmenistan TV.

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is situated in Ashgabat as well. It is subordinate to the Ministry of Health and Pharmaceutical Industry of Turkmenistan. Other prominent institutions are the

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As of 2008, Ashgabat has 4 FM stations: Owaz, Char Tarapdan, Miras and Watan. These stations can additionally be streamed through Turkmentelecom's website.

9328: 7417: 6614: 4047: 4023: 8022: 7057: 4676: 3237:, the television and radio broadcasting tower, at a height of 211 meters is the tallest structure in the country. It was dedicated on October 17, 2011. 10951: 10599: 9645: 7952: 4207: 3957:. Most of them are thematic channels: news, sports, scientific and educational, TV channels for children, channels of various genres of cinema, music. 812: 8773: 7671: 3813:

minibuses operate on suburban routes. Some intercity buses also stop at various other points in Ashgabat, including the airport and railway station.

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Russia developed the area due to its proximity to the border of British-influenced Persia. In 1882 a wagon road was built through the mountains to

9256: 8182: 8010: 7711: 6524: 6022: 3751: 9410: 9345:"Президент Туркменистана принял участие в открытии мемориального комплекса и траурных мероприятиях Дня памяти – Интернет-газета Turkmenistan.Ru" 3889:

communication services (over 55 thousand subscribers). The network was created and put into operation by the company for the first time in 2003.

9777: 9723:"Интернет портал СНГ. 7.4. Соглашения между регионом государства – участника СНГ и регионом государства – участника СНГ (Российская Федерация)" 8062: 4197: 3306:, for creating an international transport and transit corridor facilitating transportation of goods between Central Asia and the Persian Gulf. 3212: 2829: 2636: 9180: 8549: 8281: 7184: 3465:, Teke Bazaar, Daşoguz Bazaar, Paytagt (Mir) Bazaar, and Jennet Bazaar. The Turkish-owned Yimpaş department store closed as of December 2016. 2725:, the earthquake killed 110–176,000 (⅔ of the population of the city), although the official number announced by Soviet news was only 40,000. 713: 10941: 9591: 8832: 8560: 7868: 3762: 2449:, based on discoveries of pottery and other artifacts in the 1970s and as recently as 2020. Other artifacts indicating settlement during the 8970: 6400: 4592:

In October 2017 a Jack Nicklaus Designs Signature 18-hole golf course opened in Ashgabat. It features 82 sand traps and covers 70 hectares.

3782: 8253: 6042: 4589:. Between 2010 and 2017 an Olympic Village was built by the Turkish firm Polimeks south of the city center, at a cost of $ 5 billion. 658:

this day and defined the unique character of the city structure combining linear and radial types of layout of blocks". The Russian writer

9156: 9454: 9428: 9080: 7916: 7075:"Глава государства подписал Постановления о переименовании и структурной реорганизации некоторых хякимликов Ахалского велаята и Ашхабада" 7017: 6992:"Глава государства подписал Постановления о переименовании и структурной реорганизации некоторых хякимликов Ахалского велаята и Ашхабада" 4664: 3050:

Following Niyazov's death, domes began to go out of fashion for buildings other than mosques, and public buildings began to take on more

6220: 8502: 754:

west. This plan was used for about 20 years, and led to construction of the city's first four-story apartment buildings in the Howdan (

8583: 6332: 3907:

is the official national postal operator of Turkmenistan. Based in Ashgabat, it currently operates through 38 postal offices in city.

10956: 9770: 8571: 3802: 2911:

This is a reduction from the previous number of boroughs. Arçabil and Çandybil boroughs were merged on February 4, 2015, and the new

9701: 7898: 7696: 6684: 207: 8216:В Туркменистане приступили к заключительному третьему этапу строительства высокоскоростной автомобильной дороги Ашхабад-Туркменабат 6936: 5250: 4586: 4491:

Church, founded in 1882 as parish church of the Russian military garrison, consecrated in 1900, located in the 30th Microdistrict (

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There are also several mosques in former towns and villages annexed by Ashgabat and thus now neighborhoods within the city limits.

3774: 3770: 3692:

buses. Bus timetables and detailed schematic map of the route are at every stop. Distances between stops are about 300–500 meters.

9064: 9807: 6552: 4571: 4563: 4540: 4259: 8160: 10574: 9277: 9196: 9102: 9006: 7232: 6018: 5737: 4596: 4284: 4061: 3321:

Cost of Living Survey. Its high cost of living for foreigners has been attributed to severe inflation and rising import costs.

9124: 7644: 3141:), which President Berdimuhamedov dedicated on June 3, 2020, and the Turkmen Alabay monument, dedicated on November 10, 2020. 10931: 7488: 7389: 6078: 5317: 709: 557:

Although the name literally means "city of love" or "city of devotion" in modern Persian, the name might be modified through

9564: 6908:"The President of Turkmenistan participates in ground-breaking ceremony of Ashgabat city and opening of residential complex" 5516:] (Map) (1969 ed.). 1:25,000. Генеральный штаб (in Russian). Генеральный штаб СССР. 1982. §§ J-40-69,70,81,82. 5333: 4014:

Ashgabat is the most important educational center of Turkmenistan with several institutions of higher education. Magtymguly

10850: 10614: 10246: 9550: 9536: 9314: 6783: 4180: 3991: 3167: 3047:. These firms blended Persian-style domes, which Niyazov favored, with Greco-Roman architectural elements such as pillars. 2992: 2563: 7978: 7445: 6628: 3711:

passenger must present the electronic card to the validator. The term of use of the transport electronic card is 4 years.

4149: 3704: 2774: 172: 10629: 5183: 3087:

Ashgabat features many sculptures honoring Turkmen, Turkic, and other Islamic poets and heroes. Four statues, of Lenin,

2741:

In July 2003, street names in Ashgabat were replaced by serial numbers except for nine major highways, some named after

2562:

was built in Askhabad. It was badly damaged in the 1948 earthquake and finally demolished in 1963. The community of the

473:'s "White City" urban renewal project, resulting in monumental projects sheathed in costly white marble. The Soviet-era 9604:"Дипломатические Представительства Иностранных Государств И Международных Организаций, Аккредитованные В Туркменистане" 7727: 7571: 6253: 6192: 6125: 5612: 8445: 6991: 6965: 5924: 5694: 9722: 9479:(in Russian). Государственное информационное агентство Туркменистана (TDH) – Туркменистан сегодня. February 24, 2019. 8400:[Turkmenistan] (in Russian). Consular Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. Archived from 8371: 8036: 7884: 7806: 7618: 7519: 7206: 7100: 6732:"В новых жилых массивах туркменской столицы готовятся к сдаче дома, объекты социальной и транспортной инфраструктуры" 6287: 6147: 4175: 2835: 2441:

The near suburb of Köşi, until 2013 a separate village but in that year annexed by Ashgabat, may have been site of a

458: 8171: 7781: 6642: 5876: 5307: 5206:"Turkmenistan: Regions, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information" 3362:

city, began operating in 2006. It is equipped with gas turbine generators with a total capacity of 254.2 megawatts.

8619: 7843: 6603:(in Russian). Государственное информационное агентство Туркменистана (TDH) – Туркменистан сегодня. January 9, 2015. 6094: 5796: 4190: 4046:

is another English-medium institution of higher education. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs' training ground is the

4019: 4008: 2793:), the former Gurtly Reservoir, to include 268 vacation cottages plus buildings for public services and amenities. 2717:

From this period onward, the city experienced rapid growth and industrialisation, although severely disrupted by a

9289: 6734:(in Russian). Государственное информационное агентство Туркменистана (TDH) – Туркменистан сегодня. April 16, 2017. 3591:

was completed. The railway station is made in Soviet-style architecture with its long point on the building roof.

1739: 10607: 9226: 8205:Президент Гурбангулы Бердымухамедов принял участие в открытии участка Ашхабад–Теджен автобана Ашхабад–Туркменабат 8122: 6851: 4031: 3954: 3882: 3614:) runs through Ashgabat from east to west. Since 2006 there is also a train line from Ashgabat to the north, the 3530:

In January 2018, it was reported that black cars had been impounded for weeks in Ashgabat, a result of President

3181: 2559: 9383: 9325: 8295: 5941:"Меджлис Туркменистана принял Постановление о вопросах административно-территориального деления города Ашхабада" 5846: 3493:, expansion of which cost $ 2.3 billion and which has a design capacity of 14,000,000 passengers per year. 3317:'s Cost of Living Survey. It was also listed as the second most expensive city in the world overall by the 2020 2569:

By 1915 Askhabad featured branches of the Russian State Bank, Persian Accounting Loan Bank, Russian-Asian Bank,

708:, all but a very few buildings collapsed or were damaged beyond repair (the reinforced concrete grain elevator, 10895: 10637: 10002: 8118: 7301: 6378: 4969: 4962: 4390: 4281:

was built, its total height of 185 m (607 ft) makes it the second tallest structure in Turkmenistan.

3820:. At the beginning of the twentieth century a narrow-gauge steam railway connected the city with the suburb of 3723: 3632: 3595: 3582: 3490: 3173: 3064: 7207:"French Bouygues to build new buildings for ministry of foreign affairs and ministry of education in Ashgabat" 3824:. As of 2011, there were 7 routes in the city. As of 2011, the Ashgabat trolleybus fleet had 47 trolleybuses ( 4947: 4368: 4185: 3519:

region. It is a loop 5.2 kilometers long and circulates exclusively on the territory of the Olympic Village (

3257: 3250: 9653: 7956: 7460: 2889:(formerly President Niyazov, Lenin District, expanded to include former Ruhabat District plus new territory) 10936: 4579: 4425: 4278: 3867: 628:

Like the rest of Turkmenistan, Ashgabat's soil is primarily sediment that accumulated on the bottom of the

4060:

Four international secondary schools operate in Ashgabat. The Russian Embassy sponsors the Russian-medium

9743:Е. М. Поспелов (Ye. M. Pospelov). "Имена городов: вчера и сегодня (1917–1992). Топонимический словарь." ( 8083: 6799:По туркменскому телевидению, кажется, впервые показали план сноса старых жилых домов в Ашхабаде. Их сотни 5373: 4926: 4921: 4360: 4326: 4077: 3338: 8860: 4371:, March 8, Gerogly, Dolphin, 15 years of Independence, Ruhyýet, 10 ýyl Abadançylyk, Ylham and Tashkent. 3828:

M) on its balance sheet. In 2000, the last obsolete trolleybuses of the JuMZ-T2 model were written off.

2991:. This began to change in the 1920s, following imposition of Soviet power, which brought with it forced 2538:, which led to increased trade as well as settlement of Persian and Armenian merchants in Askhabad. The 10590: 9578: 8423:Новое мобильное приложение Duralga предоставит информацию об автобусных маршрутах и остановках Ашхабада 8037:"Turkmen president attends inaugurations of three facilities dated to 15th anniversary of Turkmenistan" 7258: 6820:

President of Turkmenistan acquainted himself with the situation of new construction in the capital city

5481: 4937: 2782: 2570: 384: 8649: 3439: 10946: 10083: 8956: 8227: 7139: 7043: 6657:"В 15-ую очередь застройки Ашхабада войдет крупный комплекс 2-этажных коттеджей, десятки жилых домов" 4375: 4338: 4018:

was founded in 1950. The main university building is located on Beýik Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy şaýoly.

3981: 3531: 2746: 153: 31: 9505:"Ашхабадский гольф-клуб – новое слово в развитии отечественной спортивной и рекреационной индустрии" 8066: 6359: 5860: 762:) microdistricts, formerly the site of the Ashgabat-South aerodrome, as well as annexation of three 143: 10660: 10586: 7854: 7675: 6479: 5828: 4615: 4402: 4254: 4226:

Each of several former municipalities annexed by Ashgabat also features local a "house of culture"

4137: 4015: 3817: 3588: 3462: 3318: 3177: 2758: 2718: 2454: 466: 447: 374: 9476: 7865: 7474: 7021: 6893: 6404: 3928: 3541:

line, to connect the Ashgabat-Siti residential area in the northern suburbs to downtown Ashgabat.

