888:′s defeat was a serious blow to his prestige, encouraging his domestic rivals, who assassinated him in early 738, backed secretly by the Chinese. The Türgesh realm collapsed in civil war, leaving the Muslims without a serious opponent in the region. At the same time, Asad's excellent personal relationship with the native nobility strengthened their ties to the Arab government. As Gibb writes, "he was able to attract to his side many of the more influential elements in Lower Tokharistan and the Hephthalite lands—to this, in fact, was largely due his success in the struggle with the Turks." His influence led to the conversion to Islam of several local rulers, like Saman Khuda and possibly also the
444:
789:, 400 of the men were executed, and the other defenders, including women and children, were sold into slavery. The same year, Asad moved the capital of Khurasan to Balkh. This decision was influenced by several factors: Balkh was the traditional, pre-Islamic capital of Khurasan, and remained so in the eyes of the local population; it lay closer to Tokharistan, where Asad concentrated his military activities; and it was settled by reliable Syrians, removed from the factional politics of the Khurasani Arabs of Marw. At this time, Asad also captured and executed one of the leaders of the Khurasani
276:
384:, the ruler of the Türgesh, who was called upon for aid by the local ruler, al-Sabal. One tradition holds that Asad retreated over the Oxus and went on to campaign with success in Ghur in the next year, but according to another he suffered a heavy defeat by the Türgesh. In either case, Asad's military ventures were only moderately successful, and most importantly failed to address the growing danger of the Türgesh, who with the support of the local princes threatened to expel the Arabs back beyond the Oxus.
348:, this Muslim defeat "marks a period in the history of the Arab conquests. It was practically the last aggressive expedition of the Arabs into Transoxiana for fifteen years, but of much greater importance was the blow which it struck at Arab prestige. The roles were reversed; from now onwards the Arabs found themselves on the defensive and were gradually ousted from almost every district across the
536:, which crippled the Khurasani army, in 731. By the time of Junayd's death in 734, the Muslim holdings in Transoxiana had been reduced to Bukhara and parts of Tokharistan. These military defeats, the long-held grievances against the Umayyad government, and the forcible requisition of food by Junayd during the famine of 733 led to the outbreak of a rebellion in early 734, led by
735:. He imprisoned Asim for embezzling money and failing to campaign against the rebels, and immediately took the field himself. He soon gained the upper hand in a succession of victorious, if costly, battles with Harith's supporters. Asad's success was aided by his long-standing personal relations with the local Arab tribal leaders, as well as by the continuing
892:. Even though as yet "practically confined to the ruling classes" and limited to the territories under direct Arab control, Gibb credits Asad with beginning a process of "true reconciliation". For this achievement he was greatly honoured by later generations, as attested in the work of the 10th-century Bukharan historian
352:." In this situation, Asad followed a policy of consolidation and limited military activity, focusing on enforcing Muslim control in the minor local potentates and avoiding a direct confrontation with the Muslims' main enemy, the Türgesh. Thus in 107 AH (725 or 726 AD) Asad campaigned against Namrun, King of
763:
and remaining
Khurasanis marched on the fortresses of Amul and Zamm. The rebel forces at Amul surrendered and were pardoned, and the garrison of Balkh followed soon after. Harith abandoned Marw Rudh and retreated across the Oxus before Abd al-Rahman, finding refuge with the princes of Tokharistan.
552:
troops. Hisham accepted the recommendations, and instructed Khalid al-Qasri to send Asad once again as governor to
Khurasan. Early in 735, Harith renewed his rebellion. This time, whether due to pressure from local sympathizers in Marw or as an expedient way to gain time for Asad to arrive, Asim
796:
In 737, Asad again led his troops north of the Oxus in a retaliatory campaign against
Khuttal, whose ruler had allied himself with both Harith and the Türgesh. While Asad captured a few fortresses and pillaged the land, the Khuttalan regent, Ibn al-Sa'iji, called for aid from the Türgesh
882:. His victory at Kharistan averted a possible collapse of Muslim rule and ended the Türgesh threat to Khurasan and Transoxiana. As Gibb writes, it was not only "the turning-point in the fortunes of the Arabs in Central Asia, but gave the signal for the downfall of Türgesh power". The
387:
At the same time, Asad tried to conciliate the local population, hoping to prevent them from supporting the Türgesh. He continued his predecessor's policy of appointing men known for their honesty as his fiscal agents. His reforms aimed to stop discrimination against the
548:, and forced him to seek terms. Asim's position remained precarious, however, and he wrote to the Caliph, asking for the placement of Khurasan once again under the purview of Iraq, the appointment of a new governor and the substantial reinforcement of the province with
473:. This move was clearly linked to the Türgesh threat, as the Turks were Chinese vassals and were regarded by the Transoxianians as the agents of the Chinese emperor, sent to deliver them from Arab rule. Asad is also said to have built the village of Asadabad near
158:), and enjoyed good relations with many local nobles, who began to convert to Islam under his influence. His military expeditions during his first tenure were targeted mainly against restive local princes, avoiding a direct confrontation with the Türgesh.
