565:, Italy. He inspired action by his colleagues on the DarkSide-20k Dark Matter physics experiment after recognizing the similarities between the requirements of a ventilator and those of particle physics experiments. McDonald led the Canadian team with members from TRIUMF laboratory, CNL Chalk River, SNOLAB and the McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute after strong positive response from the Directors of these institutions. The design, called the Mechanical Ventilator Milano, is based on the Manley ventilator but uses modern electronics wherever possible. The details, first published on March 23 by about 150 collaborators, were released under the
1509:
54:
452:
500:
suggested the advantages of using heavy water as a detector for solar neutrinos. Unlike previous detectors, using heavy water would make the detector sensitive to two reactions, one reaction sensitive to all neutrino flavours, the other sensitive to only the electron neutrino. Thus, such a detector
544:
The Arthur B. McDonald
Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute was inaugurally named the Canadian Particle Astrophysics Research Centre before renaming itself the Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute in May 2018, in recognition of Dr. Arthur B. McDonald's
480:
have repeatedly seen fewer than the expected number of neutrinos. Because neutrinos come in three varieties (electron, muon, and tau neutrinos), and because solar neutrino detectors have been primarily sensitive only to electron neutrinos, the preferred explanation over the years is that those
531:
Professor McDonald is now participating in research with the SNO+ and DEAP-3600 experiments at SNOLAB, an expanded underground laboratory at the original SNO underground site and with the DarkSide-20k collaboration developing an experiment at the underground laboratory near
455:
454:
459:
458:
453:
460:
505:(SNO) collaboration to exploit this idea in 1984. SNO was to be a detector facility using 1000 tonnes of heavy water located 6,800 feet (2,100 m) underground in a mine outside Sudbury, Ontario. Chen died of leukemia in November 1987, however.
457:
512:, led by McDonald since 1989, reported observations that directly suggested electron neutrinos from the Sun were oscillating into muon and tau neutrinos. McDonald is a co-recipient of the 2007
1042:
456:
4593:
4533:
774:
592:
4503:
1141:
4538:
1230:
1536:
1440:
501:
could measure neutrino oscillations directly. Chen, Professor George Ewan, Professor David
Sinclair, McDonald, and 12 other scientists formed the original
4143:
622:
2303:
1162:
Galbiati, C.; Abba, A.; Agnes, P.; Amaudruz, P.; Arba, M.; Ardellier-Desages, F.; Badia, C.; Batignani, G.; Bellani, G.; Bianchi, G.; Bishop, D. (2021).
573:
who anticipated an initial order of 30,000 to
Canadian hospitals from several suppliers. An order has been placed for 10,000 units with Vexos, Markham.
4488:
3860:
2222:
358:. McDonald cited a high school math teacher and his first-year physics professor at Dalhousie as his inspirations for going into the field of physics.
4523:
1809:
2349:
4528:
2307:
1119:
4563:
1050:
1498:
892:
675:
629:
4548:
1314:
612:
513:
137:
413:
4558:
1529:
4583:
4578:
4014:
1921:
1647:
682:
521:
161:
785:
4543:
4493:
747:
2414:
917:
561:
at low cost. McDonald has stated that the project was initiated by
Princeton Professor Cristiano Galbiati who was locked down in
3853:
4498:
3983:
1522:
286:
43:
4588:
4573:
4518:
2342:
1801:
841:
481:"missing" neutrinos had changed, or oscillated, into a variety for which the detectors had little or no sensitivity. If a
4553:
1994:
4126:
3947:
2358:
517:
497:
355:
107:
4513:
4508:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
3846:
1554:
440:
401:
379:
299:
202:
4568:
869:
661:
367:
3991:
2335:
1450:
472:
have mass. Since the late 1960s, experiments have hinted that neutrinos may have mass. Theoretical models of the
1008:
3914:
2466:
1961:
1578:
428:
4373:
4368:
4207:
3598:
3522:
1829:
1765:
1733:
1446:
1415:
1390:
689:
509:
502:
2549:
4135:
2624:
2034:
1753:
282:
39:
942:
3241:
1369:
566:
3006:
557:
and the ensuing shortages, McDonald became one of the leaders of a project to mass-produce mechanical
4305:
3910:
3409:
1739:
642:
583:
145:
4457:
4197:
4157:
3879:
3369:
3317:
3165:
2210:
896:
424:
1677:
1343:
4290:
4237:
4037:
3425:
3349:
3221:
2783:
2632:
2573:
2247:
2108:
1983:
1915:
1813:
1279:
726:
638:
3437:
1322:
1073:
4483:
4119:
4104:
3958:
3938:
3453:
3421:
3082:
2898:
2791:
2490:
2362:
2261:
2094:
715:
599:
533:
307:
153:
124:
3714:
3530:
3401:
3333:
3245:
3181:
2525:
667:
964:
Chen, Herbert H. (September 1985). "Direct
Approach to Resolve the Solar-Neutrino Problem".
