Arius - Knowledge

1076:) with the Father (or one in essence with the Father), and was eternally generated from that essence of the Father. Those who instead insisted that the Son of God came after God the Father in time and substance were led by Arius the presbyter. For about two months, the two sides argued and debated, with each appealing to Scripture to justify their respective positions. Arius argued for the supremacy of God the Father, and maintained that the Son of God was simply the oldest and most beloved creature of God, made from nothing, because of being the direct offspring. Arius taught that the pre-existent Son was God's first production (the very first thing that God actually ever did in his entire eternal existence up to that point), before all ages. Thus he insisted that only God the Father had no beginning, and that the Father alone was infinite and eternal. Arius maintained that the Son had a beginning. Thus, said Arius, only the Son was directly created and begotten of God; furthermore, there was a time that he had no existence. He was capable of his own free will, said Arius, and thus "were He in the truest sense a son, He must have come after the Father, therefore the time obviously was when He was not, and hence He was a finite being." Arius appealed to Scripture, quoting verses such as John 14:28: "the Father is greater than I", as well as Colossians 1:15: "the firstborn of all creation." Thus, Arius insisted that the Father's 1472:

time when he did not exist, inasmuch as the Son is a creature and a work. That he is neither like the Father as it regards his essence, nor is by nature either the Father's true Word, or true Wisdom, but indeed one of his works and creatures, being erroneously called Word and Wisdom, since he was himself made of God's own Word and the Wisdom which is in God, whereby God both made all things and him also. Wherefore he is as to his nature mutable and susceptible of change, as all other rational creatures are: hence the Word is alien to and other than the essence of God; and the Father is inexplicable by the Son, and invisible to him, for neither does the Word perfectly and accurately know the Father, neither can he distinctly see him. The Son knows not the nature of his own essence: for he was made on our account, in order that God might create us by him, as by an instrument; nor would he ever have existed, unless God had wished to create us.

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true God, but divine by participation, like all others to whom the name of God is attributed. He added, that he was not the substantial Word of the Father, and his proper wisdom, by which he had made all things, but that he was himself made by the eternal wisdom ; that he is foreign in every thing from the substance of the Father; that we were not made for him, but he for us, when it was the pleasure of God, who was before alone, to create us that he was made by the will of God, as others are, having no previous existence at all, since he is not a proper and natural production of the Father, but an effect of his grace. The father, he continued, is invisible to the Son, and the Son cannot know him perfectly ; nor, indeed, can he know his own substance.

1672: 1668:. This second passage, entirely in irregular verse, seems to be a direct quotation or a compilation of quotations; it may have been written by someone other than Athanasius, perhaps even a person sympathetic to Arius. This second quotation does not contain several statements usually attributed to Arius by his opponents, is in metrical form, and resembles other passages that have been attributed to Arius. It also contains some positive statements about the Son. But although these quotations seem reasonably accurate, their proper context is lost, so their place in Arius's larger system of thought is impossible to reconstruct. 790:(Great Persecution) of AD 303–313 was Rome's final attempt to limit the expansion of Christianity across the empire. That persecution came to an end when Christianity was legalized with Galerius' Edict of Toleration in 311 followed by Constantine's Edict of Milan in 313, after Emperor Constantine himself had become a Christian. The Arian Controversy began only 5 years later in 318 when Arius, who was in charge of one of the churches in Alexandria, publicly criticized his bishop Alexander for "carelessness in blurring the distinction of nature between the Father and the Son by his emphasis on eternal generation". 643:, who stated that "Arius' role in 'Arianism' was not that of the founder of a sect. It was not his individual teaching that dominated the mid-century eastern Church." Richard Hanson writes that Arius' specific espousal of subordinationist theology brought "into unavoidable prominence a doctrinal crisis which had gradually been gathering He was the spark that started the explosion. But in himself he was of no great significance." The association between Arius and the theology titled after him has been argued to be a creation "based on the polemic of Nicene writers" such as Athanasius of Alexandria, a Homoousian. 1188: 1180:

over him, and together with the evacuations his bowels protruded, followed by a copious hemorrhage, and the descent of the smaller intestines: moreover portions of his spleen and liver were brought off in the effusion of blood, so that he almost immediately died. The scene of this catastrophe still is shown at Constantinople, as I have said, behind the shambles in the colonnade: and by persons going by pointing the finger at the place, there is a perpetual remembrance preserved of this extraordinary kind of death.

49: 1311: 869:"Eusebius certainly was a man of strong character and great ability" (page 29). "It was he who virtually took charge of the affairs of the Greek speaking Eastern Church from 328 until his death" (page 29). He encouraged the spread of the Christian faith beyond the frontiers of the Roman Empire. The version of the Christian faith which the missionaries spread was that favoured by Eusebius and not Athanasius. This serves as evidence of his zeal." 468: 4365: 832:, wrote that Arius derived his theology from Lucian. The express purpose of the letter was to complain about the doctrines that Arius was spreading, but his charge of heresy against Arius is vague and unsupported by other authorities. Furthermore, Alexander's language, like that of most controversialists in those days, is quite bitter and abusive. Moreover, even Alexander never accused Lucian of having taught Arianism. 4299: 991: 946:"Many summary accounts present the Arian controversy as a dispute over whether or not Christ was divine." "It is misleading to assume that these controversies were about 'the divinity of Christ'." "Many fourth-century theologians (including some who were in no way anti-Nicene) made distinctions between being 'God' and being 'true God' that belie any simple account of the controversy in these terms." 878:"Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea in Palestine was certainly an early supporter of Arius." "He was universally acknowledged to be the most scholarly bishop of his day." "Eusebius of Caesarea ... was one of the most influential authors of the fourth century." "Neither Arius nor anti-Arians speak evil of him." "He was made bishop of Caesarea about 313, (and) attended the Council of Nicaea in 325." 1264:, that is, to make it understood more exactly, as to 'coessential', or what is called, 'like-in-essence', there ought to be no mention of any of these at all, nor exposition of them in the Church, for this reason and for this consideration, that in divine Scripture nothing is written about them, and that they are above men's knowledge and above men's understanding. 1620:, and his confession to Constantine. In addition, several letters addressed by others to Arius survive, together with brief quotations contained within the polemical works of his opponents. These quotations are often short and taken out of context, and it is difficult to tell how accurately they quote him or represent his true thinking. 1064:, 22 bishops, led by Eusebius of Nicomedia, came as supporters of Arius. Nonetheless, when some of Arius's writings were read aloud, they are reported to have been denounced as blasphemous by most participants. Those who upheld the notion that Christ was co-eternal and consubstantial with the Father were led by the bishop 817:, condemned it, and then argued that "if the Father begat the Son, he that was begotten had a beginning of existence: and from this it is evident, that there was a time when the Son was not. It therefore necessarily follows, that he had his substance from nothing." This quote describes the essence of Arius's doctrine. 706:"A great deal of recent work seeking to understand Arian spirituality has, not surprisingly, helped to demolish the notion of Arius and his supporters as deliberate radicals, attacking a time-honoured tradition." "Arius was a committed theological conservative; more specifically, a conservative Alexandrian." 1447:, Jesus, the highest-order spirit that has ever incarnated on Earth, is distinct from God, by whom he was created. Jesus is not considered God or part of God as in Nicene Christianity, but nonetheless the ultimate model of human love, intelligence, and forgiveness, often cited as the governor of Earth. 1471:

That God was not always the Father, but that there was a period when he was not the Father; that the Word of God was not from eternity, but was made out of nothing; for that the ever-existing God ('the I AM'—the eternal One) made him who did not previously exist, out of nothing; wherefore there was a

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In addition, if any writing composed by Arius should be found, it should be handed over to the flames, so that not only will the wickedness of his teaching be obliterated, but nothing will be left even to remind anyone of him. And I hereby make a public order, that if someone should be discovered to

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to investigate and, if possible, resolve the controversy. Hosius was armed with an open letter from the Emperor: "Wherefore let each one of you, showing consideration for the other, listen to the impartial exhortation of your fellow-servant." However, as the debate continued to rage despite Hosius's

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That God has not always been a Father, and that there was a time when the Son was not ; that the Son is a creature like the others ; that he is mutable by his nature; that by his free will he chose to remain virtuous, but that he might change like others. He said that Jesus Christ was not

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The homoousian party's victory at Nicaea was short-lived, however. Despite Arius' exile and the alleged finality of the Council's decrees, the Arian controversy recommenced at once. When Bishop Alexander died in 327, Athanasius succeeded him, despite not meeting the age requirements for a hierarch.