3104: 10725: 10252: 8801: 8194:Автомагистраль Ашхабад–Туркменабат поспособствует развитию транспортного сообщения с Узбекистаном 8150:Новая трасса: президент Туркменистана проехал по участку автобана Ашхабад – Туркменабат на КамАЗе 6731: 6342: 5158: 5102: 4710: 4480: 3876: 2605: 515: 8467:"В Ашхабаде будет построен пассажирский автовокзал международного класса | Интернет-газета" 8023:"Авиарейсы из-за пределов Туркменистана временно перенаправляются в Туркменабат | Общество" 7511: 7503: 7018:"Меджлис Туркменистана внёс изменения в административно-территориальное деление города Ашхабада" 6600: 5219: 4911: 4430: 4355:, was founded in 1887 and is colloquially known as First Park. In the center of Ashgabat is the 3798: 2484: 133:

Neutrality Road, Gypjak Mosque, Abadanchylyk Square, Independence Park, Suburbs, Urban highways

9177: 7606:. Haifa, Palestine: US Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1991 first pocket-size edition. pp. 64–67. 6922:"Exhibition "White City Ashgabat": Achievements and perspectives of development of the capital" 6823: 6589:"Этапы развития Туркменской столицы" (in Russian). Neytral'nyy Turkmenistan. November 13, 2020. 6578:"Этапы развития Туркменской столицы" (in Russian). Neytral'nyy Turkmenistan. November 12, 2020. 6553:"Turkmenistan enters record books for having the most white marble buildings | World news" 6427: 4932: 4903: 4367:. Squares: 10 Years of Turkmenistan Independence, Magtymguly, Eternal Flame, Zelili, Chyrchyk, 4289: 4215: 3921: 2643:

was established in 1924, Poltoratsk became its capital. The original name but in the form of "A

2589: 727: 93: 10880: 8774:"Слухи о запрете продажи спутниковых антенн в Туркменистане оказались ложными | Культура" 2854: 10364: 9432: 9370:""Parahat – 7" ýaşaýyş toplumynda "Hezreti Omar" metjidiniň açylyş dabarasyndan fotoreportaž" 7432:"Turkmenistan: Satellite images reveal how mass forced evictions blight upcoming Asian Games" 6797: 5224: 4141: 3615: 3494: 3275: 2597: 2539: 8902: 8506: 5671:Скосырев, П. (1948). "Ашхабад--столица Советского Туркменистана". In Михайлова, Н.Н. (ed.). 4305:

has the world's greatest number of fountain pools in a public place. Ashgabat also features

2502:

autonomous under Turkoman tribal control until Russian forces defeated the Teke army at the

2475:

ethnic group arrived in the area around 1830 and established several semi-nomadic villages (

716:

were among the structures that survived). According to Turkmenistan's official news agency,

10835: 10275: 8005: 7574:. The National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United States. 2007. Archived from 7302:"Architecture gone wild: the 12 most insanely great contemporary buildings of the New East" 7044:"Парламент Туркменистана внёс изменения в административно-территориальное деление Ашхабада" 6453:"Today the People of Turkmenistan Mourn for Those Perished in the 1948 Ashgabat Earthquake" 6280:

The Country of the Turkomans: An anthology of exploration from the Royal Geographic Society

5910: 5892: 4916: 4647: 4544: 4220: 3667: 3656: 2892: 2886: 2468: 570: 454: 407: 352: 9522: 8955:. state news agency of Turkmenistan – Turkmenistan today. January 29, 2019. Archived from 7601: 6950:

Independent Neutral Turkmenistan: 10 Glorious Years of the Epoch of Turkmenbashi the Great

4559: 3703:

Information about bus routes and stops in Ashgabat is available in the mobile application

8: 10840: 10745: 10582: 10358: 10111: 9803: 9705: 8715:"На туркменском телевидении появится шестой канал | Интернет-газета Turkmenistan.Ru" 8137:"Представлен проект метрополитена, который свяжет столицу Туркменистана с "Ашхабад-сити"" 8104: 7126: 6894:"Президент Гурбангулы Бердымухамедов ознакомился с масштабным градостроительным проектом" 6070: 5597:(in Russian). Международное информационное агентство "Россия сегодня". December 17, 2015. 5182:. Turkmenistan State News Agency (TDH) - Turkmenistan Today. July 9, 2021. Archived from 4447: 4434: 4394: 4302: 3806: 3051: 2973: 2823: 2690: 2657: 2584:

rule was established in Ashgabat in December 1917. However, in July 1918, a coalition of

2503: 1735: 692: 273: 86: 5258: 4313:

is recognized as the world's largest architectural image of the star and entered in the

3201: 700:

During the 1948 earthquake, since the bulk of Ashgabat at that time was built of either

10830: 10800: 10665: 10462: 9493:(in Russian). МИНИСТЕРСТВО СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА И АРХИТЕКТУРЫ ТУРКМЕНИСТАНА. October 17, 2017. 9061: 8267: 6214: 4864: 4413: 4306: 4270: 4266: 3932: 3786: 3607: 3554: 3502: 3365:

Ashgabat also draws power from the Ahal State Power Plant, located outside the city in

3279: 3234: 3228: 3116: 3044: 3032: 2742: 2695: 2632: 2552: 2453:

period were reportedly discovered during laying of telephone cables on the site of the

2446: 551: 470: 9197:"Monument-symbol of city and amusement park inaugurated in Ashgabat – Turkmenistan.ru" 8847:"СОВМЕСТНАЯ ТУРКМЕНО-РОССИЙСКАЯ СРЕДНЯЯ ОБЩЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНАЯ ШКОЛА ИМЕНИ А. С. ПУШКИНА" 8528:В приложении «Onlaýn taksi» теперь можно узнать цену проезда перед заказом | SalamNews 7103:. Государственное информационное агентство Туркменистана. May 27, 2013. Archived from 5911:"Изменения в административной карте столицы Туркменистана и ее прилегающих территорий" 5893:"Изменения в административной карте столицы Туркменистана и ее прилегающих территорий" 5282:"Turkmenistan: Government Orders People Out Of Their Homes In Name Of 'Urban Renewal'" 2660:

Street, and Kuropatkin Avenue became Freedom Avenue (and from 1953 to 1961, following

2460:

According to Muradov, the first mention of the settlement in modern times is found in

10926: 10825: 10516: 9996: 8488: 8282:"В Туркменистане ввели новый график с большим числом поездов по стране | Туризм" 7515: 6813: 6746:"Президент Туркменистана ознакомился с ходом реализации программы застройки Ашхабада" 6518: 6283: 6143: 6074: 5313: 4979: 4957: 4952: 4356: 4294: 4269:, a 75 m (250 ft) tall tripod crowned by a golden statue of late president 4204: 4102: 3821: 3689: 3512: 3428: 3419: 3314: 3204:

by Ustad' Ali-Akbar Banna Yazdi who also wrote a history of the Baha'is in Ashgabat.

3200:

without denominational restrictions. The building was designed under the guidance of

3088: 2904: 2901:(formerly Abadan District, expanded to include former Arçabil and Çandybil Districts) 2367: 2319: 731: 633: 342: 281: 10775: 9344: 9204: 9014: 8874: 8714: 8466: 7236: 6504: 4502:

Temple of Saint Nicholas the Miracle-Worker, located inside the Khitrovka Cemetery (

4359:, an art-park complex which is a favorite place for many locals. The amusement park 4332: 2467:

British Lieutenant Colonel H.C. Stuart reported in 1881 that the Ahal branch of the

770:

Between 1961 and 1987 the city architect was Abdulla Ahmedov, who introduced Soviet

10150: 10144: 9131: 8434:В столице Туркменистане переходят на электронную систему оплаты проезда в автобусах 6966:"Постановление о вопросах административно-территориального деления города Ашхабада" 6879: 6382: 5131: 5093: 5088: 5079: 5038: 5000: 4575: 4525: 4514: 4503: 4492: 4488: 4457: 4227: 4004: 3743: 3520: 3451: 3443: 3342: 3241: 3134: 3100: 3092: 2936: 2928: 2875: 2803: 2786: 2703: 2624: 2609: 2548: 788: 755: 629: 614: 598: 574: 543: 526: 506: 502: 419: 104: 20: 8953:"Financing of the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan to be chnaged [sic]" 7784:(in Turkmen). Ministry of Energy (Turkmenistan). February 14, 2016. Archived from 7058:"В Туркменистане изменились административные границы Ашхабада и Ахалского региона" 3675: 3621:

As of July 2021, the following railway routes are scheduled from and to Ashgabat:

3587:

Ashgabat has a single central railway station. In May 2009 the restoration of the

2555:, both of whom had served in the Trans-Caspian campaign under Skobolev's command. 10446: 9332: 9184: 9068: 7872: 7233:"President of Turkmenistan inaugurates new residence – Palace Complex "Oguzkhan"" 6063: 6049: 5341: 5205: 4537: 4352: 4243: 4118: 3848: 3481: 3473: 3189: 2898: 2677: 2613: 566: 562: 489: 9525:(in Russian). ORIENT-ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЕ АГЕНТСТВО "МЕДИА-ТУРКМЕН". October 16, 2017. 8818: 6865: 5994: 5752:""Ашхабадская катастрофа". Глава из книги Б.Каррыева "Вот пришло землетрясение"" 4524:

Temple of the Holy Equals to Apostles Cyril and Methodius, located in Büzmeýin (

3477:

The falcon shape of the international terminal of Ashgabat International Airport

3434:

Modern shopping areas are found mostly in central streets, including the modern

3309:

In 2019 and 2020, Ashgabat was the most expensive city in the world for foreign

3231:

was dismantled and re-erected in its original form in the south of the capital.

122: 111: 75: 10845: 10815: 10680: 10675: 10578: 10369: 10007: 8321: 7597: 7403: 7286: 7272: 5559:Туркменская Советская Социалистическая Республика: Энциклопедический справочник 5430: 4643: 4157: 4114: 3894: 3840: 3537:

The Ukrainian construction firm Interbudmontazh has proposed construction of a

3415: 3409: 3007: 2665: 2507: 606: 558: 435: 10900: 10890: 10755: 9490: 8983: 8728: 8183:Строительство третьего этапа автобана Ашхабад – Туркменабат начал Туркменистан 7939:"Turkmenistan opens $ 2.3 billion bird-shaped international air terminal" 6242:] (Map). "100 sazhen to one English inch" (1:8,400) (in Russian). c. 1890. 4619: 3611: 3558: 10920: 10810: 10539: 10440: 9491:"Президент Туркменистана дал старт спортивной жизни Ашхабадского гольф-клуба" 9455:"$ 5 billion from the Treasury spent on the Olympic village in Ashgabat" 8745: 7360: 6880:"Президенту Туркменистана показали грандиозный проект "Ашхабад-сити" (видео)" 6209: 5811: 5229: 4705: 4625: 4607: 4513:

Temple of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ, located near the Ruhnama School (

3904: 3739: 3573: 3538: 3366: 3060: 2711: 2661: 2157: 622: 561:. Turkmen historian Ovez Gundogdiyev believes that the name goes back to the 474: 222: 209: 10690: 8994: 8700: 7731: 7575: 7168:(Map). Ashgabat: Ministry of Defense of Turkmenistan Enterprise No. 5. 2017. 7154:(Map). Ashgabat: Ministry of Defense of Turkmenistan Enterprise No. 5. 2011. 6815:Президент Туркменистана ознакомился с положением дел на новостройках столицы 6699: 6671:"Состоялось торжественное открытие зданий 14 очереди строительства Ашхабада" 6615:"В рамках 13-й очереди застройки Ашхабада введено в строй более 30 объектов" 6303: 6257: 4611: 3996: 3825: 3035:

began hiring foreign architectural and construction firms, most prominently

2733: 10905: 10632: 10478: 10184: 9847: 9793: 8934: 8686: 8136: 7754: 7672:"Hong Kong falls two places to become sixth-most expensive city for expats" 6995: 6969: 6764: 6745: 6538: 4636: 4398: 4379: 4145: 4109:

and archaeological collections. Since 2013, the museum began to be called

3516: 3295: 3099:, date to the Soviet period, as do a statue and a bust of Turkmen composer 3072: 2800:

The largest current residential project is construction of "Ashgabat-City"

2685: 2672: 2581: 2511: 767:

of the industrial zones to the northwest, south, southeast, and northeast.

443: 431: 427: 250: 193: 60: 24: 10700: 9726: 9230: 8375: 8040: 7818: 7622: 7210: 5594: 4974: 4635:

Weightlifter Polina Guryeva's silver medal is the first Olympic medal for

4578:, the National Olympic ice rink, Sports complex for winter sports and the 4101:

The State Museum of the State Cultural Center of Turkmenistan in front of

10390: 10200: 10044: 9961: 9931: 9920: 9617: 8674: 8299: 8230:(in Turkmen and Russian). "Türkmendemirýollary" agentligi. Archived from 7785: 7342: 5963: 5878:Схема территорий, предназначенных для включения в пределы города Aшхабада 5459: 4682: 4310: 3747: 3731: 3685: 2681: 2640: 610: 10705: 9676:"State visit of President of Turkmenistan to the Republic of Kazakhstan" 9603: 8627: 8357: 6700:"Началось возведение нового жилого комплекса вдоль проспекта Махтумкули" 4405:. It is located in the southwestern part of the city on Bekreve street. 4117:

and temporary exhibitions, on the second floor there is a department of

3719: 3240:

The administrative center of Ashgabat as the national capital is on the

3158: 10870: 10785: 10695: 10533: 10319: 10217: 10138: 10022: 9891: 9880: 9869: 9858: 9504: 9293: 7913:"The shopping centre Yimpas in Ashgabat dismisses staff before closing" 6717: 6224:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 762. 6102: 5940: 5718: 5370:"Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, Is the World's Most Expensive City for Expats" 5281: 4822: 4783: 4770: 4731: 4692: 4364: 4172: 4130: 3810: 3794: 3697: 3650: 3626: 3599: 3310: 3303: 3299: 3216: 3180:. In 1908 the Bahá'í community completed the construction of the first 3108: 2750: 2480: 659: 338: 10730: 8597: 7104: 6670: 6656: 5778: 5431:"Turkmenistan's capital tops list of most expensive cities for expats" 3915:

Notable newspapers published in Ashgabat include the daily newspapers

10770: 10760: 10715: 10376: 10270: 10257: 10235: 10228: 10206: 10178: 10155: 10088: 10072: 10050: 10028: 9915: 9675: 6386: 6156:

The Country of the Tekke Turkomans, and the Tejend and Murghab Rivers

5251:"Ashgabat | Definition of Ashgabat in English by Oxford Dictionaries" 4378:

was founded on 1 October 1929, and is the oldest botanical garden in

4335:, a place for official state events, forums, meetings, inaugurations. 4309:

which is the tallest tower in Turkmenistan, the decorative octagonal

3961: 3766: 3718:

was inaugurated on September 5, 2014. It offers intercity service to

2653: 2608:. After receiving some support (but even more promises) from General 2601: 2585: 2543:

appeared in 1890. The first telephone station was installed in 1900.