4478:
3630:
3217:
2978:
2850:
2714:
2612:
2458:
2204:
2068:
1887:
1837:
1185:
973:
695:
525:
482:
436:
432:
375:
351:
343:
278:
197:
99:
35:
3562:
2671:
2327:
1142:"U. physicist, colleagues develop ventilator prototype amidst national equipment shortage"
8:
4339:
3923:
3542:
3161:
3038:
2998:
2702:
2698:
2593:
2510:
2438:
2227:
2188:
2078:
1293:
331:
323:
84:
3666:
2958:
1508:
1189:
977:
4441:
4390:
4317:
4295:
3826:
3490:
3449:
3433:
3377:
3365:
3321:
3265:
3257:
3177:
3157:
2281:
2192:
2074:
1911:
1861:
1743:
1711:
1630:
1545:
1206:
1175:
1163:
539:
4187:
2378:
1361:
1094:
921:
4421:
4411:
4112:
3934:
3706:
3654:
3602:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3494:
3389:
3341:
3337:
3233:
3209:
3149:
3122:
2990:
2982:
2954:
2767:
2663:
2454:
2196:
2170:
2116:
2064:
2022:
2002:
1851:
1847:
1657:
1606:
1596:
1493:
1211:
989:
721:
554:
486:
339:
303:
3586:
3293:
2239:
4271:
4259:
4232:
4162:
3790:
3746:
3405:
3393:
3309:
3301:
3046:
3010:
2946:
2938:
2890:
2799:
2710:
2640:
2446:
2315:
2265:
2235:
2166:
2160:
2134:
2060:
2048:
2010:
1951:
1931:
1841:
1723:
1707:
1669:
1624:
1566:
1254:
1231:"Nobel Prize winner helping create simple ventilator for mass production in Canada"
1201:
1193:
981:
671:
648:
405:
274:
230:
31:
3997:
3742:
3054:
733:
476:
predict that neutrinos should be made in large numbers. Neutrino detectors on the
408:. He continues to be active in basic research in Neutrinos and Dark Matter at the
248:
4431:
4356:
4329:
4212:
4167:
3893:
3818:
3810:
3774:
3638:
3618:
3526:
3465:
3357:
3305:
3281:
3197:
3189:
3126:
3098:
3014:
2918:
2730:
2557:
2398:
2386:
2311:
2291:
2277:
2251:
2214:
2126:
2122:
2104:
2090:
2056:
2042:
2038:
2030:
1965:
1945:
1927:
1893:
1749:
1715:
1699:
1562:
1366:
The
Governor General of Canada His Excellency the Right Honourable David Johnston
814:
606:
270:
27:
2934:
2482:
985:
4436:
4416:
4247:
4242:
4202:
3966:
3794:
3786:
3778:
3710:
3694:
3686:
3610:
3594:
3570:
3554:
3461:
3441:
3381:
3145:
3022:
2906:
2882:
2834:
2775:
2690:
2620:
2581:
2541:
2506:
2422:
2299:
2273:
2269:
2178:
2152:
2018:
2006:
1907:
1897:
1869:
1833:
1821:
1817:
1681:
1600:
1514:
1471:
1046:
654:
570:
397:
311:
291:
53:
4472:
4222:
4182:
4172:
4139:
3887:
3838:
3822:
3770:
3762:
3738:
3682:
3678:
3658:
3642:
3614:
3546:
3325:
3289:
3173:
3110:
2994:
2974:
2910:
2870:
2858:
2838:
2807:
2430:
2390:
2295:
2243:
2174:
2100:
2082:
2052:
1973:
1969:
1935:
1877:
1805:
1775:
1757:
1719:
1689:
1665:
1636:
1618:
1590:
3058:
4406:
4217:
4022:
3806:
3802:
3758:
3726:
3722:
3574:
3558:
3253:
3225:
3205:
3094:
3074:
3066:
2894:
2815:
2722:
2589:
2498:
2474:
2402:
2255:
2200:
2182:
2148:
2144:
2014:
1865:
1783:
1673:
1215:
993:
616:
218:
184:
4384:
4362:
4345:
4323:
4311:
4284:
4277:
4265:
4253:
1503:
219:
Excitation energies and decay properties of T = 3/2 states in O, F and Na.
4426:
4378:
4351:
4334:
4192:
4177:
3899:
3870:
3754:
3670:
3582:
3538:
3498:
3277:
3273:
3193:
3106:
3078:
2878:
2846:
2648:
2406:
2156:
2138:
2112:
2086:
2026:
1855:
1797:
1793:
1703:
1574:
1570:
347:
327:
298:
and held the Gordon and
Patricia Gray Chair in Particle Astrophysics at
4227:
3730:
3646:
3626:
3469:
3417:
3030:
2966:
2922:
2759:
2675:
2565:
2533:
2130:
1979:
1873:
1779:
1761:
1685:
1612:
558:
1197:
4003:
3118:
3090:
2926:
2287:
2218:
1727:
1661:
493:
540:
Arthur B. McDonald
Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute
2866:
1584:
1442:
National
Academy of Sciences Members and Foreign Associates Elected
1180:
545:
trailblazing work making Canada a leader in astroparticle physics.
469:
1164:"The novel Mechanical Ventilator Milano for the COVID-19 pandemic"
1043:"Neutrino Nobel winner Art McDonald nabs second big physics prize"
412:
underground
Laboratory and was a past member of the board of the
335:
4134:
1120:"Nobel laureate leads push for simple made-in-Canada ventilator"
1955:
1009:"Early Development of the Underground SNO Laboratory in Canada"
409:
390:
371:
295:
212:
562:
477:
2357:
1787:
752:
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
420:
386:
1161:
473:
4594:
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates
4534:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
1034:
1408:
748:"Past Winner 2003 NSERC Award of Excellence McDonald"
634:
2010, Canada Council Killam Prize in Natural Sciences
569:. The project received the support of Prime Minister
374:
from 1969 to 1982. He became professor of physics at
685:
in Fundamental Physics (with the SNO Collaboration)
4539:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
714:
468:Physicists have been investigating whether or not
387:European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
366:Art McDonald worked as a research officer at the
4504:Academic staff of Queen's University at Kingston
4470:
1544:
588:1998, Canada Council Killam Research Fellowship
3868:
1445:, News from the National Academy of Sciences,
864:
862:
576:
4120:
3854:
2343:
1530:
630:Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame
378:from 1982 to 1989, leaving Princeton to join
322:Art McDonald was born on August 29, 1943, in
1494:Arthur B. McDonald and Oscillating Neutrinos
1006:
528:and demonstrating that neutrinos have mass.
464:McDonald presenting himself and his research
382:where he was a professor from 1989 to 2013.
1040:
920:. Perimeter Institute. 2012. Archived from
859:
653:2015, Nobel Prize in Physics (jointly with
414:Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
306:from 2006 to 2013. He was awarded the 2015
290:P.Eng (born August 29, 1943) is a Canadian
4127:
4113:
3861:
3847:
2350:
2336:
1537:
1523:
1507:
1383:
809:
807:
805:
296:Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Collaboration
52:
4489:California Institute of Technology alumni
1922:The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration
1249:
1247:
1205:
1179:
522:Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics
385:McDonald was a visiting scientist at the
162:Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics
4524:Fellows of the American Physical Society
1117:
450:
1499:Arthur B. McDonald Quotes With Pictures
1228:
842:"Queen's professor awarded Nobel Prize"
802:
4529:Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
4471:
1244:
839:
729: ed.). A & C Black.