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is erected, a terror arising from the remorse of conscience seized Arius, and with the terror a violent relaxation of the bowels: he therefore enquired whether there was a convenient place near, and being directed to the back of Constantine's Forum, he hastened thither. Soon after a faintness came

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in 335 (though he was later recalled), and the Synod of Jerusalem the following year restored Arius to communion. The emperor directed Alexander of Constantinople to receive Arius, despite the bishop's objections; Bishop Alexander responded by earnestly praying that Arius might perish before this

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Eusebius of Nicomedia "was a supporter of Arius as long as Arius lived." "The conventional picture of Eusebius is of an unscrupulous intriguer." "This is of course because our knowledge of Eusebius derives almost entirely from the evidence of his bitter enemies." Hanson mentions several instances

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It was then Saturday, and Arius was expecting to assemble with the church on the day following: but divine retribution overtook his daring criminalities. For going out of the imperial palace, attended by a crowd of Eusebian partisans like guards, he paraded proudly through the midst of the city,

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Arius emphasized the supremacy and uniqueness of God the Father, meaning that the Father alone is infinite and eternal and almighty, and that therefore the Father's divinity must be greater than the Son's. Arius maintained that the Son possessed neither the eternity nor the true divinity of the

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in one sense, while Bishop Alexander undertook its defense in another. Although the controversy seemed to be leaning toward the opinions later championed by Arius, no firm decision had been made on the subject; in an atmosphere so intellectual as that of Alexandria, the debate seemed bound to

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is by Hans-Georg Opitz. A translation of this fragment has been made by Aaron J. West, but based not on Opitz' text but on a previous edition: "When compared to Opitz' more recent edition of the text, we found that our text varies only in punctuation, capitalization, and one variant reading

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Still committed to pacifying the conflict between Arians and Trinitarians, Constantine gradually became more lenient toward those whom the Council of Nicaea had exiled. Though he never repudiated the council or its decrees, the emperor ultimately permitted Arius (who had taken refuge in

1110:, meaning "consubstantial", or "one in essence", which was incompatible with Arius's beliefs. On June 19, 325, council and emperor issued a circular to the churches in and around Alexandria: Arius and two of his unyielding partisans (Theonas and Secundus) were deposed and exiled to 1350:

until the beginning of the eighth century, when their kingdoms succumbed to the adjacent Niceans or they accepted Nicean Christianity. Arians continued to exist in North Africa, Spain and portions of Italy until they were finally suppressed during the sixth and seventh centuries.

1651:, even if he did not exist eternally (lines 20–23); and endeavors to explain the ultimate incomprehensibility of the Father to the Son (lines 33–39). The two available references from this work are recorded by his opponent Athanasius: the first is a report of Arius's teaching in 1466:

In explaining his actions against Arius, Alexander of Alexandria wrote a letter to Alexander of Constantinople and Eusebius of Nicomedia (where the emperor was then residing), detailing the errors into which he believed Arius had fallen. According to Alexander, Arius taught:

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However, because Origen's theological speculations were often proffered to stimulate further inquiry rather than to put an end to any given dispute, both Arius and his opponents were able to invoke the authority of this revered (at the time) theologian during their debate.

729:"The Thalia is Arius' only known theological work" but "we do not possess a single complete and continuous text." We only have extracts from it in the writings of Arius' enemies, "mostly from the pen of Athanasius of Alexandria, his bitterest and most prejudiced enemy." 732:

Emperor Constantine ordered their burning while Arius was still living but R.P.C. Hanson concluded that so little survived because "the people of his day, whether they agreed with him or not, did not regard him (Arius) as a particularly significant writer."

1009:. By the time Bishop Alexander finally acted against Arius, Arius's doctrine had spread far beyond his own see; it had become a topic of discussion—and disturbance—for the entire Church. The Church was now a powerful force in the Roman world, with Emperors 1068:. Athanasius was not allowed to sit in on the Council because he was only an arch-deacon. However, Athanasius is seen as doing the legwork and concluded (according to Bishop Alexander's defense of Athanasian Trinitarianism and also according to the 929:"Arius probably inherited some terms and even some ideas from Origen, ... he certainly did not adopt any large or significant part of Origen's theology." "He was not without influence from Origen, but cannot seriously be called an Origenist." 682:

Arius' views have always been "represented as ... some hopelessly defective form of belief." Contrary to this view, Rowan Williams recently concluded that Arius is "a thinker and exegete of resourcefulness, sharpness and originality."

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have hidden a writing composed by Arius, and not to have immediately brought it forward and destroyed it by fire, his penalty shall be death. As soon as he is discovered in this offense, he shall be submitted for capital punishment

1985: 1053:, who would become the champion of the Trinitarian view ultimately adopted by the council and spend most of his life battling Arianism. Before the main conclave convened, Hosius initially met with Alexander and his supporters at 672:, "who had an outward appearance of piety, and ... was eager to be a teacher." However, after several pages of detailed analysis, Williams concludes that "the Melitian Arius ... melt(s) away under close investigation." 1146:) and many of his adherents to return to their homes, once Arius had reformulated his Christology to mute the ideas found most objectionable by his critics. Athanasius was exiled following his condemnation by the 1118:, Eusebius of Nicomedia and Maris of Chalcedon—affixed their signatures solely out of deference to the emperor. The following is part of the ruling made by the emperor denouncing Arius's teachings with fervor. 965:

The Bishop of Alexandria exiled the presbyter following a council of local priests. Arius's supporters vehemently protested. Numerous bishops and Christian leaders of the era supported his cause, among them

881:"We cannot accordingly describe Eusebius (of Caesarea) as a formal Arian in the sense that he knew and accepted the full logic of Arius, or of Asterius' position. But undoubtedly, he approached it nearly." 1916:

was written in anapestic meter, and edited the fragment to show what it would look like in anapests with different line-breaks. Hanson based his translation of this fragment directly on Stead's text.

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which in our twentieth-century world it has acquired ... viz. the one and sole true God. The word could apply to many gradations of divinity and was not as absolute to Athanasius as it is to us."

4445: 893:, widely regarded as the first great theologian of Christianity. However, while both agreed on the subordination of the Son to the Father, and Arius drew support from Origen's theories on the 1102:, debate at the council became so heated that at one point, Nicholas struck Arius across the face. The majority of the bishops ultimately agreed upon a creed, known thereafter as the 1292:

in 381 that condemned Arius anew while reaffirming and expanding the Nicene Creed. This generally ended the influence of Arianism among the non-Germanic peoples of the Roman Empire.

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The controversy had spread from Alexandria into almost all the African regions and was considered a disturbance of the public order by the Roman Empire. (Eusebius of Caesarea in

632:, described as "a deliberately anti-Arian document." Nevertheless, despite concerted opposition, Arian churches persisted for centuries throughout Europe (especially in various 3164: 3021: 1635:(literally, 'festivity', 'banquet'), a popularized work combining prose and verse and summarizing his views on the Logos, survives in quoted fragmentary form. In the 1490:

God has not always been Father; there was a moment when he was alone, and was not yet Father: later he became so. The Son is not from eternity; he came from nothing.

