379:, or ppb) arsenic was originally established in the United States by the Public Health Service in 1942. After the passage of the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 (SDWA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was given the power to set the maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) of contaminants in public water supplies. In 1996 Congress amended the SDWA and created a Drinking Water State Revolving Fund to provide loans for water supply improvements, which increased the EPA's power to set mandates. This amendment created the "costs and benefits rule" to determine whether the cost of implementing new MCLs outweighs the health benefits. To maximize the costs and benefits of setting new MLCs, the EPA began allowing more affordable technology to be substituted that did not fully meet MLC standards because it was more affordable.
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them for water purification. A product called AMRIT, meaning elixir in Indian languages, developed by the Indian
Institute of Technology Madras, is an affordable water purification technology based on advanced materials, which has been validated through research articles and patents and has been approved for national implementation in India. The technology can remove several anions, especially arsenate and arsenite (two common species present in arsenic-contaminated water) and fluoride from water. Currently, this technology is delivering arsenic-free water to about 10,00,000 people every day.
671:, presented a new method by which hazard maps could be produced for geogenic toxic substances in groundwater. This provides an efficient way of determining which wells should be tested. In 2016, the research group made its knowledge freely available on the Groundwater Assessment Platform (GAP). This offers specialists worldwide the possibility of uploading their own measurement data, visually displaying them and producing risk maps for areas of their choice. GAP also serves as a knowledge-sharing forum for enabling further development of methods for removing toxic substances from water.
469:, using three pitchers containing cast iron turnings and sand in the first pitcher and wood activated carbon and sand in the second. Plastic buckets can also be used as filter containers. It is claimed that thousands of these systems are in use and can last for years while avoiding the toxic waste disposal problem inherent to conventional arsenic removal plants. Although novel, this filter has not been certified by any sanitary standards such as NSF, ANSI, WQA and does not avoid toxic waste disposal similar to any other iron removal process.
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20:
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630:. No chemicals are used and almost no sludge is produced during operational stage since iron and arsenic compounds are rendered inactive in the aquifer itself. Thus toxic waste disposal and the risk of its future mobilization is prevented. Also, it has very long operational life, similar to the long lasting tube wells drawing water from the shallow aquifers.
510:, the amount of charge delivered per liter of water, of the process is often manipulated in order to achieve maximum arsenic depletion. This treatment strategy has primarily been used in Bangladesh, and has proven to be largely successful. In fact, using iron electrocoagulation to remove arsenic in water proved to be the most effective treatment option.
267:, the affected wells are typically more than 20 meters and less than 100 meters deep. Groundwater closer to the surface typically has spent a shorter time in the ground, therefore likely absorbing a lower concentration of arsenic; water deeper than 100 meters is exposed to much older sediments which have already been depleted of arsenic.
100:, and contaminated groundwater may be unsafe to drink for decades. Arsenic that is naturally occurring can contaminate the soil, just as it does the groundwater. This presents a possible arsenic exposure by use of products containing tobacco, because the tobacco plant grows from the soil and can become infiltrated with the arsenic.
633:
Six such SAR plants, funded by the World Bank and constructed by
Ramakrishna Vivekananda Mission, Barrackpore & Queen's University Belfast, UK are operating in West Bengal. Each plant has been delivering more than 3,000 liters of arsenic and iron-free water daily to the rural community. The first
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In subterranean arsenic removal, aerated groundwater is recharged back into the aquifer to create an oxidation zone which can trap iron and arsenic on the soil particles through adsorption process. The oxidation zone created by aerated water boosts the activity of the arsenic-oxidizing microorganisms
637:
SAR technology had been awarded
Dhirubhai Ambani Award, 2010 from IChemE UK for Chemical Innovation. Again, SAR was the winner of the St. Andrews Award for Environment, 2010. The SAR Project was selected by the Blacksmith Institute – New York & Green Cross- Switzerland as one of the "12 Cases of
472:
In the United States small "under the sink" units have been used to remove arsenic from drinking water. This option is called "point of use" treatment. The most common types of domestic treatment use the technologies of adsorption (using media such as
Bayoxide E33, GFH, activated alumina or titanium
405:
Many public water supply systems across the United States obtained their water supply from groundwater that had met the old 50 ppb arsenic standard but exceeded the new 10 ppb MCL. These utilities searched for either an alternative supply or an inexpensive treatment method to remove the arsenic from
116:
or their derivatives. Their names as "acids" is a formality; these species are not aggressive acids but are merely the soluble forms of arsenic near neutral pH. These compounds are extracted from the underlying rocks that surround the aquifer. Arsenic acid tends to exist as the ions and in neutral
247:
advocated the use of wells to tap into deeper groundwater. During the 1970s, UNICEF worked with the
Department of Public Health Engineering to install tube-wells. The wells consist of tubes 5 cm in diameter inserted less than 200 m into the ground and capped with an iron or steel hand pump. At
1250:
Dipankar Das; Amit
Chatterjee; Badal K. Mandal; Gautam Samanta; Dipankar Chakraborti; Bhabatosh Chanda (1995). "Arsenic in ground water in six districts of West Bengal, India: the biggest arsenic calamity in the world. Part 2. Arsenic concentration in drinking water, hair, nails, urine, skin-scale
1214:
Amit
Chatterjee; Dipankar Das; Badal K. Mandal; Tarit Roy Chowdhury; Gautam Samanta; Dipankar Chakraborti (1995). "Arsenic in ground water in six districts of West Bengal, India: the biggest arsenic calamity in the world. Part I. Arsenic species in drinking water and urine of the affected people".