707:
4564:Canadian fellows of the Royal Society
4108:
3842:
2331:
1518:
887:
885:
1255:"Search Results: Arthur B. McDonald"
1139:
1071:
963:
840:Gibson, Victoria (October 8, 2015).
821:. The Franklin Institute. 2014-01-15
769:
767:
548:
58:McDonald in Stockholm, December 2015
4549:Members of the Order of Nova Scotia
1286:
1007:Ewan, G.T.; Davidson, W.F. (2005).
893:"Interview with Arthur B. McDonald"
13:
3948:Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
1391:"229781 Arthurmcdonald (2008 PS1)"
882:
593:Gerhard Herzberg Canada Gold Medal
498:University of California at Irvine
361:
356:California Institute of Technology
294:. McDonald is the director of the
108:California Institute of Technology
14:
4605:
4559:Companions of the Order of Canada
1487:
1344:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015"
943:"Arthur B. McDonald Biographical"
870:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015"
764:
623:Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)
492:In 1984, McDonald's collaborator
4584:21st-century Canadian scientists
4579:20th-century Canadian scientists
678:in 2008, was named in his honor.
662:Companion of the Order of Canada
602:in Particle Physics, JINR, Dubna
553:In the spring of 2020, amid the
368:Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories
310:jointly with Japanese physicist
4544:Members of the Order of Ontario
4494:People from Sydney, Nova Scotia
1464:
1433:
1354:
1336:
1307:
1272:
1222:
1155:
1133:
1111:
1087:
1065:
1041:Spears, Tom (9 November 2015).
1000:
957:
688:2016, Foreign Associate of the
419:His visiting positions include
4025:(United Kingdom/United States)
1362:"Order of Canada Appointments"
935:
910:
833:
740:
716:"McDonald, Prof. Arthur Bruce"
429:Los Alamos National Laboratory
1:
1449:, May 3, 2016, archived from
1118:Semeniuk, Ivan (2020-03-29).
701:
524:in 2016 for the discovery of
317:
4499:Princeton University faculty
1830:Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
1447:National Academy of Sciences
1072:Knox, Melinda (2020-04-07).
734:UK public library membership
690:National Academy of Sciences
510:Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
503:Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
489:, then it must have a mass.
354:in physics in 1969 from the
7:
4589:People associated with CERN
4574:Scientists from Nova Scotia
4519:Dalhousie University alumni
1754:Supernova Cosmology Project
1315:"Henry Marshall Tory Medal"
1294:"Arthur McDonald biography"
1229:Cousins, Ben (2020-04-07).
1074:"Easy=to-build ventilators"
986:10.1103/PhysRevLett.55.1534
595:for Science and Engineering
577:Selected honours and awards
485:, according to the laws of
446:
10:
4610:
4554:Nobel laureates in Physics
1370:Governor General of Canada
1280:"Order of Canada citation"
1140:Shen, Allan (2020-04-07).
625:of the UK and Commonwealth
567:CERN Open Hardware Licence
396:In 2013 McDonald became a
4450:
4399:
4150:
4032:
4013:
3982:
3957:
3933:
3909:
3878:
3479:
3136:
2825:
2603:
2369:
1993:
1646:
1553:
725:. Vol. 2015 (online
643:Henry Marshall Tory Medal
584:American Physical Society
243:
239:
229:
211:
190:
180:
173:
146:Henry Marshall Tory Medal
130:
119:
92:
63:
51:
21:
4514:Canadian Nobel laureates
4509:Canadian astrophysicists
4458:William, Prince of Wales
1144:. The Daily Princetonian
425:University of Washington
342:in physics in 1965 from
4569:Scientists from Ontario
3994:(Ireland/United States)
3890:(Sweden/United Kingdom)
2248:Shankar Balasubramanian
1984:Alexander Zamolodchikov
1916:Peter van Nieuwenhuizen
1319:Royal Society of Canada
966:Physical Review Letters
775:"CV Arthur B. McDonald"
727:Oxford University Press
639:Royal Society of Canada
613:Benjamin Franklin Medal
514:Benjamin Franklin Medal
350:. He then obtained his
138:Benjamin Franklin Medal
16:Canadian astrophysicist
4038:Nobel Prize recipients
3984:Physiology or Medicine
3902:(Turkey/United States)
2363:Nobel Prize in Physics
2262:Clifford P. Brangwynne
2095:Emmanuelle Charpentier
1472:"Order of Nova Scotia"
600:Bruno Pontecorvo Prize
518:Nobel Prize in Physics
465:
330:. He graduated with a
308:Nobel Prize in Physics
154:Nobel Prize in Physics
125:solar neutrino problem
1766:High-Z Supernova Team
1416:"MPC/MPO/MPS Archive"
1099:Department of Physics
668:229781 Arthurmcdonald
605:2006, Officer of the
526:neutrino oscillations
516:in Physics, the 2015
463:
266:Arthur Bruce McDonald
68:Arthur Bruce McDonald
2205:Virginia Man-Yee Lee
2069:Alexander Varshavsky
1888:Jocelyn Bell Burnell
1786:and contributors to
1122:. The Globe and Mail
1095:"Cristiano Galbiati"
918:"Board of Directors"
815:"Arthur B. McDonald"
696:Order of Nova Scotia
694:2016, Member of the
676:Vallemare di Borbona
647:2012, Member of the
582:1983, Fellow of the
508:In August 2001, the
437:University of Oxford
433:University of Hawaii
376:Princeton University
344:Dalhousie University
198:Princeton University
100:Dalhousie University
4340:Henning Sirringhaus
3992:William C. Campbell
3924:Svetlana Alexievich
2189:Jeffrey M. Friedman
2079:Charles David Allis
1764:and members of the
1752:and members of the
1420:Minor Planet Center
1395:Minor Planet Center
1190:2021PhFl...33c7122A
1053:on 14 November 2015
978:1985PhRvL..55.1534C
899:on 17 November 2007
660:2015, Promotion to
483:neutrino oscillates
85:Sydney, Nova Scotia
4442:Steven D. Tanksley
4318:Richard Passingham
4301:Arthur B. McDonald
4254:Christopher Hunter
3973:Arthur B. McDonald
2282:Masashi Yanagisawa
2193:Franz-Ulrich Hartl
2123:Stephen J. Elledge
2075:Alim Louis Benabid
1962:Charles H. Bennett
1912:Daniel Z. Freedman
1862:Charles L. Bennett
1826:Arthur B. McDonald
1814:KĹŤichirĹŤ Nishikawa
1744:John Henry Schwarz
1734:Alexander Polyakov
1712:Michel Della Negra
1631:Daniel A. Spielman
1546:Breakthrough Prize
1506:on Nobelprize.org
1504:Arthur B. McDonald
1348:www.nobelprize.org
1022:: 339–346, 347–350
683:Breakthrough Prize
466:
441:Queen's University
402:Queen's University
398:professor emeritus
380:Queen's University
300:Queen's University
257:/arthur-b-mcdonald
203:Queen's University
23:Arthur B. McDonald
4466:
4465:
4422:Roger D. Kornberg
4412:H. Robert Horvitz
4369:Jonathan Tennyson
4278:Dimitris Kioussis
4102:
4101:
4015:Economic Sciences
3836:
3835:
2325:
2324:
2304:Fredrick Van Goor
2197:Arthur L. Horwich
2171:Adrian R. Krainer
2065:Richard P. Lifton
2023:Napoleone Ferrara
2003:Cornelia Bargmann
1852:Andrew Strominger
1848:Joseph Polchinski
1658:Nima Arkani-Hamed
1607:Vincent Lafforgue
1597:Christopher Hacon
1198:10.1063/5.0044445
1168:Physics of Fluids
1076:. Queen's Gazette
1016:Physics in Canada
972:(14): 1534–1536.
