260:) are dimorphic: the common morph ('white') is white in winter and brownish-grey dorsally in summer; the other morph ('blue') is light brown/blue in winter and dark brown in summer. The two morphs interbreed freely. Despite the obvious advantage of white in avoiding predation, blue is actually the most frequent morph in
269:
That very phenomenon which was to be used by Fisher & Ford in studies on natural selection is here shown by cogent argument and the facts of field natural history to be inexplicable by selection. But Elton knew that a far greater range of other characters have the same implications, namely, all,
276:
Also, Robson and
Richards "showed a surprising reluctance to allow any example of natural selection; their cautious qualification that characters were non-adaptive as far as they could see became, too often, a certainty that they were non-adaptive; and their arguments were sometimes one-sided." Cain
339:
appreciated that, even if a character was in itself non-adaptive, the gene or genes determining it might affect other, adaptive, characters which were always under selective influence. Ford understood the significance of
348:'s demonstration that a neutral gene derived from a single mutation could only be in about the same number of individuals as there had been generations since its inception. Also, as Cain's own research showed, much
176:, one of the first studies to demonstrate natural selection by predators acting on a colour polymorphism, is now regarded as a classic. It generated a long series of further studies by Cain, including the formal
80:
After leaving the military in
November 1945, Cain returned to Oxford to pursue research in the Department of Zoology. He became a Departmental Demonstrator in October 1946, finishing his
1226:
310:
What I wanted to know from all these great people was, how exactly did they know that a character was non-adaptive or neutral? They didn't know, and they couldn't know.
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David Lack was the only religious man I knew at that period who did not allow his religion to dictate his view of natural selection.
84:
in 1948. From
January 1949 until 1964 Cain was employed as University Demonstrator in Animal Taxonomy. In addition he was appointed
1216:
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332:, who were also believing Christians: Fisher from the start of his career was a leading proponent of natural selection.
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material to follow changes in time as well as space. Later he turned to the study of variation in shell shape.
277:
laid the blame on their "vitalistic or perhaps theistic attitudes... Robson and
Richards were far from alone.
93:
264:. Elton also gave a number of other examples which he claimed could not be explained by natural selection.
404:
Cain A.J. 1983. Ecology and ecogenetics of terrestrial molluscan populations. In
Russell-Hunter W.D. (ed)
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159:
34:
22:
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Cain A.J., King J.M.B. and
Sheppard P.M. 1960. New data on the genetics of polymorphism in the snail
360:(a full bibliography listing 148 items appears as supplementary material to Bryan Clarke's obituary)
66:
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232:
100:
89:
54:
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is maintained by differential selection in the diversity of environments within a species' range.
1017:
104:
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Cain A.J. and
Provine W.B. 1991. Genes and ecology in history. In Berry R.J. & others (eds)
627:
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894:
879:
539:
512:
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26:
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of the variation, the discovery of area effects and the analysis of climatic influences. With
1083:
329:
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656:
Cook, L.M. (2024). "Arthur Cain and ecological genetics in the Oxford
Zoology Department".
290:
120:
81:
467:
Cain A.J. and
Provine W.B. 1991. Genes and ecology in history. In Berry R.J. et al. (eds)
8:
1123:
1007:
155:
124:
46:
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200:
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in
Zoology in 1941. Entering the British army in December 1941, Cain was commissioned
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62:
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Cain. This was the stimulus for Cain's research on evolution in natural communities.
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or nearly all, the differences (non-polymorphic) between closely related species
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Towards the end of his life Cain was persuaded to reminisce about the status of
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Cain A.J. 1971. Colour and banding morphs in subfossil samples of the snail
49:
in Warwickshire, England. In 1939 he was awarded a prestigious scholarship (
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1108:
1059:
1054:
967:
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Currey J.D. and Cain A.J. 1968. Climate and selection of banding morphs in
471:: the 33rd Symposium of the British Ecological Society. Blackwell, Oxford.
341:
282:
251:
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1028:
762:
Cain & Provine W.B. 1991. Genes and ecology in history. In Berry R.J.
749:
Cain & Provine W.B. 1991. Genes and ecology in history. In Berry R.J.
723:
Cain & Provine W.B. 1991. Genes and ecology in history. In Berry R.J.
686:: the 33rd Symposium of the British Ecological Society. Blackwell, Oxford.
474:
Cain A.J. and Sheppard P.M. 1950. Selection in the polymorphic land snail
397:
Cain A.J. 1977. The efficacy of natural selection in wild populations. In
1088:
1039:
947:
669:
567:
Clarke, B.C. (2008). "Arthur James Cain. 25 July 1921 β 20 August 1999".
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289:" (p7)... In Cambridge matters were even worse" (p8, giving as examples
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103:, and he later (1968) was appointed Derby Professor of Zoology at the
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30:
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401:. Special publication #12, 111β33. Academy of Natural Sciences.
