1094:, who had been desk-bound for 20 years. On 25 July the Franco-Spanish Armada set sail northwards to take on the British fleet, with contrary winds greatly slowing its progress. It soon became apparent that the diseases which had afflicted the French had also spread to the Spanish troops. Having missed opportunities to seize two important British convoys of merchant ships from the West Indies, which reached Plymouth on 31 July, the Armada finally passed Ushant on 11 August and entered the Channel. Three days later, a five-ship squadron under American colours but consisting mostly of French ships with French crews set sail from the French port of
182:
171:
116:
1155:, waiting for a reply to d'Orvilliers' message. On 18 August a gale from the east drove them far to the west and out into the Atlantic. There was one beneficial result: as they struggled eastward again, on 25 August the French and Spanish finally learned the location of Hardy's fleet. They decided to neutralise it quickly, because they were finding it increasingly difficult to cope with sickness and a lack of food. The allies steered for the Scilly Isles with the intention of forcing a battle on the British, but Hardy attempted to dodge their move. On 31 August, under cover of fog, the British fleet slipped past
148:
137:
159:
103:
90:
1032:
1191:. For the Spanish, the expedition was an expensive waste of time. It prevented them from bringing their full force to bear on Gibraltar, which had strengthened its defences after weak early attacks and was able to successfully hold out until the end of the war. For the French, the expedition was very costly. Keeping so many ships at sea and so many troops waiting at embarkation ports for months on end was hugely expensive, and many sailors died of disease. D'Orvilliers resigned his post soon after returning to France.
1167:, and set about equipping for battle. This was a problem for the French and Spanish, who were losing men daily to sickness. French military planners also realised that if the invasion were postponed much longer, their troops would be fighting through the British autumn and winter. Accordingly, on that day the leaders of the great Armada abandoned their campaign and set sail for Brest.
1009:
with Spain on 12 April 1779, which brought Spain into the war against Great
Britain. Fearful of the consequences to their land claims in America, the Spanish did not openly support the American colonists' rebellion against British rule, but were willing to undertake direct operations against British
1054:
and numerous smaller vessels. When the French reached the rendezvous point, the
Spanish fleet was absent, the Spanish later claiming that the winds had been contrary, so d'Orvilliers had to suspend the invasion. Because the French fleet had deliberately departed from Brest before they were fully
1134:
on 15 August to join Hardy on patrol. On 16 August the French and
Spanish ships, which were sailing slowly eastwards up the Channel, received orders from France to turn around, as it had been decided by the government that the best place for the troops to land would be near
247:
690:
1194:
The French and
Spanish fleets continued joint operations afterward, primarily against isolated British garrisons in order to protect troop landings, rather than as a direct challenge to the Royal Navy. A large British convoy of 63 ships
240:
683:
233:
676:
1124:. On 14 August, the massive combined Franco-Spanish fleet came within sight of the English coast, causing a wave of alarm which quickly spread throughout the country but did not reach the Royal Navy ship
1022:
left port hastily and sailed southward, deliberately under-provisioned in order to avoid Royal Navy scrutiny and a subsequent blockade. Then, on 16 June, Spain officially declared war on Great
Britain.
1120:
Unknown to d'Orvilliers, the
British fleet was not in the Channel. Having learned that the French fleet had gone out into the Atlantic in June, Admiral Hardy was instead patrolling off the
1082:
in northern France, with 400 transport boats. The goal of the combined fleet was to put the Royal Navy out of action so that the allied army could be safely transported across the
1336:
1090:
or the nearby
British coast. At the time there were fewer than 40 Royal Navy ships of the line available in the English Channel area, under the command of the ailing 64-year-old
977:. Ultimately, no fleet battles were fought in the Channel and the Franco-Spanish invasion never materialized. This threat to Great Britain prompted comparisons to the earlier
1459:
1655:
1660:
1184:
849:
1650:
1363:
1342:
1685:
1670:
700:
1010:
interests elsewhere. Spain thus sought to regain various
European territories controlled by Britain, most notably the fortress of
1047:
141:
1434:
1288:
1139:
in
Cornwall. D'Orvilliers considered this a foolish idea, and sent a reply asking the government to reconsider. The next day
1143:
met an outlying French squadron of the great fleet, but was fooled into thinking it was
British, and was swiftly captured.