653:
Using nanomaterials, it is possible to effectively destroy microorganisms, adsorb arsenic and fluoride, remove heavy metals and degrade pesticides usually found in water. Researchers have looked at new methods to synthesize iron oxide/hydroxide/oxyhydroxide compositions in the laboratory and used
522:
Some large utilities with multiple water supply wells could shut down those wells with high arsenic concentrations, and produce only from wells or surface water sources that meet the arsenic standard. Other utilities, however, especially small utilities with only a few wells, may have no available
439:
A study conducted in a contiguous six-county area of southeastern
Michigan investigated the relationship between moderate arsenic levels and 23 disease outcomes. Disease outcomes included several types of cancer, diseases of the circulatory and respiratory system, diabetes mellitus, and kidney and
452:
Access to clean drinking water is fraught with political, socio-economic, and cultural inequities. In practice, many water treatment strategies tend to be temporary fixes to a larger problem, often prolonging the social issues while treating the scientific ones. Scientific studies have shown that
518:
In some places, such as the United States, all the water supplied to residences by utilities must meet primary (health-based) drinking water standards. Regulations may require large-scale treatment systems to remove arsenic from the water supply. The effectiveness of any method depends on the
558:
is an adsorbent that effectively removes arsenic. Activated alumina columns connected to shallow tube wells in India and
Bangladesh have removed both As(III) and As(V) from groundwater for decades. Long-term column performance has been possible through the efforts of community-elected water
2533:
Kumar, A. Anil; Som, Anirban; Longo, Paolo; Sudhakar, Chennu; Bhuin, Radha
Gobinda; Sen Gupta, Soujit; S., Anshup; Sankar, Mohan Udhaya; Chaudhary, Amrita; Kumar, Ramesh; Pradeep, T (2016). "Confined metastable 2-line ferrihydrite for affordable point-of-use arsenic-free drinking water".
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filters the water through a granular medium containing ferric oxide. Ferric oxide has a high affinity for adsorbing dissolved metals such as arsenic. The iron oxide medium eventually becomes saturated, and must be replaced. The sludge disposal is a problem here too.
255:
Tube-wells were supposed to draw water from underground aquifers to provide a safe source of water for the nation. Millions of wells were constructed as a result. In 1993 it was discovered that groundwater in large parts of Bangladesh was naturally contaminated with
3631:
461:
A review of methods to remove arsenic from groundwater in Pakistan summarizes the most technically viable inexpensive methods. Most small-scale treatments focus on water after it has left the distribution site, and are thus more focused on quick, temporary fixes.
54:
to large numbers of people. A 2007 study found that over 137 million people in more than 70 countries are probably affected by arsenic poisoning of drinking water. The problem became a serious health concern after mass poisoning of water in
443:
Various studies have also shown that arsenic exposure during pregnancy can result in infant death, cancer, heart attacks, kidney failure, lung complications, as well as reduced intelligence, memory, and cognitive development in the child.
2624:
Amini, Manouchehr; Mueller, Kim; Abbaspour, Karim C.; Rosenberg, Thomas; Afyuni, Majid; Møller, Klaus N.; Sarr, Mamadou; Johnson, C. Annette (2008). "Statistical Modeling of Global Geogenic Fluoride Contamination in Groundwaters".
409:
The proper arsenic MCL continues to be debated. Some have argued that the 10 ppb federal standard is still too high, while others have argued that 10 ppb is needlessly strict. Individual states can establish lower arsenic limits;
2660:
Amini, Manouchehr; Abbaspour, Karim C.; Berg, Michael; Winkel, Lenny; Hug, Stephan J.; Hoehn, Eduard; Yang, Hong; Johnson, C. Annette (2008). "Statistical Modeling of Global Geogenic Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater".
491:-based filters have been reported to reduce the arsenic content of water to 3 μg/L (3 ppb). This is especially important in areas where the potable water is provided by filtering the water extracted from the underground
361:
recommended limit, threatening over 60 million residents. 50–60 million residents consume water with arsenic levels greater than 50 micrograms of arsenic per liter, levels far passing acceptable levels worldwide.
634:
community water treatment plant based on SAR technology was set up at Kashimpore near Kolkata in 2004 by a team of European and Indian engineers led by Bhaskar Sen Gupta of Queen's University Belfast for TiPOT.
2118:
Addy, Susan E.A.; Gadgil, Ashok J.; Kowolik, Kristin; Kostecki, Robert (2009-12-01). ElectroChemical Arsenic Removal (ECAR) for Rural Bangladesh--Merging Technology with Sustainable Implementation (Report).
1088:
Smedley P.L.; Kinniburgh D.G.; Macdonald D.M.J.; Nicolli H.B.; Barros A.J.; Tullio J.O.; Pearce J.M.; Alonso M.S. (2005). "Arsenic associations in sediments from the loess aquifer of La Pampa, Argentina".
1618:"The effect of the Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level on arsenic exposure in the USA from 2003 to 2014: an analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)"
2138:
van Genuchten, Case M.; Addy, Susan E. A.; Peña, Jasquelin; Gadgil, Ashok J. (2012-01-17). "Removing Arsenic from Synthetic Groundwater with Iron Electrocoagulation: An Fe and As K-Edge EXAFS Study".
2279:
SARKAR, S; GUPTA, A; BISWAS, R; DEB, A; GREENLEAF, J; SENGUPTA, A (1 May 2005). "Well-head arsenic removal units in remote villages of Indian subcontinent: Field results and performance evaluation".
1507:
66:
recommends limiting arsenic concentrations in water to 10 μg/L, although this is often an unattainable goal for many problem areas due to the difficult nature of removing arsenic from water sources.
277:
were sunk. The aid agencies later hired foreign experts who recommended treatment plants that were inappropriate to the conditions, were regularly breaking down, or were not removing the arsenic.
3626:
1146:
1132:
Khan AW et al. "Arsenic contamination in groundwater and its effect on human health with particular reference to Bangladesh." Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine. 1997. 16, 65-73.
2696:
Winkel, Lenny; Berg, Michael; Amini, Manouchehr; Hug, Stephan J.; Annette Johnson, C. (2008). "Predicting groundwater arsenic contamination in Southeast Asia from surface parameters".
453:
interdisciplinary approaches to water purification are especially important to consider, and long-lasting improvements involve larger perspectives than strict scientific approaches.
329:
have focused on sinking tube wells to provide drinking water uncontaminated by diseases, with the unforeseen side effect of exposing some people to arsenic-contaminated groundwater.