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Very little of Arius' writing has survived. "As far as his own writings go, we have no more than three letters, (and) a few fragments of another." The three are:

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kingdoms), the Middle East, and North Africa. They were suppressed by military conquest or by voluntary royal conversion between the fifth and seventh centuries.

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tendency, though—as events showed—this was on account of its scope not having been satisfactorily defined. In the discussion which followed Paul's deposition,

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It is traditionally taught that Arius had wide support in the areas of the Roman Empire. But it now seems his supporters were limited to Egypt and Alexandria:

4450: 4470: 665:-disciple of Lucian." But Williams questions whether "we should assume from the one word in Arius' letter that he had actually been Lucian's student." 1994:, p. 44, "Arius, who was born in Libya, was a respected ascetic and presbyter at the church of the Baucalis in Alexandria and was the founder of 1346:

was consecrated a bishop by Eusebius of Nicomedia and sent to missionize his people. His success ensured the survival of Arianism among the Goths and

1045:, himself too aged to attend, sent two priests as his delegates. Arius himself attended the council, as did his bishop, Alexander. Also there were 907:

of the Son by the Father." To contrast this with what Arius taught, Hanson states that Arius taught that 'there was a time when he did not exist'."

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by his opponents. In contrast, some contemporaries of Arius asserted that the circumstances of his death were a miraculous consequence of Arius's

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A Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the Principal Sects a.d Heresies

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Hanson says that "Arius very probably had at some time studied with Lucian of Antioch" because he refers to somebody else as "truly a

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The death of Arius did not end the Arian controversy, which would not be settled for centuries in some parts of the Christian world.

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in their Christology, seeing Jesus as a distinctive moral figure but not equal or eternal with God the Father; or they may follow

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It is traditional to claim that Arius was a deliberate radical, breaking away from the 'orthodoxy' of the church fathers. However:

3352:"Division begins in the Church from this Controversy; and Alexander Bishop of Alexandria excommunicates Arius and his Adherents." 4309: 2086:

The World's Greatest Religious Leaders [2 volumes]: How Religious Figures Helped Shape World History [2 volumes]

1244:(of similar substance), that both were non-biblical; and that the Father is greater than the Son, a confession later dubbed the 2977: 3269: 3156: 4405: 4390: 4203: 4147: 4105: 4084: 4022: 3961: 3940: 3918: 3897: 3878: 3857: 3813: 3762: 2293: 2094: 852:

appears ... to have circulated only in Alexandria; what is known of him elsewhere seems to stem from Athanasius' quotations."

3029: 2898: 2592: 1083: 813:, gave a sermon stating the similarity of the Son to the Father. Arius interpreted Alexander's speech as being a revival of 3320: 2510: 4465: 17: 2814: 2795: 620:

to remove theological divisions between opposing sects within the Church. Arius's theology was a prominent topic at the

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blames him for using such terminology. Dionysius responded with an explanation widely interpreted as vacillating. The

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Hanson refers several times to Origen's teaching that the Son always existed, for example, "Origen's doctrine of the

3197: 3107: 3394: 359: 3130: 1057:. The council was presided over by the emperor himself, who participated in and even led some of its discussions. 4460: 1540:, the Bishop of Alexandria, used much the same language as Arius did later, and correspondence survives in which 1436:'s logic of Universal Salvation, and thus potentially affirm the Trinity, but assert that all are already saved. 1289: 686:

Although his character has been severely assailed by his opponents, Arius appears to have been a man of personal

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was greater than the Son's, and that the Son was under God the Father, and not co-equal or co-eternal with him.

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controversy in 316, and he wanted to bring an end to the Christological dispute. To this end, the emperor sent

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The question of the exact relationship between the Father and the Son (a part of the theological science of

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movement are influenced by Arian ideas. Contemporary Unitarian Universalist Christians often may be either

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is given by G.C. Stead, and served as the basis for a translation by R.P.C. Hanson. Stead argued that the

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There are several contemporary Christian and Post-Christian denominations today that echo Arian thinking.

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sees the Son as praising the Father in heaven; Origen generally avoids language suggesting that the Son

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In the past, many writers have assumed that our Arius is the same as the Arius who was involved in the

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Arius arguing for the supremacy of God the Father, and that the Son had a beginning as a true Firstborn

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So that the son does not comprehend any of these things or have the understanding to explain them.

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that the worlds were created through him, so he must have existed before them and before all time.

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teach that the Son is a created being, and is not actually God, but rather his only-begotten Son.

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Socrates of Constantinople believed that Arius was influenced in his thinking by the teachings of

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So there is a Triad, not in equal glories. Their beings are not mixed together among themselves.

1021:. Emperor Constantine had taken a personal interest in several ecumenical issues, including the 554: 4325: 4303: 1950: 1421: 1414: 1376: 1236:

in 357. The Seventh Arian Confession (Second Sirmium Confession) held, regarding the doctrines

489: 339: 31: 3143: 1639:, Arius says that God's first thought was the creation of the Son, before all ages, therefore 639:

Arius's role as the sole originator of Arian theology has been disputed by historians such as

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Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Second Series Volume II Socrates, Sozomenus: Church Histories

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He is invisible both to things which were made through the Son, and also to the Son himself.

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Those works which have survived are quoted in the works of churchmen who denounced him as a

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The Father in his essence is a foreigner to the Son, because he exists without beginning.

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However, there was a "once" when he did not exist, before he was begotten of the Father.

1444: 1361: 1323: 1301: 1280:—himself an Arian—renewed the persecution of Nicene bishops. However, Valens's successor 1269: 1147: 1038:

from all parts of the empire to resolve this issue, possibly at Hosius's recommendation.

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Modern scholars consider that the subsequent death of Arius may have been the result of

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When Jesus Became God: The Struggle to Define Christianity During the Last Days of Rome

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He also had the support of perhaps the two most important church leaders of that time:

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It immediately follows that, although the Son did not exist, the Father was still God.

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views. The latter view was evident in the account of Arius's death by a bitter enemy,

1041:"Around 250–300 attended, drawn almost entirely from the eastern half of the empire." 748:"Athanasius, a fierce opponent of Arius ... certainly would not have stopped short of 4253: 4199: 4143: 4101: 4080: 4053: 4018: 3997: 3978: 3957: 3936: 3914: 3908: 3893: 3874: 3853: 3832: 3809: 3788: 3758: 3726: 3708: 3573: 3240: 2090: 1945: 1930: 1410:

of the Latter-day Saints differs in several significant aspects from Arian theology.

1406:(LDS Church) are sometimes accused of being Arians by their detractors. However, the 1388: 1252:

But since many persons are disturbed by questions concerning what is called in Latin

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God against the gods : the history of the war between monotheism and polytheism

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Like many third-century Christian scholars, Arius was influenced by the writings of

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Understand that the Monad was; but the Dyad was not before it came into existence.

1757:ἤγουν τριάς ἐστι δόξαις οὐχ ὁμοίαις, ἀνεπίμικτοι ἑαυταῖς εἰσιν αἱ ὑποστάσεις αὐτῶν, 1684: 1545: 1523: 1315: 1222:

for most of his lifetime, was baptized on his deathbed in 337 by the Arian bishop,

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The later Roman Empire, 284-602 : a social economic and administrative survey

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is not able to conceive of or grasp the existence of that which has no beginning.

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with most Christian theologians of the 3rd century, with the notable exception of

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Reconstructing the life and doctrine of Arius has proven to be a difficult task.

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or Word in Heaven (lines 1–9, 30–32). Arius explains how the Son could still be

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The first seven ecumenical councils (325-787) : their history and theology

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agrees that Athanasius applied "unscrupulous tactics in polemic and struggle."

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through a combination of imperial decree, persecution, and the calling of the

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The Christological debate could no longer be contained within the Alexandrian

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Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature: New - Pes

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by that power by which God is able to see, each according to his own measure,

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We worship him as timeless, in contrast to him who in time has come to exist.

