889:
112:
1519:
1199:
1166:, which protrudes from the abdomen. The sting consists of an insertion wound, and venom. The venom is evolved to cause pain to a predator, paralyse a prey item, or both. Because insect stingers evolved from ovipositors, in most hymenopterans only the female can sting. However, there are a few orders of wasp where the male has evolved a "pseudo sting" - the male genitalia has evolved two sharp protrusions which can deliver an insertion wound. However, they do not contain venom, so they are not considered a true sting. In
1118:
2692:
1315:
44:
1410:
876:
168:(ants, wasps, and bees). While the majority of Hymenoptera stings are locally painful, their associated venom rarely cause toxic reactions unless victims receive many stings at once. The low mortality (around 60 deaths per year in the US out of unreported millions of stings nationwide) associated with Hymenoptera is mostly due to anaphylaxis from venom
1453:
909:
findings of bitten or stung skin rarely aid in diagnosis. Rather, patient history (recent travel to endemic areas, outdoor activities, and other risk factors) primarily guides the diagnostic approach, which can raise clinical suspicion for more serious complications like vector-borne diseases.
433:
In addition to stings and bites causing discomfort in of themselves, bites can also spread secondary infections if the arthropod is carrying a virus, bacteria, or parasite. The World Health
Organization (WHO) estimates that 17% of all infectious diseases worldwide were transmitted by arthropod
247:
Feeding bites have characteristic patterns and symptoms that reflect feeding habits of the offending pest and the chemistry of its saliva. Feeding bites are less likely to be felt at the time of the bite, although there are some exceptions. Since feeding requires longer attachment to prey than
91:(insects, arachnids, millipedes and centipedes) can bite or sting human beings. These bites and stings generally occur as a defense mechanism or during normal arthropod feeding. While most cases cause self-limited irritation, medically relevant complications include
871:
Estimated global number of cases annually according to WHO in 2017. If a vector transmits multiple diseases, aggregate case numbers are listed. Rough estimates are only meant to provide a sense of scale. Unknown disease burden is listed as NA for not available.
904:
Most arthropod bites and stings do not require a specific diagnosis since they typically improve with supportive management alone. Certain bites and stings present with characteristic appearances and distributions. In general, however,
1052:
Local reactions to bites and stings are treated symptomatically. If a stinger is still embedded, manual removal can reduce further irritation. Washing the affected area with soap and water can help reduce risk of contamination. Oral
974:. Standing water and dense vegetation also commonly attract arthropods. Clothes covering most exposed skin can also provide a measure of physical protection, which may be augmented when the fabric is treated with pesticides such as
2319:
2307:
1036:
of neglected tropical diseases, many of which are vector borne. Such campaigns must incorporate multipronged approaches to consider global inequality, access to resources, and climate change.
205:, multi-organ failure, and death. Although robust epidemiological data is unavailable, global estimates of scorpion stings exceed 1.2 million resulting in more than 3000 deaths annually.
2731:
1044:
Most arthropod bites and stings require only supportive care. However, complications such as envenomation and severe allergic reactions can present as medical emergencies.
1077:
Systemic reactions from venom hypersensitivity can rapidly progress to a medical emergency. The mainstay of anaphylactic shock management is intramuscularly injected
1001:
have FDA-approved vaccines available. Since they are relatively new vaccines, however, they are not standard of care as of 2023. Additionally, patients traveling to
131:
sting reactions), a large local reaction occurs when the area of swelling is greater than 10 centimetres (4 in). Rarely (1-3% of
Hymenoptera sting reactions),
1065:
and cold compresses are common over the counter remedies to reduce itchiness and local inflammation. In more severe cases, such as large local reactions, systemic
896:
showing wedge-shaped perivascular inflammation (superficial dermal perivascular lymphoeosinophilic infiltrate), the histomorphologic appearance of an insect bite (
1676:
Golden DB, Demain J, Freeman T, Graft D, Tankersley M, Tracy J, et al. (January 2017). "Stinging insect hypersensitivity: A practice parameter update 2016".