2731:
Rodríguez-Lado, Luis; Sun, Guifan; Berg, Michael; Zhang, Qiang; Xue, Hanbin; Zheng, Quanmei; Johnson, C. Annette (2013-08-23). "Groundwater Arsenic Contamination Throughout China".
2354:
1445:"Nepal: Filters to provide arsenic-free drinking water — OWSA: OneWorld South Asia - Latest news on sustainable development, features, opinions, interviews with NGO leaders and..."
290:, groundwater in 13 districts have been found to be contaminated with arsenic with quantities exceeding 0.05 mg/L. All these districts are situated close to large rivers like
1444:
1171:
Das Gupta, Ashim; Babel, Mukund Singh; Albert, Xavier; Mark, Ole (June 2005). "Water Sector of Bangladesh in the Context of Integrated Water Resources Management: A Review".
1123:
Smith AH, Lingas EO, Rahman M. "Contamination of drinking-water by arsenic in Bangladesh: a public health emergency." Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000, 78-87.
224:
519:
chemical makeup of a particular water supply. The aqueous chemistry of arsenic is complex, and may affect the removal rate that can be achieved by a particular process.
2344:
2044:
Jing, Chuanyong; Liu, Suqin; Meng, Xiaoguang (2008-01-15). "Arsenic remobilization in water treatment adsorbents under reducing conditions: Part I. Incubation study".
406:
their water. In Arizona, an estimated 35 percent of water-supply wells were put out of compliance by the new regulation; in California, the percentage was 38 percent.
2008:
1686:
Ferguson, Megan A.; Fernandez, Diego P.; Hering, Janet G. (2007). "Lowering the detection limit for arsenic: implications for a future practical quantitation limit".
668:
639:
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liver diseases. Elevated mortality rates were observed for all diseases of the circulatory system. The researchers acknowledged a need to replicate their findings.
252:
testing. This lack of precaution led to one of the largest mass poisoning of a population because the ground water used for drinking was contaminated with arsenic.
202:, found that between November 2008 and September 2009, the total intake of arsenic by the villagers correlated with the amount of water and local produce consumed.
3794:
1938:
Hashmi, Fatima; Pearce, Joshua M. (2011). "Viability of small-scale arsenic-contaminated-water purification technologies for sustainable development in Pakistan".
2368:
1037:
Diaz, Oscar Pablo; Arcos, Rafael; Tapia, Yasna; Pastene, Rubén; Velez, Dínoraz; Devesa, Vicenta; Montoro, Rosa; Aguilera, Valeska; Becerra, Miriam (2015-05-22).
1533:
1039:"Estimation of Arsenic Intake from Drinking Water and Food (Raw and Cooked) in a Rural Village of Northern Chile. Urine as a Biomarker of Recent Exposure"
3759:
428:
has long been known to have groundwater with relatively high arsenic concentrations (in excess of 0.08 mg/L). Even some surface waters, such as the
345:, where 26 percent of shallow wells failed to meet WHO standard of 10 ppb. A study by Japan International Cooperation Agency and the Environment in the
2474:
Sankar, M. Udhaya; Aigal, Sahaja; Chaudhary, Amrita; S., Anshup; M. Maliyekkal, Shihabudheen; Kumar, A. Anil; Chaudhari, Kamalesh; Pradeep, T. (2013).
840:
Mukherjee A.; Sengupta M. K.; Hossain M. A. (2006). "Arsenic contamination in groundwater: A global perspective with emphasis on the Asian scenario".
382:
The EPA studied the pros and cons of lowering the arsenic MCL for years in the late 1980s and 1990s. No action was taken until January 2001, when the
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committees that collect a local water tax for funding operations and maintenance. It has also been used to remove undesirably high concentrations of
239:
in the world. Ineffective water purification and sewage systems as well as periodic monsoons and flooding exacerbated these problems. As a solution,
1984:"Evaluation of Performance of Sono 3-Kolshi Filter for Arsenic Removal from Groundwater Using Zero Valent Iron Through Laboratory and Field Studies"
3749:
1795:"Arsenic in drinking water and cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and kidney disease in Michigan: a standardized mortality ratio analysis"
1616:
Nigra, Anne E.; Sanchez, Tiffany R.; Nachman, Keeve E.; Harvey, David E.; Chillrud, Steven N.; Graziano, Joseph H.; Navas-Acien, Ana (2017-10-22).
417:
A study of private water wells in the Appalachian mountains found that six percent of the wells had arsenic above the U.S. MCL of 0.010 mg/L.
606:, is a common form of arsenic in groundwater that is soluble, but has no net charge.) Some utilities presently use one of these methods to reduce
2926:
2899:
2891:
96:
can contaminate groundwater with arsenic, because the element typically occurs in gold-containing ores. Gold processing releases arsenic from
3681:
69:
Approximately 20 major incidents of groundwater arsenic contamination have been reported. Of these, four major incidents occurred in Asia—in
745:
Royal Geographic Society Arsenic Conference held at: Royal Geographic Society, London, England, August 29, 2007. This conference is part of
3934:
3648:
579:, which doesn't have a net charge. Effective long-term ion exchange removal of arsenic requires a trained operator to maintain the column.
3872:
575:
process, although usually on a single-home basis. Traditional anion exchange resins are effective in removing As(V), but not As(III), or
436:, sometimes exceed 0.01 mg/L arsenic, especially during low-flow periods when the river flow is dominated by groundwater discharge.
2885:
2097:
2578:"Method for preparing cellulose microstructures-templated nanocomposites with enhanced arsenic removal capacity and a purifier thereof"
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have claimed that dietary intake of arsenic adds a significant amount to total intake where contaminated water is used for irrigation.
1387:
3710:
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approved the new 10 ppb arsenic standard and its original effective date of January 2006. Many locations exceed this limit. A 2017
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is affected by arsenic-contaminated groundwater. Specifically, the La Pampa produces water containing 4–5300 microgram per liter.
