500:
580:, were known to have shocked Ford by catching live moths as they flitted around a light, popping them in their mouths, and eating them whole. Haldane, who did not like Ford, was of the opinion that Ford and Kettlewell had attempted to capitalise on the supposed evolutionary adaptation of the main two variants of the peppered moth, for which Haldane, as early as 1924, had predicted the statistical probability of rate of change from light to melanic forms as an example of classic
479:
348:
556:(2002) gave a critical account of Ford's supervision and relationship with Kettlewell, and implied that the work was fraudulent or at least incompetent. Careful studies of Kettlewell's surviving papers by Rudge (2005) and Young (2004) found Hooper's suggestion of fraud to be unjustified, and that "Hooper does not provide one shred of evidence to support this serious allegation". Majerus himself described
904:
thought that was amusing, and decided that, for one lecture in 1965, no men would attend. So he walked in to the lecture theatre with about 50 women sitting there waiting attentively, but no men. He put his notes on the lectern and looked up. “Oh dear, nobody here today I see, might as well go home”! Picked up his notes and walked out. (This story is also told of
451:. Polymorphism in natural populations is frequent; the key feature is the occurrence together of two or more discontinuous forms of a species in some kind of balance. So long as the proportions of each form is above mutation rate, then selection must be the cause. As early as 1930 Fisher had discussed a situation where, with alleles at a single locus, the
254:, England, in 1901. He was the only child of Harold Dodsworth Ford (1864–1943), a classics teacher turned Anglican clergyman, and his wife (and second cousin) Gertrude Emma Bennett. His paternal grandfather, Dr Henry Edmund Ford (1821–1909), was a professor of music at Carlisle and the organist of Carlisle Cathedral from 1842 to 1902. Ford was educated at
891:
Ford never married, had no children, and was considered decidedly eccentric, although his eccentricity was said to be more prominent when he knew he had an audience; he was also fond of slightly surrealist practical joking. He could be markedly generous to his friends: it was "an open secret" that he
1072:
The
Succession of Organists of the Chapel Royal and the Cathedrals of England and Wales from C. 1538: Also of the Organists of the Collegiate Churches of Westminster and Windsor, Certain Academic Choral Foundations, and the Cathedrals of Armagh and Dublin, Watkins Shaw, Clarendon Press, 1991, p.
903:
Professor Ford would come into first year biology lectures at Oxford
University – which were quite large, with about 150 students, and address the mixed group “good morning gentlemen”, ignoring the ladies, who even at that time were maybe 30% of student numbers – they are now 48%. The students
588:
about the peppered moth and the unlikelihood of Ford and
Kettlewell obtaining results that approximated Haldane's 1924 statistical calculations so closely, but the reasoning behind this view is far from clear. Botting already regarded the case of the peppered moth as tantamount to belief in
282:. "The lecturer whose interests most closely reflected mine was Julian Huxley. I owe him a great debt, especially for inspiration... Even though Huxley was... only at Oxford from 1919 to 1925, he was the most powerful voice in developing the selectionist attitude there... I met
394:
might be maintained in the population by providing some protection against disease. Six years after this prediction it was found to be so, and furthermore, heterozygous advantage was decisively established by a study of AB x AB crosses. His magnum opus was
564:"If you wade through the 200+ papers written about melanism in the peppered moth, it is difficult to come to any conclusion other than that natural selection through the agent of differential bird predation is largely responsible for the rise and fall of
305:, in 1933. Specialising in genetics, he was appointed University Reader in Genetics in 1939 and was the Director of the Genetics Laboratory, 1952–1969, and Professor of Ecological Genetics 1963–1969. Ford was one of the first scientists to be elected a
401:, which ran to four editions and was widely influential. He laid much of the groundwork for subsequent studies in this field, and was invited as a consultant to help set up similar research groups in several other countries.
937:
with similar interests in investigating the role of natural selection; but Ford avoided the departmental teatime discussions and indeed most scientific discussion with these colleagues other than via the printed word.
892:
made a handsome contribution to the grant of ÂŁ350000 given by the
Nuffield Foundation for the establishment of a Unit of Medical Genetics at the University of Liverpool; this greatly boosted the research of
911:
Non-academic information on his life is hard to come by, mostly consisting of scattered remarks made by colleagues. He campaigned strenuously against the admission of female
Fellows to
324:, Fisher had got accustomed to high selection values in nature. He was most impressed by the fact that polymorphism concealed powerful selective forces (Ford gave human
55:
1810:
908:, and has to be treated as apocryphal)(It is not apocryphal - it is confirmed by a number of first year Agriculture undergraduates who participated in the activity).