215:
to our understanding of variation between taxonomic categories.
195:. He made important contributions to the theory and practice of
99:
In 1964, Cain left Oxford to become professor of zoology at the
875:
Collection of papers held by the American Philosophical Society
834:
Cain A.J. and Currey J.D. 1968. Ecogenetics of a population of
439:
Cain A.J. and Currey J.D. 1968. Ecogenetics of a population of
247:
244:
167:
147:
208:
162:, Cain studied the ecological genetics of colour and banding
231:. The general attitude was sceptical of natural selection.
227:
in pre-war Oxford and how it changed over the years of the
502:
Cain A.J., Sheppard P.M. and King J.M.B. 1968. Studies on
488:
Cain A.J. and Sheppard P.M. 1954. Natural selection in
854:
Clarke B.C. 1979. The evolution of genetic diversity.
522:
Clarke B.C. 1979. The evolution of genetic diversity.
570:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
218:
429:on the Larkhill Artillery Ranges, Salisbury Plain.
191:In population genetics he clarified the concept of
92:in 1954, besides serving as Lecturer in Zoology at
1227:Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers officers
425:Cain A.J. and Currey J.D. 1963b. Area effects in
411:Cain A.J. and Currey J.D. 1963a. Area effects in
111:status at Liverpool upon his retirement in 1989.
1203:
814:Cain A.J. and Currey J.D. 1963. Area effects in
506:I. The genetics of some morphs and varieties of
73:(R.E.M.E.) on its formation. He was promoted to
207:and taxonomic importance, on the status of the
69:(engineering) and was later transferred to the
792:. All Souls Studies, Faber & Faber, London
243:polymorphism, which can be found in all three
150:, his main work lay in the field developed by
25:(25 July 1921 β 20 August 1999) was a British
895:
537:from the climate optimum to the present day.
562:
560:
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138:Though he initially conducted research with
902:
888:
45:Arthur James Cain was born and grew up in
555:
71:Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
324:He might have added, had he known them,
114:
649:
619:
355:
1252:British Army personnel of World War II
1204:
605:"Arthur J. Cain Papers Mss.Ms.Coll.63"
566:
408:vol 6, p597-647. Academic Press, N.Y.
399:The changing scene in natural sciences
1257:Academics of the University of Oxford
883:
803:Genetical theory of natural selection
88:of the Zoological Collections at the
736:Robson G.C. and Richards O.W. 1936.
655:
625:
1150:Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton
13:
1262:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
1232:Royal Army Ordnance Corps officers
738:The variation of animals in nature
597:
365:Animal species and their evolution
14:
1273:
868:
392:Ecological genetics and evolution
239:as a discipline, pointed out the
219:Cain reminisces on pre-war Oxford
838:subject to strong area effects.
607:. American Philosophical Society
443:subject to strong area effects.
431:J. Linnaean Soc London (Zoology)
1217:British evolutionary biologists
1212:20th-century British biologists
848:
828:
808:
795:
782:
769:
756:
743:
698:Evolution: the modern synthesis
775:Ford E.B. 1964, 4th edn 1975.
730:
717:
704:
689:
676:
170:. Cain and Sheppard's work on
1:
549:
229:modern evolutionary synthesis
119:Cain's main interests lay in
1237:Fellows of the Royal Society
628:"A.J. Cain F.R.S. 1921-1929"
335:In contrast to many others,
7:
1029:Andrew David McLachlan
658:Archives of Natural History
370:Cain A.J. 1968. Studies on
235:, who led the emergence of
35:Fellow of the Royal Society
10:
1278:
779:. Chapman and Hall, London
701:(2nd ed 1963, 3rd ed 1974)
211:, and on the relevance of
57:, where he graduated with
1158:
1142:
925:
67:Royal Army Ordnance Corps
40:
1166:Nicole Marthe Le Douarin
1023:Gilbert George Lonzarich
101:University of Manchester
90:Oxford University Museum
55:Magdalen College, Oxford
1084:John Philip Simons
1071:John Martin Rowell
184:he made elegant use of
105:University of Liverpool
1050:Robert Ladislav Parker
632:Malacological Bulletin
583:10.1098/rsbm.2007.0034
540:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B
513:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B
377:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B
367:. Hutchinson, London.
27:evolutionary biologist
1078:Ian John Russell
394:. Blackwell, Oxford.
330:Theodosius Dobzhansky
115:Scientific activities
1191:Edward Mills Purcell
840:Phil Trans Roy Soc B
820:Phil Trans Roy Soc B
790:Genetic polymorphism
670:10.3366/anh.20240897
445:Phil Trans Roy Soc B
417:Phil Trans Roy Soc B
356:Notable publications
121:evolutionary biology
33:. He was elected a
1124:Thomas Summers West
777:Ecological genetics
740:. Longmans, London.