3724:
326:
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1534:"Arsenic in the shallow ground waters of conterminous United States: assessment, health risks, and costs for MCL compliance"
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2015:
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administration in its final weeks promulgated a new standard of 0.01 mg/L (10 ppb) to take effect January 2006. The
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Williams, P.N.; Islam, M. R.; Adomako, E. E.; Raab, A.; Hossain, S. A.; Zhu, Y. G.; Feldmann, J.; Meharg, A. A. (2006).
2919:
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Johnston, Richard Bart; Hanchett, Suzanne; Khan, Mohidul Hoque (2010-01-01). "The socio-economics of arsenic removal".
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showed that 72% of deep wells failed to meet the WHO standard, and 12% failed to meet the Nepali standard of 50 ppb.
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2783:"Increase in Rice Grain Arsenic for Regions of Bangladesh Irrigating Paddies with Elevated Arsenic in Groundwaters"
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Hering Janet G.; Katsoyiannis Ioannis A.; Theoduloz Gerardo Ahumada; Berg Michael; Hug Stephan J. (2017-05-01).
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and therefore improve taste. A problem with both methods is the production of high-salinity waste water, called
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59:. Arsenic contamination of ground water is found in many countries throughout the world, including the US.
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3901:
2235:
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2476:"Biopolymer reinforced synthetic granular nanocomposites for affordable point-of-use water purification"
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is already used by some utilities to remove suspended solids and may be adjusted to remove arsenic.
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Nepal is subject to a serious problem with arsenic contamination. The problem is most severe in the
305:, India, water is mostly supplied from rivers, open wells, or ponds. These may be contaminated with
4081:
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3038:
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Mukherjee, Sritama; Gupte, Tanvi; Jenifer, S; Thomas, Tiju; Pradeep, Thalappil (29 December 2019).
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3734:
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Drinking Death in Groundwater: Arsenic Contamination as a Threat to Water Security for Bangladesh
2610:
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Karr, James R.; Dudley, Daniel R. (1981-01-01). "Ecological perspective on water quality goals".
933:
742:
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Mukherjee, Sritama; Gupte, Tanvi; Jenifer, S; Thomas, Tiju; Pradeep, Thalappil (December 2019).
2238:"Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water: Experiences with Technologies and Constraints in Practice"
1721:
Shiber, John G. (2005). "Arsenic in domestic well water and health in central appalachia, USA".
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Pilot Study for Removal of Arsenic from Drinking Water at the Fallon, Nevada, Naval Air Station
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Currently, large scale SAR plants are being installed in US, Malaysia, Cambodia, and Vietnam.
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31:
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8:
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Raghvan T. "Screening of Rice Cultivars for Grain Arsenic Concentration and Speciation".
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has done so, setting a maximum of 0.005 mg/L (5 ppb) for arsenic in drinking water.
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Meliker, Jaymie R; Wahl, Robert L; Cameron, Lorraine L; Nriagu, Jerome O (2007-02-02).
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166:) and their derivatives are typically encountered in arsenic contaminated ground water.
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Rodríguez-Lado L.; Sun G.; Berg M.; Zhang Q.; Xue H.; Zheng Q.; Johnson C.A. (2013).
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Contamination of drinking-water by arsenic in Bangladesh: a public health emergency
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3028:
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2300:
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1338:
763:"A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters"
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Cleanup & Success" in the World's Worst Polluted Places Report 2009. (Refer:
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Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh § Arsenic contamination of groundwater
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1762:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Engineering Research Laboratory
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1707:
1641:
1596:
1370:
314:
155:
109:
2782:
2744:
2500:
1315:
1055:
1000:
957:
506:, oxyhydroxides, and oxides form an absorbent readily attracted to arsenic.
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is a serious problem. Prior to the 1970s, Bangladesh had one of the highest
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2189:
Ratna Kumar, P; Chaudhari, Sanjeev; Khilar, Kartic C; Mahajan, S.P (2004).
2175:
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1983:
1838:
1659:
1508:"EPA announces arsenic standard for drinking water of 10 parts per billion"
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965:
918:
861:
567:
478:
383:
295:
264:
143:
113:
47:
1811:
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988:
874:
598:) can remove arsenic with a net ionic charge. (Note that arsenic oxide, As
4005:
3591:
3548:
3480:
3460:
3437:
3412:
3216:
3211:
3189:
3182:
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3109:
3079:
2935:
1756:
Rubel, F.; Hathaway, S.W.; Water Engineering Research Laboratory (1985).
1295:
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1236:
739:"Predicting the global distribution of arsenic pollution in groundwater."
429:
302:
93:
74:
39:
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Sources of Arsenic in the Verde River and Salt River Watersheds, Arizona
877:"Groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India"
853:
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3452:
3239:
3114:
3074:
2943:
2904:
1908:
1331:"Chemistry of arsenic in groundwater of Ganges-Brahmaputra river basin"
900:
839:
411:
270:
244:
232:
70:
56:
2806:
2674:
2638:
2159:
1531:
931:
85:. Locations of potentially hazardous wells have been mapped in China.
3852:
3563:
3495:
3470:
3432:
3397:
3389:
3371:
3356:
3344:
3288:
3265:
3233:
3228:
3018:
1960:
465:
A simpler and less expensive form of arsenic removal is known as the
322:
310:
274:
206:
2709:
1873:
892:
177:
3827:
3417:
3366:
3222:
3162:
2990:
2960:
2394:
Arsenic in Water: Speciation, Sources, Distribution, and Toxicology
2124:
1994:
1951:
560:
537:
and adsorption using iron coagulants. Coagulation/filtration using
134:
97:
43:
1585:"Arsenic Reductions in Drinking Water Tied to Fewer Cancer Deaths"
1470:"Arsenic in drinking water threatens up to 60 million in Pakistan"
3283:
3000:
2970:
2373:
2188:
1043:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
989:"Arsenic Hazards to Humans, Plants, and Animals from Gold Mining"
707:
502:, iron is dissolved nonstop using electricity, and the resulting
492:
433:
318:
257:
249:
195:
35:
34:
which is often due to naturally occurring high concentrations of
2866:– information and awareness raising site, focused on Bangladesh.