1640:
1645:
1617:
1035:
186:
225:
1469:
1321:
758:
668:
491:
966:
300:
1491:] (transcripts of French documents, with introduction) (in French), vol. 1, Caen: Goussiaume de Laporte
1018:. On 3 June 1779, in an attempt to achieve a strategic advantage by misleading the British, the French fleet at
1068:
876:
854:
163:
1386:
1163:. Remarkably, on 3 September, the completely undamaged British fleet reached the well-defended safety of the
923:
913:
1071:, who was to be subordinate to d'Orvilliers in the joint enterprise. It consisted of 36 ships of the line.
1675:
1665:
1055:
supplied, numerous problems quickly arose as the wait for the Spanish forces dragged out to several weeks.
817:
812:
1159:, and Hardy began leading his would-be opponents as far as he could towards the key British naval base of
1680:
1103:
738:
642:
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543:
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409:
295:
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258:
38:
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Hasty improvements were made to Britain's coastal defences. The first earthworks were erected on the
1006:
908:
896:
773:
605:
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511:
446:
290:
17:
1001:, the French were certain that they could have triumphed if their force had been larger. France had
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958:
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in north-west Spain, in order to begin an invasion of Britain. The French fleet was commanded by
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481:
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285:
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538:
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also broke out. It was not until 22 July that the Spanish fleet finally arrived, commanded by
152:
1176:
1098:, heading northward towards Ireland as a diversion. This diversionary fleet was commanded by
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553:
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486:
414:
305:
1501:
807:
778:
558:
526:
471:
436:
8:
1042:
The plan was for the French fleet to meet a Spanish fleet off the Sisargas Islands, near
946:
844:
800:
627:
431:
107:
891:
1606:
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832:
652:
476:
255:
698:
1613:
1465:
1317:
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1125:
1031:
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942:
583:
573:
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451:
147:
136:
95:
1416:
1442:
1051:
1014:, the possession of which effectively controlled access to trade in and out of the
622:
362:
1278:
1099:
1083:
61:
978:
1038:
was in command of the British land forces who prepared to resist the invasion.
949:
naval enterprise intended to divert British military assets, primarily of the
1629:
1204:
1156:
1091:
1087:
1019:
970:
175:
1187:
in the early nineteenth century.) In addition, Fort Gillkicker was built at
1121:
1534:
1095:
998:
1043:
1188:
1160:
1106:. Jones was an American captain with a fearsome reputation in Britain.
1074:
Meanwhile, an army of over 40,000 men was slowly being gathered around
994:
974:
950:
1596:
The Other Armada: The Franco-Spanish attempt to invade Britain in 1779
1539:
The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American Independence
1011:
1199:
in 1780. Notable exceptions were the unsuccessful commitment to the
1152:
1131:
1079:
1075:
1064:
1164:
1060:
1059:
weakened the crew, and in the hot, crowded conditions on board
1056:
1180:
158:
102:
1341:(heritage factsheet), White Cliffs Country, archived from
1308:
John Paul Jones: Sailor, Hero, Father of the American Navy
1489:
The government of Normandy at the 17th and 18th centuries
1485:
Le gouvernement de Normandie au XVIIe et au XVIIIe siècle
702:
Battles involving Spain in the American Revolutionary War
1207:
in August 1781, which was not part of an invasion plan.