2431: 1731: 771: 730:

favored by post-Stalin Soviet architects. The city's central avenue,

594: 478: 439: 333: 10860: 8919:. Washington Post/Associated Press. January 30, 2019. Archived from 7127:"Бердымухамедов открыл Золотое озеро – очередной грандиозный проект" 6765:"Началась реализация второй очереди застройки жилого массива Гуртлы" 4097: 10820: 10795: 10740: 10501: 10456: 10336: 10222: 10189: 10127: 10066: 10033: 9966: 9886: 9875: 9762: 8935:"Будет изменена система финансирования Академии наук Туркменистана" 8561:

JAC E-J7 electric car presented at transport exhibition in Ashgabat

8374:(in Russian). Turkmenistan.gov.tm. January 28, 2013. Archived from 8343: 7697:"Expert: annual inflation rate in Turkmenistan reached almost 300%" 7375: 7181:"Национальный и религиозный состав населения Туркменистана сегодня" 5561:(in Russian). Ashkhabad: Издательство Чувашского обкома КПСС. 1984. 5498:(Map). Ashgabat: Enterprise No. 5 of the Ministry of Defense. 2015. 4827: 4788: 4438: 4298: 4065: 3898: 3727: 3638: 3562: 3506: 3485:

Inside the international terminal of Ashgabat International Airport

3435: 3388: 3056: 3040: 3036: 3003: 2999: 2472: 10875: 10865: 10790: 10720: 9745:

City Names: Yesterday and Today (1917–1992). Toponymic Dictionary.

9565:"Jack Nicklaus Is Building His Newest Golf Course in Turkmenistan" 9477:"Президент Гурбангулы Бердымухамедов посетил столичный гольф-клуб" 8550:В Туркменистан поступили электромобили JAC E-J7 для города Аркадаг 5572:Михайлова, Н.Н., ed. (1948). "Туркменистан в образах литературы". 565:

era, 3rd century BC, deriving from the name of the founder of the

10780: 10765: 10735: 10710: 10554: 10549: 10511: 10495: 10429: 10406: 10330: 10303: 10211: 10173: 10167: 10122: 10094: 9904: 9864: 9592:

Weightlifter Polina Guryeva wins Turkmenistan's 1st Olympic medal

9387: 8833:"Военный институт Туркменистана открыл прием на учебу для женщин" 8538: 6718:"Президент Туркменистана открывает комплекс столичных новостроек" 6510: 6337: 4877: 4872: 4814: 4796: 4775: 4631: 4153: 4126: 4122: 3778: 3735: 3603: 3121: 2593: 2450: 2442: 763: 582: 10061: 9551:"Let Them Play Golf: Destitute Turkmen Get Designer Golf Course" 8888: 6838:"Проект "Ашхабад-сити" был представлен Президенту Туркменистана" 5159:"Türkmenistanyň Halk Maslahatynyň Çözgüdi HM-6 14 December 1992" 4433:, a gift from Turkey, was inaugurated in 1998 and resembles the 3790: 3397: 10855: 10670: 10522: 10473: 10434: 10418: 10401: 10395: 10381: 10325: 10297: 10292: 10286: 10195: 10116: 10099: 9984: 9979: 9943: 9937: 9853: 8254:"Туркменистан восстановил внутреннее железнодорожное сообщение" 8087: 7915:. Chronicles of Turkmenistan. December 12, 2016. Archived from 6937:"Turkmenistan Begins Capital Expansion Despite Economic Crisis" 6455:. Golden Age State News Agency. October 6, 2007. Archived from 6142:. London: Oguz Press and the Royal Geographical Society. 1977. 5405: 5401:"The 10 Most Expensive Cities in the World Just Became Pricier" 4942: 4859: 4851: 4846: 4762: 4749: 4744: 4736: 4723: 4718: 4600: 3844: 3816:

From 19 October 1964 to 31 December 2011 the city also had the

3755: 3644: 3271: 3068: 3015: 3011: 2828:

1918–1925 – administrative center of the Turkmen Oblast in the

2763: 2531: 2495: 19:"Ashkhabad" redirects here. For the Turkmen folklore band, see 9037:"Niyazov's influence in Turkmenistan falls with golden statue" 8787: 8231: 7489:"2018 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Turkmenistan" 7475:"Turkmenistan: 2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices" 6213: 4293:

as the world's tallest Ferris wheel in an enclosed space. The

3515:

commenced service in 2016, becoming the first monorail in the

10885: 10805: 10750: 10489: 10484: 10352: 10341: 10281: 10162: 10077: 10055: 10039: 10017: 9955: 9950: 9926: 9909: 9682:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan. April 18, 2017 6784:"Modern cottage complex to be built in the north of Ashgabat" 6720:(in Russian). "Туркменистан: золотой век". November 10, 2020. 6505:

Ministry of Defense of Turkmenistan Enterprise No. 5 (2011).

6480:"Би-би-си | Люди и нравы | Горькая память Ашхабада" 6095:"На территории Ашхабада обнаружена керамика парфянской эпохи" 5044: 5024: 5006: 4890: 4885: 4809: 4697: 4111:

The State Museum of the State Cultural Center of Turkmenistan

3863:

As of 2021, Ashgabat has two mobile phone service providers:

3550: 3438:, Ashgabat Shopping and Entertainment Center, Gül Zemin and 3283: 2461: 1757:

Climate data for Ashgabat (1991–2020, extremes 1893–present)

705: 701: 654: 398: 9523:"Первый гольф-клуб в Туркменистане готовится принять гостей" 8846: 6868:(in Russian). Chronicles of Turkmenistan. November 19, 2019. 5865:(Map) (in Russian). Cartography by USSR Ministry of Defense. 4497:Храм святого благоверного великого князя Александра Невского 4036:

The National Institute of Sports and Tourism of Turkmenistan

2668:

10527: 10423: 10347: 10314: 10308: 10240: 10133: 9290:"Ашхабадский ботанический сад: день вчерашний и завтрашний" 8653: 8650:"О нас | АГТС - Ашхабадская городская телефонная сеть" 8358:""Hyundai New Super Aero City" тип автобуса | Галерея" 7319:. Daily Star (Lebanon)/Agence France Presse. Archived from 6685:"В Ашхабаде начато строительство нового жилого микрорайона" 6601:"С расширенного заседания Кабинета Министров Туркменистана" 6425: 5816:(in Russian) (1969-1978гг. – Издание III ed.). Moscow. 5053: 5015: 4801: 4757: 3950: 3886: 3442:, as well as the 15 Years of Independence Shopping Centre ( 3382: 3291: 3287: 2535: 650: 469:, but has since been extensively rebuilt under the rule of 9757: 9411:"TURKMENISTAN 2019 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT" 8760:"IPTV | АГТС - Ашхабадская городская телефонная сеть" 8759: 8746:"В плей-листе IP TV теперь доступно почти 140 телеканалов" 8620:"TMCELL - TMCELL начинает подключение абонетов к сети LTE" 8539:В городе Аркадаг начнут курсировать электромобили JAC E-J7 7390:"Bicycle Monument Opened in Ashgabat on World Bicycle Day" 5047: 5009: 3949:

Almost 136 international TV channels are available in the

8729:"В Туркмении в октябре 2011 года откроют новый телеканал" 7166:

Tourist Map of Turkmenistan / Ashgabat Map of City Centre

6802:(in Russian), Chronicles of Turkmenistan, August 24, 2022 5754:(in Russian). Infoabad. September 6, 2015. Archived from 5059: 5050: 5012: 4479:

Ashgabat has five operating Christian churches. Four are

4393:

was opened in 2014 in remembrance of those killed in the

4301:

in the world, standing at 436 ft (133 m) tall.

4026:, a main business school founded in 1980, as well as the 3577:

Turkmenistan Railways Diesel locomotive CKD9A in Ashgabat

3197: 2762:

as possessing the world's highest concentration of white

9408: 8984:

Türkmenistanyň Döwlet medeniýet merkeziniň Döwlet muzeýi

8598:"Onlaýn taksi – новый сервис по вызову такси в Ашхабаде" 8584:"Вызвать такси в Ашхабаде стало намного проще и удобней" 7782:""Türkmenenergo" döwlet elektroenergetika korporasiýasy" 7317:"Turkmenistan rebuilds capital into marble 'white city'" 7259:"Third Palace Is A (Pricey) Charm For Turkmen President" 6882:(in Russian). Chronicles of Turkmenistan. June 22, 2019. 6866:"В сейсмоопасном Ашхабаде построят 35-этажный небоскреб" 6539:"АШХАБАД ПЕРЕХОДИТ НА ЦИФРОВУЮ СИСТЕМУ ОБОЗНАЧЕНИЯ УЛИЦ" 4042:

was opened with support of the Japanese government. The

4028:

Turkmen State Institute of Architecture and Construction

3561:

and neighbouring countries by the country's 600 km

3129:

bas reliefs depicting events in Turkmenistan's history.

2927:

Ashgabat's boroughs are subdivided into microdistricts (

2870:

As of January 5, 2018, Ashgabat includes four boroughs (

2840:

since October 1991 – capital of independent Turkmenistan

2635:, the Chairman of the Soviet of National Economy of the 632:. The Kopet Dag mountains emerged toward the end of the 450:. The city has a population of 1,030,063 (2022 census). 9157:"Largest architectural star record set in Turkmenistan" 8971:"Ашхабад - столица Туркменистана - Avrasya'dan - Haber" 8905:(in Russian). Газета.Ru (Gazeta.Ru). February 11, 2019. 8268:"В Туркменистане полностью восстановлено ж/д сообщение" 8139:(in Russian). Chronicles of Turkmenistan. May 27, 2020. 7446:"Turkmenistan: Homeowners Evicted, Denied Compensation" 6629:"Turkmenistan: Homeowners Evicted, Denied Compensation" 6381:. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 5984:

Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin, June 1, 2022, page 22

4628:, 1999 World High Jump champion, was born in Ashgabat. 3872: 3761:

Also, suburban communication has been established with

7821:[Ashgabat Shopping and Entertainment Center]. 7461:"Turkmenistan: The Human Toll Of Ashgabat's Evictions" 5176:"Türkmenistanyň Prezidentiniň gol çeken resminamalary" 4044:

International University of Humanities and Development

3797:, Watan, Khurmant, Onaldy, Gami Dacha, Kasamly Julge, 3505:

opened, connecting the city with the foothills of the

3274:

textiles and metal working. It is a major stop on the

2998:

According to estimates of the 2012 Turkmen census the

10962:

Populated places established in the 1st millennium BC

9646:"Kostroma is looking for a twin city in Turkmenistan" 8740: 8738: 7140:

OpenStreetMap / Ashgabat / Microdistricts of Ashgabat

6509:(Map). Cartography by Ministry of Defense. Ashgabat: 6282:. Oguz Press and the Royal Geographic Society. 1977. 5740:(in Russian). "Partner" MedienHaus GmbH & Co. KG. 5107: 5003: 3461:

Local residents tend to shop at traditional bazaars:

2781:

the Gül zemin shopping center, and a monument to the

520: 453:

The city was founded in 1881 on the basis of an Ahal

9372:(in Turkmen). Turkmenportal.com. September 30, 2018. 9007:"Ashgabat residents get 3D cinema – Turkmenistan.ru" 8119:"'Bad Luck' For Black Car Owners in Turkmen Capital" 5675:. Наша Родина (in Russian). Moscow: Молодая гвардия. 5576:. Наша Родина (in Russian). Moscow: Молодая гвардия. 5062: 5056: 5027: 5021: 4677:

List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkmenistan

696:

Textile factory in Ashgabat depicted on a 1950 stamp

9717: 9715: 9326:Посещение Мемориального комплекса «Народная память» 9278:В Ашхабаде начали реконструировать Ботанический сад 8344:"В Ашхабаде будет запущен новый автобусный маршрут" 7953:"Ashgabat International Airport, Turkmenistan 2016" 7404:"Turkmenistan leader unveils giant gold dog statue" 7209:. Turkmenistan.ru. October 29, 2008. Archived from 7129:(in Russian). Хроника Туркменистана. June 16, 2020. 5041: 5018: 4975:

OpenStreetMap wiki article on geography of Ashgabat

4646:captured Turkmenistan's first Olympic medal at the 4186:

Main Drama Theatre named by Saparmurat Turkmenbashi

4024:

Turkmen State Institute of Economics and Management

3153: 9253:"Ашхабадский ботанический сад старейший в регионе" 8804:(in Russian). Brest State A.S. Pushkin University. 8735: 8446:"Turkmenistan to launch international bus service" 7621:. Электронная газета "Золотой век". Archived from 7572:"Baha'i House of Worship – Ashkabad, Central Asia" 7361:"Туркмения. Часть I. Восьмиконечные звезды и гёли" 6896:(in Russian). Туркменистан сегодня. June 20, 2019. 6062: 5120:The name was used from 1919 to 1927. Russian: 2445:fortress constructed to protect the capital city, 9315:Ботанический сад в Ашхабаде будет реконструирован 9081:"Turkmenistan builds largest indoor Ferris wheel" 8503:"Aşgabat şäherindäki halkara ýolagçy awtomenzili" 6854:(in Turkmen). Biznes Turkmenistan. June 21, 2019. 6333:"State of the Map keynote, State of the Map 2016" 4385: 4053:Ashgabat is home to five military academies: the 3450:), colloquially known as the "Wholesale Market" ( 3403:Ashgabat Shopping and Entertainment Center inside 2604:rule emanating from Tashkent and established the 286:Rahym Nurgeldiyewic Gandymow (since 9 June 2021) 10918: 9712: 9537:"Nicklaus designing course in ... Turkmenistan?" 6101:(in Russian). September 11, 2020. Archived from 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 4040:Oguz Khan University of Engineering Technologies 3960:Residents of Ashgabat also watch television via 3716:International Passenger Bus Terminal of Ashgabat 1288: 820: 802: 687: 477:runs through the city, carrying waters from the 9579:"В Ашхабаде стартовал Чемпионат мира по курашу" 8917:"Turkmenistan to cut state funding for science" 8105:"Construction Gallery - Ashgabat, Turkmenistan" 7709: 7566: 7564: 7538:Rafati, V.; Sahba, F. (1989). "Bahai temples". 7537: 7235:. Turkmenistan.ru. May 19, 2011. Archived from 6023:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5666: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 3801:, Yashyldepe, Akdashayak, Niyazow, Suitchilik, 2874:), each with a presidentially appointed mayor ( 9618:"В Туркменистане открылась штаб-квартира МФСА" 9457:. Chronicles of Turkmenistan. December 8, 2016 8891:. Quality Schools International. June 9, 2023. 8835:(in Russian). Turkmenportal. January 19, 2020. 7555:Cultural Change and Continuity in Central Asia 7343:"Звезда Огуз хана – в Книге рекордов Гиннесса" 6852:""Aşgabat – siti" 107 müň ýaşaýja niýetlenýär" 6673:(in Russian). Turkmenportal. October 20, 2016. 6659:(in Russian). Turkmenportal. February 5, 2015. 5394: 5392: 5390: 4530:Храм святых равноапостольных Кирилла и Мефодия 4152:, which displays artifacts dating back to the 3534:'s conviction that black cars bring bad luck. 3356: 3184:, sometimes referred to by its Arabic name of 2830:Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 2822:1882–1918 – administrative center of Russia's 2664:'s death, Stalin Avenue). In 1927 a statue of 2637:Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 2506:in January 1881. Persia ceded Askhabad to the 23:. For the Second World War merchant ship, see 10615: 9778: 9402: 7855:Новый ТРЦ «Gül zemin» начал работу в Ашхабаде 7844:В Ашхабаде возобновит работу ТРЦ «Гуль земин» 7776: 7774: 7772: 7273:"Polimeks Construction With all its projects" 7069: 7067: 6204: 6202: 5964:"Weather and Climate-The Climate of Ashgabat" 5641:. Ashgabat: Turkmen State Publishing Service. 5565: 5121: 4670: 4570:The main sporting venues in Ashgabat are the 4444:Hezreti Osman Mosque in the 8th microdistrict 4181:Magtymguly National Musical and Drama Theatre 3893:In addition to the mobile network providers, 3196:), where people of all religions may worship 2612:, the British withdrew in April 1919 and the 530: 49: 7807:Названы лучшие торговые предприятия Ашхабада 7561: 7363:(in Russian). Артемий Лебедев. May 31, 2014. 6858: 5645: 5520: 4585:Ashgabat was chosen as the host city of the 4148:as well as a Turkmen history museum and the 4038:. In 2016, the English- and Japanese-medium 3662: 3055:Industry building is shaped like a stylized 2721:on October 6, 1948. An estimated 7.3 on the 2684:. In 1944 Ukrainian motion picture director 546:. Before 1991, the name was usually spelled 457:tribal village, and made the capital of the 446:, approximately 50 km (30 mi) away from the 10851:Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy adyndaky (Oktyabrsk) 8813: 8811: 7699:. Chronicles of Turkmenistan. June 6, 2018. 7533: 7531: 7158: 7119: 6924:. "Turkmenistan: Golden Age". May 24, 2021. 6910:. "Turkmenistan: Golden Age". May 25, 2021. 6643:"Открывается 15 очередь застройки Ашхабада" 6541:(in Russian). Turkmenistan.ru. May 6, 2002. 6523:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6168: 6166: 6164: 5840: 5838: 5738:"ЭТАПЫ ЖИЗНЕННОГО ПУТИ, Часть 6. ТУРКМЕНИЯ" 5688: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5613:"История Ашхабада: на заре двадцатого века" 5606: 5604: 5387: 5363: 5361: 5359: 4650:, taking silver in the women's 59 kg. 4401:, and to commemorate of the victims of the 4144:, noted for their impressive collection of 3222: 3079:retail space and for building maintenance. 3043:and Gap Inşaat, the latter a subsidiary of 2749:'s great-uncle), and Freedom Avenue became 10622: 10608: 9785: 9771: 8877:(in Turkish). T.C. MİLLÎ EĞİTİM BAKANLIĞI. 8875:"Türkmenistan Aşgabat Türk Anadolu Lisesi" 8481: 8172:Новая дорога соединит Теджен и Туркменабат 7769: 7716:(in Turkmen). Ashgabat: Bilim Ministrligi. 7553:Akiner, Shirin (1991). Kegan, Paul (ed.). 7508:A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith 7481: 7467: 7458: 7434:. Amnesty International. October 27, 2015. 7265: 7064: 6645:(in Russian). SNG.TODAY. October 23, 2017. 6617:(in Russian). Infoabad. November 11, 2015. 6199: 6195:(in Russian). «Туркменистан: золотой век». 6128:(in Russian). «Туркменистан: золотой век». 6126:"История Ашхабада: что было до основания?" 5913:(in Russian). Turkmeninform. May 28, 2013. 5903: 5885: 5869: 5849:(in Russian). «Туркменистан: золотой век». 5770: 5697:(in Russian). «Туркменистан: золотой век». 5615:(in Russian). «Туркменистан: золотой век». 5425: 5423: 4653: 4597:2018 IWF World Weightlifting Championships 3671:Bus stop with air conditioning in Ashgabat 3031:Following independence in 1991, President 2813:intended to house over 107,000 occupants. 2710:) in Ashgabat, which was nominated for an 2418:Source 2: NOAA (Sunshine hours 1961–1990) 10952:Populated places destroyed by earthquakes 9640: 9638: 9420: 9386:(in Russian). May 7, 2013. Archived from 9073: 9039:. Centralasianewswire.com. Archived from 8895: 8572:Новые Toyota Corolla пополнили таксопарк 8099: 8097: 8078: 8076: 7891: 7819:"Торгово-развлекательный центр «Ашхабад»" 7510:. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. p. 7367: 7144: 6928: 6914: 6900: 6193:"История Ашхабада: с чего всё начиналось" 5958: 5956: 5954: 5917: 5695:"История Ашхабада: время больших перемен" 5571: 5437: 4329:, the official presidential headquarters. 4000:Turkmen State Institute of Culture campus 2510:in September 1881 under the terms of the 9447: 8945: 8849:(in Russian). СТРСОШ имени А.С. Пушкина. 8839: 8825: 8808: 8489:"International Bus Terminal of Ashgabat" 7931: 7877: 7703: 7528: 7448:. Human Rights Watch. September 4, 2017. 7424: 7373: 6790: 6710: 6691: 6677: 6631:. Human Rights Watch. September 4, 2017. 6593: 6208: 6175: 6161: 6117: 6060: 5926:Схема территорий этрапов города Ашхабада 5835: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5679: 5670: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5601: 5502: 5488: 5398: 5356: 4630: 4587:2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games 4558: 4412: 4253: 4096: 4092: 4003: 3995: 3975: 3927: 3674: 3666: 3572: 3480: 3472: 3157: 3082: 3006:form 10% of the population, followed by 2853: 2732: 1712:Average max. and min. temperatures in °F 1263:Average max. and min. temperatures in °C 748: 691: 609:. It is surrounded by, but not part of, 488: 406: 16:Capital and largest city of Turkmenistan 9652:. Orient. July 15, 2020. Archived from 9567:. EB GOLF MEDIA LLC. December 14, 2016. 9103:"Most fountain pools in a public place" 8927: 7596: 7459:Najibullah, Farangis (April 21, 2007). 7396: 7293: 7251: 6781: 6763:Комаров, Владимир (February 18, 2019). 6762: 6724: 6697: 6531: 6498: 6345:from the original on December 11, 2021. 6272: 6190: 6123: 6087: 5933: 5844: 5821: 5776: 5744: 5716: 5692: 5636: 5610: 5420: 5367: 5279: 4606:The city's professional football clubs 4467:Iranian mosque near the Iranian Embassy 4260:International Equestrian Sports Complex 3059:, the dental hospital is shaped like a 649:Prior to 1881 any buildings other than 10919: 10575:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute 9635: 9557: 9543: 9529: 9515: 9497: 9483: 9469: 9384:"Православие в Туркменистане, Приходы" 8863:(in French). Mission laïque française. 8701:"Онлайн ТВ | КЭ "Туркментелеком"" 8296:"Расписание | АООТ "Демирёллары"" 8129: 8094: 8084:"International Games Open In Ashgabat" 8073: 7689: 7552: 7495: 7392:. Business Turkmenistan. June 3, 2020. 7353: 7299: 7225: 6872: 6840:(in Russian). Infoabad. June 21, 2019. 6775: 6756: 6663: 6607: 6582: 6571: 6477: 6354: 6352: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6132: 5987: 5951: 5853: 5777:Komarov, Vladimir (November 9, 2013). 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5443: 4658: 4285:Alem Cultural and Entertainment Center 2895:(formerly Azatlyk, Sovetskiy District) 2756:In 2013, the city was included in the 465:Much of the city was destroyed by the 10603: 9766: 9409:U.S. Department of State (May 2020). 8909: 8903:"Денег нет: конец туркменской науки?" 8867: 8220: 7945: 7669: 7590: 7501: 7438: 7382: 7335: 7314: 7199: 6844: 6687:(in Russian). SNG.TODAY. May 4, 2018. 6649: 6403:. Earthquake.usgs.gov. Archived from 6254:"Baha'i House of Worship in Ashgabat" 6154:, Chapter 11, Stuart, Lt. Col. H.C., 5719:"Ашхабадская трагедия: 70 лет спустя" 5717:Komarov, Vladimir (October 6, 2018). 5701: 5619: 5305: 5130: 5087: 3875:network was put into operation using 3002:form 78.5% of the city's population. 2834:since February 1925 – capital of the 10942:Populated places along the Silk Road 9792: 9376: 8881: 8853: 7752: 7452: 7410: 7279: 7101:"Ашхабад прирос новыми территориями" 6830: 6738: 6635: 6621: 6478:Ардаев, Владимир (October 6, 2003). 6379:"Significant Earthquake Information" 6370: 6360:"Gazetteer of Ashgabat Street Names" 6228: 6019:"Ashgabat Climate Normals 1961–1990" 6011: 5929:(Map) (in Russian). January 5, 2018. 5847:"История Ашхабада: эпоха модернизма" 5729: 5595:"Ашхабад: беломраморный город любви" 5474: 5448:(in Russian). Изд-во "Туркменистан". 5153: 5151: 4345: 4242:Ashgabat has five cinemas. In 2011, 4129:and two halls of the history of the 4048:Institute of International Relations 3992:List of universities in Turkmenistan 3858: 2573:, and Askhabat Mutual Credit Union. 8995:ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ МУЗЕЙ ТУРКМЕНИСТАНА 8794: 8491:(in Turkmen, Russian, and English). 7710:Çaryýew, B.; Ilamanow, Ýa. (2010). 7616: 7308: 7178: 6934: 6886: 6349: 6318: 5803: 5735: 5580: 5097: 4908:Boroughs and landmarks of Ashgabat 4508:храм святителя и Чудотворца Николая 4421:Major mosques in Ashgabat include: 4297:is the fifth tallest free–standing 4150:Ashgabat National Museum of History 3193: 2775:Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games 2479:) between what are now the city of 531: 13: 9747:) Москва, "Русские словари", 1993. 