520:(727–730). The new governor at first continued Asad's policy of conciliation, but then reversed it, leading to the outbreak of a full-scale rebellion in Transoxiana, which, coupled with renewed Türgesh attacks, reduced the Arab presence there to
780:
The next year, 736, Asad's forces cleared the mountains of Upper
Tokharistan from the remnants of Harith's supporters. Many of the latter, including some of Harith's relatives, were blockaded in the fortress of Tabushkhan by Asad's commander
776:
and double pay. Asad then led an expedition to recover
Samarkand, which had been lost in the aftermath of the Defile. He failed to take the city, and returned to Balkh after destroying the sluices of the city's irrigation canals.
169:. Appointed for a second time to govern Khurasan in late 734, Asad brought fresh troops into the province and managed to suppress Harith's uprising in 735–736, although the rebel leader himself escaped capture. An expedition in
205:'s prestige led to his murder soon after and the collapse of Türgesh power. At the same time, Asad's conciliatory policy towards the native population laid the foundations for its eventual acceptance of Muslim rule and the
408:"it may have helped to discourage the Turks for a couple of years by keeping the Transoxianans on the Muslims' side". Despite Asad's efforts and his good relations with the local Iranian land-owning class, the
861:
in Ghur, who had taken advantage of the turmoil of the previous year and captured
Khuttal. The expedition was successful, and Khuttal returned to Arab rule. A short while later, in February 738, Asad died at
807:. The Türgesh army's arrival caught the Arab troops, widely dispersed while ravaging the countryside, by surprise, and precipitated a headlong flight across the Oxus. The Türgesh followed after them and
811:
the Arab baggage train, which Asad had sent ahead. The timely arrival of Asad's main army saved the baggage train's remnants, before both sides settled for winter quarters. Ominously for the Arabs, the
768:. In the face of Harith's forces, Asad's troops could not cross the Oxus, but retreated to Balkh. The Tirmidh garrison, however, managed to defeat Harith, who retired eastwards to the mountains of
625:
540:. Harith's uprising involved both Arabs and native princes, especially from the hitherto loyal principalities of Tokharistan, and spread quickly, with the rebels capturing Balkh. The new governor,
896:. His successor, Nasr ibn Sayyar, was able to build upon Asad's work and restore the Arab position over much of Transoxiana; Muslim pre-eminence over western Central Asia was sealed with the
838:
princes of Lower
Tokharistan in revolt as well. In this the Türgesh failed, as the king of Juzjan joined Asad, who was approaching with what forces he could muster. Asad's advance caught the
161:
After his dismissal, his successors reversed his policy of reconciliation, resulting in a large-scale anti-Arab rebellion among the
Soghdians. Another major defeat against the Türgesh in the
577:
416:
s, taxation remained a heavy burden for the subject populations, and the greed and cruelty of Arab and
Iranian tax collectors alike meant that Khurasan became a fertile field for the
1837:
517:
1847:
541:
245:
854:
barely escaped and fled north over the Oxus. The Türgesh detachments south of the Oxus were largely destroyed piecemeal by Juday al-Kirmani, ending the threat to
Khurasan.