2847:
ATSDR - Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Arsenic Toxicity
2321:
1388:"Groundwater in 13 Districts of Bihar contaminated with Arsenic"
172:
3427:
3385:
2955:
2875:
627:
620:
240:
82:
2780:
2623:
402:
study found that this rule change led to fewer cancer deaths.
3381:
3033:
2863:
2435:
Arsenic in Water: Fundamentals of Measurement and Remediation
2278:
1293:
611:
488:
338:
291:
287:
248:
that time, standard water testing procedures did not include
199:
4000:
2432:
2391:
394:, but after some months of study, the new EPA administrator
273:, who denied the problem during the 1990s while millions of
2854:
IGRAC International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre
2137:
995:, vol. 180, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 133–165,
648:
538:
125:
103:
2730:
3278:
2117:
1615:
375:
A drinking water standard of 0.05 mg/L (equal to 50
2876:
Subterranean Arsenic Treatment Technology in West Bengal
2659:
2603:"Jeevajalam - Arsenic free drinking water - Documentary"
1792:
1170:
2345:"Can the World's Most Polluted Places Ever Be Cleaned?"
1685:
875:
Chowdhury U. K.; Biswas B. K.; Chowdhury T. R. (2000).
2473:
1147:
Bangladesh Country Water Resources Assistance Strategy
42:. It is a high-profile problem due to the use of deep
2860:– IAH publication, Netherlands National Chapter, 2008
2532:
2191:"Removal of arsenic from water by electrocoagulation"
1036:
993:
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
260:. The issue came to international attention in 1995.
1851:
1173:
International Journal of Water Resources Development
934:"Groundwater arsenic contamination throughout China"
3760:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
1251:and liver tissue (biopsy) of the affected people".
357:66% of 1200 samples tested contained arsenic above
2695:
2633:(10). American Chemical Society (ACS): 3662–3668.
1297:Arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh
614:, or concentrate, which then must be disposed of.
2768:"Toxic rice harvested in southwestern Bangladesh"
1805:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 4.
1532:Twarakavi, N. K. C.; Kaluarachchi, J. J. (2006).
760:
4068:
1674:States move forward to meet new arsenic standard
2437:. Copyright © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2396:. Copyright © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1783:, M.S. thesis, Arizona State University, Tempe.
1538:Journal of American Water Resources Association
667:In 2008, the Swiss Aquatic Research Institute,
447:
2765:
2526:
1676:, Southwest Hydrology, May/June 2002, p.18-19.
1141:
743:"Arsenic – The Geography of a Global Problem,"
626:which can oxidize arsenic from +3 to +5 state
523:water supply that meets the arsenic standard.
513:
456:
108:Arsenic contaminated water typically contains
2920:
2896:, ACDIS Occasional Paper by Mustafa Moinuddin
618:Subterranean arsenic removal (SAR) technology
420:
194:An analysis of water and food consumption in
181:This person displays some of the symptoms of
173:Contamination in specific nations and regions
3935:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
3750:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
3649:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
1937:
1421:
1375:Interview: Drinking at the west's toxic well
842:Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition
485:have been considered but not commonly used.
231:Arsenic contamination of the groundwater in
117:water, whereas arsenous acid is not ionized.
3873:United Kingdom food information regulations
2333:"World's Worst Polluted Places Report 2009"
2043:
1497:, Southwest Hydrology, May/June 2002, p.16.
1328:
729:"Arsenic in drinking water seen as threat,"
2927:
2913:
1886:
3711:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
2509:
2499:
2263:
2253:
1959:
1828:
1810:
1649:
1064:
1054:
908:
3755:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
3617:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
2934:
1294:D. G. Kinniburgh; P. L. Smedley (2001).
868:
649:Nanotechnology based arsenic remediation
176:
104:Speciation of arsenic compounds in water
18:
3725:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
2858:Arsenic in Groundwater: A World Problem
2831:American Society of Agronomy Proceeding
1582:
1300:. Keyworth: British Geological Survey.
327:non-governmental organisations in India
23:Groundwater arsenic contamination areas
4069:
3740:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
3317:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
2663:Environmental Science & Technology
2627:Environmental Science & Technology
2140:Environmental Science & Technology
1720:
986:
2908:
2900:St Andrews Prize for Environment 2010
2828:
2009:"Sono Arsenic Filter from Bangladesh"
4031:
3919:Institute for Food Safety and Health
3659:Australian meat substitution scandal
3627:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
3403:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
2242:Journal of Environmental Engineering
2111:
811:
809:
807:
761:Smedley, PL; Kinniburgh, DG (2002).
679:Researchers from Bangladesh and the
28:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
4051:
3907:Food Information and Control Agency
1405:
13:
2255:10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001225
1700:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2007.tb08010.x
1558:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb03838.x
737:See page 6 of: Peter Ravenscroft,
269:Criticism has been leveled at the
14:
4108:
3924:International Food Safety Network
3848:International Food Safety Network
3569:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
3519:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
3246:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
2888:– Arsenic Scenario of West Bengal
2881:12 Cases of Cleanup & Success
2840:
2322:12 Cases of Cleanup & Success
2215:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.12.025
1495:The history of arsenic regulation
1432:'Use surface water. Stop digging'
881:Environmental Health Perspectives
804:
674:
4050:
4040:
4030:
4021:
4020:
4009:
3999:
3929:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
3765:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
3696:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
3691:ICA meat repackaging controversy
2613:from the original on 2021-12-14.
2357:from the original on 2012-10-10.
2046:Science of the Total Environment
1583:Bakalar, Nicholas (2017-10-24).