962:
Prevention strategies against arthropod bites and stings comprise measures for personal protection, travel advisories, public health and environmental concerns.
434:
vectors, resulting in over 700,000 deaths annually. The table below lists common arthropod vectors and their associated diseases. The figure below represents
2547:
227:(from widow spiders) may include pain at the bite or involve the chest and abdomen, sweating, muscle cramps and vomiting among others. By comparison,
2382:
2350:
1069:
are sometimes prescribed, although limited evidence supports their effectiveness. There are limited data to support one treatment over another.
970:
Travelers should seek to minimize outdoor activity during peak activity times and avoid high risk areas such as regions with known outbreaks or
1158:; spider bites have primarily evolved to paralyse and then digest prey. A sting comes from the abdomen; in most insects (which are all largely
2562:
1967:
Chauhan P, Jindal R, Errichetti E (October 2022). "Dermoscopy of skin parasitoses, bites and stings: a systematic review of the literature".
151:
mechanism. Stings containing venom are more likely to be painful. Less frequently, venomous spider bites are also associated with
2375:
2166:
1943:
1761:
1728:
2101:
Global report on neglected tropical diseases 2023. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2023. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
693:
211:
most often cause minor symptoms and resolve without intervention. Medically significant spider bites involve substantial
1744:
Reed H, Landolt PJ (January 2019). "Chapter 22 - Ants, Wasps, and Bees (Hymenoptera)". In Mullen GR, Durden LA (eds.).
1098:
scorpion stings, but these drugs are not yet widely available and so typically reserved for severe systemic toxicity.
1020:(VIT). Patients eligibile for VIT include those with a prior anaphylactic reaction to a venomous sting and who have
2368:
888:
1126:, the yellow fever mosquito, biting. Female mosquitoes feed on blood. This species is known for also transmitting
1914:
Global vector control response 2017–2030. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2017. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
2726:
1853:
Herness J, Snyder MJ, Newman RS. Arthropod bites and stings. American family physician. 2022 Aug;106(2):137-47.
193:
venom, responsible for most morbidity and mortality. Severe toxic reactions can occur resulting in progressive
1318:
Venom droplet from a wasp stinger. Wasp stings in humans can provoke a strong localised reaction, and rarely,
115:
The left side of the image is showing the temperature increase caused by an insect bite after about 28 hours.
1084:
Toxic reactions to envenomation are similarly managed with medical stabilization and symptomatic treatment.
698:
111:
2355:
927:
2736:
2716:
1924:
Marselle, Melissa R.; Stadler, Jutta; Korn, Horst; Irvine, Katherine N.; Bonn, Aletta, eds. (2019).
1567:
344:
Low red itchy welts, usually several together resembling rash, slow to develop and can last weeks.
148:
147:
Many arthropods bite or sting in order to immobilize their prey or deter potential predators as a
2677:
2419:
757:
689:
622:
120:
66:
2721:
2627:
2526:
626:
435:
1720:
1109:
After confirmation of diagnosis, antimicrobials are prescribed according to standard of care.
1024:
to venom allergens. VIT can help prevent future severe systemic reactions in select patients.
2695:
990:
515:
2149:
Gwaltney-Brant SM, Dunayer E, Youssef H (2018). "Terrestrial
Zootoxins". In Gupta RC (ed.).
1712:
2521:
2195:
1925:
1559:
1135:
528:
248:
envenomation, feeding bites are more often associated with vector transmission of disease.
1413:
Flea bites. Rarely, some species of fleas can also transmit secondary infections, such as
1206:
lays its eggs in the wound after biting, causing an infection of parasitic maggots called
8:
2429:
2323:
1785:
Chippaux JP, Goyffon M (August 2008). "Epidemiology of scorpionism: a global appraisal".