844:
and Harith off guard; Asad came upon them near Kharistan, where they were accompanied by only 4,000 men, the rest having scattered to plunder and forage. In the ensuing
830:
led the Türgesh army, 30,000 strong with contingents from virtually every native ruler of Transoxiana and Upper Tokharistan, south. They bypassed Balkh and marched into
469:
following a revolt, and transferred there the Arab garrison troops from nearby Barukhan. Asad also resumed, after almost a decade, the practice of sending envoys to the
233:
731:
In early 735 Asad arrived once more to take up the governorship of Khurasan, this time accompanied by 20,000 Syrian troops, according to the 11th-century historian
570:
563:
488:
109 AH (December 727 or January 728 AD), when in an outburst of anger he had the chief representatives of the four greatest Arab tribes in Khurasan, the
1668:
489:
165:
was followed by the almost complete collapse of the Arab position in Trasoxiana and the outbreak of a major rebellion in Khurasan itself, led by
1746:
1906:
221:. His great-grandfather, Asad ibn Kurz al-Qasri, is said by some traditions to have been the chief of the Bajila in the times of the
195:, turning back the Türgesh army. Despite Asad's death a few months later, this success was instrumental in preserving Muslim rule in
1689:
1901:
1896:
1588:
1564:
824:
to take advantage of the dispersal of the Arab army to its winter quarters, and to resume his advance. In early December the
818:
remained in Khurasan instead of retiring north, and Harith now emerged from hiding and joined him. Harith now counselled the
1768:
1719:
302:, with responsibility over the entire Islamic East, which he held until 738. Khalid in turn named Asad as governor of
1801:
1648:
1612:
529:
299:
128:
1916:
1702:
587:
1556:
The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXV: The End of Expansion: The Caliphate of Hishām, A.D. 724–738/A.H. 105–120
751:, the traditional enemies of Harith's Tamim tribe, soon defected to him. Asad divided his forces, sending the
232:. Other traditions, hostile to the family, report that Asad was a Jew and a runaway slave. Asad's grandfather
1816:
315:
1886:
1640:
857:
After his victory over the Türgesh, Asad sent an expedition against Badr Tarkhan, possibly a prince of
404:
tax from them. This measure was vehemently opposed by the Arab settlers of Khurasan, but according to
607:
804:
76:
1698:
1574:
1550:
657:
405:
1580:
The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads
443:
436:, is said to have been converted to Islam by Asad at this time, and Saman's eldest son was named
284:
257:
150:
to Muslim rule, initiated tax reforms to address the grievances of the native converts to Islam (
120:
131:
for most of Hisham's reign. Asad's first tenure as governor in 724–727 came in the wake of the "
1911:
866:
after a brief illness. Ja'far ibn Hanzala al-Bahrani succeeded him temporarily until, in July,
772:. Asad followed up this success by persuading the garrison of Zamm to surrender on promises of
736:
1755:
1626:
553:
agreed to a truce with Harith, promising also to support Harith's demands against the Caliph.
1559:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
808:
687:
611:
182:
740:
706:
681:
644:
537:
533:
166:
162:
81:
360:), whom he forced to submit and convert to Islam, before going on to subdue the region of
8:
1891:
1662:
901:
845:
693:
615:
192:
638:
505:
466:
1797:
1778:
1729:
1672:
1644:
1608:
1584:
1560:
669:
311:
237:
222:
185:
and the Türgesh invasion of Khurasan, Asad succeeded in inflicting a defeat upon the
112:
782:
675:
1868:
1791:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1602:
1578:
1554:
897:
867:
718:
712:
433:
319:
295:
124:
104:
747:
Harith, he could count on the support of his fellow tribesmen; thus most of the
555:
1763:
1759:
1714:
1706:
1598:
619:
437:
353:
330:
307:
139:
1636:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
1880:
1782:
1751:
1741:
1733:
1710:
1694:
1676:
1658:
663:
549:
345:
323:
249:
132:
879:
773:
764:
With their aid, he laid siege to the major crossing point over the Oxus at
504:, publicly flogged. Caliph Hisham demanded his dismissal, and after naming
470:
454:
314:. Asad's arrival in Khurasan found the province in peril: his predecessor,
253:
206:
196:
900:
in 751, and the withdrawal of Chinese influence after the outbreak of the
275:
1684:
835:
429:
373:
365:
338:
241:
143:
790:
769:
748:
497:
425:
417:
878:
Asad's second governorship was of crucial importance to the future of
327:
136:
63:
893:
889:
786:
756:
521:
501:
1858:
1827:
474:
453:
minted in Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik's name at the mint of Balkh, 108
303:
225:
123:. The descendant of a prominent Arab family, he was the brother of
116:
59:
759:, where Harith's main army was located, while he himself with the
1854:
1823:
1455:
1453:
858:
765:
732:
525:
485:
478:
421:
396:, the native converts to Islam, by ceasing the collection of the
369:
334:
229:
170:
147:
55:
173:
in 737 brought about the intervention of the Türgesh ruler, the
1012:
831:
449:
411:
391:
379:
310:, "among the most prominent men of the Marwanid period" of the
218:
176:
153:
1450:
1414:
1378:
1366:
1330:
1282:
1270:
1234:
1210:
1174:
1150:
1482:
1480:
1029:
1027:
952:
863:
793:
movement, Ammar ibn Yazid, known as Khidash, by crucifixion.