365:
223:This section is an excerpt from
189:
133:
124:
3868:Quality Assurance International
3775:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
3745:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
3639:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
3554:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
2821:
2774:
2759:
2724:
2689:
2653:
2617:
2595:
2570:
2467:
2426:
2385:
2361:
2337:
2326:
2315:
2272:
2229:
2182:
2131:
2088:
2066:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.08.030
2037:
2001:
1976:
1931:
1880:
1845:
1786:
1773:
1749:
1714:
1679:
1666:
1609:
1576:
1525:
1500:
1488:
1462:
1437:
1434:, interview, 26 September 2004.
1380:
1364:
1322:
1287:
1243:
1207:
1126:
1111:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.10.005
500:iron electrocoagulation (Fe-EC)
3897:European Food Safety Authority
3770:Food safety incidents in China
3607:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
3574:Water fluoridation controversy
2443:10.1002/9781119300762.wsts0054
2402:10.1002/9781119300762.wsts0053
1723:Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
1081:
1030:
980:
925:
833:
754:
719:
1:
2766:Mustak Hossain (2006-07-13).
2034:– pictures with descriptions.
1779:M. Taqueer A. Qureshi (1995)
1634:10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30195-0
790:10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00018-5
747:The Cambridge Arsenic Project
713:
390:administration suspended the
370:
341:region, the worst being near
217:
212:
3902:Food and Drug Administration
3584:Food contamination incidents
2301:10.1016/j.watres.2005.04.002
2104:(in Hungarian) published by
1346:(5): 599–606. Archived from
448:Water purification solutions
7:
3956:Food and drink prohibitions
3730:Bihar school meal poisoning
3654:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
3612:1900 English beer poisoning
2966:Antibiotic use in livestock
1418:, accessed 8 November 2021.
686:
657:
514:Large-scale water treatment
457:Small-scale water treatment
352:
185:through contaminated water.
10:
4113:
3951:Curing (food preservation)
3024:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
662:
421:Case studies and incidents
222:
88:
3994:
3981:Genetically modified food
3943:
3881:
3833:Food labeling regulations
3805:
3701:2008 Chinese milk scandal
3582:
3504:
3451:
3380:
3330:
3302:
3264:
3153:
3061:
3009:
2942:
1735:10.1007/s11270-005-2832-y
1416:Arsenic in Drinking Water
1412:World Health Organization
1193:10.1080/07900620500037818
1179:(2). Routledge: 385–398.
64:World Health Organization
3843:Food safety in Australia
3039:High-fructose corn syrup
1889:Environmental Management
1622:The Lancet Public Health
1152:(Report). The World Bank
596:electrodialysis reversal
571:has long been used as a
332:
281:
46:for water supply in the
3823:Acceptable daily intake
3735:2013 horse meat scandal
3176:Clostridium perfringens
2745:10.1126/science.1237484
2501:10.1073/pnas.1220222110
1940:Sustainable Development
1056:10.3390/ijerph120505614
1001:10.1007/0-387-21729-0_3
987:Eisler, Ronald (2004),
958:10.1126/science.1237484
205:The central portion of
16:Form of water pollution
3891:Centre for Food Safety
3706:2008 Irish pork crisis
3408:Benzene in soft drinks
2852:Arsenic in groundwater
2548:10.1002/adma.201604260
608:total dissolved solids
527:Coagulation/filtration
396:Christine Todd Whitman
237:infant mortality rates
186:
24:
4097:Contaminated farmland
3913:Food Standards Agency
3863:Organic certification
3858:Nutrition facts label
3602:Esing Bakery incident
3390:environment pollution
2787:Environ. Sci. Technol
2480:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci
1812:10.1186/1476-069x-6-4
1672:Alison Bohlen (2002)
640:www.worstpolluted.org
546:Iron oxide adsorption
533:) removes arsenic by
307:communicable diseases
198:, a rural village in
180:
79:Inner Mongolia, China
32:groundwater pollution
22:
3682:2006 North American
3340:Acesulfame potassium
3169:Campylobacter jejuni
3063:Intestinal parasites
2936:Consumer food safety
2872:– at SOS-Arsenic.net
1799:Environmental Health
1329:Singh A. K. (2006).
1273:10.1039/AN9952000917
1237:10.1039/AN9952000643
1091:Applied Geochemistry
770:Applied Geochemistry
741:Paper presented at:
400:Lancet Public Health
343:Nawalparasi District
38:in deeper levels of
3986:Conspiracy theories
3539:Heterocyclic amines
3443:Shellfish poisoning
2799:2006EnST...40.4903W
2492:2013PNAS..110.8459S
2350:Scientific American
2293:2005WatRe..39.2196S
2265:20.500.11850/130544
2207:2004Chmsp..55.1245R
2152:2012EnST...46..986V
2058:2008ScTEn.389..188J
1901:1981EnMan...5...55K
1866:2010NatGe...3....2J
1550:2006JAWRA..42..275T
1265:1995Ana...120..917D
1229:1995Ana...120..643C
1185:2005IJWRD..21..385D
1103:2005ApGC...20..989S
950:2013Sci...341..866R
782:2002ApGC...17..517S
467:Sono arsenic filter
392:midnight regulation
325:. Since the 1970s,
3644:Toxic oil syndrome
3597:Swill milk scandal
3423:Diethylstilbestrol
3095:Diphyllobothriasis
2100:2012-04-17 at the
1909:10.1007/BF01866609
1589:The New York Times
1572:on 5 January 2013.
1428:The Times of India
698:Grainger challenge
187:
75:West Bengal, India
50:, causing serious
25:
4064:
4063:
3971:Food preservation
3780:Foodborne illness
3332:Sugar substitutes
3085:Cryptosporidiosis
3067:parasitic disease
2981:HGH controversies
2948:food contaminants
2886:www.wbphed.gov.in
2807:10.1021/es060222i
2793:(16): 4903–4908.
2739:(6148): 866–868.
2698:Nature Geoscience
2675:10.1021/es702859e
2669:(10): 3669–3675.
2639:10.1021/es071958y
2381:on July 17, 2012.
2287:(10): 2196–2206.
2160:10.1021/es201913a
2108:on 15 April 2012.
2095:Newspaper article
1854:Nature Geoscience
1628:(11): e513–e521.
1145:(December 2005).