1575:
1522:
1006:
989:
Vaccines may also help prevent vector-borne diseases for eligible patients. For example,
819:
2199:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2265:
2240:
2221:
2158:
2084:
2036:
2011:
1992:
1949:
1889:
1864:
1767:
1753:
935:
782:
56:
1798:
2531:
2511:
2506:
2270:
2225:
2213:
2162:
2131:
2088:
2076:
2041:
1996:
1984:
1953:
1939:
1894:
1833:
1802:
1771:
1757:
1724:
1713:
1693:
1647:
519:
198:
135:
reactions can affect multiple organs and pose a medical emergency, as in the case of
1174:, the bite causes the wound, but during the bite the abdomen bends forward to spray
1146:, as in insects and arachnids which feed from blood. Feeding bites may also contain
2572:
2516:
2260:
2252:
2203:
2154:
2123:
2068:
2031:
2023:
1976:
1931:
1884:
1876:
1794:
1749:
1685:
1518:
1151:
1021:
1013:
979:
939:
815:
169:
132:
1088:
should be up to date but antibiotics are typically unnecessary unless a bacterial
2607:
2072:
1880:
1443:
1085:
923:
511:
202:
2672:
2587:
2499:
2457:
2414:
1689:
1639:
1602:
1394:
1368:
1337:
1258:
1198:
1089:
1066:
1062:
1033:
593:
561:
439:
428:
220:
176:
156:
100:
79:
2208:
2183:
2127:
1935:
1186:
that bears a telson. (Scorpions lack an ovipositor entirely and give birth to
1178:
into the wound, causing additional pain. In arachnids that sting (all largely
1081:. The patient should be stabilized and transferred to an intensive care unit.
2710:
2657:
2622:
2617:
2567:
2557:
2450:
2114:
Erickson TB, Cheema N (May 2017). "Arthropod
Envenomation in North America".
1414:
1307:
1143:
1122:
1117:
1054:
1017:
853:
190:
2027:
1821:
1092:
is suspected. Antivenom drugs have been created for certain species such as
2637:
2612:
2597:
2582:
2481:
2274:
2217:
2135:
2080:
2045:
1988:
1898:
1837:
1806:
1697:
1651:
1507:
1496:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1127:
1094:
998:
994:
906:
897:
857:
710:
706:
702:
507:
503:
224:
212:
194:
92:
75:
2360:
2592:
2552:
2489:
2473:
2465:
2391:
1535:
1319:
1301:
1288:
1220:
1175:
1159:
1078:
495:
361:
228:
216:
208:
180:
164:
136:
128:
71:
2299:
2059:
Murray HW (August 2020). "The
Pretravel Consultation: Recent Updates".
1618:
1580:
1433:
1400:
1374:
1349:
1295:
1232:
1187:
1171:
1163:
1147:
975:
951:
947:
893:
720:
499:
88:
17:
2256:
1980:
1150:, to prevent the bite from being felt. Feeding bites may also contain
2667:
2662:
2602:
2442:
2437:
2424:
1546:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1362:
1343:
1283:
1277:
1226:
930:. Bites and stings as well as other conditions (e.g. drug reactions,
413:
312:
May make red itchy welt; several days. Later bites are less severe.
236:
1452:
1314:
2632:
2577:
1862:
1552:
1271:
1265:
1183:
1179:
1058:
971:
232:
185:
2395:
1869:
International
Journal for Parasitology. Drugs and Drug Resistance
1863:
Schorderet-Weber S, Noack S, Selzer PM, Kaminsky R (April 2017).
1585:
1388:
1207:
1002:
714:
523:
360:
Infested area intensely itchy, with red welts at bite sites. See
152:
96:
847:
Borrelia recurrentis, Rickettsia prowazekii, Bartonella quintana
2311:
1203:
1155:
1139:
943:
919:
1969:
Journal of the
European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
875:
412:
Intensely itchy welts and papules that may last for days. See
1590:
1502:
1427:
1382:
931:
2148:
43:
16:"Biting fly" redirects here. For the South Korean film, see
1466:
1409:
1357:
1332:
1182:), the stinger is not a modified ovipositor, but instead a
983:
142:
124:
127:
and/or pain around the site. Less commonly (around 10% of
2238:
1923:
1167:
2241:"A biomechanical view on stinger diversity in scorpions"
1675:
377:
Usually not; may be scratched off before they are seen.