9702:"Moscow.ru | Партнёры Москвы" 9539:. Golf Channel. December 14, 2016. 8788:"Радио | КЭ "Туркментелеком"" 7899:"15 ýyl Garaşsyzlyk söwda merkezi" 7315:Lomov, Anton (February 24, 2013). 7300:Morton, Elise (November 2, 2016). 6782:Komarov, Vladimir (May 29, 2021). 6191:Muradov, Ruslan (April 29, 2021). 6124:Muradov, Ruslan (April 23, 2021). 5797:"Turkmen Leader Opens Gold Palace" 5789: 4622:, the top league of Turkmenistan. 4163: 4064:, the French construction company 3162:First Bahá'í House of Worship 1908 3063:and the international terminal of 2430:Ashgabat grew on the ruins of the 14: 10973: 9751: 8107:. The Monorail Society. May 2014. 8039:. Turkmenistan.ru. Archived from 7491:. U.S. Department of State. 2019. 7477:. U.S. Department of State. 2009. 7077:. January 8, 2018. Archived from 7020:. January 5, 2018. Archived from 6994:. January 5, 2018. Archived from 6968:. January 5, 2018. Archived from 6698:Komarov, Vladimir (May 3, 2018). 6426:Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 5966:(in Russian). Weather and Climate 5881:(Map) (in Russian). May 27, 2013. 5779:"Столица, устремленная в будущее" 5368:Chapman, Wilson (June 18, 2019). 5148: 4835: 4062:A.S. Pushkin Russo-Turkmen School 3468: 3391:Shopping and Entertainment Centre 3337:Annexation of the former city of 3178:local administrative institutions 2922: 2836:Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic 2517: 739:Mollanepes Academic Drama Theater 459:Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic 299:470 km (180 sq mi) 10957:1st-millennium BC establishments 10631: 9694: 9668: 9624: 9610: 9596: 9585: 9571: 9362: 9337: 9319: 9308: 9282: 9271: 9245: 9219: 9189: 9171: 9149: 9117: 9095: 9062:The Monument Of The Constitution 9055: 9029: 8999: 8988: 8977: 8963: 8780: 8766: 8752: 8721: 8707: 8693: 8679: 8668: 8642: 8612: 8590: 8576: 8565: 8554: 8543: 8532: 8521: 8495: 8459: 8438: 8427: 8416: 8390: 8364: 8350: 8336: 8314: 8288: 8274: 8260: 8246: 8209: 8198: 8187: 8176: 8165: 8154: 8143: 8111: 8055: 8029: 8015: 7997: 7979:"Ashgabat International Airport" 7971: 7905: 7859: 7848: 7837: 7811: 7800: 7746: 7720: 7663: 7637: 7610: 7546: 7172: 7133: 6752:(in Russian). September 4, 2018. 5845:Muradov, Ruslan (May 24, 2021). 5693:Muradov, Ruslan (May 13, 2021). 5399:Williams, Ollie (June 8, 2020). 5306:Scott, Noel (October 28, 2010). 5280:Pannier, Bruce (July 21, 2004). 5037: 4999: 4884: 4871: 4858: 4845: 4821: 4808: 4795: 4782: 4769: 4756: 4743: 4730: 4717: 4704: 4691: 4417:Interior of Artogrul Gazy Mosque 4020:Turkmen State Medical University 4009:Turkmen State Medical University 3953:playlist for subscribers of the 3448:15 ýyl Garaşsyzlyk söwda merkezi 3408: 3396: 3381: 3249: 3154:First Baha'i Temple in the world 3144: 3133:these are the Bicycle Monument ( 3039:of France and the Turkish firms 2933:микрорайоны, singular микрорайон 2907:(formerly Proletarskiy District) 2576: 243: 179: 178: 171: 152: 142: 121: 110: 103: 92: 85: 74: 9808:states with limited recognition 9511:(in Russian). October 17, 2017. 9227:"Ашхабадскому ботсаду – 85 лет" 8941:(in Russian). January 29, 2019. 8889:"ASHGABAT INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL" 8123:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 7619:"Будущее беломраморной столицы" 7374:Varlamov, Ilya (May 29, 2016). 7349:(in Russian). October 30, 2011. 7287:"Gap Inşaat Completed Projects" 7093: 7050: 7036: 7010: 6984: 6958: 6943: 6806: 6545: 6471: 6445: 6419: 6393: 6306:. Bse.sci-lib.com. May 28, 2009 6296: 6246: 6054: 6036: 5978: 5611:Muradov, Ruslan (May 6, 2021). 5452: 5326: 5299: 5286:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 4543:operates on the grounds of the 4168:Ashgabat's major theaters are: 4032:Turkmen Agricultural University 3955:Ashgabat City Telephone Network 3883:Ashgabat City Telephone Network 3021: 2966: 2866:Map of the Boroughs of Ashgabat 2728: 2656:Square, Grodekov Street became 2566:was largely based in Askhabad. 675: 644: 639: 8861:"Ecole française Mlf Bouygues" 7941:. Reuters. September 17, 2016. 7885:"Aşgabatdaky Söwda Merkezleri" 7825:(in Russian). October 18, 2021 7603:The World Order of Bahá'u'lláh 6935:Ali, Mohammad (May 26, 2021). 6069:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 5999:(in Russian). Pogodaiklimat.ru 5947:(in Russian). January 5, 2018. 5813:Большая советская энциклопедия 5444:Клычев, Анна-Мухамед (1976). 5273: 5243: 5212: 5198: 5168: 5114: 5073: 4992: 4970:List of cities in Turkmenistan 4963:Saparmurat Turkmenbashy Avenue 4642:Born in Ashgabat weightlifter 4450:in the Parahat 7 microdistrict 4391:Halk Hakydasy Memorial Complex 4386:Halk Hakydasy Memorial Complex 4249: 3583:Rail transport in Turkmenistan 3491:Ashgabat International Airport 3213:Soviet policy towards religion 3065:Ashgabat International Airport 2619:In 1919, the city was renamed 1720:Precipitation totals in inches 710:Church of St. Alexander Nevsky 1: 8802:"Образование в Туркменистане" 8469:(in Russian). Turkmenistan.ru 8003:"Directory: World Airlines." 7670:Leung, Kanis (July 2, 2020). 6786:. "Turkmenistan: Golden Age". 5799:. Moscow Times. May 19, 2011. 5637:Khramov, Viktor, ed. (2015). 5255:Oxford Dictionaries | English 5141: 4948:Independence Square, Ashgabat 4595:Ashgabat was the host of the 4541:Chapel of the Transfiguration 4453:Azadi Mosque on Zarpçi köçesi 4216:Turkmen State Puppet Theatere 3270:The principal industries are 3260:Panorama of Ashgabat at night 3219:. It was demolished in 1963. 2858:The four boroughs of the city 2616:resumed control of the city. 2606:Ashkhabad Executive Committee 1740:Köppen climate classification 688:Impact of the 1948 earthquake 461:in 1924 when it was known as 10932:Subdivisions of Turkmenistan 10731:Daşoguz (Dashhowuz, Tashauz) 8821:(in Russian). Turkmenportal. 6952:, Ashgabat, 2001, pp. 39–40 6158:, lecture delivered in 1881. 6140:The Country of the Turkomans 5496:Ashgabat: Map of City Centre 5374:U.S. News & World Report 5334:"Brief Note on Turkmenistan" 5312:. Emerald Group Publishing. 4580:Ashgabat Watersports Complex 4341:, a civil registry building. 4279:Monument to the Constitution 3839:Typically the taxicabs are 3168:Bahá'í Faith in Turkmenistan 3026: 2941:etrapçalar, singular etrapça 2844: 2773:In preparation for the 2017 2564:Bahá'í Faith in Turkmenistan 588: 484: 39:Capital city in Turkmenistan 30:For the cities in Iran, see 7: 9553:. RFE/RL. October 21, 2017. 9416:. U.S. Department of State. 9183:September 23, 2013, at the 9125:"Ashgabat in Guinness book" 8372:"Туркменистан: золотой век" 7713:Türkmenistanyň Geografiýasy 5899:(in Russian). May 28, 2013. 5484:. NASA. September 11, 2001. 5309:Tourism in the Muslim World 5108: 4922:Bitarap Turkmenistan Avenue 4897: 4474: 4361:World of Turkmenbashi Tales 4327:Oguzhan Presidential Palace 4208:State Russian Drama Theatre 4191:Mollanepes Students Theatre 4078:Turkmen Academy of Sciences 3690:Hyundai New Super Aero City 3594:The Trans-Caspian Railway ( 3544: 3372: 3357:Electrical power generation 3324: 2849: 2016:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1876:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 521: 328:2,200/km (5,700/sq mi) 10: 10978: 10881:Şabat (Nyýazow, Täzebazar) 10676:Andalyp (Gurbansoltan eje) 10591:Georgian-Ossetian conflict 9737: 9331:December 11, 2014, at the 7955:. Polimeks. Archived from 6256:. Bahai.us. Archived from 6061:Knowlton, MaryLee (2006). 5338:Embassy of India, Ashgabat 4938:Galkynysh Square, Ashgabat 4840:Ashgabat cooperates with: 4674: 4671:Twin towns – sister cities 4464:) mosque on Görogly köçesi 4408: 4320: 4237: 4084: 3989: 3986:ru:Образование в Туркмении 3979: 3818:Ashgabat trolleybus system 3580: 3568: 3489:The city is served by the 3265: 3165: 2425: 2417: 2412: 1756: 1716: 1708: 1291: 1275: 1271:Precipitation totals in mm 1267: 1259: 798: 605:) and on the north by the 411:Satellite view of Ashgabat 29: 18: 10896:Türkmenbaşy (Krasnovodsk) 10656: 10644: 10568: 10084:Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte 9818: 9801: 9509:Туркменистан: золотой век 9067:October 29, 2013, at the 8939:Туркменистан: золотой век 8009:. March 30–5 April 2004. 7755:"Сделано в Туркменистане" 7557:. Routledge. p. 293. 7406:. BBC. November 12, 2020. 7347:Туркменистан: золотой век 6769:Туркменистан: золотой век 6750:Туркменистан: золотой век 6704:Туркменистан: золотой век 6099:Туркменистан: золотой век 6048:October 29, 2014, at the 5945:Туркменистан: золотой век 5897:Туркменистан: золотой век 5783:Туркменистан: золотой век 5723:Туркменистан: золотой век 5122: 4554: 4529: 4519:храм Воскресения Христова 4518: 4507: 4496: 4376:Ashgabat Botanical Garden 4363:is a local equivalent to 4265:Ashgabat was home to the 3982:Education in Turkmenistan 3688:0457 (Mercedes-Benz) and 3663:City buses and trolleybus 3532:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov 3463:Gülistan (Russian) Bazaar 3455: 2932: 2747:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov 2707: 2699: 2628: 2455:Gülistan (Russian) Bazaar 2365: 2317: 2273: 2229: 2155: 2085: 2015: 1945: 1875: 1805: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 792: 778: 759: 510: 393: 383: 373: 363: 349: 332: 324: 316: 311: 303: 295: 290: 279: 269: 264: 256: 238: 203: 166: 138: 67: 58: 44: 32:Eshqabad (disambiguation) 10587:Abkhaz-Georgian conflict 8063:"Intamin Transportation" 7983:CAPA Centre for Aviation 7871:October 5, 2013, at the 7676:South China Morning Post 7376:"Ashgabat, Turkmenistan" 6172:Pospelov, pp. 29–30 5995: 5482:"Ashgabat, Turkmenistan" 5445: 4985: 4403:1948 Ashgabat earthquake 4138:Turkmen Fine Arts Museum 4016:Turkmen State University 3967: 3910: 3589:Ashgabat railway station 3501:On 18 October 2006, the 3223:Other notable structures 3172:When Ashgabat was under 2759:Guinness Book of Records 2494:It was formally part of 2413:Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net 467:1948 Ashgabat earthquake 448:Iran-Turkmenistan border 430:and the largest city of 307:273 m (896 ft) 10253:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 8228:"Turkmenistan Railways" 7985:. Aviation Week Network 7728:"Ашхабад, Туркменистан" 7261:. RFE/RL. May 23, 2011. 6221:Encyclopædia Britannica 5462:. Turkmeniya.tripod.com 4654:International relations 4426:Türkmenbaşy Ruhy Mosque 3831: 3182:Bahá'í House of Worship 2723:Surface magnitude scale 2596:former officers of the 2560:Bahá'í House of Worship 625:runs through the city. 577:Ashk-Abad (the city of 529:from 1925 to 1991, and 493:View of Ashgabat centre 10826:Magtymguly (Garrygala) 10696:Balkanabat (Nebit-dag) 10638:Cities of Turkmenistan 8687:"Gazetler | TDNG" 7866:Ashgabat Shopping Mall 7304:. The Calvert Journal. 6824:Neytralny Turkmenistan 6559:. London. May 26, 2013 6401:"US Geological Survey" 5639:Guide-Book to Ashgabat 5460:"How Old is Ashgabat?" 5083: 4904:Ashgabat Trauma Center 4713:, United States (1990) 4639: 4567: 4461: 4418: 4315:Guinness World Records 4290:Guinness World Records 4262: 4231: 4176:National Drama Theatre 4105: 4011: 4001: 3935: 3922:Neytralny Turkmenistan 3680: 3672: 3578: 3549:Ashgabat is linked to 3524: 3486: 3478: 3447: 3346: 3163: 3138: 2940: 2879: 2859: 2807: 2790: 2738: 2714:as best foreign film. 2647:khabad" rather than "A 2590:Social Revolutionaries 2457:in downtown Ashgabat. 697: 653:were made solely from 618: 602: 494: 434:. It lies between the 412: 50: 10365:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 9804:Dependent territories 8509:on September 13, 2014 8090:. September 17, 2017. 