732:(Subscription or
555:COVID-19 pandemic
549:Humanitarian work
487:quantum mechanics
461:
304:Kingston, Ontario
263:
262:
235:Charles A. Barnes
175:Scientific career
112:
104:
4601:
4363:Jesper Svejstrup
4346:Maurice Skolnick
4272:Jonathan Keating
4260:Graham Hutchings
4233:Nicholas Harberd
4163:Ross J. Anderson
4158:Robert Ainsworth
4129:
4122:
4115:
4106:
4105:
4040:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3840:
3839:
3829:
3813:
3797:
3781:
3765:
3749:
3733:
3717:
3701:
3689:
3673:
3661:
3649:
3633:
3621:
3605:
3589:
3577:
3565:
3549:
3533:
3517:
3501:
3472:
3456:
3444:
3428:
3412:
3396:
3384:
3372:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3328:
3312:
3296:
3284:
3268:
3260:
3248:
3236:
3228:
3212:
3200:
3184:
3168:
3152:
3129:
3113:
3101:
3085:
3069:
3061:
3049:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3001:
2985:
2969:
2961:
2949:
2941:
2929:
2913:
2901:
2885:
2873:
2861:
2853:
2841:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2705:
2693:
2685:
2684:
2678:
2666:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2615:
2596:
2584:
2576:
2568:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2501:
2493:
2491:Kamerlingh Onnes
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2449:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2409:
2393:
2381:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2316:Andrew Singleton
2266:Anthony A. Hyman
2236:Jeffery W. Kelly
2231:
2223:Richard J. Youle
2167:C. Frank Bennett
2161:Don W. Cleveland
2135:Yoshinori Ohsumi
2061:Robert S. Langer
2049:James P. Allison
2011:Lewis C. Cantley
1952:Hidetoshi Katori
1932:Jens H. Gundlach
1842:Super-Kamiokande
1724:Joseph Incandela
1708:Fabiola Gianotti
1670:Maxim Kontsevich
1625:Takuro Mochizuki
1567:Maxim Kontsevich
1539:
1532:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1321:. Archived from
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1259:Killam Laureates
1251:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1209:
1183:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1049:. Archived from
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1013:
1004:
998:
997:
961:
955:
954:
952:
950:
945:. Nobel Media AB
939:
933:
932:
930:
929:
914:
908:
907:
905:
904:
895:. Archived from
889:
880:
879:
877:
876:
866:
857:
856:
854:
852:
837:
831:
830:
828:
826:
811:
800:
799:
797:
796:
790:
784:. Archived from
779:
771:
762:
761:
759:
758:
744:
738:
737:
730:
718:
711:
672:Vincenzo Casulli
670:, discovered by
649:Order of Ontario
628:2009, Member of
615:in Physics with
462:
406:Kingston, Canada
289:
259:
256:
254:
252:
250:
231:Doctoral advisor
225:
166:
158:
150:
142:
110:
102:
81:
77:
75:
56:
46:
19:
18:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4446:
4432:Joseph Stiglitz
4395:
4357:Malcolm Stevens
4330:Wolfram Schultz
4213:James Gimzewski
4188:Michel Chrétien
4168:Michael Ashfold
4146:
4133:
4103:
4098:
4036:
4028:
4009:
3978:
3953:
3929:
3905:
3896:(United States)
3894:Paul L. Modrich
3874:
3867:
3837:
3832:
3816:
3800:
3784:
3768:
3752:
3736:
3720:
3704:
3692:
3676:
3664:
3652:
3636:
3624:
3608:
3592:
3580:
3568:
3552:
3536:
3520:
3504:
3488:
3481:
3475:
3459:
3447:
3431:
3422:Cohen-Tannoudji
3415:
3399:
3387:
3375:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3331:
3315:
3299:
3287:
3271:
3263:
3251:
3239:
3231:
3215:
3203:
3187:
3171:
3155:
3143:
3132:
3116:
3104:
3088:
3072:
3064:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3004:
2988:
2972:
2964:
2952:
2944:
2932:
2916:
2904:
2888:
2876:
2864:
2856:
2844:
2832:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2708:
2696:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2669:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2618:
2610:
2599:
2587:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2504:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2396:
2384:
2376:
2365:
2356:
2326:
2321:
2312:Ellen Sidransky
2292:Michel Sadelain
2278:Emmanuel Mignot
2252:David Klenerman
2225:
2215:Catherine Dulac
2127:Harry F. Noller
2105:Karl Deisseroth
2091:Jennifer Doudna
2057:Michael N. Hall
2043:Bert Vogelstein
2039:Shinya Yamanaka
2035:Robert Weinberg
2031:Charles Sawyers
1989:
1966:Gilles Brassard
1946:Steven Weinberg
1928:Eric Adelberger
1838:YĹŤichirĹŤ Suzuki
1750:Saul Perlmutter
1716:Tejinder Virdee
1700:Stephen Hawking
1649:
1642:
1563:Simon Donaldson
1549:
1543:
1490:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1454:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1328:
1326:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1296:. Royal Society
1292:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1236:
1234:
1227:
1223:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1077:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1011:
1005:
1001:
962:
958:
948:
946:
941:
940:
936:
927:
925:
916:
915:
911:
902:
900:
891:
890:
883:
874:
872:
868:
867:
860:
850:
848:
846:Queen's Journal
838:
834:
824:
822:
813:
812:
803:
794:
792:
788:
777:
773:
772:
765:
756:
754:
746:
745:
741:
731:
713:
712:
708:
704:
666:2016, asteroid
607:Order of Canada
579:
551:
542:
451:
449:
439:(2003, 2009),
364:
362:Academic career
320:
269:
247:
223:
207:
169:
164:
156:
148:
140:
115:
93:Alma mater
88:
82:
79:
78:August 29, 1943
73:
71:
70:
69:
59:
47:
26:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4607:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4437:Rashid Sunyaev
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4417:Thomas Kailath
4414:
4409:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4324:Guy Richardson
4320:
4315:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4285:Stephen Larter
4281:
4274:
4269:
4266:Peter Isaacson
4262:
4257:
4250:
4248:Christine Holt
4245:
4243:Brian Hemmings
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4132:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4019:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3988:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3970:
3967:Takaaki Kajita
3963:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3944:
3942:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3920:
3918:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3884:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3866:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3843:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3814:
3798:
3782:
3766:
3750:
3734:
3718:
3702:
3690:
3674:
3662:
3650:
3634:
3622:
3606:
3590:
3578:
3566:
3550:
3534:
3518:
3502:
3485:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3457:
3445:
3429:
3413:
3397:
3385:
3373:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3329:
3313:
3297:
3285:
3269:
3261:
3249:
3237:
3229:
3213:
3201:
3185:
3169:
3158:P. W. Anderson
3153:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3114:
3102:
3086:
3070:
3062:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3018:
3002:
2986:
2979:Goeppert Mayer
2970:
2962:
2950:
2942:
2930:
2914:
2902:
2886:
2874:
2862:
2854:
2842:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2779:
2771:
2763:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2706:
2703:C. D. Anderson
2694:
2686:
2679:
2667:
2659:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2616:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2514:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2394:
2382:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2300:Paul Negulescu
2285:
2270:Demis Hassabis
2259:
2240:Katalin KarikĂł
2233:
2208:
2186:
2179:Xiaowei Zhuang
2164:
2153:Kazutoshi Mori
2142:
2120:
2098:
2072:
2046:
2019:Titia de Lange
2007:David Botstein
1999:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1959:
1949:
1939:
1925:
1919:
1908:Sergio Ferrara
1901:
1891:
1881:
1874:Lyman Page Jr.
1870:Norman Jarosik
1859:
1845:
1834:Takaaki Kajita
1791:
1790:project (2016)
1769:
1747:
1737:
1731:
1693:
1682:Nathan Seiberg
1678:Juan Maldacena
1654:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1601:James McKernan
1594:
1588:
1582:
1579:Richard Taylor
1559:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1501:
1496:
1489:
1488:External links
1486:
1484:
1483:
1463:
1453:on May 6, 2016
1432:
1407:
1382:
1353:
1335:
1306:
1285:
1271:
1243:
1221:
1154:
1132:
1110:
1086:
1064:
1047:Ottawa Citizen
1033:
999:
956:
934:
909:
881:
858:
832:
801:
782:www.queensu.ca
763:
739:
705:
703:
700:
699:
698:
692:
686:
679:
664:
658:
655:Takaaki Kajita
651:
645:
635:
632:
626:
619:
609:
603:
596:
589:
586:
578:
575:
571:Justin Trudeau
550:
547:
541:
538:
448:
445:
435:(2004, 2009),
363:
360:
319:
316:
312:Takaaki Kajita
292:astrophysicist
261:
260:
245:
241:
240:
237:
236:
233:
227:
226:
215:
209:
208:
206:
205:
200:
194:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
171:
170:
168:
167:
159:
151:
143:
134:
132:
128:
127:
121:
120:Known for
117:
116:
114:
113:
105:
96:
94:
90:
89:
83:
67:
65:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4606:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4484:Living people
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4306:Angela McLean
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4223:Chris Goodnow
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4203:Richard Ellis
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4183:Peter Buneman
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4173:Michael Batty
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4140:Royal Society
4137:
4130:
4125:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3998:Satoshi ĹŚmura
3996:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3888:Tomas Lindahl
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3864:
3859:
3857:
3852:
3850:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3478:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3411:
3410:R. Richardson
3407:
3403:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3242:Chandrasekhar
3238:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2968:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2715:G. P. Thomson
2712:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2633:O. Richardson
2629:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2471:
2468:
2467:Van der Waals
2463:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2431:J. J. Thomson
2427:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2308:Thomas Gasser
2305:
2301:
2297:
2296:Sabine Hadida
2293:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2244:Drew Weissman
2241:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:Angelika Amon
2172:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2131:Roeland Nusse
2128:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2101:Edward Boyden
2099:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2083:Victor Ambros
2080:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2053:Mahlon DeLong
2050:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1995:Life sciences
1992:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1974:Peter W. Shor
1971:
1970:David Deutsch
1967:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:Blayne Heckel
1933:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1878:David Spergel
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1806:Atsuto Suzuki
1803:
1802:Daya Bay team
1799:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:Ronald Drever
1773:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1758:Brian Schmidt
1755:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1740:Michael Green
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:Guido Tonelli
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1690:Edward Witten
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:Alexei Kitaev
1663:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1638:
1637:Simon Brendle
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1619:Martin Hairer
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1591:Jean Bourgain
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1473:
1467:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1325:on 2012-03-11
1324:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1295:
1289:
1282:. 2018-06-11.