1966:
239:. Headaches, vomiting and a mild fever may also occur.
1101:
Several vector-borne diseases can present emergently.
1032:
International organizations such as WHO aim to reduce
879:
Geographic distribution of major vector-borne diseases
2732:
Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites of the skin
1927:
Biodiversity and Health in the Face of
Climate Change
1715:
Physician's guide to arthropods of medical importance
1326:
1104:
374:
Anywhere on body, but prefer covered skin, crevices.
2289:
2012:"My approach to superficial inflammatory dermatoses"
1748:(Third ed.). Academic Press. pp. 459–488.
1138:. The bite consists of both the bite wound and the
2184:"Male wasp genitalia as an anti-predator defense"
1112:
922:are not indicated for bites or stings, since the
2708:
1865:"Blocking transmission of vector-borne diseases"
474:Arboviruses (Togavirus, Flavivirus, Bunyavirus)
2009:
1784:
1646:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
946:perivascular infiltrate consisting of abundant
380:Intensely itchy red welts lasting over a week.
2239:van der Meijden A, Kleinteich T (April 2017).
2113:
1819:
1637:
231:(from recluse spiders) can present with local
2376:
2181:
2003:
986:) is supported by a large body of evidence.
2390:
2116:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
1743:
279:Low raised welt, itches for several hours.
2383:
2369:
1822:"Spider bites - Assessment and management"
1678:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
1142:. The saliva of the arthropod may contain
938:) can cause microscopic changes such as a
42:
2264:
2207:
2118:. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine.
2035:
1888:
1005:endemic regions are routinely prescribed
913:
2010:Alsaad KO, Ghazarian D (December 2005).
1517:
1451:
1408:
1313:
1197:
1170:that bite instead of sting, such as the
1116:
887:
874:
422:
197:instability, neuromuscular dysfunction,
143:Defensive and predatory bites and stings
110:
1710:
1456:Louse bites. Lice do not carry disease.
1421:
1214:
235:of the surrounding skin and widespread
2709:
2058:
1820:Braitberg G, Segal L (November 2009).
1460:
1072:
965:
119:Most arthropod bites and stings cause
2364:
2182:Sugiura S, Tsujii M (December 2022).
2109:
2107:
1910:
1908:
1849:
1847:
1134:A bite is defined as coming from the
106:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1322:in those with a wasp sting allergy.
810:Yersinia pestis, Bartonella henselae
406:mainly on the trunk and extremities
390:covered skin, crevices, entire body
183:. Only certain species (from family
2351:Identifying insect bites and stings
954:, as shown in the adjacent figure:
648:Arboviruses (Bunyavirus, Flavirus)
13:
2159:10.1016/b978-0-12-811410-0.00058-1
2104:
1905:
1844:
1754:10.1016/b978-0-12-814043-7.00022-4
1719:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp.
1327:Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps)
1105:Treatment of vector-borne diseases
1047:
215:from only certain species such as
14:
2748:
2356:Diagnosing Mysterious "Bug Bites"
2285:
1799:10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.05.021
1746:Medical and Veterinary Entomology
1664:
1012:Patients with a history of venom
982:such as N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (
2691:
2690:
2061:The American Journal of Medicine
1490:
1255:or No see-ums (Ceratopogonidae)
1027:
242:
179:also cause self-limited pain or
2232:
2175:
2142:
2095:
2052:
1960:
1917:
694:Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
338:appendages, neck, exposed skin
2153:. Elsevier. pp. 781–801.
1856:
1813:
1778:
1737:
1704:
1638:Powers J, McDowell RH (2022).
1631:
1113:Biting and stinging arthropods
162:Most arthropod stings involve
1:
2016:Journal of Clinical Pathology
1624:
1162:), the stinger is a modified
1039:
957:
328:Painful welt, several hours.