7502:Smith, Peter (2000). 6240:Plan goroda Askhabada 5433:. BBC. June 22, 2021. 5225:CollinsDictionary.com 5132:[pəltɐˈratsk] 4634: 4562: 4416: 4303:The Ashgabat Fountain 4257: 4142:Turkmen Carpet Museum 4100: 4093:Museums and galleries 4007: 3999: 3976:Science and education 3938: 3931: 3678: 3670: 3616:Trans-Karakum Railway 3576: 3539:subway (metropolitan) 3495:Turkmenistan Airlines 3484: 3476: 3276:Trans-Caspian railway 3161: 3105:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 3083:Monuments and statues 2857: 2736: 2600:revolted against the 2598:Imperial Russian Army 2540:Trans-Caspian railway 749:The 1960s master plan 695: 492: 410: 351: • Summer ( 223:37.93750°N 58.38000°E 10891:Turkmenabat (Çärjew) 10876:Seýdi (Neftezavodsk) 10816:Köýtendag (Çarşaňňy) 10691:Babadaýhan (Kirovsk) 10686:Aşgabat (Poltoratsk) 10276:United Arab Emirates 9656:on November 12, 2020 9581:. November 23, 2023. 9296:on December 19, 2019 9259:on February 27, 2020 9137:on September 4, 2015 8923:on January 31, 2019. 8656:on September 4, 2021 8006:Flight International 7645:"Ashgabat Agreement" 7540:Encyclopædia Iranica 7504:"Mashriqu'l-Adhkhár" 7107:on September 1, 2018 6939:. UrduPoint Network. 6822:] (in Russian), 6407:on September 1, 2009 6236:План города Асхабада 6105:on November 27, 2020 5344:on February 18, 2014 5261:on November 23, 2018 4917:Berkararlyk District 4912:Bagtyýarlyk District 4665:32 foreign embassies 4648:2020 Summer Olympics 4545:Apostolic nunciature 4431:Ärtogrul Gazy Mosque 4258:Horse racing at the 4221:Turkmen State Circus 4136:Museums include the 2947:1 through 11 Etrapça 2817:Ashgabat milestones: 2797:timeline was given. 2464:chronicles of 1811. 1806:Record high °C (°F) 571:Arsaces I of Parthia 385:Vehicle registration 325: • Density 10937:Transcaspian Oblast 10821:Magdanly (Gowurdak) 10786:Gyzylarbat (Serdar) 10716:Boldumsaz (Kalinin) 10583:Status of Jerusalem 10359:Episkopi Cantonment 10112:Bandar Seri Begawan 9349:www.turkmenistan.ru 9201:www.turkmenistan.ru 9159:. November 14, 2011 9011:www.turkmenistan.ru 8630:on December 6, 2017 8378:on December 2, 2013 8302:on January 19, 2021 7617:Комаров, Владимир. 7420:. October 25, 2011. 7239:on October 26, 2020 7024:on December 3, 2020 6428:"Britannica Online" 6341:. October 4, 2016. 4830:, Uzbekistan (2017) 4791:, Tajikistan (2017) 4778:, Kyrgyzstan (2018) 4739:, Kazakhstan (2017) 4659:Diplomatic missions 4616:FK Köpetdag Aşgabat 4448:Hezreti Omar Mosque 4395:Battle of Geok Tepe 2974:Battle of Geok Tepe 2962:Parahat 1 through 8 2824:Transcaspian Region 2558:In 1908, the first 2504:Battle of Geok Tepe 2274:Average snowy days 2230:Average rainy days 2086:Record low °C (°F) 1946:Daily mean °C (°F) 1736:cold desert climate 1292:Imperial conversion 728:the Brutalist Style 497:Ashgabat is called 219: / 10871:Serhetabat (Guşgy) 10761:Garabogaz (Bekdaş) 10746:Etrek (Gyzyletrek) 10726:Darganata (Birata) 10711:Bereket (Gazanjyk) 10706:Bäherden (Baharly) 9426:Polimeks website, 8586:. January 6, 2022. 8125:. January 8, 2018. 8069:on April 19, 2016. 7959:on January 8, 2020 7625:on October 6, 2018 7600:(March 11, 1936). 7060:. January 6, 2018. 7046:. January 6, 2018. 6364:OpenStreetMap Wiki 5089:[ɑʃɢɑˈbɑt] 4865:Chelyabinsk Oblast 4640: 4568: 4419: 4307:Turkmenistan Tower 4287:was recognised by 4271:Saparmurat Niyazov 4267:Arch of Neutrality 4263: 4106: 4055:Military Institute 4012: 4002: 3936: 3933:Turkmenistan Tower 3681: 3679:Street in Ashgabat 3673: 3579: 3525:Olimpiýa şäherçesi 3503:Ashgabat Cable Car 3487: 3479: 3280:Ashgabat agreement 3235:Turkmenistan Tower 3229:Arch of Neutrality 3164: 3117:Saparmurat Niyazov 3033:Saparmurat Niyazov 2893:Berkararlyk etraby 2887:Bagtyýarlyk etraby 2860: 2743:Saparmurat Niyazov 2739: 2633:Pavel Poltoratskiy 2553:Aleksey Kuropatkin 698: 552:Pavel Poltoratskiy 495: 471:Saparmurat Niyazov 442:mountain range in 413: 317: • Total 296: • Total 228:37.93750; 58.38000 10914: 10913: 10597: 10596: 10563: 10562: 9997:Camp Thunder Cove 9708:on March 2, 2016. 9429:"Olympic Complex" 9207:on August 3, 2017 9017:on August 3, 2017 8959:on July 27, 2020. 8600:. Awtoulag.gov.tm 8404:on March 31, 2022 8234:on April 13, 2021 7919:on August 3, 2017 7823:turkmenportal.com 7788:on April 11, 2021 7757:. Turkmenistan.ru 7753:Забродин, Федор. 7578:on August 8, 2007 6826:, August 24, 2022 6260:on August 8, 2007 6080:978-0-7614-2014-9 5736:Брегман, Михаил. 5319:978-1-84950-920-6 5186:on August 5, 2022 5106: 4980:Russian Turkestan 4958:Magtymguly Avenue 4953:Kopetdag District 4933:Büzmeýin District 4357:Inspiration Alley 4346:Parks and squares 4295:Ashgabat Flagpole 4212:Theatre "Art Ist" 4103:Ashgabat Flagpole 3859:Telecommunication 3513:Ashgabat Monorail 3429:Altyn Asyr Bazaar 3420:Altyn Asyr Bazaar 3315:ECA International 3089:Alexander Pushkin 3067:is shaped like a 2737:Apartment blocks 2422: 2421: 2320:relative humidity 1728: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1283: 1282: 634:Cretaceous Period 519: 405: 404: 343:Turkmenistan Time 270: • Type 10969: 10947:Capitals in Asia 10806:Kerki (Atamyrat) 10721:Dänew (Galkynyş) 10636: 10635: 10624: 10617: 10610: 10601: 10600: 10151:Christmas Island 10145:Flying Fish Cove 9821: 9820: 9787: 9780: 9773: 9764: 9763: 9758:Official website 9731: 9730: 9729:on June 9, 2016. 9725:. Archived from 9719: 9710: 9709: 9704:. Archived from 9698: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9687: 9672: 9666: 9665: 9663: 9661: 9642: 9633: 9628: 9622: 9621: 9614: 9608: 9607: 9600: 9594: 9589: 9583: 9582: 9575: 9569: 9568: 9561: 9555: 9554: 9547: 9541: 9540: 9533: 9527: 9526: 9519: 9513: 9512: 9501: 9495: 9494: 9487: 9481: 9480: 9473: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9462: 9451: 9445: 9444: 9442: 9440: 9431:. Archived from 9424: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9406: 9400: 9399: 9397: 9395: 9390:on June 16, 2015 9380: 9374: 9373: 9366: 9360: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9341: 9335: 9323: 9317: 9312: 9306: 9305: 9303: 9301: 9292:. Archived from 9286: 9280: 9275: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9264: 9255:. Archived from 9249: 9243: 9242: 9240: 9238: 9233:on June 11, 2017 9229:. Archived from 9223: 9217: 9216: 9214: 9212: 9203:. Archived from 9193: 9187: 9175: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9153: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9136: 9130:. Archived from 9129: 9121: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9110: 9099: 9093: 9092: 9090: 9088: 9077: 9071: 9059: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9043:on July 16, 2011 9033: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9022: 9013:. Archived from 9003: 8997: 8992: 8986: 8981: 8975: 8974: 8967: 8961: 8960: 8949: 8943: 8942: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8913: 8907: 8906: 8899: 8893: 8892: 8885: 8879: 8878: 8871: 8865: 8864: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8843: 8837: 8836: 8829: 8823: 8822: 8815: 8806: 8805: 8798: 8792: 8791: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8770: 8764: 8763: 8756: 8750: 8749: 8742: 8733: 8732: 8725: 8719: 8718: 8711: 8705: 8704: 8697: 8691: 8690: 8683: 8677: 8672: 8666: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8652:. Archived from 8646: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8626:. Archived from 8616: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8605: 8594: 8588: 8587: 8580: 8574: 8569: 8563: 8558: 8552: 8547: 8541: 8536: 8530: 8525: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8505:. Archived from 8499: 8493: 8492: 8485: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8474: 8463: 8457: 8456: 8454: 8452: 8442: 8436: 8431: 8425: 8420: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8394: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8368: 8362: 8361: 8354: 8348: 8347: 8340: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8329: 8318: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8298:. Archived from 8292: 8286: 8285: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8264: 8258: 8257: 8250: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8224: 8218: 8213: 8207: 8202: 8196: 8191: 8185: 8180: 8174: 8169: 8163: 8158: 8152: 8147: 8141: 8140: 8133: 8127: 8126: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8101: 8092: 8091: 8080: 8071: 8070: 8065:. Archived from 8059: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8043:on July 26, 2020 8033: 8027: 8026: 8019: 8013: 8001: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7990: 7975: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7964: 7949: 7943: 7942: 7935: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7909: 7903: 7902: 7895: 7889: 7888: 7881: 7875: 7863: 7857: 7852: 7846: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7815: 7809: 7804: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7778: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7730:. Archived from 7724: 7718: 7717: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7693: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7667: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7651:. March 24, 2016 7641: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7594: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7568: 7559: 7558: 7550: 7544: 7543: 7535: 7526: 7525: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7485: 7479: 7478: 7471: 7465: 7464: 7456: 7450: 7449: 7442: 7436: 7435: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7414: 7408: 7407: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7339: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7328: 7323:on July 26, 2020 7312: 7306: 7305: 7297: 7291: 7290: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7269: 7263: 7262: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7213:on July 26, 2020 7203: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7187:on June 24, 2016 7183:. Archived from 7176: 7170: 7169: 7162: 7156: 7155: 7148: 7142: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7097: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7071: 7062: 7061: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7014: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7003: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6947: 6941: 6940: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6862: 6856: 6855: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6639: 6633: 6632: 6625: 6619: 6618: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6522: 6514: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6459:on April 6, 2009 6449: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6387:10.7289/V5TD9V7K 6374: 6368: 6367: 6356: 6347: 6346: 6329: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6217: 6206: 6197: 6196: 6188: 6173: 6170: 6159: 6153: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6068: 6058: 6052: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5991: 5985: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5960: 5949: 5948: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5862:Ашхабад J-40-081 5857: 5851: 5850: 5842: 5833: 5832: 5831:. OpenStreetMap. 