459:. That is a typical genetic mechanism for causing this type of polymorphism. The work involves a synthesis of field observations, taxonomy, and laboratory genetics.
374:, covering the rear wings at rest. Here the moth, on a human hand, is resting but alert, and has jinked the front wings forward to reveal the warning flash.
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262:, (where his father had also studied), graduating B.A. in 1924, upgraded to M.A. 1927, B.Sc. (a research degree) in 1927, and taking a D.Sc in 1943.
919:, an outstanding zoologist, was one of the few women with whom Ford was on good terms. Rothschild and Ford campaigned for the legalisation of
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Laurence M. Cook and John R.G. Turner, "Fifty percent and all that: what
Haldane actually said," Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,
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Ford was an experimental naturalist who wanted to test evolution in nature. He virtually invented the field of research known as
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The
Evolution of Melanism: The Study of a Recurring Necessity; with Special Reference to Industrial Melanism in the Lepidoptera
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709:
660:
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species: they exchanged letters and visits. Within the
Department of Zoology at Oxford were a number of colleagues such as
340:, whom Ford believed put too much emphasis on genetic drift. It was as a result of Ford's work, as well as his own, that
278:
said Ford took a degree in classics before turning to zoology. Ford read zoology at Oxford, and was taught genetics by
1503:
see for instance the "stone coffin" stunt reported from independent sources in Hooper (page 80) and Clarke (page 168)
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361:
1795:
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Ford E.B. 1980. Some recollections pertaining to the evolutionary synthesis. In Mayr E. and
Provine W.B. (eds)
382:. His work on the wild populations of butterflies and moths was the first to show that the predictions made by
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40:
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A Directory and Local Guide or Hand Book to
Carlisle and Immediate Vicinity, Hudson Scott, 1858, p. 22
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17:
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Amongst Ford's many publications, perhaps the most popularly successful was the first book in the
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as "littered with errors, misrepresentations, misinterpretations and falsehoods". He concludes
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discussed criticisms that had been made of Kettlewell's experimental methods in his 1998 book
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924:
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140:
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Cook, L.M. (2024). "Arthur Cain and ecological genetics in the Oxford Zoology Department".
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271:
122:
8:
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Obituary Professor E.B. Ford--Theory and practice in genetics. The Times January 23, 1988
717:
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Of Moths and Men: An Evolutionary Tale: The Untold Story of Science and the Peppered Moth
416:
in the same series, one of only a few to have authored more than one book in the series.
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219:
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158:
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Alumni Oxonienses, 1715-1886, Later Series, E-K, Joseph Foster, Parker & Co., p. 476
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changed the emphasis in the third edition of his famous text from drift to selection.
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218:. He went on to study the genetics of natural populations, and invented the field of
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Ford E.B. (1980). Some recollections pertaining to the evolutionary synthesis. In
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Cathedral Organists Past and Present, John Ebenezer West, Novello, 1921, p. 15
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evolution, and was of the opinion that some genetic mechanism other than bird
301:
Ford was appointed University Demonstrator in Zoology in 1927 and Lecturer at
202:. He was a leader among those British biologists who investigated the role of
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The Annual Obituary 1988, ed. Patricia Burgess, St James Press, 1988, p. 14
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Ford became Professor, and then Emeritus Professor of Ecological Genetics,
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542:. This book was misrepresented in reviews, and the story was picked up by
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The evolutionary synthesis: perspectives on the unification of biology
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The evolutionary synthesis: perspectives on the unification of biology
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Ecological Genetics and Evolution: Essays in Honour of E. B. Ford
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735:
584:. In 1961, Haldane and Spurway talked to Canadian lepidopterist
627:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society of London.
306:
290:. He was already an old man... but talked to me a good deal of
102:
974:(1995). "Edmund Brisco Ford. 23 April 1901 – 2 January 1988".
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Moonshine: why the peppered moth remains an icon of evolution
1036:
Musical Opinion and Music Trade Review, vol. 33, 1909, p. 189
927:, who did ground-breaking work on ecological genetics with
215:
54:
320:. By the time Ford had developed his formal definition of
364:
in this species was investigated by Ford for many years.
1391:"Did Kettlewell commit fraud? Re-examining the evidence"
1175:
Ford E.B. 1940. Polymorphism and taxonomy. In Huxley J.
775:. Butterworth, London. 2nd edn: Oxford University Press.
846:. Institute of Biology studies, Edward Arnold, London.
386:
were correct. He was the first to describe and define
1054:
The Musician, vol. 15, Hatch Music Co., 1915, p. 133
977:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
947:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
607:
Ackery, Phillip; Vane-Wright, Richard, eds. (1984).