2073:10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.02.005
1881:10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.01.004
1612:
1596:
1513:
883:
852:Lice-borne relapsing fever,
699:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
306:prefer ankles and bare feet
237:breakdown of red blood cells
7:
1826:Australian Family Physician
1136:mouthparts of the arthropod
514:, California encephalitis,
444:
250:
10:
2753:
1690:10.1016/j.anai.2016.10.031
1600:
1544:
1533:
1529:
1415:flea-borne (murine) typhus
1304:(as larvae, Calliphoridae)
1298:(as larvae, Calliphoridae)
1193:
426:
396:Itchy welt, several days.
296:Itches for several hours.
29:Arthropod bites and stings
15:
2686:
2650:
2540:
2402:
2293:
2209:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.030
2128:10.1016/j.emc.2017.01.001
1936:10.1007/978-3-030-02318-8
758:African sleeping sickness
65:
55:
50:
41:
33:
28:
1540:
1235:/Yellow flies (Chrysops)
1007:Malaria chemoprophylaxis
2028:10.1136/jcp.2005.027151
1016:may benefit from venom
690:Tick-borne encephalitis
518:, Equine encephalitis,
457:Annual disease burden*
61:Swelling, itching, pain
1526:
1457:
1418:
1323:
1274:(as larvae, Oestridae)
1211:
1131:
914:Microscopic appearance
901:
880:
627:visceral leishmaniasis
325:painful and immediate
116:
99:, and transmission of
2727:Arthropods and humans
2151:Veterinary Toxicology
1601:Further information:
1545:Further information:
1521:
1455:
1412:
1346:(both bite and sting)
1317:
1201:
1120:
991:Japanese encephalitis
891:
878:
516:Japanese encephalitis
440:vector-borne diseases
423:As vectors of disease
260:Felt at time of bite
114:
101:vector-borne diseases
2678:Seabather's eruption
1422:Siphonaptera (Fleas)
1215:Diptera (True flies)
942:-shaped superficial
932:urticarial reactions
529:Lymphatic filariasis
354:pubic area or scalp
257:Preferred body part
80:disease transmission
2482:Black widow spider
2200:2022CBio...32R1336S
2194:(24): R1336–R1337.
1523:White-tailed Spider
1461:Phthiraptera (Lice)
1086:Tetanus prophylaxis
1073:Medical emergencies
966:Personal protection
779:Nematode (Loa Loa)
290:exposed appendages
273:exposed appendages
2245:Journal of Anatomy
1711:Goddard J (2002).
1576:Tropical fowl mite
1572:Northern fowl mite
1527:
1458:
1419:
1324:
1212:
1132:
936:bullous pemphigoid
902:
892:Low-magnification
881:
137:anaphylactic shock
117:
107:Signs and symptoms
97:allergic reactions
2737:Arthropod attacks
2704:
2703:
2346:
2345:
2257:10.1111/joa.12582
2168:978-0-12-811410-0
2067:(8): 916–923.e2.
2022:(12): 1233–1241.
1981:10.1111/jdv.18352
1975:(10): 1722–1734.
1945:978-3-030-02317-1
1763:978-0-12-814043-7
1730:978-0-8493-1387-5
1608:All species sting
1152:digestive enzymes
866:
865:
820:Cat scratch fever
688:Heartland virus,
520:Rift Valley fever
420:
419:
322:any exposed skin
199:cardiogenic shock
85:
84:
23:Medical condition
2744:
2717:Lists of animals
2694:
2693:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2291:
2290:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2211:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2111:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1718:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1673:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1635:
1568:House mouse mite
1560:Red Poultry Mite
1302:Screw-worm flies
1280:(Phlebotomidae)
1061:lotion, topical
1014:hypersensitivity
924:histomorphologic
534:>300 million
445:
438:areas of common
251:
170:hypersensitivity
87:Many species of
46:
26:
25:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2682:
2646:
2536:
2490:Recluse spider
2398:
2389:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2302:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2237:
2233:
2188:Current Biology
2180:
2176:
2169:
2147:
2143:
2112:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2057:
2053:
2008:
2004:
1965:
1961:
1946:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1845:
1832:(11): 862–867.