1281:
1275:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1232:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1174:(3): 037122.
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1143:
1136:
1121:
1114:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1075:
1068:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1003:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
944:
938:
924:on 2015-10-07
923:
919:
913:
898:
894:
888:
886:
871:
865:
863:
847:
843:
836:
820:
816:
810:
808:
806:
791:on 2021-01-07
787:
783:
776:
770:
768:
753:
749:
743:
735:
728:
724:
723:
717:
710:
706:
697:
693:
691:
687:
684:
680:
677:
673:
669:
665:
663:
659:
656:
652:
650:
646:
644:
640:
636:
633:
631:
627:
624:
620:
618:
614:
610:
608:
604:
601:
597:
594:
590:
587:
585:
581:
580:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
546:
537:
535:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
479:
475:
471:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
370:northwest of
369:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
258:
246:
242:
238:
234:
232:
228:
221:
220:
216:
214:
210:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
193:
189:
186:
183:
179:
176:
172:
163:
160:
155:
152:
147:
144:
139:
136:
135:
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
109:
106:
101:
98:
97:
95:
91:
86:
80:(age 81)
66:
62:
55:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
20:
4407:John Holdren
4385:John Vederas
4383:
4361:
4344:
4322:
4310:
4300:
4296:David MacKay
4283:
4276:
4264:
4252:
4218:David Glover
4198:Michael Duff
4068:
4023:Angus Deaton
3972:
3698:
3266:von Klitzing
3258:Van der Meer
2256:Pascal Mayer
2201:David Julius
2183:Zhijian Chen
2149:Peter Walter
2145:Joanne Chory
2117:Svante Pääbo
2015:Hans Clevers
1941:
1903:
1894:Charles Kane
1883:
1866:Gary Hinshaw
1825:
1784:Rainer Weiss
1771:
1730:(LHC) (2013)
1695:
1674:Andrei Linde
1475:. Retrieved
1466:
1455:, retrieved
1451:the original
1441:
1435:
1423:. Retrieved
1419:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1394:
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1365:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1327:. Retrieved
1323:the original
1318:
1309:
1298:. Retrieved
1288:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1258:
1235:. Retrieved
1224:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1146:. Retrieved
1135:
1124:. Retrieved
1113:
1102:. Retrieved
1098:
1089:
1078:. Retrieved
1067:
1055:. Retrieved
1051:the original
1036:
1024:. Retrieved
1019:
1015:
1002:
969:
965:
959:
947:. Retrieved
937:
926:. Retrieved
922:the original
912:
901:. Retrieved
897:the original
873:. Retrieved
851:December 25,
849:. Retrieved
845:
835:
823:. Retrieved
818:
793:. Retrieved
786:the original
781:
755:. Retrieved
751:
742:
720:
709:
617:Yoji Totsuka
552:
543:
530:
507:
491:
467:
418:
395:
384:
365:
338:in 1964 and
321:
265:
264:
217:
191:Institutions
185:Astrophysics
174:
123:Solving the
4479:1943 births
4427:Yakov Sinai
4379:Burt Totaro
4352:Karen Steel
4335:Keith Shine
4291:David Leigh
4193:Jenny Clack
4178:Martin Buck
3900:Aziz Sancar
3871:Nobel Prize
3310:Steinberger
3226:K. Siegbahn
3218:Bloembergen
2939:Chamberlain
2672:Schrödinger
2582:M. Siegbahn
2511:W. H. Bragg
2507:W. L. Bragg
2274:John Jumper
2226: [
2211:David Baker
2157:Kim Nasmyth
2139:Huda Zoghbi
2113:Helen Hobbs
2087:Gary Ruvkun
2027:Eric Lander
1898:Eugene Mele
1856:Cumrun Vafa
1844:team (2016)
1798:Kam-Biu Luk
1794:Yifang Wang
1704:Peter Jenni
1648:Fundamental
1575:Terence Tao
1571:Jacob Lurie
1555:Mathematics
1375:31 December
1026:13 December
559:ventilators
348:Nova Scotia
328:Nova Scotia
4473:Categories
4312:David Owen
4238:John Hardy
4228:Wendy Hall
4208:Jeff Ellis
3911:Literature
3827:L'Huillier
3791:Hasselmann
3747:Strickland
3715:Kosterlitz
3639:Perlmutter
3378:Brockhouse
3083:Schrieffer
2955:Hofstadter
2907:C. N. Yang
2664:Heisenberg
2641:De Broglie
2109:John Hardy
1980:John Cardy
1780:Kip Thorne
1762:Adam Riess
1726:(CMS) and
1686:Ashoke Sen
1613:Alex Eskin
1477:2016-12-08
1457:2016-05-14
1329:2012-09-21
1300:2015-10-09
1237:2020-04-29
1233:. CTV News
1181:2003.10405
1148:2020-04-29
1126:2020-04-29
1104:2023-09-05
1080:2020-04-29
1057:9 November
928:2015-10-09
903:2007-11-02
875:2016-12-15
819:www.fi.edu
795:2015-10-13
757:2012-09-21
736:required.)
702:References
536:, Italy.
534:Gran Sasso
520:, and the
318:Early life
103:(BSc, MSc)
74:1943-08-29
4391:John Wood
4374:John Todd
4004:Tu Youyou
3950:(Tunisia)
3926:(Belarus)
3880:Chemistry
3873:laureates
3811:Zeilinger
3631:Novoselov
3599:Kobayashi
3523:Abrikosov
3370:J. Taylor
3350:de Gennes
3342:R. Taylor
3234:K. Wilson
3182:R. Wilson
3166:Van Vleck
3137:1976–2000
3127:Rainwater
3123:Mottelson
3099:Josephson
3047:Gell-Mann
3011:Schwinger
2999:Prokhorov
2959:Mössbauer
2919:Cherenkov
2911:T. D. Lee
2835:Cockcroft
2826:1951–1975
2625:C. Wilson
2604:1926–1950
2550:Guillaume
2439:Michelson
2399:Becquerel
2370:1901–1925
2359:Laureates
2288:Carl June
2219:Dennis Lo
1728:Lyn Evans
1710:(ATLAS),
1662:Alan Guth
1548:laureates
1425:28 August
1400:28 August
1264:31 August
949:March 31,
825:6 October
722:Who's Who
494:Herb Chen
470:neutrinos
393:in 2004.