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conceptions of God and Jesus. Opposition to Arianism remains embodied in the

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The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God: The Arian Controversy, 318-381

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The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God: The Arian Controversy, 318-381

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Father but was rather made "God" only by the Father's permission and power.

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attracting the notice of all the people. As he approached the place called

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Hence he is conceived in innumerable aspects. He is Spirit, Power, Wisdom,

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We praise him as without beginning in contrast to him who has a beginning.

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Nicaea and its Legacy, An Approach to Fourth-Century Trinitarian Theology

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For being Son, his existence is most certainly at the will of the Father.

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Marcellus of Ancyra And the Lost Years of the Arian Controversy 325–345

1872:

His existence from when and from whom and from then – are all from God.

1719:, line 5)." The Opitz edition with the West translation is as follows: 1372: 1073: 1050: 1030:

efforts, Constantine in AD 325 took an unprecedented step: he called a

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Retrieving Nicaea: The Development and Meaning of Trinitarian Doctrine

1824:

He who is without beginning made the Son a beginning of created things

1310: 824:, a celebrated Christian teacher and martyr. In a letter to Patriarch 3703: 2849: 1882:

For it is impossible for him to fathom the Father, who is by himself.

1846:

As far as their glories, one infinitely more glorious than the other.

1818:

We call him unbegotten, in contrast to him who by nature is begotten.

1592: 1586: 1577: 1259: 1054: 752:

what he said." "Athanasius... may be suspected of pressing the words

676: 669: 571: 568: 364: 4355: 4235:

in: Studia Patristica, XCV, p. 27-42. Peeters, 2017. Online at

2339:

Lyman, J. Rebecca (2010). "The Invention of 'Heresy' and 'Schism'".

1816:

He alone has no equal, no one similar, and no one of the same glory.

801:

reports that Arius sparked the controversy that bears his name when

4359: 4265:. "Theological Controversies and the Development of Orthodoxy". In 1995: 1935: 1854:

Hence the Son, not being came into existence by the Father's will,

1700:

is the longest extant fragment. The most commonly cited edition of

1456: 1425: 1368: 1273: 1077: 1022: 1010: 772: 719:

The confession of faith Arius presented to Alexander of Alexandria,

587: 579: 578:, and priest. He has been traditionally regarded as the founder of 374: 369: 220: 201: 167: 106: 74: 1870:

At God's will the Son has the greatness and qualities that he has.

1793:ὥστε οὐδὲν τῶν λεγομένων κατά τε κατάληψιν συνίει ἐξειπεῖν ὁ υἱός. 1556:

Arius endorsed the following doctrines about the Son or the Word (

4233:

Arius Conservativus? The Question of Arius' Theological Belonging

3743:

Select Treatises of St. Athanasius in Controversy with the Arians

1814:... And so God Himself, as he really is, is inexpressible to all. 1347: 1343: 1327: 1219: 1035: 1006: 949:"It must be understood that in the fourth century the word 'God' 698:

he spoke gently, and people found him persuasive and flattering."

655: 467: 379: 323: 97: 2290:: The Rehabilitation of Arius and the Denigration of Athanasius" 1773:επινοεῖται γοῦν μυρίαις ὅσαις ἐπινοίαις πνεῦμα, δύναμις, σοφία, 4446:

People declared heretics by the first seven ecumenical councils

4298: 3266:

A History of Unitarianism in Transylvania, England, and America

1856:

He is the Only-begotten God, and this one is alien from others

1828:

He has none of the distinct characteristics of God's own being

1795:ἀδύνατα γὰρ αὐτῷ τὸν πατέρα τε ἐξιχνιάσει, ὅς ἐστιν ἐφ' ἑαυτοῦ. 1528: 1433: 1380: 1277: 1159: 1155: 1072:

adopted at this Council) that the Son was of the same essence (

999: 890: 737: 110: 4340: 2855: 1866:

The one who is superior is able to beget one equal to the Son,

1864:

Understand that he is also conceived of as Radiance and Light.

1612:

Three surviving letters attributed to Arius are his letter to

990: 542: 2138: 1838:

I will say specifically how the invisible is seen by the Son:

1714: 1708: 1572: 1563: 1558: 1526:

was deposed in 269 for agreeing with those who used the word

1358: 1339: 1195: 78: 3539: 3537: 4218:. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing, 2018. Online at 1830:

For he is not equal to, nor is he of the same being as him.

1640: 545: 530: 527: 518: 3721: 3707:. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. January 1, 1963. 2089:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA (published 2018). p. 35. 1683:, depicting the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost present, with 1553:

resurface—and even intensify—at some point in the future.

3549: 3534: 1648: 865:

displaying Eusebius' integrity and courage and concludes:

2959: 2957: 2687: 2537: 2390: 2054: 2052: 1973: 1878:

For he is in himself what he is, that is, indescribable,

1868:

But not someone more important, or superior, or greater.

1761:ξένος τοῦ υἱοῦ κατ' οὐσίαν ὁ πατήρ, ὅτι ἄναρχος ὐπάρχει. 1658:

The second quotation appears on page 15 of the document

1284:

ended Arianism once and for all among the elites of the

4034:"The "Thalia" of Arius and the Testimony of Athanasius" 3831:(1st Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books. 3681: 3157:"Second Creed of Sirmium or "The Blasphemy of Sirmium"" 2896:

Bishop Nicholas Loses His Cool at the Council of Nicaea

2448: 2446: 2444: 2407: 2405: 2320: 2239: 2237: 2210: 2174: 1884:

For the Son himself does not even know his own essence,

1745:σοφὸς δέ ἐστιν ὁ θεός, ὅτι τῆς σοφίας διδάσκαλος αύτός. 3669: 3522: 3056: 2378: 2249: 2198: 2186: 2150: 2126: 2037: 1826:

He produced him as a son for himself by begetting him.

1522:) had been raised some fifty years before Arius, when 3784:

A History of Christendom: The Building of Christendom

3374: 3356:

The Ecclesiastical Histories of Socrates Scholasticus

3081:

The Ecclesiastical Histories of Socrates Scholasticus

3044: 3010:

The History of the Intellectual Development of Europe

2954: 2831:

Athanasius and his Influence at the Council of Nicaea

2675: 2549: 2458: 2360:

The Ecclesiastical Histories of Socrates Scholasticus

2222: 2162: 2064: 2049: 2001: 1888:

What reasoning allows, that he who is from the Father

1858:

Wisdom came to be Wisdom by the will of the Wise God.

1218:

Historians report that Constantine, who had not been

533: 27:

Cyrenaic presbyter and founder of Arianism (died 336)

4316:

website page entitled "Fourth Century Christianity".

4192:

Schaff, Philip; Wallace, Henry, eds. (1 June 2007).

4135: 3705:"Babylon the Great Has Fallen!" God's Kingdom Rules! 3135: 3133: 2791:

Athanasius, Discourse 1 Against the Arians, part 9,

2717:"The empire from Constantine the Great to Justinian" 2573: 2561: 2525: 2482: 2470: 2441: 2429: 2417: 2402: 2308: 2234: 2025: 2013: 1902:

A slightly different edition of the fragment of the

1874:

He, though strong God, praises in part his superior.