1518:
History of the War of Independence of the United States
1258:
1216:
1514:
Histoire de la Guerre de l'Indépendance des États Unis
1248:
1246:
1233:
1231:
1359:
Refortification of Gilkicker Point, near Portsmouth
1243:
1228:
1605:
1305:
1183:. (These were later expanded as a defence against
1520:] (in French) (rev. ed.), Paris: Anselin
1627:
1283:, Chicago, IL: Univ. Chicago Press, p. 73,
1109:
1461:Spain and the Independence of the United States
1312:, New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, pp.
1086:, (La Manche), and set up a base on either the
112:
22:Franco-Spanish naval enterprise against Britain
1656:Cancelled military operations involving France
1556:Invasion: From the Armada to Hitler, 1588–1945
1050:, who had also led at Ushant, and included 30
1661:Cancelled military operations involving Spain
1598:, Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press
684:
241:
1579:Historia del reinado de Carlos III en España
973:and then capture the British naval base of
691:
677:
248:
234:
1593:
1563:
1507:
1264:
1222:
1005:in February 1778 and additionally signed
1280:The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History
1030:
86:
1572:
1478:
1276:
1628:
1553:
1457:
1303:
1252:
1203:, and another abortive pursuit of the
1197:was captured by a Franco-Spanish fleet
1151:The Franco-Spanish allies hovered off
965:. This action was a part of the wider
1603:
1532:
1385:Selig, Robert A; et al. (1999),
1384:
1237:
969:. The proposed plan was to seize the
672:
229:
1366:from the original on 25 October 2009
1651:Military campaigns involving France
1393:, Connecticut Historical Commission
13:
1026:
14:
1697:
1594:Patterson, Alfred Temple (1960),
1146:
839:Louisiana and Northwest Territory
1573:del Río, Antonio Ferrer (1856),
1566:The War of American Independence
1003:allied itself with the Americans
180:
169:
157:
146:
135:
114:
101:
88:
1671:Invasions of the United Kingdom
1508:Leboucher, Odet-Julien (1830),
1479:Hippeau, Célestin, ed. (1863),
1408:
217:8,000 dead or sick from disease
1378:
1350:
1329:
1297:
1270:
1:
1686:Anglo-Spanish War (1779–1783)
1581:, vol. 3, Madrid: Matute
1533:Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1913),
1210:
1110:Action against the Royal Navy
984:
1558:, Routledge & Kegan Paul
1170:
993:in 1778 between the British
967:Anglo-French War (1778–1783)
7:
1564:Middleton, Richard (2012),
1185:Napoleon's planned invasion
10:
1702:
1641:American Revolutionary War
1464:, UNM Press, p. 138,
1277:Hopkins, Donald R (2002),
1113:
963:American Revolutionary War
260:American Revolutionary War
39:American Revolutionary War
15:
1646:Military history of Spain
1391:Rochambeau in Connecticut
712:
271:
211:
192:
164:Luis de Córdova y Córdova
128:
80:
44:
36:
31:
18:Invasion of Jersey (1779)
1604:Regan, Geoffrey (2012),
1201:Great Siege of Gibraltar
1116:Action of 17 August 1779
959:Kingdom of Great Britain
492:Demerara & Essequibo
275:Europe and Mediterranean
1458:Chavez, Thomas (2002),
1554:McLynn, Frank (1987),
1039:
129:Commanders and leaders
52:June to September 1779
1541:, London: Sampson Low
1304:Thomas, Evan (2003),
1034:
989:After the indecisive
212:Casualties and losses
1608:Great Naval Blunders
1445:on 30 September 2013
1104:USS Bonhomme Richard
1048:Admiral d'Orvilliers
999:French Marine Royale
203:38 ships of the line
198:66 ships of the line
1676:Invasions by France
1666:Cancelled invasions
1069:Don Luis de Córdova
789:Strait of Gibraltar
716:Europe and Atlantic
1681:Invasions by Spain
1435:"Spanish soldiers"
1102:, in the flagship
1040:
813:Lake Pontchartrain