760:
744:
462:
399:
357:
1138:
1114:
1000:
752:
545:
361:
349:
306:. The two brothers thus became, according to the historian
1477:
1024:
1438:
1354:
1318:
1258:
1198:
988:
928:
755:
and Syrian troops under Abd al-Rahman ibn Na'yum towards
493:
1583:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
883:
849:
839:
825:
819:
813:
798:
377:
200:
186:
174:
1102:
1080:
1078:
918:
916:
217:
Asad was a member of the Qasr clan, a subtribe of the
1604:
Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1465:
1426:
1402:
1390:
1342:
1306:
1294:
1246:
1222:
1186:
1162:
1126:
1063:
785:
with 6,000 men, until they surrendered. According to
508:
as his deputy, Asad returned to his brother in Iraq.
964:
544:, managed to check Harith's advance on the capital,
409:
397:
389:
151:
1090:
1075:
913:
1745:
1688:
1051:
1039:
940:
511:
279:Map of Khurasan and Transoxiana in the 8th century
976:
585:
270:
1878:
571:
524:and its environs. Ashras was able to recover
322:and suffered a major defeat, the so-called "
256:, but was eventually pardoned by the Caliph
236:was an early and prominent supporter of the
111:; died 738) was a prominent official of the
1573:
1549:
1486:
1459:
1420:
1384:
1372:
1336:
1288:
1276:
1240:
1216:
1180:
1156:
1144:
1120:
1033:
1018:
1006:
994:
958:
1769:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1720:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
848:, Asad routed the Türgesh. Harith and the
578:
564:
1796:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1777:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 925–927.
1728:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 684–685.
1607:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
442:
318:, had just attempted a campaign against
274:
1740:
934:
341:that had risen up against Muslim rule.
298:was appointed to the important post of
135:", a severe defeat at the hands of the
1879:
1789:
1498:
1471:
1444:
1408:
1360:
1324:
1300:
1264:
1252:
1204:
484:Asad was dismissed from his office in
294:) ascended the throne, Asad's brother
1597:
922:
559:
368:). The next year, Asad campaigned in
1683:
1657:
1621:
1534:
1522:
1510:
1432:
1396:
1348:
1312:
1228:
1192:
1168:
1132:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1069:
1057:
1045:
982:
970:
946:
532:, presided over the disaster of the
146:. Asad tried to reconcile the local
477:, which his descendants held until
108:
13:
1664:The Arab Conquests in Central Asia
181:, at the head of an army. Despite
14:
1928:
1907:Generals of the Umayyad Caliphate
1747:"K̲h̲ālid b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḳasrī"
530:Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri
376:, where he was confronted by the
16:Official of the Umayyad Caliphate
461:In 726 Asad rebuilt the city of
870:was named to the governorship.
809:attacked and almost annihilated
512:Second governorship of Khurasan
289:
262:
115:, serving twice as governor of
1902:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
465:, which had been destroyed by
271:First governorship of Khurasan
1:
1897:Umayyad governors of Khurasan
1838:Ashras ibn Abdallah al-Sulami
907:
713:Reconquests of Nasr b. Sayyar
707:Revolt of al-Harith b. Surayj
518:Ashras ibn Abdallah al-Sulami
884:
850:
840:
826:
820:
814:
799:
428:. Among the local nobility,
378:
201:
187:
175:
7:
1848:Asim ibn Abdallah al-Hilali
542:Asim ibn Abdallah al-Hilali
506:al-Hakam ibn Awana al-Kalbi
410:
398:
390:
344:According to the historian
228:, and is counted as one of
152:
94:Abdallah ibn Yazid al-Qasri
10:
1933:
1817:Muslim ibn Sa'id al-Kilabi
1641:Cambridge University Press
1543:
440:in the governor's honour.