1842:

the Son can bear to see the Father, as is determined

1832:

God is wise, for he himself is the teacher of Wisdom

1763:σύνες ὅτι ἡ μονὰς ἦν, ἡ δυὰς δὲ οὐκ ἦν, πρὶν ὑπάρξῃ. 1753:τῇ δυνάμει ᾗ δύναται ὁ θεὸς ἰδεῖν· ἰδίοις τε μέτροις 1741:ἴδιον οὐδὲν ἔχει τοῦ θεοῦ καθ᾽¦ ὑπόστασιν ἰδιότητος, 1731:ἀγέννητον δὲ αὐτόν φαμεν διὰ τὸν τὴν φύσιν γεννητόν· 1727:Αὐτὸς γοῦν ὁ θεὸς καθό ἐστιν ἄρρητος ἅπασιν ὑπάρχει. 1371:

as "the successor of Arius and the precursor to the

899:, the two did not agree on everything. For example: 524: 3849:

A.D. 381: Heretics, Pagans, and the Christian State

3178: 2739: 2651: 2639: 2597:

Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church (Arian Catholic)

2261: 2114: 1805:δῆλον γὰρ ὅτι τὸ αρχὴν ἔχον, τὸν ἄναρχον, ὡς ἔστιν, 1735:ἀίδιον δὲ αὐτὸν σέβομεν διὰ τὸν ἐν χρόνοις γεγαότα. 539: 521: 3824: 2663: 2356:"The Dispute of Arius with Alexander, his Bishop." 1807:ἐμπερινοῆσαι ἢ ἐμπεριδράξασθαι οὐχ οἷόν τέ ἐστιν. 1785:ἐξ ὅτε καὶ ἀφ' οὖ καὶ ἀπὸ τότε ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ ὑπέστη, 1779:ἴσον μὲν τοῦ υἱοῦ γεννᾶν δυνατός ἐστιν ὁ κρείττων, 690:achievement, pure morals, and decided convictions. 4076:Wisdom from Franciscan Italy: The Primacy of Love 3913:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2978:"Edict by Emperor Constantine against the Arians" 1775:δόξα θεοῦ, ἀλήθειά τε καὶ εἰκὼν καὶ λόγος οὗτος. 1769:μονογενὴς θεός ἐστι καὶ ἑκατέρων ἀλλότριος οὗτος. 1755:ὑπομένει ὁ υἱὸς ἰδεῖν τὸν πατέρα, ὡς θέμις ἐστίν. 1749:τοῖς τε διὰ υἱοῦ καὶ αὐτῷ τῷ υἱῷ ἀόρατος ὁ αὐτός. 658:descent. His father's name is given as Ammonius. 4372: 4335:. Vol. II (9th ed.). pp. 537–538. 3970: 3739: 3426: 3392: 2861: 2627: 2083:Hendrix, Scott E.; Okeja, Uchenna (2018-03-01). 1729:ἴσον οὐδὲ ὅμοιον, οὐχ ὁμόδοξον ἔχει μόνος οὗτος. 1338:; during the reign of Constantius II, the Arian 1789:συνελόντι εἰπεῖν τῷ υἱῷ ὁ θεὀς ἄρρητος ὑπάρχει· 1787:ἰσχυρὸς θεὸς ὢν τὸν κρείττονα ἐκ μέρους ὑμνεῖ. 1767:λοιπὸν ὁ υἰὸς οὐκ ὢν (ὐπῆρξε δὲ θελήσει πατρῴᾳ) 1733:τοῦτον ἄναρχον ἀνυμνοῦμεν διὰ τὸν ἀρχὴν ἔχοντα, 1576:) and the Father were not of the same essence ( 1131:Edict by Emperor Constantine against the Arians 4212:Sozomen, Hermias. Edward Walford, Translator. 3996:. Collegeville: Liturgical Press. p. 23. 3977:. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). Baker Academic. 2585: 1834:Sufficient proof that God is invisible to all: 1743:οὐδὲ γάρ ἐστιν ἴσος, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ ὁμοούσιος αὐτῷ. 1739:καὶ ἤνεγκεν εἰς υἱὸν ἑαυτῷ τόνδε τεκνοποιήσας, 1387:were often referred to as Arians due to their 1198:books, illustration from a book of canon law, 937: 4191: 3991: 1797:αὐτὸς γὰρ ὁ υἱὸς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐσίαν οὐκ οἶδεν, 1765:αὐτίκα γοῦν υἱοῦ μὴ ὄντος ὁ πατὴρ θεός ἐστι. 1049:, Eusebius of Nicomedia and the young deacon 646: 490: 4451:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church 4252:. Sources of Early Christian Thought, 1980. 3630:. Wisconsin Lutheran College. Archived from 3506:. Wisconsin Lutheran College. Archived from 3022:"The events following the Council of Nicaea" 2984:. Wisconsin Lutheran College. Archived from 2840:– QUODLIBET JOURNAL – Retrieved 29 May 2014. 2292:. Lynnwood: Northwest Theological Seminary. 2082: 1783:θεοῦ ¦ θελήσει ὁ υἱὸς ἡλίκος καὶ ὅσος ἐστίν, 1747:ἱκανὴ δὲ ἀπόδειξις ὅτι ὁ θεὸς ἀόρατος ἅπασι, 1334:Arianism played out very differently in the 725:The confession he submitted to the emperor." 612:'s formal adoption of Christianity into the 4471:Participants in the First Council of Nicaea 1907: 1781:διαφορώτερον δὲ ἢ κρείττονα ἢ μείζονα οὐχί. 1777:σύνες ὅτι καὶ ἀπαύγασμα καὶ φῶς ἐπινοεῖται. 1759:μία τῆς μιᾶς ἐνδοξοτέρα δόξαις ἐπ' ἄπειρον. 1751:ῥητῶς δὲ λέχω, πῶς τῷ υἱῷ ὁρᾶται ὁ ἀόρατος· 1701: 1695: 1663: 1404:Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 1253: 1136: 624:, where Arianism was condemned in favor of 562: 4245:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. 4072: 4010: 2975: 2850:Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1963 2810:Athanasius, De Decretis, parts 20 and 30, 2793:http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/28161.htm 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2693: 1979: 1890:should comprehend and know his own parent? 1876:In brief, God is inexpressible to the Son. 1801:τίς γοῦν λόγος συγχωρεῖ τὸν ἐκ πατρὸς ὄντα 1799:υἱὸς γὰρ ὢν θελήσει πατρὸς ὑπῆρξεν ἀληθῶς. 1791:ἔστι γὰρ ἑαυτῷ ὅ ἐστι τοῦτ' ἔστιν ἄλεκτος, 1737:ἀρχὴν τὸν υἰὸν ἔθηκε τῶν γενητῶν ὁ ἄναρχος 1482:Alexander also refers to Arius's poetical 973: 497: 483: 47: 3888:Hanson, Richard Patrick Crosland (2007). 3867:Hanson, Richard Patrick Crosland (1988). 3808:. Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press. 3750: 3567: 2905:. From the St. Nicholas center. See also 2812:http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2809.htm 2615: 2509:. The University of Tennessee at Martin. 1991: 1803:αὐτὸν τὸν γεννήσαντα γνῶναι ἐν καταλήψει; 1500:Eusebius of Caesarea, in his famous book 4114: 4093: 3971:McClintock, John; Strong, James (1982). 3543: 3528: 3226: 2714: 2593:"Arius of Alexandria, Priest and Martyr" 2326: 2255: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2180: 2168: 2156: 2144: 2132: 2070: 2043: 2007: 1771:ἡ σοφία σοφία ὑπῆρξε σοφοῦ θεοῦ θελήσει. 1670: 1394: 1309: 1186: 1082: 989: 859: 722:His letter to Eusebius of Nicomedia, and 679:of the Baucalis district in Alexandria. 4319: 3845: 3822: 3780: 3440:On the Councils of Arminum and Seleucia 3380: 3184: 3062: 2963: 2699: 1892:For clearly that which has a beginning 1660:On the Councils of Arminum and Seleucia 1295: 1208: 1087:Greek icon of Arius getting slapped by 1017:having legalized it in 313 through the 873: 14: 4373: 3949: 3887: 3866: 3687: 3555: 3289: 3259: 3231:. Princeton Studies on the Near East. 3050: 3006: 2929: 2681: 2579: 2567: 2555: 2543: 2531: 2488: 2476: 2464: 2452: 2435: 2423: 2411: 2396: 2314: 2267: 2243: 2228: 2120: 2058: 2031: 2019: 1213: 970:, who baptized Constantine the Great. 4215:The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen 4073:Torkington, David (3 February 2011). 4031: 3927: 3906: 3801: 3771: 3675: 3647:"Arius – Thalia in Greek and English" 3592: 3262:"The Socinian Exiles in East Prussia" 3139: 2942:from the original on 27 February 2022 2745: 2669: 2657: 2645: 2633: 2621: 2513:from the original on 28 November 2015 2500: 2384: 2341:The Cambridge History of Christianity 2338: 4225: 4094:Williams, Rowan (24 January 2002) . 3846:Freeman, Charles (5 February 2009). 3349: 3087:from the original on 9 November 2011 3074: 2366:from the original on 10 January 2012 2353: 2296:from the original on 1 February 2014 2279: 1862:God's glory, Truth, Image, and Word. 1721: 960: 766: 756:rather further than Arius intended." 3657:from the original on 20 August 2016 2757: 2507:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1477:Socrates Scholasticus (Trinitarian) 1450: 884: 24: 4456:Philosophers in ancient Alexandria 4310:The Complete Extant Works of Arius 4129: 4038:The Journal of Theological Studies 3907:Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin (1986). 