5825: 5819: 5818:(online edition) 5817: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5758:on July 26, 2020 5748: 5742: 5741: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5714: 5699: 5698: 5690: 5677: 5676: 5668: 5643: 5642: 5634: 5617: 5616: 5608: 5599: 5598: 5591: 5578: 5577: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5555: 5518: 5517: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5427: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5396: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5365: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5340:. Archived from 5330: 5324: 5323: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5257:. Archived from 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5155: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5125: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5101: 5099: 5091: 5077: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5034: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 4996: 4889: 4888: 4880:, Armenia (2014) 4876: 4875: 4867:, Russia (1997) 4863: 4862: 4854:, Russia (1996) 4850: 4849: 4826: 4825: 4813: 4812: 4804:, Ukraine (2001) 4800: 4799: 4787: 4786: 4774: 4773: 4761: 4760: 4748: 4747: 4735: 4734: 4722: 4721: 4709: 4708: 4696: 4695: 4576:Ashgabat Stadium 4531: 4520: 4509: 4498: 4489:Alexander Nevsky 4481:Russian Orthodox 4397:in 1881, during 4311:Star of Oguzkhan 3809:32054 buses and 3744:Hyundai Universe 3457: 3412: 3400: 3385: 3253: 3242:Archabil highway 3195: 3186:mašriqu-l-'aḏkār 3139:Welosiped binasy 3119:'s magnum opus, 3101:Nury Halmammedov 3093:Taras Shevchenko 2993:collectivization 2934: 2719:major earthquake 2709: 2701: 2630: 2571:Société Générale 2549:Mikhail Skobelev 1754: 1753: 1719: 1711: 1702: 1697: 1686: 1671: 1666: 1655: 1640: 1635: 1624: 1609: 1604: 1593: 1578: 1573: 1562: 1547: 1542: 1531: 1516: 1511: 1500: 1485: 1480: 1469: 1454: 1449: 1438: 1423: 1418: 1407: 1392: 1387: 1376: 1361: 1356: 1345: 1289: 1270: 1262: 1253: 1248: 1237: 1222: 1217: 1206: 1191: 1186: 1175: 1160: 1155: 1144: 1129: 1124: 1113: 1098: 1093: 1082: 1067: 1062: 1051: 1036: 1031: 1020: 1005: 1000: 989: 974: 969: 958: 943: 938: 927: 912: 907: 896: 821: 803: 794: 764:collective farms 761: 630:Paratethys Ocean 541: 534: 533: 524: 514: 512: 401: 356: 249: 247: 246: 234: 233: 231: 230: 229: 224: 220: 217: 216: 215: 212: 182: 181: 175: 156: 146: 125: 114: 107: 96: 89: 78: 53: 42: 41: 21:Ashkhabad (band) 10977: 10976: 10972: 10971: 10970: 10968: 10967: 10966: 10917: 10916: 10915: 10910: 10776:Görogly (Tagta) 10652: 10640: 10630: 10628: 10598: 10593: 10573:Disputed. See: 10564: 10559: 10447:Northern Cyprus 10411: 10263: 10104: 9989: 9975: 9900: 9814: 9797: 9791: 9754: 9740: 9735: 9734: 9721: 9720: 9713: 9700: 9699: 9695: 9685: 9683: 9674: 9673: 9669: 9659: 9657: 9644: 9643: 9636: 9629: 9625: 9616: 9615: 9611: 9602: 9601: 9597: 9590: 9586: 9577: 9576: 9572: 9563: 9562: 9558: 9549: 9548: 9544: 9535: 9534: 9530: 9521: 9520: 9516: 9503: 9502: 9498: 9489: 9488: 9484: 9475: 9474: 9470: 9460: 9458: 9453: 9452: 9448: 9438: 9436: 9435:on May 26, 2022 9427: 9425: 9421: 9413: 9407: 9403: 9393: 9391: 9382: 9381: 9377: 9368: 9367: 9363: 9353: 9351: 9343: 9342: 9338: 9333:Wayback Machine 9324: 9320: 9313: 9309: 9299: 9297: 9288: 9287: 9283: 9276: 9272: 9262: 9260: 9251: 9250: 9246: 9236: 9234: 9225: 9224: 9220: 9210: 9208: 9195: 9194: 9190: 9185:Wayback Machine 9178:Weddenig palace 9176: 9172: 9162: 9160: 9155: 9154: 9150: 9140: 9138: 9134: 9127: 9123: 9122: 9118: 9108: 9106: 9101: 9100: 9096: 9086: 9084: 9079: 9078: 9074: 9069:Wayback Machine 9060: 9056: 9046: 9044: 9035: 9034: 9030: 9020: 9018: 9005: 9004: 9000: 8993: 8989: 8982: 8978: 8969: 8968: 8964: 8951: 8950: 8946: 8933: 8932: 8928: 8915: 8914: 8910: 8901: 8900: 8896: 8887: 8886: 8882: 8873: 8872: 8868: 8859: 8858: 8854: 8845: 8844: 8840: 8831: 8830: 8826: 8817: 8816: 8809: 8800: 8799: 8795: 8786: 8785: 8781: 8776:. May 12, 2023. 8772: 8771: 8767: 8758: 8757: 8753: 8748:. May 12, 2023. 8744: 8743: 8736: 8727: 8726: 8722: 8713: 8712: 8708: 8699: 8698: 8694: 8685: 8684: 8680: 8673: 8669: 8659: 8657: 8648: 8647: 8643: 8633: 8631: 8618: 8617: 8613: 8603: 8601: 8596: 8595: 8591: 8582: 8581: 8577: 8570: 8566: 8559: 8555: 8548: 8544: 8537: 8533: 8526: 8522: 8512: 8510: 8501: 8500: 8496: 8487: 8486: 8482: 8472: 8470: 8465: 8464: 8460: 8450: 8448: 8444: 8443: 8439: 8432: 8428: 8421: 8417: 8407: 8405: 8396: 8395: 8391: 8381: 8379: 8370: 8369: 8365: 8356: 8355: 8351: 8342: 8341: 8337: 8327: 8325: 8320: 8319: 8315: 8305: 8303: 8294: 8293: 8289: 8284:. May 12, 2023. 8280: 8279: 8275: 8270:. May 31, 2021. 8266: 8265: 8261: 8252: 8251: 8247: 8237: 8235: 8226: 8225: 8221: 8214: 8210: 8203: 8199: 8192: 8188: 8181: 8177: 8170: 8166: 8159: 8155: 8148: 8144: 8135: 8134: 8130: 8117: 8116: 8112: 8103: 8102: 8095: 8082: 8081: 8074: 8061: 8060: 8056: 8046: 8044: 8035: 8034: 8030: 8025:. May 12, 2023. 8021: 8020: 8016: 8002: 7998: 7988: 7986: 7977: 7976: 7972: 7962: 7960: 7951: 7950: 7946: 7937: 7936: 7932: 7922: 7920: 7911: 7910: 7906: 7897: 7896: 7892: 7883: 7882: 7878: 7873:Wayback Machine 7864: 7860: 7853: 7849: 7842: 7838: 7828: 7826: 7817: 7816: 7812: 7805: 7801: 7791: 7789: 7780: 7779: 7770: 7760: 7758: 7751: 7747: 7737: 7735: 7734:on June 9, 2017 7726: 7725: 7721: 7708: 7704: 7695: 7694: 7690: 7680: 7678: 7668: 7664: 7654: 7652: 7643: 7642: 7638: 7628: 7626: 7615: 7611: 7598:Effendi, Shoghi 7595: 7591: 7581: 7579: 7570: 7569: 7562: 7551: 7547: 7536: 7529: 7522: 7500: 7496: 7487: 7486: 7482: 7473: 7472: 7468: 7457: 7453: 7444: 7443: 7439: 7430: 7429: 7425: 7416: 7415: 7411: 7402: 7401: 7397: 7388: 7387: 7383: 7372: 7368: 7359: 7358: 7354: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7326: 7324: 7313: 7309: 7298: 7294: 7285: 7284: 7280: 7271: 7270: 7266: 7257: 7256: 7252: 7242: 7240: 7231: 7230: 7226: 7216: 7214: 7205: 7204: 7200: 7190: 7188: 7177: 7173: 7164: 7163: 7159: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7138: 7134: 7125: 7124: 7120: 7110: 7108: 7099: 7098: 7094: 7084: 7082: 7081:on July 9, 2018 7073: 7072: 7065: 7056: 7055: 7051: 7042: 7041: 7037: 7027: 7025: 7016: 7015: 7011: 7001: 6999: 6998:on July 8, 2018 6990: 6989: 6985: 6975: 6973: 6972:on July 8, 2018 6964: 6963: 6959: 6953: 6948: 6944: 6933: 6929: 6920: 6919: 6915: 6906: 6905: 6901: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6864: 6863: 6859: 6850: 6849: 6845: 6836: 6835: 6831: 6812: 6811: 6807: 6796: 6795: 6791: 6780: 6776: 6761: 6757: 6744: 6743: 6739: 6730: 6729: 6725: 6716: 6715: 6711: 6696: 6692: 6683: 6682: 6678: 6669: 6668: 6664: 6655: 6654: 6650: 6641: 6640: 6636: 6627: 6626: 6622: 6613: 6612: 6608: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6572: 6562: 6560: 6557:theguardian.com 6551: 6550: 6546: 6537: 6536: 6532: 6516: 6515: 6503: 6499: 6489: 6487: 6476: 6472: 6462: 6460: 6451: 6450: 6446: 6436: 6434: 6424: 6420: 6410: 6408: 6399: 6398: 6394: 6375: 6371: 6358: 6357: 6350: 6331: 6330: 6319: 6309: 6307: 6302: 6301: 6297: 6290: 6278: 6277: 6273: 6263: 6261: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6234: 6233: 6229: 6215:"Askabad" 6207: 6200: 6189: 6176: 6171: 6162: 6150: 6138: 6137: 6133: 6122: 6118: 6108: 6106: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6081: 6059: 6055: 6050:Wayback Machine 6041: 6037: 6027: 6025: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996:Погода и Климат 5993: 5992: 5988: 5983: 5979: 5969: 5967: 5962: 5961: 5952: 5939: 5938: 5934: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5875: 5874: 5870: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5843: 5836: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5775: 5771: 5761: 5759: 5750: 5749: 5745: 5734: 5730: 5715: 5702: 5691: 5680: 5669: 5646: 5635: 5620: 5609: 5602: 5593: 5592: 5581: 5570: 5566: 5557: 5556: 5521: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5480: 5479: 5475: 5465: 5463: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5442: 5438: 5429: 5428: 5421: 5411: 5409: 5397: 5388: 5378: 5376: 5366: 5357: 5347: 5345: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5304: 5300: 5290: 5288: 5278: 5274: 5264: 5262: 5249: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5232: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5138: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5078: 5074: 5040: 5036: 5002: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4900: 4883: 4870: 4857: 4844: 4838: 4833: 4820: 4807: 4794: 4781: 4768: 4755: 4742: 4729: 4726:, Turkey (1994) 4716: 4703: 4690: 4679: 4673: 4663:The city hosts 4661: 4656: 4603:Championships. 4599:and 2023 World 4572:Olympic Stadium 4564:Olympic Stadium 4557: 4477: 4411: 4388: 4348: 4323: 4273:(also known as 4252: 4240: 4166: 4164:Performing arts 4160:civilizations. 4119:Ancient History 4095: 4087: 3994: 3988: 3980:Main articles: 3978: 3970: 3941: 3913: 3861: 3849:Hyundai Elantra 3834: 3665: 3585: 3571: 3547: 3471: 3426: 3425: 3424: 3423: 3422: 3416:Turkmen carpets 3413: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3393: 3392: 3386: 3375: 3359: 3327: 3268: 3263: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3254: 3225: 3170: 3156: 3147: 3085: 3029: 3024: 2982: 2980: 2969: 2925: 2905:Köpetdag etraby 2899:Büzmeýin etraby 2852: 2847: 2783:Alabay sheepdog 2731: 2678:Andrei Sakharov 2614:Tashkent Soviet 2579: 2520: 2483:and village of 2428: 2423: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1746:, bordering on 1717: 1709: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1268: 1260: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 990: 987: 985: 982: 976: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 959: 956: 954: 951: 945: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 928: 925: 923: 920: 914: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 897: 894: 892: 889: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 811:Climate chart ( 801: 781: 751: 743:Ashkhabad Hotel 690: 678: 647: 642: 591: 567:Parthian Empire 536: 487: 399:ashgabat.gov.tm 397: 369: 350: 244: 242: 227: 225: 221: 218: 213: 210: 208: 206: 205: 199: 198: 197: 196: 190: 189: 188: 187: 183: 162: 161: 160: 159: 150: 149: 134: 131: 130: 129: 128: 127: 126: 117: 116: 115: 108: 99: 98: 97: 90: 81: 80: 79: 63: 54: 47: 40: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10975: 10965: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10912: 10911: 10909: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10657: 10654: 10653: 10645: 10642: 10641: 10627: 10626: 10619: 10612: 10604: 10595: 10594: 10579:Cyprus dispute 10569: 10566: 10565: 10561: 10560: 10558: 10557: 10546: 10530: 10519: 10508: 10492: 10481: 10470: 10453: 10437: 10426: 10414: 10412: 10410: 10409: 10398: 10387: 10373: 10355: 10344: 10333: 10322: 10311: 10300: 10289: 10278: 10266: 10264: 10262: 10261: 10243: 10232: 10225: 10214: 10203: 10192: 10181: 10170: 10159: 10141: 10130: 10119: 10107: 10105: 10103: 10102: 10091: 10080: 10069: 10058: 10047: 10036: 10025: 10014: 9992: 9990: 9988: 9987: 9971: 9970: 9969: 9958: 9947: 9934: 9923: 9912: 9896: 9895: 9894: 9883: 9872: 9861: 9850: 9838: 9835: 9834: 9831: 9830:Southeast Asia 9828: 9825: 9819: 9816: 9815: 9802: 9799: 9798: 9790: 9789: 9782: 9775: 9767: 9761: 9760: 9753: 9752:External links 9750: 9749: 9748: 9739: 9736: 9733: 9732: 9711: 9693: 9667: 9634: 9623: 9609: 9595: 9584: 9570: 9556: 9542: 9528: 9514: 9496: 9482: 9468: 9446: 9419: 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May 24, 2012 9072: 9054: 9028: 8998: 8987: 8976: 8962: 8944: 8926: 8908: 8894: 8880: 8866: 8852: 8838: 8824: 8807: 8793: 8779: 8765: 8751: 8734: 8720: 8706: 8692: 8678: 8667: 8641: 8611: 8589: 8575: 8564: 8553: 8542: 8531: 8520: 8494: 8480: 8458: 8437: 8426: 8415: 8398:"ТУРКМЕНИСТАН" 8389: 8363: 8349: 8335: 8324:. Ayauk.gov.tm 8322:"Route |" 8313: 8287: 8273: 8259: 8245: 8219: 8208: 8197: 8186: 8175: 8164: 8153: 8142: 8128: 8110: 8093: 8072: 8054: 8028: 8014: 7996: 7970: 7944: 7930: 7904: 7890: 7876: 7858: 7847: 7836: 7810: 7799: 7768: 7745: 7719: 7702: 7688: 7662: 7649:The Hans India 7636: 7609: 7589: 7560: 7545: 7527: 7520: 7494: 7480: 7466: 7451: 7437: 7423: 7409: 7395: 7381: 7378:. varlamov.ru. 7366: 7352: 7334: 7307: 7292: 7278: 7264: 7250: 7224: 7198: 7171: 7157: 7143: 7132: 7118: 7092: 7063: 7049: 7035: 7009: 6983: 6957: 6942: 6927: 6913: 6899: 6885: 6871: 6857: 6843: 6829: 6805: 6789: 6774: 6755: 6737: 6723: 6709: 6690: 6676: 6662: 6648: 6634: 6620: 6606: 6592: 6581: 6570: 6544: 6530: 6497: 6470: 6444: 6432:Britannica.com 6418: 6392: 6369: 6348: 6317: 6295: 6288: 6271: 6245: 6227: 6212:, ed. (1911). 