1818:
1814:
1783:
1779:
1764:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1709:
1705:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1654:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1615:
1605:
1599:
1549:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1516:
1493:
1463:
1444:Tunga penetrans
1424:
1329:
1217:
1196:
1115:
1107:
1075:
1067:glucocorticoids
1063:corticosteroids
1050:
1048:Supportive care
1042:
1034:disease burdens
1030:
968:
960:
916:
886:
783:African eyeworm
719:
697:
650:
566:>10 million
562:River blindness
476:
451:Pathogen class
431:
425:
287:and no-see-ums
245:
221:recluse spiders
203:pulmonary edema
177:scorpion stings
145:
109:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2750:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2673:Stinging plant
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2487:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2440:
2435:
2427:
2417:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2316:
2315:: W57, X21-X25
2303:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:Classification
2287:
2286:External links
2284:
2281:
2280:
2251:(4): 497–509.
2231:
2174:
2167:
2141:
2122:(2): 355–375.
2103:
2094:
2051:
2002:
1959:
1944:
1916:
1904:
1855:
1843:
1812:
1777:
1762:
1736:
1729:
1703:
1663:
1640:"Insect Bites"
1629:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1603:Scorpion toxin
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1564:Spiny rat mite
1562:
1556:
1555:
1542:
1539:
1534:Main article:
1531:
1528:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1462:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1437:Pulex irritans
1423:
1420:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1395:Yellow Jackets
1392:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1369:Stingless bees
1366:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1328:
1325:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1259:Highland midge
1250:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1224:
1216:
1213:
1195:
1192:
1144:anticoagulants
1114:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1090:superinfection
1074:
1071:
1055:antihistamines
1049:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1029:
1026:
967:
964:
959:
956:
950:and scattered
926:appearance is
915:
912:
885:
882:
864:
863:
860:
854:endemic typhus
850:
843:
826:
825:
822:
813:
806:
789:
788:
785:
780:
777:
764:
763:
760:
755:
741:
728:
727:
724:
686:
646:
633:
632:
631:>3 million
629:
620:
613:
600:
599:
598:>6 million
596:
594:Chagas disease
591:
581:
568:
567:
564:
559:
549:
536:
535:
532:
493:
472:
459:
458:
455:
452:
449:
429:Disease vector
427:Main article:
424:
421:
418:
417:
410:
407:
404:
398:
397:
394:
391:
388:
382:
381:
378:
375:
372:
366:
365:
358:
355:
352:
346:
345:
342:
339:
336:
330:
329:
326:
323:
320:
314:
313:
310:
307:
304:
298:
297:
294:
291:
288:
281:
280:
277:
274:
271:
265:
264:
261:
258:
255:
244:
241:
223:. Symptoms of
144:
141:
108:
105:
83:
82:
69:
63:
62:
59:
53:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
35:
31:
30:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2749:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:Medical lists
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:Animal attack
2656:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:Venomous fish
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2108:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1875:(1): 90–109.