316:Muslim ibn Sa'id al-Kilabi
283:In 724, immediately after
101:Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri
25:Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri
1865:
1852:
1844:
1834:
1821:
1813:
1669:The Royal Asiatic Society
1575:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya
1551:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya
873:
597:
212:
90:
69:
50:
42:
30:
23:
406:Khalid Yahya Blankinship
1917:8th-century Arab people
1793:The ʿAbbāsid Revolution
326:", at the hands of the
285:Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
121:Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
1790:Shaban, M. A. (1979).
834:, hoping to raise the
458:
432:, the ancestor of the
280:
244:, while Asad's father
109:أسد بن عبد الله القسري
1021:, pp. 30–32, 34.
743:fighting against the
528:, but his successor,
516:Asad was replaced by
446:
278:
230:Muhammad's companions
199:, as the blow to the
183:initial Arab setbacks
1690:"Asad b. ʿAbd Allāh"
1643:. pp. 136–161.
652:Umayyad–Türgesh wars
612:Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad
538:al-Harith ibn Surayj
534:Battle of the Defile
424:missionaries of the
167:al-Harith ibn Surayj
163:Battle of the Defile
82:al-Harith ibn Surayj
1462:, pp. 162–164.
1447:, pp. 125–126.
1423:, pp. 139–147.
1387:, pp. 131–139.
1375:, pp. 125–126.
1363:, pp. 122–123.
1339:, pp. 126–128.
1327:, pp. 121–122.
1291:, pp. 179–180.
1279:, pp. 178–179.
1267:, pp. 120–121.
1243:, pp. 111–112.
1219:, pp. 176–178.
1207:, pp. 118–120.
1183:, pp. 155–161.
1159:, pp. 127–128.
1111:, pp. 684–685.
961:, pp. 125–127.
937:, pp. 925–926.
902:An Lushan Rebellion
846:Battle of Kharistan
193:Battle of Kharistan
1887:7th-century births
1703:Lévi-Provençal, E.
467:Qutayba ibn Muslim
459:
337:principalities of
281:
1875:
1874:
1866:Succeeded by
1835:Succeeded by
1590:978-0-7914-1827-7
1566:978-0-88706-569-9
1537:, pp. 89–98.
1525:, pp. 88–89.
1513:, pp. 84–85.
1435:, pp. 83–84.
1399:, pp. 81–83.
1351:, pp. 80–81.
1315:, pp. 77–78.
1231:, pp. 76–77.
1195:, pp. 72–76.
1171:, pp. 69–72.
1147:, pp. 35–38.
1135:, pp. 66–68.
1123:, pp. 26–27.
1072:, pp. 68–69.
1009:, pp. 25–26.
973:, pp. 65–66.
728:
727:
639:Qutayba b. Muslim
312:Umayyad Caliphate
209:of Central Asia.
191:in person at the
119:under the Caliph
113:Umayyad Caliphate
98:
97:
43:Years active
1924:
1845:Preceded by
1814:Preceded by
1811:
1810:
1807:
1786:
1749:
1737:
1692:
1680:
1654:
1631:Frye, Richard N.
1618:
1594:
1570:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1487:Blankinship 1994
1484:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1460:Blankinship 1989
1457:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1421:Blankinship 1989
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1385:Blankinship 1989
1382:
1376:
1373:Blankinship 1989
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1337:Blankinship 1989
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1289:Blankinship 1994
1286:
1280:
1277:Blankinship 1994
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1241:Blankinship 1989
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1217:Blankinship 1994
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1181:Blankinship 1994
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1157:Blankinship 1994
1154:
1148:
1145:Blankinship 1989
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1121:Blankinship 1989
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1034:Blankinship 1994
1031:
1022:
1019:Blankinship 1989
1016:
1010:
1007:Blankinship 1989
1004:
998:
995:Blankinship 1994
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
959:Blankinship 1994
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
887:
853:
843:
829:
823:
817:
802:
783:Juday al-Kirmani
737:tribal rivalries
632:Initial conquest
592:
580:
573:
566:
557:
556:
415:
403:
395:
383:
300:governor of Iraq
293:
291:
266:
264:
204:
190:
180:
157:
129:governor of Iraq
110:
21:
20:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1869:Nasr ibn Sayyar
1862:
1850:
1840:
1831:
1819:
1804:
1651:
1615:
1599:Crone, Patricia
1591:
1567:
1546:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
981:
977:
969:
965:
957:
953:
945:
941:
933:
929:
921:
914:
910:
898:Battle of Talas
876:
868:Nasr ibn Sayyar
729:
724:
715: (738–741)
709: (734–736)
641: (705–715)
616:Sa'id b. Uthman
601:Early invasions
593:
589:
588:Muslim conquest
586:
584:
514:
457:(726 or 727 AD)
434:Samanid dynasty
296:Khalid al-Qasri
288:
273:
261:
223:Islamic prophet
215:
127:, the powerful
125:Khalid al-Qasri
86:
62:, defeated the
38:
35:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1930:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1863:734–738
1851:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1832:724–727
1820:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1787:
1742:Hawting, G. R.