6210:Chisholm, Hugh 6198: 6174: 6160: 6148: 6131: 6116: 6086: 6079: 6053: 6035: 6010: 5986: 5977: 5950: 5932: 5916: 5902: 5884: 5868: 5852: 5834: 5820: 5802: 5788: 5769: 5743: 5728: 5700: 5678: 5644: 5618: 5600: 5579: 5564: 5519: 5501: 5487: 5473: 5451: 5436: 5419: 5386: 5355: 5325: 5318: 5298: 5272: 5242: 5211: 5197: 5167: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5113: 5072: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4906: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4893:, Japan (2014) 4881: 4868: 4855: 4837: 4836:Partner cities 4834: 4832: 4831: 4818: 4817:, China (1992) 4805: 4792: 4779: 4766: 4753: 4740: 4727: 4714: 4701: 4687: 4672: 4669: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4644:Polina Guryeva 4556: 4553: 4538:Roman Catholic 4534: 4533: 4522: 4511: 4500: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4454: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4428: 4410: 4407: 4387: 4384: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4339:Wedding Palace 4336: 4333:Ruhyýet Palace 4330: 4322: 4319: 4251: 4248: 4244:Aşgabat Cinema 4239: 4236: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4210: 4202: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4165: 4162: 4115:Turkmen carpet 4094: 4091: 4086: 4083: 3977: 3974: 3969: 3966: 3940: 3937: 3912: 3909: 3895:Turkmentelecom 3891: 3890: 3880: 3860: 3857: 3841:Toyota Corolla 3833: 3830: 3700:) is 1 manat. 3664: 3661: 3660: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3581:Main article: 3570: 3567: 3546: 3543: 3470: 3469:Transportation 3467: 3414: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3394: 3387: 3380: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3358: 3355: 3326: 3323: 3267: 3264: 3256: 3255: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3224: 3221: 3166:Main article: 3155: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3084: 3081: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2924: 2923:Microdistricts 2921: 2909: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2730: 2727: 2666:Vladimir Lenin 2578: 2575: 2519: 2518:Russian Empire 2516: 2508:Russian Empire 2427: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2368:sunshine hours 2363: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 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Eurasianet. 7462: 7455: 7447: 7441: 7433: 7427: 7419: 7413: 7405: 7399: 7391: 7385: 7377: 7370: 7362: 7356: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7322: 7318: 7311: 7303: 7296: 7288: 7282: 7274: 7268: 7260: 7254: 7238: 7234: 7228: 7212: 7208: 7202: 7186: 7182: 7175: 7167: 7161: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7136: 7128: 7122: 7106: 7102: 7096: 7080: 7076: 7070: 7068: 7059: 7053: 7045: 7039: 7023: 7019: 7013: 6997: 6993: 6987: 6971: 6967: 6961: 6951: 6946: 6938: 6931: 6923: 6917: 6909: 6903: 6895: 6889: 6881: 6875: 6867: 6861: 6853: 6847: 6839: 6833: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6816: 6809: 6801: 6800: 6793: 6785: 6778: 6771:(in Russian). 6770: 6766: 6759: 6751: 6747: 6741: 6733: 6727: 6719: 6713: 6706:(in Russian). 6705: 6701: 6694: 6686: 6680: 6672: 6666: 6658: 6652: 6644: 6638: 6630: 6624: 6616: 6610: 6602: 6596: 6585: 6574: 6558: 6554: 6548: 6540: 6534: 6526: 6520: 6512: 6508: 6501: 6485: 6481: 6474: 6458: 6454: 6448: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6406: 6402: 6396: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6373: 6365: 6361: 6355: 6353: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6305: 6299: 6291: 6289:0-905820-01-0 6285: 6281: 6275: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6223: 6222: 6216: 6211: 6205: 6203: 6194: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6157: 6151: 6149:0-905820-01-0 6145: 6141: 6135: 6127: 6120: 6109:September 17, 6104: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6082: 6076: 6072: 6067: 6066: 6057: 6051: 6047: 6044: 6039: 6024: 6020: 6014: 5998: 5990: 5981: 5965: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5946: 5942: 5936: 5928: 5927: 5920: 5912: 5906: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5880: 5879: 5872: 5864: 5863: 5856: 5848: 5841: 5839: 5830: 5824: 5815: 5814: 5806: 5798: 5792: 5785:(in Russian). 5784: 5780: 5773: 5757: 5753: 5747: 5739: 5732: 5725:(in Russian). 5724: 5720: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5696: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5674: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5640: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5614: 5607: 5605: 5596: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5575: 5568: 5560: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 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4638: 4633: 4629: 4627: 4626:Inha Babakova 4623: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4608:Altyn Asyr FK 4604: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4552: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4539: 4527: 4523: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4472: 4466: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4415: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4261: 4256: 4247: 4245: 4235: 4233: 4232:Medeniýet Öýi 4229: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4198:Mukams Palace 4196: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4146:woven carpets 4143: 4139: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4104: 4099: 4090: 4082: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4056: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4041: 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3367:Ahal Province 3363: 3354: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3258: 3252: 3245: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3160: 3151: 3145:Controversies 3142: 3140: 3136: 3130: 3126: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3080: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3046: 3045:Çalık Holding 3042: 3038: 3034: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2983:1911: 45,384 2977: 2975: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2920: 2916: 2914: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2867: 2864: 2856: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2735: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2712:Academy Award 2705: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2662:Joseph Stalin 2659: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2577:Soviet period 2574: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366:Mean monthly 2364: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2159: 2158:precipitation 2154: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 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Retrieved 5756:the original 5746: 5731: 5722: 5673:Туркменистан 5672: 5638: 5574:Туркменистан 5573: 5567: 5558: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5495: 5490: 5476: 5466:November 24, 5464:. Retrieved 5454: 5439: 5410:. Retrieved 5404: 5377:. Retrieved 5346:. Retrieved 5342:the original 5337: 5328: 5308: 5301: 5291:November 22, 5289:. Retrieved 5285: 5275: 5265:November 23, 5263:. Retrieved 5259:the original 5254: 5245: 5233:. Retrieved 5223: 5214: 5200: 5188:. Retrieved 5184:the original 5179: 5170: 5116: 5075: 4994: 4839: 4700:, Kazakhstan 4681:Ashgabat is 4680: 4662: 4641: 4637:Turkmenistan 4624: 4618:play in the 4605: 4594: 4591: 4584: 4569: 4549: 4535: 4478: 4470: 4420: 4399:World War II 4389: 4380:Central Asia 4373: 4369:Garashsyzlyk 4349: 4314: 4288: 4283: 4275:Turkmenbashy 4274: 4264: 4241: 4225: 4167: 4135: 4107: 4088: 4075: 4071: 4059: 4052: 4013: 3971: 3959: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3920: 3917:Türkmenistan 3916: 3914: 3903: 3892: 3862: 3853: 3838: 3835: 3815: 3760: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3694: 3682: 3620: 3593: 3586: 3548: 3536: 3529: 3517:Central Asia 3511: 3500: 3488: 3460: 3433: 3427: 3364: 3360: 3351: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3308: 3296:Turkmenistan 3282:, signed by 3269: 3239: 3233: 3226: 3210: 3206: 3202:`Abdu'l-Bahá 3185: 3174:Russian rule 3171: 3148: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3113: 3086: 3077: 3049: 3030: 3022:Architecture 3014:(1.1%), and 2997: 2988: 2985: 2981:1908: 39,867 2979:1897: 19,426 2978: 2970: 2967:Demographics 2926: 2917: 2912: 2910: 2872:uly etraplar 2871: 2869: 2862: 2861: 2816: 2815: 2808:Aşgabat-siti 2801: 2799: 2795: 2779: 2772: 2768: 2757: 2755: 2740: 2729:Independence 2716: 2689: 2686:Mark Donskoy 2673:World War II 2670: 2648: 2644: 2620: 2618: 2580: 2568: 2557: 2545: 2529: 2524: 2521: 2512:Akhal Treaty 2499: 2493: 2488: 2476: 2466: 2459: 2440: 2435: 2429: 2160:mm (inches) 1747: 1743: 1729: 1277: 786: 782: 769: 752: 736: 724: 699: 682: 679: 676:1930 to 1948 648: 645:1881 to 1929 640:Urban layout 627: 592: 578: 556: 547: 538: 498: 496: 462: 452: 444:Central Asia 432:Turkmenistan 423: 415: 414: 274:Presidential 251:Turkmenistan 194:Turkmenistan 192:Location in 61:Capital city 36: 25:SS Ashkhabad 10901:Türkmengala 10756:Garabekewül 10666:Änew (Anau) 10466:(de facto) 10391:Kuwait City 10247:West Island 10201:Philippines 10045:Afghanistan 9962:Ulaanbaatar 9932:South Korea 9921:North Korea 9141:December 6, 9105:. June 2008 8634:January 17, 5810:"АШХАБАД". 5235:December 1, 4711:Albuquerque 4620:Ýokary Liga 4566:in Ashgabat 4551:purposes". 4456:Shehitler ( 4435:Blue Mosque 4250:Main sights 4131:Middle Ages 3879:technology. 3748:Iran Khodro 3732:Turkmenabat 3724:Türkmenbaşy 3686:Iran Khodro 3633:Türkmenbaşy 3612:Türkmenabat 3596:Türkmenbaşy 3559:Türkmenabat 3311:expatriates 3217:art gallery 3194:مشرق اﻻذكار 2766:buildings. 2682:Yury Olesha 2680:and author 2641:Turkmen SSR 2639:. When the 813:explanation 721:renovation. 597:mountains ( 463:Poltoratsk. 364:Postal code 226: / 10921:Categories 10811:Köneurgenç 10661:Altyn Asyr 10534:Tskhinvali 10320:Azerbaijan 10218:Phnom Penh 10139:East Timor 10023:Bangladesh 9973:North Asia 9892:Uzbekistan 9881:Tajikistan 9870:Kyrgyzstan 9859:Kazakhstan 9827:South Asia 9680:mfa.gov.tm 5970:August 21, 5829:"Ashgabat" 5220:"Ashgabat" 5142:References 5123:Полтора́цк 4675:See also: 4612:FC Aşgabat 4483:churches: 4365:Disneyland 4173:Alp Arslan 3990:See also: 3901:services. 3868:Altyn Asyr 3826:Škoda 14Tr 3811:Volkswagen 3795:Owadandepe 3698:marshrutka 3651:Serhetabat 3627:Balkanabat 3606:–Ashgabat– 3600:Balkanabat 3498:Airport . 3304:Kazakhstan 3300:Uzbekistan 3211:Under the 3109:Alp Arslan 3097:Magtymguly 2950:30 Etrapça 2751:Magtymguly 2658:Ostrovskiy 2621:Poltoratsk 2586:Mensheviks 2481:Gyzylarbat 2469:Teke tribe 732:Magtymguly 671:residence. 660:Vasily Yan 312:Population 265:Government 214:58°22′48″E 211:37°56′15″N 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