1010:978-0-387-21729-1
944:(6148): 866–868.
734:, 30 August 2007.
703:Toxic heavy metal
693:Arsenic poisoning
555:Activated alumina
504:ferric hydroxides
483:activated alumina
377:parts per billion
183:arsenic poisoning
52:arsenic poisoning
4104:
4054:
4053:
4044:
4034:
4033:
4024:
4023:
4016:Drink portal
4014:
4013:
4012:
4004:
4003:
3915:(United Kingdom)
3664:Jack in the Box
3635:
3622:Minamata disease
3534:Food irradiation
3514:4-Hydroxynonenal
3362:Sodium cyclamate
3205:Escherichia coli
3197:Escherichia coli
2929:
2922:
2915:
2906:
2905:
2835:
2834:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2513:
2503:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2377:. Archived from
2365:
2359:
2358:
2341:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2257:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2201:(9): 1245–1252.
2186:
2180:
2179:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2115:
2109:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2014:. Archived from
2013:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1988:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1832:
1814:
1790:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1729:(1–4): 327–341.
1718:
1712:
1711:
1683:
1677:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1653:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1568:. Archived from
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1441:
1435:
1425:
1419:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1392:Biharprabha News
1384:
1378:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1352:
1335:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1151:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1068:
1058:
1049:(5): 5614–5633.
1034:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
984:
978:
977:
929:
923:
922:
912:
872:
866:
865:
837:
831:
830:
828:
827:
813:
802:
801:
767:
758:
752:
723:
577:arsenic trioxide
347:Kathmandu Valley
137:
128:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4082:Water chemistry
4077:Water pollution
4067:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4010:
4008:
4006:Food portal
3998:
3990:
3939:
3877:
3838:Food libel laws
3801:
3629:
3578:
3544:Modified starch
3506:Food processing
3500:
3447:
3376:
3326:
3322:Sodium benzoate
3298:
3260:
3255:Vibrio cholerae
3149:
3120:Gnathostomiasis
3105:Fasciolopsiasis
3057:
3005:
2996:Mercury in fish
2938:
2933:
2864:SOS-Arsenic.net
2843:
2838:
2826:
2822:
2779:
2775:
2764:
2760:
2729:
2725:
2710:10.1038/ngeo254
2694:
2690:
2658:
2654:
2622:
2618:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2587:
2585:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2531:
2527:
2486:(21): 8459–64.
2472:
2468:
2453:
2431:
2427:
2412:
2390:
2386:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2316:
2277:
2273:
2248:(5): 03117002.
2234:
2230:
2187:
2183:
2136:
2132:
2116:
2112:
2102:Wayback Machine
2093:
2089:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1936:
1932:
1885:
1881:
1874:10.1038/ngeo735
1850:
1846:
1791:
1787:
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1774:
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1754:
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1719:
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1614:
1610:
1601:
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1517:
1515:
1506:
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1493:
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1479:
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1356:
1354:
1350:
1339:Current Science
1333:
1327:
1323:
1308:
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1244:
1212:
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1169:
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1097:(5): 989–1016.
1086:
1082:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1021:
1011:
985:
981:
930:
926:
893:10.2307/3454378
873:
869:
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825:
823:
815:
814:
805:
765:
759:
755:
724:
720:
716:
689:
677:
665:
660:
651:
605:
601:
591:electrodialysis
585:reverse osmosis
573:water softening
535:coprecipitation
529:(also known as
516:
508:Current density
475:reverse osmosis
459:
450:
423:
373:
368:
355:
335:
284:
279:
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228:
220:
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4028:
4018:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3961:Food marketing
3958:
3953:
3947:
3945:
3944:Related topics
3941:
3940:
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3792:
3787:
3777:
3772:
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3762:
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3588:
3586:
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3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3529:Food additives
3526:
3521:
3516:
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3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
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3377:
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3276:
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3214:
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3179:
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3159:
3157:
3155:Microorganisms
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3125:Paragonimiasis
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3090:Cyclosporiasis
3087:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3011:Food additives
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2986:Lead poisoning
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2940:
2939:
2932:
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2855:
2849:
2842:
2841:External links
2839:
2837:
2836:
2820:
2773:
2758:
2723:
2704:(8): 536–542.
2688:
2652:
2616:
2594:
2582:Google Patents
2569:
2542:(7): 1604260.
2525:
2466:
2451:
2425:
2410:
2384:
2360:
2336:
2325:
2314:
2281:Water Research
2271:
2228:
2181:
2146:(2): 986–994.
2130:
2125:10.2172/982898
2110:
2087:
2052:(1): 188–194.
2036:
2032:(102 KiB)
2000:
1975:
1952:10.1002/sd.414
1946:(4): 223–234.
1930:
1879:
1844:
1785:
1772:
1748:
1713:
1678:
1665:
1608:
1575:
1544:(2): 275–294.
1524:
1499:
1487:
1474:Science | AAAS
1461:
1447:Archived from
1436:
1420:
1404:
1379:
1363:
1321:
1306:
1286:
1259:(3): 917–925.
1242:
1223:(3): 643–651.
1206:
1163:
1143:The World Bank
1134:
1125:
1116:
1080:
1029:
1009:
979:
924:
887:(4): 393–397.
867:
848:(2): 142–163.
832:
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776:(5): 517–568.
753:
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695:
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685:
681:United Kingdom
676:
675:Dietary intake
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621:SAR Technology
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3966:Food politics
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3931:(South Korea)
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3714:
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3304:Preservatives
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3292:
3290:
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3135:Toxoplasmosis
3133:
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3046:Vegetable oil
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2784:
2777:
2770:. SciDev.Net.