576:, then the graduate student (and later the wife) of
206:
in nature. As a schoolboy Ford became interested in
1370:
The Peppered moth: decline of a Darwinian disciple.
738:, Isles of Scilly: the site of Ford's Common Blue (
366:The red with black rear wings, revealed in flight,
230:in 1954. In the wider world his best known work is
1171:
1169:
1811:People associated with University College, Oxford
606:
1732:
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778:Ford E.B. (1940). Polymorphism and taxonomy. In
462:
258:, Cumberland (now Cumbria), and read zoology at
1462:https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/issue/129/3
1166:
950:, but there are few other sources on his life.
839:. All Souls Studies, Faber & Faber, London.
198:(23 April 1901 – 2 January 1988) was a British
1492:Streaking! The Collected Poems of Gary Botting
1323:. New Naturalist No. 30 HarperCollins, London.
519:during Kettlewell's famous experiments on the
508:is the black-bodied form of the peppered moth.
328:as an example). Like Fisher, he continued the
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1284:
1481:(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984
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632:Creed, Robert; Ford, Edmund Brisco (1971).
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1479:The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses
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521:evolution of melanism in the peppered moth
316:Ford had a long working relationship with
53:
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687:
631:
611:. Royal Entomological Society of London.
27:British ecological geneticist (1901–1988)
1515:
1192:. 3rd ed, Columbia University Press N.Y.
923:in Britain. Ford was on good terms with
346:
270:Ford's career was based entirely at the
1310:. New Naturalist No. 1 Collins, London.
1024:"Edmund Briscoe Ford | RCP Museum"
880:Church treasures of the Oxford district
546:campaigners. In her controversial book
14:
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210:, the group of insects which includes
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1128:. Harvard 1980; 2nd ed 1998, p336-8.
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964:
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875:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.
636:. Blackwell Scientific Publications.
412:. Ford also went on in 1955 to write
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1214:
873:Taking genetics into the countryside
1215:Ford, E.B. (1949). "Polymorphism".
878:Ford E.B. and J.S. Haywood (1984).
716:(jointly dedicated to Ford and the
625:Clarke B 1995. Edmund Brisco Ford.
447:E.B. Ford worked for many years on
24:
1359:
1250:Chung, C.S.; Morton, N.E. (1961).
1229:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1945.tb00315.x
1190:Genetics and the Origin of Species
959:
25:
1822:
1781:People educated at St Bees School
1587:
1148:"The R.A. Fisher Digital Archive"
1786:Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
1490:Tihemme Gagnon, "Introduction,"
886:
828:Ford E.B. (1964, 4th edn 1975).
817:Ford E.B. (1954, 3rd edn 1972).
795:Ford E.B. (1945, 3rd edn 1977).
788:Ford E.B. (1942, 7th edn 1973).
748:
498:
487:is the white-bodied form of the
477:
1801:20th-century British zoologists
1791:Modern synthesis (20th century)
1751:British evolutionary biologists
1603:Overview, ecology, and genetics
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1398:Public Understanding of Science
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771:Ford E.B. (1938, 2nd ed 1950).
754:Ford E.B. (1931, 8th ed 1965).
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392:human blood group polymorphisms
313:since the seventeenth century.
1319:Ford E.B. 1955, 3rd edn 1972.
1293:Ford E.B. 1964, 4th edn 1975.
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506:Biston betularia f. carbonaria
13:
1:
1806:People from Dalton-in-Furness
1683:Melanism: Evolution in Action
1306:Ford E.B. 1945, 3rd ed 1977.
1203:Genetics for medical students
953:
944:wrote Ford's obituary in the
790:Genetics for medical students
539:Melanism: Evolution in Action
463:Melanism in the peppered moth
1776:Fellows of the Royal Society
1252:"Selection at the ABO locus"
832:. Chapman and Hall, London.
237:
7:
1524:Archives of Natural History
1297:. Chapman and Hall, London.
515:Ford was the supervisor of
455:is more viable than either
10:
1827:
1473:"Preface," in Heather and
882:. Alan Sutton, Gloucester.
853:. Faber and Faber, London.
609:The Biology of Butterflies
485:Biston betularia f. typica
466:
303:University College, Oxford
36:Edmund Brisco "Henry" Ford
1706:
1676:The Evolution of Melanism
1667:
1621:
1595:
792:Chapman and Hall, London.
435:in 1946, and awarded the
427:, and Honorary Fellow of
368:warn of its noxious taste
298:, both of whom he knew."