142:Comte d'Orvilliers
1612:, Andre Deutsch,
1345:on 21 August 2009
1290:978-0-226-35168-1
1130:, which had left
1092:Sir Charles Hardy
1052:ships of the line
1016:Mediterranean Sea
953:, from other war
932:
931:
666:
665:
296:11 September 1778
224:
223:
176:Sir Charles Hardy
76:
75:
1693:
1622:
1611:
1599:
1589:
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1586:
1569:
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1548:
1546:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1474:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1441:, archived from
1439:South coast star
1429:
1428:
1426:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1373:
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1293:
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1235:
1226:
1220:
991:Battle of Ushant
957:by invading the
707:
703:
693:
686:
679:
670:
669:
522:15 February 1783
343:Cape Santa Maria
328:Flamborough Head
266:
263:Involving France
261:
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1411:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1383:
1379:
1369:
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1356:
1355:
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1338:Western Heights
1335:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1177:Western Heights
1173:
1149:
1118:
1112:
1100:John Paul Jones
1084:English Channel
1036:Jeffrey Amherst
1029:
1027:Armada Campaign
1007:a secret treaty
987:
941:was a combined
935:
934:
933:
928:
861:Central America
850:Fort St. Joseph
754:Cape Finisterre
722:English Channel
708:
706:1779–1783
705:
701:
699:
697:
667:
662:
596:2nd Long Island
554:1st Long Island
517:6 December 1782
512:18 October 1782
311:English Channel
291:20 October 1778
267:
264:
259:
257:Battles of the
256:
254:
220:1 ship captured
206:
204:
199:
179:
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168:
156:
155:
145:
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134:
115:
113:
100:
99:
89:
87:
72:British victory
64:
62:English Channel
23:
20:
12:
11:
5:
1699:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1636:1779 in France
1624:
1623:
1619:978-0233003504
1618:
1601:
1591:
1570:
1561:
1551:
1530:
1505:
1476:
1470:
1455:
1431:
1415:"The Armada",
1410:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1377:
1362:, TeamManley,
1349:
1328:
1322:
1296:
1289:
1269:
1267:, p. 147.
1265:Middleton 2012
1257:
1242:
1240:, p. 217.
1227:
1225:, p. 225.
1223:Patterson 1960
1214:
1212:
1209:
1172:
1169:
1148:
1147:Allied failure
1145:
1114:Main article:
1111:
1108:
1028:
1025:
986:
983:
979:Spanish Armada
939:Armada of 1779
930:
929:
927:
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764:Cape St. Maria
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353:13 August 1780
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32:Armada of 1779
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1471:9780826327949
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1325:
1323:0-7432-0583-9
1319:
1315:
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1309:
1300:
1292:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1255:, p. 74.
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1205:Channel Fleet
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1088:Isle of Wight
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971:Isle of Wight
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577:
576:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
533:North America
532:
531:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