1738:
1699:Kramers, J. H.
1695:Gibb, H. A. R.
1685:Gibb, H. A. R.
1681:
1659:Gibb, H. A. R.
1655:
1649:
1627:"The Sāmānids"
1619:
1613:
1595:
1589:
1571:
1565:
1553:, ed. (1989).
1545:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1501:, p. 127.
1491:
1489:, p. 182.
1476:
1474:, p. 126.
1464:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1411:, p. 124.
1401:
1389:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1303:, p. 121.
1293:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1255:, p. 120.
1245:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1125:
1113:
1101:
1099:, p. 136.
1089:
1087:, p. 685.
1074:
1062:
1050:
1038:
1036:, p. 127.
1023:
1011:
999:
997:, p. 123.
987:
975:
963:
951:
949:, p. 684.
939:
927:
925:, p. 102.
911:
909:
906:
875:
872:
726:
725:
723:
722:
716:
710:
703:
702:
698:
697:
691:
685:
679:
673:
667:
661:
658:Qasr al-Bahili
654:
653:
649:
648:
642:
634:
633:
629:
628:
626:Musa al-Sulami
622:
603:
602:
598:
595:
594:
590:of Transoxiana
583:
582:
575:
568:
560:
513:
510:
356:(northeast of
354:al-Gharshistan
308:Patricia Crone
292: 724–743
272:
269:
265: 685–705
214:
211:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
85:
84:
79:
73:
71:
67:
66:
52:
51:Known for
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
36:
32:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1929:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:Arab generals
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1812:
1805:
1803:0-521-29534-3
1799:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:Ménage, V. L.
1753:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1650:0-521-20093-8
1646:
1642:
1639:. Cambridge:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1614:0-521-52940-9
1610:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1536:
1531:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1495:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1242:
1237:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1071:
1066:
1060:, p. 67.
1059:
1054:
1048:, p. 68.
1047:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1003:
996:
991:
985:, p. 66.
984:
979:
972:
967:
960:
955:
948:
943:
936:
931:
924:
919:
917:
912:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
886:
881:
871:
869:
865:
860:
855:
852:
847:
842:
837:
833:
828:
822:
816:
810:
806:
801:
794:
792:
788:
784:
778:
775:
771:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
704:
700:
699:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
664:Day of Thirst
662:
660: (720/1)
659:
656:
655:
651:
650:
646:
643:
640:
637:Campaigns of
636:
635:
631:
630:
627:
623:
621:
620:Salm b. Ziyad
617:
613:
609:
608:Rabi b. Ziyad
606:Campaigns of
605:
604:
600:
599:
596:
591:
581:
576:
574:
569:
567:
562:
561:
558:
554:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:Ahl al-Aliyah
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
471:Chinese court
468:
464:
456:
452:
451:
445:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
413:
407:
402:
401:
394:
393:
385:
382:
381:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:H. A. R. Gibb
342:
340:
336:
332:
329:
325:
324:Day of Thirst
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
286:
277:
268:
259:
255:
251:
250:Ibn al-Zubayr
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
224:
220:
210:
208:
203:
198:
194:
189:
184:
179:
178:
172:
168:
164:
159:
156:
155:
149:
145:
141:
138:
134:
133:Day of Thirst
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
106:
102:
93:
89:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
33:
29:
22:
19:
1857:governor of
1853:
1826:governor of
1822:
1792:
1774:
1767:
1725:
1718:
1663:
1635:
1603:
1579:
1555:
1530:
1518:
1506:
1494:
1467:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1014:
1002:
990:
978:
966:
954:
942:
935:Hawting 1971
930:
880:Central Asia
877:
856:
795:
779:
730:
515:
483:
460:
448:
386:
343:
282:
258:Abd al-Malik
254:Second Fitna
216:
207:Islamization
197:Central Asia
160:
100:
99:
58:governor of
34:February 738
18:
1773:Volume III:
1764:Schacht, J.