4142:elected
3975:(Canada)
3819:Agostini
3707:Thouless
3699:McDonald
3687:Nakamura
3655:Wineland
3587:GrĂĽnberg
3543:Politzer
3527:Ginzburg
3515:Giacconi
3495:Ketterle
3450:'t Hooft
3434:Laughlin
3426:Phillips
3406:Osheroff
3334:Friedman
3306:Schwartz
3302:Lederman
3222:Schawlow
3198:Weinberg
3007:Tomonaga
2899:Brattain
2891:Shockley
2800:Blackett
2792:Appleton
2784:Bridgman
2731:Lawrence
2711:Davisson
2691:Chadwick
2574:Millikan
2558:Einstein
2447:Lippmann
2415:Rayleigh
2407:M. Curie
2403:P. Curie
1840:and the
1828:and the
1816:and the
1808:and the
1800:and the
1585:Ian Agol
1216:33897243
994:10031848
447:Research
443:(1988).
431:(1981),
427:(1978),
255:/physics
251:.queensu
87:, Canada
4400:Foreign
4151:Fellows
4144:in 2009
4138:of the
4136:Fellows
4006:(China)
4000:(Japan)
3969:(Japan)
3959:Physics
3807:Clauser
3771:Penrose
3755:Peebles
3711:Haldane
3679:Akasaki
3667:Englert
3659:Haroche
3643:Schmidt
3603:Maskawa
3555:Glauber
3547:Wilczek
3531:Leggett
3511:Koshiba
3491:Cornell
3482:present
3466:Kroemer
3462:Alferov
3454:Veltman
3438:Störmer
3358:Charpak
3338:Kendall
3322:Dehmelt
3290:Bednorz
3190:Glashow
3178:Penzias
3174:Kapitsa
3146:Richter
3119:A. Bohr
3095:Giaever
3075:Bardeen
3039:Alvarez
3023:Kastler
3015:Feynman
2895:Bardeen
2859:Zernike
2851:Purcell
2621:Compton
2566:N. Bohr
2455:Marconi
2387:Lorentz
2379:Röntgen
2361:of the
1942:Special
1904:Special
1884:Special
1810:KamLAND
1772:Special
1696:Special
1650:physics
1207:8060010
1186:Bibcode
974:Bibcode
496:at the
336:physics
244:Website
3823:Krausz
3817:2023:
3803:Aspect
3801:2022:
3795:Manabe
3787:Parisi
3785:2021:
3775:Genzel
3769:2020:
3763:Queloz
3753:2019:
3743:Mourou
3739:Ashkin
3737:2018:
3731:Thorne
3727:Barish
3721:2017:
3705:2016:
3695:Kajita
3693:2015:
3677:2014:
3665:2013:
3653:2012:
3637:2011:
3625:2010:
3609:2009:
3593:2008:
3581:2007:
3571:Mather
3569:2006:
3563:Hänsch
3553:2005:
3537:2004:
3521:2003:
3505:2002:
3499:Wieman
3489:2001:
3460:2000:
3448:1999:
3432:1998:
3416:1997:
3402:D. Lee
3400:1996:
3394:Reines
3388:1995:
3376:1994:
3364:1993:
3356:1992:
3348:1991:
3332:1990:
3318:Ramsey
3316:1989:
3300:1988:
3294:MĂĽller
3288:1987:
3282:Rohrer
3278:Binnig
3272:1986:
3264:1985:
3254:Rubbia
3252:1984:
3246:Fowler
3240:1983:
3232:1982:
3216:1981:
3206:Cronin
3204:1980:
3188:1979:
3172:1978:
3156:1977:
3144:1976:
3117:1975:
3111:Hewish
3105:1974:
3089:1973:
3079:Cooper
3073:1972:
3065:1971:
3055:Alfvén
3053:1970:
3045:1969:
3037:1968:
3029:1967:
3021:1966:
3005:1965:
2991:Townes
2989:1964:
2983:Jensen
2975:Wigner
2973:1963:
2967:Landau
2965:1962:
2953:1961:
2947:Glaser
2945:1960:
2933:1959:
2917:1958:
2905:1957:
2889:1956:
2877:1955:
2865:1954:
2857:1953:
2845:1952:
2839:Walton
2833:1951:
2816:Powell
2814:1950:
2808:Yukawa
2806:1949:
2798:1948:
2790:1947:
2782:1946:
2774:1945:
2766:1944:
2758:1943:
2729:1939:
2721:1938:
2709:1937:
2697:1936:
2689:1935:
2670:1933:
2662:1932:
2647:1930:
2639:1929:
2631:1928:
2619:1927:
2613:Perrin
2611:1926:
2590:Franck
2588:1925:
2580:1924:
2572:1923:
2564:1922:
2556:1921:
2548:1920:
2540:1919:
2534:Planck
2532:1918:
2526:Barkla
2524:1917:
2505:1915:
2497:1914:
2489:1913:
2481:1912:
2473:1911:
2465:1910:
2453:1909:
2445:1908:
2437:1907:
2429:1906:
2423:Lenard
2421:1905:
2413:1904:
2397:1903:
2391:Zeeman
2385:1902:
2377:1901:
2318:(2024)
2284:(2023)
2258:(2022)
2232:(2021)
2207:(2020)
2185:(2019)
2163:(2018)
2141:(2017)
2119:(2016)
2097:(2015)
2071:(2014)
2045:(2013)
1986:(2024)
1976:(2023)
1958:(2022)
1956:Jun Ye
1948:(2021)
1938:(2021)
1924:(2020)
1918:(2019)
1900:(2019)
1890:(2018)
1880:(2018)
1858:(2017)
1832:team,
1824:team,
1812:team,
1768:(2015)
1746:(2014)
1736:(2013)
1692:(2012)
1639:(2024)
1633:(2023)
1627:(2022)
1621:(2021)
1615:(2020)
1609:(2019)
1603:(2018)
1593:(2017)
1587:(2016)
1581:(2015)
1214:
1204:
992:
681:2016,
637:2011,
621:2009,
611:2007,
598:2005,
591:2003,
410:SNOLAB
391:Geneva
372:Ottawa
324:Sydney
224:(1970)
222:
213:Thesis
181:Fields
165:(2016)
157:(2015)
149:(2011)
141:(2007)
131:Awards
4451:Royal
4069:2015
3935:Peace
3869:2015
3759:Mayor
3723:Weiss
3683:Amano
3671:Higgs
3647:Riess
3619:Smith
3615:Boyle
3595:Nambu
3575:Smoot
3539:Gross
3507:Davis
3480:2001–
3470:Kilby
3382:Shull
3366:Hulse
3274:Ruska
3210:Fitch
3194:Salam
3091:Esaki
3067:Gabor
3031:Bethe
2995:Basov
2935:Segrè
2923:Frank
2883:Kusch
2871:Bothe
2847:Bloch
2776:Pauli
2760:Stern
2723:Fermi
2676:Dirac
2649:Raman
2594:Hertz
2542:Stark
2483:Dalén
2459:Braun
2230:]
1176:arXiv
1012:(PDF)
789:(PDF)
778:(PDF)
563:Milan
478:Earth
352:Ph.D.