3751:Anatolios, Khaled (October 2011). 3572:. London: SPCK. pp. 330–332. 1607: 1585:that the Son was a created being ( 1094:According to some accounts in the 710: 25: 4482: 4411:4th-century Christian theologians 4396:3rd-century Christian theologians 4291: 3497: 3402:. Bell & Daldy. p. 501. 3327:. 19 January 2006. Archived from 3105: 2930:SOCKEY, DARIA (5 December 2012). 2727:from the original on 11 June 2010 1643:started with the creation of the 1268:Following the abortive effort by 4363: 4297: 3935:. San Francisco: HarperCollins. 3892:. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. 3757:. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. 3644: 3621: 3362:from the original on 6 July 2012 2773:from the original on 11 May 2012 514: 466: 360:Gothic persecution of Christians 4267:History of the Christian Church 4011:Rubenstein, Richard E. (2000). 3827:The Closing of the Western Mind 3638: 3615: 3586: 3561: 3491: 3470: 3453: 3432: 3409:from the original on 2023-05-17 3386: 3343: 3313: 3302:from the original on 2013-11-07 3283: 3272:from the original on 2012-03-03 3253: 3220: 3190: 3167:from the original on 2017-03-12 3149: 3099: 3068: 3000: 2969: 2932:"In this corner, St. Nicholas!" 2923: 2889: 2878: 2867: 2823: 2804: 2785: 2751: 2721:History of the Byzantine Empire 2494: 2347: 2332: 2273: 2103:from the original on 2023-12-01 1461: 1290:First Council of Constantinople 1114:, while three other supporters— 3697: 3653:. Wisconsin Lutheran College. 3026:The Formulation of the Trinity 2976:Athanasius (23 January 2010). 2076: 13: 1: 4269:, Vol III, Ch. IX. Online at 3787:. Christendom college Press. 3229:Peter the Venerable and Islam 3108:"Arian Reaction – Athanasius" 3007:Draper, John William (1875). 2907:St. Nicholas the Wonderworker 1966: 1623: 1199: 955:not acquired the significance 835: 781: 4406:4th-century Arian Christians 4391:3rd-century Arian Christians 4287:. Accessed 13 December 2009. 4273:. Accessed 13 December 2009. 4188:. Accessed 13 December 2009. 3956:. New York: Viking Compass. 2862:McClintock & Strong 1982 2501:Moore, Edward (2 May 2005). 1593: 1587: 1578: 1513: 1260: 294:Demophilus of Constantinople 7: 4362:(public domain audiobooks) 4250:The Trinitarian Controversy 4117:Arius: Heresy and Tradition 4097:Arius: Heresy and Tradition 3992:O'Carroll, Michael (1987). 3781:Carroll, Warren H. (1987). 3651:Fourth Century Christianity 3628:Fourth Century Christianity 3504:Fourth Century Christianity 3260:Wilbur, Earl Morse (1977). 3161:Fourth Century Christianity 2982:Fourth Century Christianity 1919: 1653:Orations Against the Arians 1276:in the empire, the emperor 938:Divine but not fully divine 826:Alexander of Constantinople 616:entailed the convention of 598:held in common a belief in 10: 4487: 4466:Ancient Roman philosophers 4314:Wisconsin Lutheran College 4136:Athanasius of Alexandria. 4124: 3802:Davis, Leo Donald (1983). 3746:. Longmans, Green, and Co. 3723:The Encyclopedia Americana 3593:Opitz, Hans-Georg (1935). 3461:Refutation of All Heresies 3444:Refutation of All Heresies 3237:Princeton University Press 2920:. Retrieved on 2010-02-02. 2918:Orthodox Church in America 2916:, from the website of the 1715: 1709: 1504:explains Arius' views as: 1502:The Ecclesiastical History 1454: 1299: 983: 977: 799:Socrates of Constantinople 770: 647:Early life and personality 567:; 250 or 256 – 336) was a 558: 29: 4431:Egyptian Christian clergy 4198:. New York: Cosimo, Inc. 3950:Kirsch, Jonathan (2004). 3933:Early Christian doctrines 3823:Freeman, Charles (2005). 3740:Saint Athanasius (1911). 3438:Preserved by Athanasius, 3290:Tuttle, Dainel S (1981). 3227:Kritzeck, James (2015) . 3202:The Columbia Encyclopedia 1725: 1354:In the 12th century, the 1034:to be composed of church 1027:Hosius, bishop of Córdoba 761:Archbishop Rowan Williams 183: 173: 163: 153: 145: 138: 126: 118: 86: 58: 46: 39: 4157:Athanasius of Alexandria 4115:Williams, Rowan (2004). 4079:. John Hunt Publishing. 3459:Recorded by Epiphanius, 3429:, p. 124, footnote. 3296:A Religious Encyclopedia 3268:. Boston: Beacon Press. 2763:"Epitome of Chapter VII" 1389:antitrinitarian doctrine 1234:Third Council of Sirmium 1137:Exile, return, and death 788:Diocletianic Persecution 604:Athanasius of Alexandria 452:Paul I of Constantinople 447:Athanasius of Alexandria 149:3rd and 4th centuries AD 4348:The American Cyclopædia 4332:Encyclopædia Britannica 1961:First Council of Nicaea 1694:quoted in Athanasius's 1614:Alexander of Alexandria 1495:Alexander (Trinitarian) 1420:Some Christians in the 1240:(of one substance) and 1106:. It included the word 1062:First Council of Nicaea 980:First Council of Nicaea 974:First Council of Nicaea 846:The Life of Constantine 830:Alexander of Alexandria 803:Alexander of Alexandria 675:In 313, Arius was made 622:First Council of Nicaea 473:Christianity portal 437:Alexander of Alexandria 350:Auxentius of Durostorum 241:First Council of Nicaea 4461:Nature of Jesus Christ 4119:. Eerdmans Publishing. 3463:, 69.6 and Theodoret, 3393:Eusebius of Caesarea. 2503:"Origen of Alexandria" 2280:Dennison, James T Jr. 1951:Oneness Pentecostalism 1908: 1812: 1702: 1696: 1687: 1675:Ceiling mosaic of the 1664: 1511: 1498: 1480: 1422:Unitarian Universalist 1377:Protestant Reformation 1331: 1266: 1254: 1205: 1182: 1134: 1091: 1002: 931: 871: 854: 758: 708: 700: 563: 432:Achillas of Alexandria 340:Asterius of Cappadocia 32:Arius (disambiguation) 4436:Founders of religions 4231:Latinovic, Vladimir. 4161:History of the Arians 4139:History of the Arians 4050:10.1093/jts/XXIX.1.20 4032:Stead, G. C. (1978). 3873:. T. & T. Clark. 3772:Ayres, Lewis (2004). 3568:Stevenson, J (1987). 3478:Socrates Scholasticus 3427:Saint Athanasius 1911 3321:"Are Mormons Arians?" 3233:Princeton, New Jersey 2715:Vasiliev, Al (1928). 2147:, pp. 34, 32–40. 1674: 1618:Eusebius of Nicomedia 1506: 1488: 1469: 1395:Contemporary Arianism 1313: 1306:Germanic Christianity 1250: 1224:Eusebius of Nicomedia 1190: 1168: 1164:Socrates Scholasticus 1120: 1086: 993: 968:Eusebius of Nicomedia 927: 867: 860:Eusebius of Nicomedia 842: 746: 704: 692: 610:Constantine the Great 314:Eustathius of Sebaste 309:Eusebius of Nicomedia 164:Tradition or movement 4306:at Wikimedia Commons 3484:1.26.2 and Sozomen, 3446:, 69.7; and Hilary, 3239:. pp. 145–146. 3077:"The Death of Arius" 1690:The part of Arius's 1296:Arianism in the West 1246:Blasphemy of Sirmium 1209:Arianism after Arius 1047:Eusebius of Caesarea 874:Eusebius of Caesarea 805:, who had succeeded 742:Bishop R.P.C. Hanson 208:History and theology 66:Ptolemais, Cyrenaica 30:For other uses, see 3558:, pp. 127–128. 1415:Jehovah's Witnesses 1362:Peter the Venerable 1330:, Italy, around 500 1324:Theodoric the Great 1302:Gothic Christianity 1270:Julian the Apostate 1214:Immediate aftermath 1173:Constantine's Forum 1148:First Synod of Tyre 918:the Father as God." 618:ecumenical councils 582:, which holds that 427:Peter of Alexandria 385:Theodoric the Great 304:Eunomius of Cyzicus 299:Eudoxius of Antioch 284:Acacius of Caesarea 246:Gothic Christianity 18:Arius of Alexandria 4416:4th-century Romans 4401:3rd-century Romans 4248:Rusch, William C. 4163:. Online at CCEL. 3442:, 16; Epiphanius, 3396:The Church History 3112:Biography of Arius 2912:2012-09-10 at the 2901:2011-01-01 at the 2836:2014-04-07 at the 2817:2023-07-23 at the 2798:2016-07-16 at the 2546:, pp. 65, 86. 