442:Saint Vincent
440:
438:
437:2nd St. Lucia
435:
433:
432:1st St. Lucia
430:
428:
425:
424:
420:
419:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
398:
397:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
317:
314:
313:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
274:
273:
270:
262:
251:
246:
244:
239:
237:
232:
231:
228:
219:
216:
215:
210:
205:20,000 troops
202:
200:30,000 troops
197:
196:
191:
188:
183:
177:
172:
167:
165:
160:
154:
153:Comte de Vaux
149:
143:
138:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:Great Britain
111:
109:
104:
97:
85:
84:
79:
71:
68:
67:
63:
59:
56:
55:
51:
48:
47:
43:
40:
35:
30:
25:
19:
1607:
1595:
1583:, retrieved
1578:
1565:
1555:
1543:, retrieved
1538:
1522:, retrieved
1517:
1513:
1493:, retrieved
1488:
1484:
1460:
1447:, retrieved
1443:the original
1438:
1423:, retrieved
1417:
1409:Bibliography
1395:, retrieved
1390:
1380:
1368:, retrieved
1358:
1352:
1343:the original
1337:
1331:
1307:
1299:
1279:
1272:
1260:
1218:
1193:
1174:
1150:
1140:
1126:
1122:Scilly Isles
1119:
1073:
1041:
988:
938:
936:
877:San Fernando
794:Cape Spartel
721:
601:Delaware Bay
544:Charles Town
539:Rhode Island
507:Mona Passage
388:Cape Spartel
338:15 June 1780
310:
281:17 June 1778
187:Lord Amherst
81:Belligerents
37:Part of the
24:
1387:"5, sect 3"
1253:McLynn 1987
961:during the
919:17 February
903:West Indies
897:Black River
882:12 December
872:Cayo Cocina
828:The Village
818:Baton Rouge
769:25 February
759:St. Vincent
749:20 November
648:Trincomalee
618:Pondicherry
612:East Indies
564:Cape Breton
502:The Saintes
487:Frigate Bay
452:2nd Grenada
447:1st Grenada
415:Porto Praya
383:Île-de-Batz
306:13 May 1779
1630:Categories
1585:6 December
1545:6 December
1524:6 December
1495:6 December
1425:6 December
1397:7 December
1370:6 December
1238:Regan 2012
1211:References
1189:Portsmouth
1161:Portsmouth
1157:Land's End
995:Royal Navy
985:Background
975:Portsmouth
951:Royal Navy
924:2nd Nassau
914:1st Nassau
909:15 January
823:1st Mobile
801:Gulf Coast
638:Batticaloa
591:Hudson Bay
579:Chesapeake
559:Cape Henry
527:Grand Turk
497:Montserrat
472:Fort Royal
462:Guadeloupe
378:3rd Ushant
373:2nd Ushant
363:2nd Jersey
301:1st Jersey
286:1st Ushant
16:See also:
1568:, Pearson
1421:, The BBC
1171:Aftermath
1012:Gibraltar
981:of 1588.
867:Río Hondo
845:St. Louis
833:Pensacola
808:Fort Bute
734:Gibraltar
633:Negapatam
628:Providien
421:Caribbean
323:Gibraltar
265:1778–1783
1502:volume 2
1364:archived
1153:Plymouth
1137:Falmouth
1132:Plymouth
1096:L'Orient
1080:St. Malo
1076:Le Havre
1065:smallpox
997:and the
955:theatres
727:Plymouth
584:Yorktown
574:Yorktown
569:Cape Ann
549:Savannah
427:Dominica
399:Atlantic
316:Plymouth
193:Strength
57:Location
1044:Corunna
947:Spanish
784:Minorca
410:Bermuda
405:Madeira
368:Minorca
1616:
1535:"4, 7"
1468:
1449:22 May
1320:
1314:160–61
1287:
1165:Solent
1141:Ardent
1127:Ardent
1061:typhus
1057:Scurvy
943:Franco
892:Roatán
774:Málaga
744:Lisbon
739:Azores
643:Pisang
623:Sadras
477:Tobago
393:Ferrol
119:
96:France
93:
69:Result
1516:[
1487:[
1181:Dover
1020:Brest
779:1 May
358:Brest
108:Spain
1614:ISBN
1587:2007
1547:2007
1526:2007
1497:2007
1466:ISBN
1451:2009
1427:2007
1418:H2G2
1399:2007
1372:2007
1318:ISBN
1285:ISBN
1078:and
1063:and
937:The
49:Date
1575:"2"
1510:"4"
1481:"4"
1179:at
1632::
1577:,
1537:,
1512:,
1500:;
1483:,
1437:,
1389:,
1316:,
1245:^
1230:^
1600:.
1590:.
1560:.
1550:.
1529:.
1504:.
1475:.
1454:.
1430:.
1402:.
1375:.
1347:.
1294:.
945:-
692:e
685:t
678:v
249:e
242:t
235:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