172:
164:
154:
147:
132:
114:
91:
61:
52:
34:
1552:. HarperCollins, London.
1410:10.1177/0963662505052890
1335:"Morphism and evolution"
731:. London: HarperCollins.
672:"Morphism and evolution"
1766:English science writers
1622:Writers and researchers
1494:(Miami: Strategic, 2013
1137:Papers co-written with
844:Genetics and adaptation
825:No. 30 Collins, London.
756:Mendelism and evolution
670:Huxley, Julian (1954).
651:Hooper, Judith (2002).
469:Peppered moth evolution
222:. Ford was awarded the
121:, Cumberland, England;
1796:New Naturalist writers
1771:English lepidopterists
1143:University of Adelaide
994:10.1098/rsbm.1995.0010
972:Clarke, Bryan Campbell
868:. Harvard 1980; 1998.
851:Understanding genetics
803:No. 1 Collins, London.
375:
370:. The front wings are
260:Wadham College, Oxford
1368:Majerus M.E.N. 2004.
1333:Huxley, J.S. (1955).
1141:are available on the
925:Theodosius Dobzhansky
773:The study of heredity
764:and E.B. Ford (1933)
467:Further information:
423:. He was a Fellow of
390:, and predicted that
350:
200:ecological geneticist
141:Weldon Memorial Prize
1536:10.3366/anh.20240897
1389:Rudge, D.W. (2005).
1375:24 July 2011 at the
1188:Dobzhansky T. 1951.
1115:. Blackwell, Oxford.
906:Arthur Quiller Couch
837:Genetic polymorphism
762:Carpenter, G.D. Hale
449:genetic polymorphism
421:University of Oxford
388:genetic polymorphism
353:Callimorpha dominula
322:genetic polymorphism
272:University of Oxford
168:University of Oxford
123:University of Oxford
1761:British eugenicists
1756:English geneticists
1550:The New Naturalists
1464:2020, 129, 765–771.
1295:Ecological genetics
1177:The new systematics
1154:on 13 December 2005
830:Ecological genetics
808:British butterflies
783:The new systematics
744:) population study.
729:The New Naturalists
718:Nuffield Foundation
704:. Clarendon Press.
698:Kettlewell, Bernard
443:Ecological genetics
398:Ecological Genetics
380:ecological genetics
360:with spread wings.
266:Career and research
220:ecological genetics
159:Ecological genetics
1690:Icons of Evolution
1629:Bernard Kettlewell
1352:10.1038/hdy.1955.1
1217:Biological Reviews
1205:. Methuen, London.
921:male homosexuality
871:Ford E.B. (1981).
849:Ford E.B. (1979).
842:Ford E.B. (1976).
835:Ford E.B. (1965).
806:Ford E.B. (1951).
768:. Methuen, London.
758:. Methuen, London.
741:Polyommatus icarus
689:10.1038/hdy.1955.1
582:Mendelian genetics
517:Bernard Kettlewell
376:
66:Edmund Brisco Ford
1728:
1727:
1715:The Peppered Moth
917:Miriam Rothschild
913:All Souls College
711:978-0-19-857370-8
662:978-1-84115-392-6
655:. Fourth Estate.
643:978-0-632-08360-2
618:978-0-12-713750-6
532:The entomologist
431:. He was elected
425:All Souls College
330:natural selection
311:All Souls College
244:Dalton-in-Furness
242:Ford was born in
204:natural selection
176:
175:
149:Scientific career
80:Dalton-in-Furness
16:(Redirected from
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1720:Margaret Drabble
1697:Of Moths and Men
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1150:. Archived from
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1379:(.doc download)
1377:Wayback Machine
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1038:
1029:
1015:
957:
955:
952:
888:
885:
884:
883:
876:
869:
854:
847:
840:
833:
826:
823:New Naturalist
815:
804:
801:New Naturalist
793:
786:
776:
769:
759:
750:
747:
746:
745:
733:
721:
710:
694:
667:
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648:
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629:
623:
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578:J.B.S. Haldane
570:
569:
504:
497:
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483:
476:
475:
474:
473:
472:
464:
461:
444:
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429:Wadham College
406:New Naturalist
292:Charles Darwin
267:
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256:St Bees School
239:
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174:
173:
170:
169:
166:
162:
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145:
144:
134:
130:
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127:Wadham College
119:St Bees School
116:
112:
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101:
99:(aged 86)
95:2 January 1988
93:
89:
88:
78:
65:
63:
59:
58:
50:
49:
38:
35:
26:
9:
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1659:Judith Hooper
1657:
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1598:
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1589:Peppered moth
1583:
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1551:
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1463:
1457:
1451:Hooper, p. 42
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1185:
1178:
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1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1121:
1114:
1111:et al. (eds)
1110:
1106:
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1097:
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986:Royal Society
983:
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978:
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887:Personal life
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812:Penguin Books
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749:Works by Ford
743:
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726:
725:Marren, Peter
722:
719:
713:
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624:
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610:
605:
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598:
597:was at work.