1760:Pellat, Ch.
1715:Pellat, Ch.
1707:Schacht, J.
1623:Frye, R. N.
1499:Shaban 1979
1472:Shaban 1979
1445:Shaban 1979
1409:Shaban 1979
1361:Shaban 1979
1325:Shaban 1979
1301:Shaban 1979
1265:Shaban 1979
1253:Shaban 1979
1205:Shaban 1979
836:Hephthalite
721: (751)
696: (737)
690: (737)
688:The Baggage
684: (731)
678: (729)
672: (729)
666: (724)
647: (717)
430:Saman Khuda
374:Tokharistan
366:Afghanistan
339:Transoxiana
248:sided with
242:First Fitna
144:Transoxiana
1892:738 deaths
1881:Categories
1667:. London:
923:Crone 1980
908:References
791:Hashimiyya
770:Badakhshan
682:The Defile
624:Revolt of
426:Hashimiyya
1783:495469525
1752:Lewis, B.
1734:495469456
1724:Volume I:
1711:Lewis, B.
1677:499987512
1535:Gibb 1923
1523:Gibb 1923
1511:Gibb 1923
1433:Gibb 1923
1397:Gibb 1923
1349:Gibb 1923
1313:Gibb 1923
1229:Gibb 1923
1193:Gibb 1923
1169:Gibb 1923
1133:Gibb 1923
1109:Gibb 1960
1097:Frye 1975
1085:Gibb 1960
1070:Gibb 1923
1058:Gibb 1923
1046:Gibb 1923
983:Gibb 1923
971:Gibb 1923
947:Gibb 1960
894:Narshakhi
787:al-Tabari
757:Marw Rudh
694:Kharistan
522:Samarkand
364:(central
148:Soghdians
70:Opponents
1859:Khurasan
1828:Khurasan
1766:(eds.).
1744:(1971).
1717:(eds.).
1687:(1960).
1661:(1923).
1625:(1975).
1601:(1980).
1577:(1994).
475:Nishapur
335:Soghdian
333:and the
320:Ferghana
304:Khurasan
246:Abdallah
238:Umayyads
226:Muhammad
117:Khurasan
60:Khurasan
1855:Umayyad
1824:Umayyad
1633:(ed.).
1544:Sources
859:Bamiyan
774:amnesty
766:Tirmidh
761:Basrans
749:Rabi'ah
739:: as a
733:Gardizi
676:Kamarja
670:Baykand
526:Bukhara
486:Ramadan
481:times.
479:Tahirid
447:Silver
422:Abbasid
418:Shi'ite
370:Khuttal
328:Türgesh
252:in the
240:in the
171:Khuttal
137:Türgesh
64:Türgesh
56:Umayyad
46:724–738
1800:
1781:
1775:H–Iram
1762:&
1732:
1713:&
1675:
1647:
1611:
1587:
1563:
890:Barmak
885:qaghan
874:Legacy
851:qaghan
841:qaghan
832:Juzjan
827:qaghan
821:qaghan
815:qaghan
800:qaghan
745:Mudari
741:Yamani
550:Syrian
500:, and
450:dirham
412:dihqan
392:mawali
380:qaghan
219:Bajila
213:Origin
202:qaghan
188:qaghan
177:qaghan
154:mawali
105:Arabic
91:Father
54:Twice
1750:. In
1693:. In
1629:. In
864:Balkh
805:Suluk
753:Kufan
719:Talas
701:Other
498:Tamim
463:Balkh
400:jizya
358:Herat
331:Turks
234:Yazid
140:Turks
77:Suluk
37:Balkh
1798:ISBN
1779:OCLC
1730:OCLC
1673:OCLC
1645:ISBN
1609:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1561:ISBN
645:Aksu
618:and
546:Marw
502:Bakr
438:Asad
420:and
362:Ghur
350:Oxus
31:Died
1726:A–B
494:Azd
372:in
267:).
142:in
1883::
1771:.
1758:;
1754:;
1722:.
1709:;
1705:;
1701:;
1697:;
1671:.
1479:^
1452:^
1077:^
1026:^
915:^
904:.
803:,
614:,
610:,
496:,
492:,
455:AH
290:r.
263:r.
107::
1806:.
1785:.
1736:.
1679:.
1653:.
1617:.
1593:.
1569:.
579:e
572:t
565:v
287:(
260:(
103:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.