2399:, pp. 30, 31. 1688: 1383:sect known as the 1332: 1206: 1177:column of porphyry 1116:Theognis of Nicaea 1092: 1003: 905:eternal generation 393:Modern semi-Arians 345:Auxentius of Milan 319:George of Laodicea 4441:Libyan Christians 4302:Media related to 4226:Secondary sources 4205:978-1-60206-510-9 4149:978-1-62630-030-9 4107:978-0-8028-4969-4 4086:978-1-84694-442-0 4024:978-0-15-601315-4 3963:978-0-9659167-7-6 3942:978-0-06-064334-8 3920:978-0-8018-3284-0 3899:978-0-8010-3146-5 3880:978-0-567-09485-8 3859:978-1-59020-522-8 3815:978-0-8146-5616-7 3764:978-0-8010-3132-8 3690:, pp. 14–15. 3678:, pp. 48–50. 3546:, pp. 98–99. 2988:on 19 August 2011 2936:Catholic Exchange 2767:Epitome of Book I 2387:, pp. 56–57. 2096:978-1-4408-4138-5 1946:Nontrinitarianism 1931:Arian controversy 1900: 1899: 1439:According to the 996:Council of Nicaea 961:Initial responses 822:Lucian of Antioch 809:as the Bishop of 777:Arian controversy 767:Arian controversy 507: 506: 457:Nicholas of Myrra 442:Hosius of Corduba 289:Aëtius of Antioch 263:Lucian of Antioch 231:Arian controversy 187: 186: 16:(Redirected from 4478: 4421:Antitrinitarians 4367: 4366: 4352: 4344: 4336: 4328: 4301: 4209: 4153: 4120: 4111: 4090: 4069: 4028: 4007: 3988: 3967: 3946: 3924: 3903: 3884: 3863: 3842: 3830: 3819: 3798: 3777: 3768: 3747: 3736: 3718: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3624:"Arius – Thalia" 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3596:Athanasius Werke 3590: 3584: 3583: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3510:on 28 April 2012 3495: 3489: 3474: 3468: 3457: 3451: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3408: 3401: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3325:Mormon Metaphics 3317: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3307: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3204:. Archived from 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3172: 3153: 3147: 3137: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3114:. Archived from 3103: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3028:. Archived from 3018: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2927: 2921: 2893: 2887: 2882: 2876: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2827: 2821: 2808: 2802: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2712: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2636:, pp. 52–54 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2603:on 25 April 2012 2599:. 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N. D. 3921: 3900: 3881: 3860: 3839: 3816: 3795: 3765: 3733: 3715: 3700: 3695: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3645:West, Aaron J. 3643: 3639: 3622:West, Aaron J. 3620: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3566: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3535: 3527: 3523: 3513: 3511: 3496: 3492: 3475: 3471: 3458: 3454: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3348: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3331:on 1 March 2012 3319: 3318: 3314: 3305: 3303: 3288: 3284: 3275: 3273: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3225: 3221: 3211: 3209: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3170: 3168: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3138: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3118:on 3 March 2012 3104: 3100: 3090: 3088: 3073: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3032:on 5 March 2014 3020: 3005: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2928: 2924: 2914:Wayback Machine 2903:Wayback Machine 2894: 2890: 2885:Colossians 1:15 2883: 2879: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2838:Wayback Machine 2828: 2824: 2819:Wayback Machine 2809: 2805: 2800:Wayback Machine 2790: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2713: 2700: 2694:Rubenstein 2000 2692: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2516: 2514: 2499: 2495: 2487: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2451: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2403: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2352: 2348: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2299: 2297: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2235: 2231:, pp. 5–6. 2227: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2143: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2106: 2104: 2097: 2081: 2077: 2069: 2065: 2061:, p. xvii. 2057: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2018: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1990: 1986: 1980:Torkington 2011 1978: 1974: 1969: 1922: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1677:Arian Baptistry 1629: 1610: 1608:Extant writings 1570:that the Word ( 1562:, referring to 1516: 1497: 1494: 1479: 1476: 1464: 1459: 1453: 1402:Members of the 1397: 1385:Polish Brethren 1366:Islamic prophet 1308: 1300:Main articles: 1298: 1258:, but in Greek 1216: 1211: 1202: 1139: 1133: 1130: 1124: 988: 982: 976: 963: 940: 887: 876: 862: 838: 784: 779: 771:Main articles: 769: 750:misrepresenting 713: 711:Arius' writings 670:Melitian schism 649: 538: 517: 513: 503: 465: 411:William Whiston 256:Codex Argenteus 127: 114: 104: 91: 82: 72: 63: 54: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4484: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4426:Deaths onstage 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4369: 4368: 4356:Works by Arius 4353: 4337: 4317: 4307: 4293: 4292:External links 4290: 4289: 4288: 4274: 4263:Schaff, Philip 4260: 4246: 4241:Parvis, Sara. 4239: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4210: 4204: 4189: 4154: 4148: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4112: 4106: 4091: 4085: 4070: 4029: 4023: 4008: 4002: 3989: 3983: 3968: 3962: 3947: 3941: 3925: 3919: 3904: 3898: 3885: 3879: 3864: 3858: 3843: 3837: 3820: 3814: 3799: 3793: 3778: 3769: 3763: 3748: 3737: 3731: 3719: 3713: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3680: 3668: 3637: 3634:on 2012-04-28. 3614: 3585: 3578: 3570:A New Eusebius 3560: 3548: 3533: 3521: 3490: 3486:Church History 3482:Church History 3469: 3465:Church History 3452: 3448:On the Trinity 3431: 3419: 3385: 3373: 3342: 3312: 3282: 3252: 3245: 3219: 3208:on 4 June 2011 3189: 3177: 3148: 3129: 3098: 3067: 3065:, p. 171. 3055: 3053:, p. 178. 3043: 2999: 2968: 2953: 2922: 2888: 2877: 2866: 2854: 2852:, p. 477. 2842: 2822: 2803: 2784: 2750: 2738: 2698: 2686: 2684:, p. 456. 2674: 2662: 2660:, pp. 14. 2650: 2638: 2626: 2614: 2584: 2572: 2560: 2558:, p. 144. 2548: 2536: 2524: 2493: 2481: 2469: 2467:, p. 860. 2457: 2440: 2428: 2416: 2401: 2389: 2377: 2346: 2331: 2329:, p. 238. 2319: 2307: 2272: 2260: 2248: 2233: 2221: 2219:, p. 175. 2209: 2197: 2185: 2183:, p. 116. 