390:. In Creed R. (ed)
281:... was an earnest
156:ecological genetics
125:ecological genetics
1222:British ecologists
1186:Barbara McClintock
973:Peter Goddard
801:Fisher R.A. 1930.
205:phyletic weighting
199:, the problems of
94:St Peter's College
59:first class honors
1199:
1198:
1129:Andrew Wiles
1094:Marshall Stoneham
710:Elton C.S. 1927.
626:Cook, L. (2000).
225:natural selection
213:natural selection
63:second lieutenant
20:Arthur James Cain
16:British biologist
1269:
1134:Ian Robert Young
1119:Rob Webster
1089:Roger Slack
1035:Michael A. Moore
1018:John Lawton
938:Kenneth Bagshawe
904:
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880:
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852:
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836:Cepaea nemoralis
832:
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788:Ford E.B. 1965.
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764:Genes in ecology
760:
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751:Genes in ecology
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725:Genes in ecology
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695:Huxley J. 1942.
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684:Genes in ecology
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508:Cepaea nemoralis
476:Cepaea nemoralis
469:Genes in ecology
455:Cepaea nemoralis
441:Cepaea nemoralis
363:Cain A.J. 1954.
285:and certainly a
254:. Arctic foxes (
250:of the northern
178:genetic analysis
173:Cepaea nemoralis
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869:External links
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865:
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856:Proc Roy Soc B
847:
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712:Animal ecology
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524:Proc Roy Soc B
357:
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344:, and knew of
322:
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303:J.W.S. Pringle
274:
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257:Alopex lagopus
220:
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193:adaptive value
144:histochemistry
116:
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107:. He received
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326:Ronald Fisher
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295:Charles Raven
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279:Alister Hardy
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233:Charles Elton
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164:polymorphisms
161:
160:P.M. Sheppard
157:
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97:
96:(1958β1961).
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60:
56:
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38:
36:
32:
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24:
21:
1109:Kenneth Wade
1076:
1069:
1065:Warren Roper
1060:Richard Peto
1055:Geoff Parker
1027:
968:Alwyn Davies
957:
943:John M. Ball
859:
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683:
678:
664:(1): 73β85.
661:
657:
651:
639:. Retrieved
635:
631:
621:
609:. Retrieved
599:
574:
568:
543:
538:
534:
532:
530:, 453β474.
527:
523:
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406:The Mollusca
405:
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398:
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364:
362:
359:
350:polymorphism
342:pleiotropism
334:
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275:
268:
255:
252:palaeoarctic
222:
190:
171:
137:
118:
98:
79:
44:
19:
18:
1247:1999 deaths
1242:1921 births
1040:Kim Nasmyth
998:Julian Hunt
958:Arthur Cain
948:Adrian Bird
519:, 383β396.
464:, 393β411.
450:, 447β482.
422:, 269β299.
383:, 499β517.
291:W.H. Thorpe
182:John Currey
1206:Categories
1171:Paul ErdΕs
1143:Statute 12
1045:Paul Nurse
993:Derek Hull
983:Brian Heap
963:Mark Child
862:, 453β474.
845:, 447β482.
825:, 269β299.
550:References
546:, 483β98.
499:, 89β116.
485:, 275β94.
299:James Gray
241:Arctic fox
186:sub-fossil
154:, namely,
140:John Baker
133:speciation
577:: 47β57.
337:E.B. Ford
283:Unitarian
152:E.B. Ford
77:in 1942.
37:in 1989.
31:ecologist
1114:Pat Wall
917:elected
591:73131707
494:Genetics
480:Heredity
459:Genetics
436:, 1β15.
287:vitalist
201:homology
197:taxonomy
109:emeritus
82:D. Phil.
51:Demyship
1159:Foreign
926:Fellows
919:in 1989
913:of the
911:Fellows
272:. Cain.
262:Iceland
237:ecology
158:. With
142:on the
86:Curator
75:captain
65:in the
816:Cepaea
641:2 July
611:2 July
589:
535:Cepaea
510:(L.).
504:Cepaea
490:Cepaea
478:(L.).
427:Cepaea
413:Cepaea
388:Cepaea
372:Cepaea
346:Fisher
297:, Sir
248:biomes
245:tundra
168:snails
148:lipids
41:Career
587:S2CID
320:Cain.
209:genus
53:) to
47:Rugby
805:p80.
643:2024
613:2024
328:and
301:and
131:and
29:and
860:205
843:253
823:246
666:doi
579:doi
544:253
528:205
517:253
448:253
420:246
381:253
374:V.
305:).
166:in
146:of
23:FRS
1208::
858:.
818:.
766:p9
753:p8
727:p5
662:51
660:.
636:34
634:.
630:.
585:.
575:54
573:.
557:^
526:.
497:39
492:.
462:45
457:.
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