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1850:
1848:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1537:
1524:
1520:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:Other insects
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1416:
1411:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1308:Hippoboscidae
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:Biting midges
1251:
1248:
1245:
1243:(Glossinidae)
1242:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:hymenopterans
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1123:Aedes aegypti
1119:
1110:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1045:
1037:
1035:
1028:Global health
1025:
1023:
1019:
1018:immunotherapy
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
963:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
911:
908:
899:
898:H&E stain
895:
890:
877:
873:
870:
861:
859:
855:
851:
848:
844:
842:
840:
836:
831:
828:
827:
823:
821:
817:
814:
811:
807:
805:
803:
799:
794:
791:
790:
786:
784:
781:
778:
776:
774:
769:
766:
765:
761:
759:
756:
753:
752:rhodesesiense
749:
746:
742:
740:
738:
733:
730:
729:
725:
723:
722:
717:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
691:
687:
685:
683:
678:
676:
673:
669:
666:
662:
658:
654:
647:
645:
643:
638:
635:
634:
630:
628:
624:
621:
618:
614:
612:
610:
609:Phlebotominae
605:
602:
601:
597:
595:
592:
589:
586:
582:
580:
578:
573:
570:
569:
565:
563:
560:
557:
554:
550:
548:
546:
541:
538:
537:
533:
531:
530:
526:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
494:
492:
490:
487:
482:
480:
473:
471:
469:
464:
461:
460:
456:
453:
450:
447:
446:
443:
441:
437:
430:
415:
411:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
395:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
379:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
363:
359:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
343:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
327:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
311:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
282:
278:
275:
272:
270:
267:
266:
262:
259:
256:
253:
252:
249:
243:Feeding bites
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:widow spiders
214:
210:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
166:
160:
158:
154:
150:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
113:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
81:
77:
73:
70:
68:
67:Complications
64:
60:
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
19:
2578:Domestic cat
2491:
2484:latrodectism
2483:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2444:
2431:
2409:
2403:Invertebrate
2392:Animal bites
2318:
2306:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2150:
2144:
2119:
2115:
2097:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2019:
2015:
2005:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1926:
1919:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1793:(2): 71–79.
1790:
1787:Acta Tropica
1786:
1780:
1745:
1739:
1714:
1706:
1684:(1): 28–54.
1681:
1677:
1655:. Retrieved
1643:
1633:
1508:Conenose bug
1499:/Kissing bug
1497:Assassin bug
1442:
1441:Chigoe flea
1436:
1247:Stable flies
1241:Tsetse flies
1229:(Tabanidae)
1223:(Simuliidae)
1133:
1128:yellow fever
1121:
1108:
1100:
1095:Centruroides
1093:
1083:
1076:
1051:
1043:
1031:
1011:
999:Dengue fever
995:Yellow fever
988:
969:
961:
934:, and early
928:non-specific
917:
903:
868:
867:
858:Trench fever
846:
838:
835:Phthiraptera
834:
832:
829:
809:
801:
798:Siphonaptera
797:
795:
792:
772:
770:
768:Biting flies
767:
751:
747:
744:
736:
734:
732:Tsetse flies
731:
726:>500,000
718:
711:Lyme disease
707:ehrlichiosis
703:anaplasmosis
696:
681:
679:
674:
671:
667:
664:
660:
656:
652:
649:
641:
639:
636:
616:
608:
606:
603:
587:
584:
576:
574:
572:Assassin bug
571:
555:
552:
544:
542:
539:
527:
522:
504:Yellow fever
488:
485:
483:
478:
475:
467:
465:
462:
432:
409:usually not
401:
393:usually not
385:
370:Larval ticks
369:
357:usually not
349:
341:usually not
333:
318:Biting flies
317:
301:
284:
276:usually not
268:
246:
225:latrodectism
213:envenomation
209:Spider bites
207:
184:
181:paresthesias
174:
163:
161:
146:
121:self-limited
118:
93:envenomation
86:
76:envenomation
2527:Sea anemone
2507:Bristleworm
2492:loxoscelism
2476:arachnidism
2468:demodicosis
2460:scorpionism
1536:Spider bite
1401:Paper wasps
1350:Bullet ants
1320:anaphylaxis
1289:Phlebotomus
1268:(Culicidae)
1227:Horse-flies
1221:Black flies
1176:formic acid
1148:anaesthetic
1079:epinephrine
952:eosinophils
948:lymphocytes
907:dermoscopic
839:Pediculidae
762:>10,000
745:Trypanosoma
737:Glossinidae
668:burgdorferi
585:Trypanosoma
540:Black flies
386:Adult ticks
362:pediculosis
229:loxoscelism
195:hemodynamic
165:Hymenoptera
159:in humans.