596:
592:
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:Helen Spurway
567:
563:
562:
561:
559:
555:
554:Judith Hooper
551:
550:
545:
541:
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530:
528:
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490:
489:peppered moth
486:
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338:Sewall Wright
335:
334:genetic drift
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:Ray Lankester
281:
280:Julian Huxley
277:
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235:
233:
229:
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224:Royal Society
221:
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196:
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188:
184:
180:
179:Edmund Brisco
171:
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94:
90:
85:
81:
76:23 April 1901
64:
60:
56:
51:
46:
42:
33:
30:
19:
1713:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1648:
1639:Cyril Clarke
1634:Mike Majerus
1608:Evolution of
1549:
1544:
1530:(1): 73–85.
1527:
1523:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1478:
1475:Gary Botting
1469:
1456:
1447:
1434:
1401:
1397:
1384:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1320:
1315:
1307:
1302:
1294:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1202:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1176:
1156:. Retrieved
1152:the original
1133:
1125:
1120:
1112:
1105:Provine W.B.
1096:
1087:
1078:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1018:
981:
975:
945:
942:Bryan Clarke
940:
928:
910:
902:
894:Cyril Clarke
890:
879:
872:
865:
862:Provine W.B.
850:
843:
836:
829:
818:
807:
796:
789:
782:
772:
765:
755:
739:
728:
701:
679:
675:
652:
633:
626:
608:
601:Bibliography
586:Gary Botting
571:
565:
557:
547:
537:
531:
524:
514:
505:
484:
453:heterozygote
446:
437:Darwin Medal
418:
413:
409:
403:
396:
377:
362:Polymorphism
357:
351:
336:debate with
326:blood groups
315:
300:
288:E.B. Poulton
269:
241:
231:
228:Darwin Medal
186:
182:
178:
177:
165:Institutions
148:
137:Darwin Medal
97:(1988-01-02)
29:
1746:1988 deaths
1741:1901 births
1644:Bruce Grant
1308:Butterflies
1158:9 September
1139:R.A. Fisher
988:: 146–168.
935:Arthur Cain
797:Butterflies
544:creationist
410:Butterflies
384:R.A. Fisher
318:R.A. Fisher
276:Arthur Cain
232:Butterflies
212:butterflies
208:lepidoptera
107:Oxfordshire
1735:Categories
1649:E. B. Ford
1109:Berry R.J.
984:. London:
954:References
930:Drosophila
591:Lamarckian
566:carbonaria
457:homozygote
342:Dobzhansky
252:Lancashire
84:Lancashire
72:1901-04-23
1237:221532346
1223:(2): 73.
1179:. Oxford.
1107:1992. In
1101:Cain A.J.
814:, London.
785:. Oxford.
780:Huxley J.
595:predation
439:in 1954.
248:Ulverston
238:Education
115:Education
109:, England
86:, England
18:E.B. Ford
1426:25525719
1418:16240545
1373:Archived
1345:: 1–52.
1339:Heredity
1278:13693519
1010:72984345
727:(1995).
700:(1973).
682:: 1–52.
676:Heredity
408:series,
286:through
234:(1945).
1596:Biology
1269:1932110
858:Mayr E.
766:Mimicry
372:cryptic
356:morpha
332:versus
296:Pasteur
246:, near
1424:
1416:
1276:
1266:
1235:
1008:
1002:770139
1000:
864:(eds)
708:
659:
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358:typica
307:Fellow
155:Fields
143:(1959)
133:Awards
103:Oxford
1668:Works
1422:S2CID
1394:(PDF)
1321:Moths
1233:S2CID
1006:S2CID
998:JSTOR
819:Moths
414:Moths
250:, in
216:moths
193:
183:Henry
43:
1414:PMID
1274:PMID
1160:2007
1103:and
896:and
860:and
736:Teän
706:ISBN
657:ISBN
638:ISBN
613:ISBN
294:and
214:and
195:FRCP
187:Ford
92:Died
62:Born
45:FRCP
1718:by
1532:doi
1406:doi
1347:doi
1264:PMC
1225:doi
990:doi
684:doi
433:FRS
309:of
226:'s
191:FRS
41:FRS
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