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2452:9781119300762
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2106:Magyar Nemzet
2103:
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2096:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2075:
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2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2021:on 2012-02-06
2017:
2010:
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1471:
1465:
1451:on 2012-08-04
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1371:New Scientist
1367:
1353:on 2013-05-05
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366:United States
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246:
242:
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226:
210:
208:
203:
201:
197:
190:South America
184:
179:
157:
156:arsenous acid
145:
136:
127:
118:
115:
111:
110:arsenous acid
101:
99:
98:mine tailings
95:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
67:
65:
60:
58:
53:
49:
45:
41:
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30:is a form of
29:
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3976:Food quality
3883:Institutions
3717:
3683:
3674:
3665:
3549:Nitrosamines
3402:
3312:Benzoic acid
3274:Chlorpyrifos
3253:
3247:
3238:
3221:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3181:
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3167:
3145:Trichuriasis
3130:Toxocariasis
3100:Enterobiasis
2976:Formaldehyde
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2701:
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2655:
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2606:
2597:
2586:. Retrieved
2584:. 2017-12-28
2581:
2572:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2434:
2428:
2393:
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2379:the original
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2363:
2348:
2339:
2328:
2317:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2198:
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2139:
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2090:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2023:. Retrieved
2016:the original
2003:
1978:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1895:(1): 55–68.
1892:
1888:
1882:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1780:
1775:
1764:. Retrieved
1758:
1751:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1694:(8): 92–98.
1691:
1688:Journal AWWA
1687:
1681:
1673:
1668:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1600:. Retrieved
1588:
1578:
1570:the original
1541:
1537:
1527:
1516:. Retrieved
1514:. 2001-11-01
1511:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1480:11 September
1478:. Retrieved
1476:. 2017-08-23
1473:
1464:
1453:. Retrieved
1449:the original
1439:
1423:
1407:
1397:25 September
1395:. Retrieved
1391:
1382:
1377:31 May 2006.
1366:
1355:. Retrieved
1348:the original
1343:
1337:
1324:
1296:
1289:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1154:. Retrieved
1137:
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1090:
1083:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1022:, retrieved
992:
982:
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937:
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880:
870:
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820:
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721:
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632:
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566:
565:
553:
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543:
531:flocculation
526:
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521:
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473:dioxide) or
471:
464:
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424:
416:
408:
404:
399:
381:
374:
356:
336:
300:
285:
271:aid agencies
265:Ganges Delta
262:
254:
230:
204:
193:
144:Arsenic acid
114:arsenic acid
107:
92:
68:
61:
48:Ganges Delta
27:
26:
4056:WikiProject
3893:(Hong Kong)
3630: [
3592:Devon colic
3466:Breast milk
3438:Nonylphenol
3413:Bisphenol A
3350:controversy
3217:Hepatitis E
3212:Hepatitis A
3190:Enterovirus
3183:Cronobacter
3140:Trichinosis
3110:Fasciolosis
3080:Anisakiasis
3051:controversy
2944:Adulterants
2195:Chemosphere
821:www.who.int
430:Verde River
303:West Bengal
94:Gold mining
40:groundwater
4071:Categories
3807:Regulation
3790:death toll
3559:Shortening
3524:Acrylamide
3453:Food fraud
3433:Mycotoxins
3266:Pesticides
3240:Salmonella
3115:Giardiasis
3075:Amoebiasis
3019:Flavorings
2588:2024-06-29
2536:Adv. Mater
2025:2006-12-04
1993:(272
1860:(1): 2–3.
1766:2024-06-29
1602:2017-10-26
1518:2024-06-29
1512:WaterWorld
1455:2011-01-19
1357:2012-10-25
1024:2023-06-12
826:2020-11-28
714:References
412:New Jersey
371:Regulation
275:tube wells
245:World Bank
233:Bangladesh
218:Bangladesh
213:South Asia
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44:tube wells
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3815:watchdogs
3811:standards
3785:outbreaks
3686:outbreaks
3564:Trans fat
3476:Olive oil
3398:Aflatoxin
3372:Sucralose
3357:Saccharin
3345:Aspartame
3289:Malathion
3234:Rotavirus
3229:Norovirus
2753:0036-8075
2718:1752-0894
2683:0013-936X
2647:0013-936X
2564:205273753
2461:212834619
2420:214108659
2369:"Reuters"
2168:0013-936X
2074:0048-9697
1970:0968-0802
1961:1974/6828
1925:153568249
1917:0364-152X
1821:1476-069X
1743:0049-6979
1708:0003-150X
1642:2468-2667
1597:0362-4331
1566:131084177
1201:154569673
974:206548777
817:"Arsenic"
323:hepatitis
311:dysentery
207:Argentina
4087:Aquifers
4046:Cookbook
4026:Category
3828:E number
3720:outbreak
3677:outbreak
3668:outbreak
3418:Dieldrin
3367:Sorbitol
3223:Listeria
3163:Botulism
2991:Melamine
2961:Aldicarb
2815:16955884
2611:Archived
2556:27918114
2520:23650396
2355:Archived
2309:15913703
2223:15081765
2176:22132945
2098:Archived
2082:17897702
1839:17274811
1660:29250608
1316:50945325
1156:21 April
1075:26006131
1019:14561078
966:23970694
919:10811564
862:17195556
854:23499353
798:55596829
687:See also
658:Research
561:fluoride
353:Pakistan
309:such as
243:and the
4092:Arsenic
4036:Commons
3909:(Spain)
3718:E. coli
3684:E. coli
3675:E. coli
3666:E. coli
3486:Seafood
3386:poisons
3284:Lindane
3248:E. coli
3207:O157:H7
3199:O104:H4
3001:Sudan I
2971:Cyanide
2795:Bibcode
2733:Science
2607:Youtube
2511:3666696
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2203:Bibcode
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1651:5729579
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1253:Analyst
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1217:Analyst
1181:Bibcode
1099:Bibcode
1066:4454988
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910:1638054
901:3454378
778:Bibcode
708:Arsenic
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493:aquifer
434:Arizona
384:Clinton
319:cholera
315:typhoid
263:In the
258:arsenic
250:arsenic
196:Socaire
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3382:Toxins
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2560:S2CID
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1351:(PDF)
1334:(PDF)
1197:S2CID
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970:S2CID
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850:JSTOR
794:S2CID
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612:brine
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288:Bihar
282:India
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