2173: 2161: 2149: 2137: 2125: 2113: 2095: 2075: 2063: 2048: 2046:, p. 165. 2036: 2034:, p. 164. 2024: 2022:, p. xix. 2012: 2000: 1992:Anatolios 2011 1984: 1982:, p. 113. 1971: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1921: 1918: 1898: 1897: 1810: 1681:Ravenna, Italy 1628: 1622: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1583: 1542:Pope Dionysius 1515: 1512: 1492: 1474: 1463: 1460: 1455:Main article: 1452: 1449: 1396: 1393: 1375:". During the 1364:described the 1336:Western Empire 1297: 1294: 1286:Eastern Empire 1230:Constantius II 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1151:could happen. 1138: 1135: 1128: 1019:Edict of Milan 978:Main article: 975: 972: 962: 959: 939: 936: 920: 919: 910:"Arius in the 908: 886: 883: 875: 872: 861: 858: 837: 834: 783: 780: 768: 765: 727: 726: 723: 720: 712: 709: 648: 645: 641:Rowan Williams 592:God the Father 505: 504: 502: 501: 494: 487: 479: 476: 475: 462: 461: 460: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 421: 420: 416: 415: 414: 413: 408: 403: 395: 394: 390: 389: 388: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 355:Constantius II 352: 347: 342: 334: 333: 329: 328: 327: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 278: 277: 273: 272: 271: 270: 265: 260: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 210: 209: 205: 204: 198: 197: 196:of articles on 185: 184: 181: 180: 175: 171: 170: 165: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 147: 143: 142: 136: 135: 130: 124: 123: 120: 116: 115: 94:Constantinople 92: 88: 84: 83: 64: 60: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4483: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4343: 4342:"Arius" 4338: 4334: 4333: 4327: 4326:"Arius" 4322: 4321:Tulloch, John 4318: 4315: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4258:0-8006-1410-0 4255: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4229: 4221: 4220:newadvent.org 4217: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4141: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4009: 4005: 4003:0-8146-5595-5 3999: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3955: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3872: 3871: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3844: 3840: 3838:1-4000-3380-2 3834: 3829: 3828: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3756: 3755: 3749: 3745: 3744: 3738: 3734: 3732:9780717201297 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3701: 3689: 3684: 3677: 3672: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3589: 3581: 3579:0-281-04268-3 3575: 3571: 3564: 3557: 3552: 3545: 3544:Williams 2002 3540: 3538: 3531:, p. 99. 3530: 3529:Williams 2002 3525: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3428: 3423: 3405: 3398: 3397: 3389: 3383:, p. 10. 3382: 3377: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3248: 3246:9780691624907 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3134: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3064: 3059: 3052: 3047: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3003: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2966:, p. 12. 2965: 2960: 2958: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2897: 2892: 2886: 2881: 2875: 2870: 2864:, p. 45. 2863: 2858: 2851: 2846: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2829:Matt Perry – 2826: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2797: 2794: 2788: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2748:, p. 19. 2747: 2742: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2696:, p. 57. 2695: 2690: 2683: 2678: 2671: 2666: 2659: 2654: 2648:, p. 13. 2647: 2642: 2635: 2630: 2623: 2618: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2588: 2582:, p. 98. 2581: 2576: 2570:, p. 70. 2569: 2564: 2557: 2552: 2545: 2540: 2534:, p. 65. 2533: 2528: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2497: 2491:, p. 59. 2490: 2485: 2479:, p. 47. 2478: 2473: 2466: 2461: 2455:, p. 46. 2454: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2438:, p. 29. 2437: 2432: 2426:, p. 28. 2425: 2420: 2414:, p. 27. 2413: 2408: 2406: 2398: 2393: 2386: 2381: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2350: 2342: 2335: 2328: 2327:Williams 2004 2323: 2317:, p. 15. 2316: 2311: 2295: 2291: 2289: 2286:; Athanasius 2285: 2276: 2269: 2264: 2258:, p. 62. 2257: 2256:Williams 2004 2252: 2246:, p. 10. 2245: 2240: 2238: 2230: 2225: 2218: 2217:Williams 2004 2213: 2207:, p. 21. 2206: 2205:Williams 2004 2201: 2195:, p. 32. 2194: 2193:Williams 2004 2189: 2182: 2181:Williams 2004 2177: 2170: 2169:Williams 2004 2165: 2159:, p. 40. 2158: 2157:Williams 2004 2153: 2146: 2145:Williams 2004 2141: 2135:, p. 30. 2134: 2133:Williams 2004 2129: 2122: 2117: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2079: 2073:, p. 82. 2072: 2071:Williams 2004 2067: 2060: 2055: 2053: 2045: 2044:Williams 2004 2040: 2033: 2028: 2021: 2016: 2010:, p. 98. 2009: 2008:Williams 2002 2004: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1941:Semi-Arianism 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1917: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1895: 1811: 1808: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1704: 1698: 1693: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1627: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1510: 1505: 1503: 1491: 1487: 1485: 1473: 1468: 1458: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1256: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1197: 1193: 1192:Constantine I 1189: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1127: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1015:Constantine I 1012: 1008: 1001: 997: 992: 987: 981: 971: 969: 958: 956: 952: 951:(theos, deus) 947: 944: 935: 930: 926: 924: 917: 913: 909: 906: 902: 901: 900: 898: 897: 892: 882: 879: 870: 866: 857: 853: 851: 847: 841: 833: 831: 827: 823: 818: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 791: 789: 778: 774: 764: 762: 757: 755: 751: 745: 743: 739: 734: 730: 724: 721: 718: 717: 716: 707: 703: 699: 697: 691: 689: 684: 680: 678: 673: 671: 666: 664: 659: 657: 654:Arius was of 652: 644: 642: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 570: 565: 556: 550: 511: 500: 495: 493: 488: 486: 481: 480: 478: 477: 474: 469: 464: 463: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 424: 423: 422: 418: 417: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 401:Samuel Clarke 399: 398: 397: 396: 392: 391: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 337: 336: 335: 331: 330: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 280: 279: 276:Arian leaders 275: 274: 269: 268:Semi-Arianism 266: 264: 261: 258: 257: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 213: 212: 211: 207: 206: 203: 200: 199: 195: 191: 190: 182: 179: 176: 174:Notable ideas 172: 169: 166: 162: 159: 156: 152: 148: 144: 141: 137: 134: 131: 125: 121: 117: 112: 108: 103: 99: 95: 90:336 (aged 80) 89: 85: 80: 76: 71: 67: 61: 57: 50: 45: 38: 33: 19: 4346: 4330: 4283:. 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