129:Hymenoptera
72:Anaphylaxis
34:Other names
2711:Categories
2541:Vertebrate
2532:Sea urchin
2512:Cephalopod
2466:Skin mite
1657:2023-02-09
1644:StatPearls
1625:References
1619:Centipedes
1581:Mange mite
1434:Human flea
1375:Bumblebees
1296:Blow-flies
1249:(Muscidae)
1233:Deer flies
1188:live young
1172:Formicinae
1164:ovipositor
1040:Management
980:repellants
978:. Topical
976:Permethrin
958:Prevention
894:micrograph
845:Bacteria (
808:Bacteria (
743:Protozoa (
721:Babesiosis
680:Protozoa (
653:Rickettsia
651:Bacteria (
617:Leishmania
615:Protozoa (
583:Protozoa (
577:Reduviidae
553:Onchocerca
551:Nematode (
545:Simuliidae
496:Chikugunya
486:Wuchereria
484:Nematode (
477:Protozoa (
463:Mosquitoes
269:Mosquitoes
191:neurotoxic
89:arthropods
18:Biting Fly
2668:Man-eater
2663:Cnidocyte
2573:Crocodile
2548:Alligator
2522:Jellyfish
2500:Millipede
2458:Scorpion
2445:pulicosis
2432:cimicosis
2415:Centipede
2410:Arthropod
2226:254874084
2089:212741346
1997:249955855
1954:199491437
1772:239396551
1613:Myriapoda
1597:Scorpions
1547:Acariasis
1514:Arachnids
1483:Crab lice
1478:Body lice
1473:Head lice
1363:Honeybees
1344:Fire ants
1338:Bull ants
1284:Lutzomyia
1278:Sandflies
1266:Mosquitos
1180:scorpions
972:epidemics
884:Diagnosis
802:Pulicidae
773:Tabanidae
748:gambiense
661:Ehrlichia
657:Anaplasma
623:Cutaneous
512:West Nile
489:bancrofti
479:Plasmodia
468:Culicidae
414:acariasis
350:Hair Lice
263:Reaction
189:) inject
157:mortality
153:morbidity
125:itchiness
123:redness,
51:Tick bite
2696:Category
2608:Stingray
2451:Mosquito
2430:Bed bug
2275:28028798
2218:36538881
2136:28411932
2081:32179056
2046:16311340
1989:35735046
1899:28189117
1838:19893831
1807:18579104
1698:28007086
1652:30725920
1553:Chiggers
1385:(sting)
1272:Botflies
1184:metasoma
1154:, as in
1059:calamine
920:biopsies
675:burnetti
672:Coxiella
665:Borrelia
642:Ixodidae
604:Sand fly
556:volvulus
454:Disease
334:Bed bugs
309:usually
293:usually
233:necrosis
186:Buthidae
133:systemic
57:Symptoms
37:Bug bite
2588:Leopard
2474:Spider
2266:5345679
2196:Bibcode
2037:1770784
1890:5302141
1586:Scabies
1530:Spiders
1503:Bedbugs
1469:(bite)
1430:(bite)
1403:(sting)
1397:(sting)
1391:(sting)
1389:Hornets
1377:(sting)
1365:(sting)
1352:(sting)
1340:(sting)
1208:Myiasis
1194:Insects
1156:spiders
1003:Malaria
715:Q fever
682:Babesia
524:Malaria
448:Vector
436:endemic
149:defense
2623:Walrus
2593:Monkey
2568:Coyote
2563:Cougar
2558:Beaver
2420:Insect
2396:stings
2337:E906.4
2333:E905.5
2329:E905.1
2273:
2263:
2224:
2216:
2165:
2134:
2087:
2079:
2044:
2034:
1995:
1987:
1952:
1942:
1897:
1887:
1836:
1805:
1770:
1760:
1727:
1696:
1650:
1371:(bite)
1310:(Keds)
1204:botfly
1140:saliva
997:, and
944:dermal
816:Plague
508:Dengue
285:Midges
2651:Other
2638:Dingo
2613:Tiger
2603:Snake
2598:Shark
2517:Coral
2443:Flea
2222:S2CID
2085:S2CID
1993:S2CID
1950:S2CID
1768:S2CID
1591:Ticks
1541:Mites
1428:Fleas
1383:Wasps
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