340:M.Sc.
332:B.Sc.
285:
281:
277:
273:
111:(PhD)
42:
38:
34:
30:
4094:2020
4089:2019
4084:2018
4079:2017
4074:2016
4064:2014
4059:2013
4054:2012
4049:2011
4044:2010
3939:2015
3915:2015
3779:Ghez
3627:Geim
3583:Fert
3559:Hall
3442:Tsui
3390:Perl
3326:Paul
3162:Mott
3150:Ting
3107:Ryle
3059:NĂ©el
2927:Tamm
2879:Lamb
2867:Born
2768:Rabi
2752:1942
2745:1941
2738:1940
2699:Hess
2683:1934
2656:1931
2518:1916
2499:Laue
2475:Wien
2314:and
2254:and
2169:and
2115:and
2093:and
2067:and
2041:and
1982:and
1954:and
1934:and
1896:and
1836:and
1788:LIGO
1742:and
1577:and
1427:2019
1402:2019
1377:2015
1266:2021
1212:PMID
1059:2015
1028:2016
990:PMID
951:2020
853:2017
827:2015
421:CERN
287:FRSC
275:OOnt
64:Born
44:FRSC
32:OOnt
3611:Kao
3418:Chu
1822:T2K
1818:K2K
1202:PMC
1194:doi
982:doi
674:at
641:'s
474:Sun
404:in
400:of
389:in
346:in
334:in
302:in
283:FRS
279:ONS
253:.ca
249:www
40:FRS
36:ONS
4475::
3825:/
3821:/
3809:/
3805:/
3793:/
3789:/
3777:/
3773:/
3761:/
3757:/
3745:/
3741:/
3729:/
3725:/
3713:/
3709:/
3697:/
3685:/
3681:/
3669:/
3657:/
3645:/
3641:/
3629:/
3617:/
3613:/
3601:/
3597:/
3585:/
3573:/
3561:/
3557:/
3545:/
3541:/
3529:/
3525:/
3513:/
3509:/
3497:/
3493:/
3468:/
3464:/
3452:/
3440:/
3436:/
3424:/
3420:/
3408:/
3404:/
3392:/
3380:/
3368:/
3340:/
3336:/
3324:/
3320:/
3308:/
3304:/
3292:/
3280:/
3276:/
3256:/
3244:/
3224:/
3220:/
3208:/
3196:/
3192:/
3180:/
3176:/
3164:/
3160:/
3148:/
3125:/
3121:/
3109:/
3097:/
3093:/
3081:/
3077:/
3057:/
3013:/
3009:/
2997:/
2993:/
2981:/
2977:/
2957:/
2937:/
2925:/
2921:/
2909:/
2897:/
2893:/
2881:/
2869:/
2849:/
2837:/
2713:/
2701:/
2674:/
2623:/
2592:/
2509:/
2457:/
2405:/
2401:/
2389:/
2310:,
2306:,
2302:,
2298:,
2294:,
2290:,
2280:,
2276:,
2272:,
2268:,
2264:,
2250:,
2246:,
2242:,
2238:,
2228:de
2221:,
2217:,
2213:,
2203:,
2199:,
2195:,
2191:,
2181:,
2177:,
2173:,
2159:,
2155:,
2151:,
2147:,
2137:,
2133:,
2129:,
2125:,
2111:,
2107:,
2103:,
2089:,
2085:,
2081:,
2077:,
2063:,
2059:,
2055:,
2051:,
2037:,
2033:,
2029:,
2025:,
2021:,
2017:,
2013:,
2009:,
2005:,
1972:,
1968:,
1964:,
1944::
1930:,
1914:,
1910:,
1906::
1886::
1876:,
1872:,
1868:,
1864:,
1854:,
1850:,
1820:/
1804:,
1796:,
1782:,
1778:,
1774::
1760:,
1756:;
1722:,
1718:,
1714:,
1706:,
1702:,
1698::
1688:,
1684:,
1680:,
1676:,
1672:,
1668:,
1664:,
1660:,
1599:,
1573:,
1569:,
1565:,
1418:.
1393:.
1368:.
1364:.
1346:.
1317:.
1257:.
1246:^
1210:.
1200:.
1192:.
1184:.
1172:33
1170:.
1166:.
1097:.
1045:.
1020:61
1018:.
1014:.
988:.
980:.
970:55
968:.
884:^
861:^
844:.
817:.
804:^
780:.
766:^
750:.
719:.
423:,
416:.
326:,
314:.
271:CC
268:,
76:)
28:CC
4128:e
4121:t
4114:v
3941:)
3937:(
3917:)
3913:(
3862:e
3855:t
3848:v
2351:e
2344:t
2337:v
1538:e
1531:t
1524:v
1480:.
1461:.
1429:.
1404:.
1379:.
1350:.
1332:.
1303:.
1268:.
1240:.
1218:.
1196::
1188::
1178::
1151:.
1129:.
1107:.
1083:.
1061:.
1030:.
996:.
984::
976::
953:.
931:.
906:.
878:.
855:.
829:.
798:.
760:.
657:)
72:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
