57:
50:
263:
255:
290:
3814:
247:
3824:
361:, brought water from 20 km away, which was stored in two large open reservoirs in the east of the city, while further west a porticoed space, now called the Square of the Cisterns, stood above a set of seventeen vaulted cisterns, capable of holding 7,000 kilolitres. These were rediscovered during the Italian occupation, when they were found to be used as a hiding place for rebels, two or three hundred of whom could easily hide in them.
3834:
34:
454:
condemned at Nicaea in 325 was named. Secundus, who was bishop of
Ptolemais and a patron of Arius, is listed among those present at the council. He refused to accept its decree and was deposed by the bishop of Alexandria, but later recovered power. His Arian successor Stephanus was deposed in about
368:. There are many chamber tombs in the quarries east and west of the city, which have yielded a few tombstones and numerous inscriptions. Important sculptures and inscriptions have also been found within the city, including imperial edicts such as that by which Diocletian attempted to fix prices.
282:, 24 kilometres (15 mi) inland, he transformed into a city that enclosed 280 hectares within its walls. Ptolemais probably served as the residence of the Ptolemaic governor of the region but, in spite of its large area, its population did not rival that of Cyrene, which under
341:
Buried in the sands, the town's ruins have been remarkably well preserved. Excavation of the site began in the 1930s, revealing a planned city of rectangular shape, some 1650 by 1400 metres (about one square mile) and composed of blocks of about 180 by 36 metres. It held a
473:(553) were signed by Georgius of Ptolemais. The last bishop of Ptolemais mentioned by the sources is Gabriel (6th century), the signing Archbishop Gabrielis Pentapolis. Information on all of these can be found, for instance, in
320:
struck the region and destroyed all the five major cities of the
Pentapolis. Ptolemais survived the tragedy in relatively good condition. It served as capital of Cyrenaica until 428. The city was destroyed by the
382:
were stolen. Looters tunnelled into the vault and broke into two safes that held the artifacts which were part of the so-called
Benghazi Treasure. The objects have not been traced.
3858:
278:(246–221 BC). What had been a small Greek settlement of unknown name that originated in the late 7th century BC and that acted as a port for the city of
3878:
286:
became the capital of the region that, from then on, and still today, is called
Cyrenaica. However, the term "Pentapolis" also continued to be used.
554:
961:
3873:
365:
3883:
404:
at an early stage, since it seems to have been the see of the
Pentapolitan bishop Basilides to whom, in a letter of about 260 quoted by
103:
2561:
859:
Oriens christianus: in quatuor patriarchatus digestus : quo exhibentur ecclesiae, patriarchae caeterique praesules totius orientis
533:
672:
3868:
493:
787:
Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia
Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 5, стр. 324; vol. 6, стр. 349; vol. 7, стр. 314–315; vol. 8, стр. 471–472.
880:
718:
702:
1949:
378:
In May 2011, a number of objects excavated from
Ptolemais in 1937 and held in the vault of the National Commercial Bank in
954:
436:
2571:
2261:
1954:
1888:
584:
49:
1959:
1934:
908:
640:
616:
609:
594:
3888:
3768:
2517:
1944:
1939:
470:
2411:
2271:
2266:
1543:
747:(1962) "Ptolemis, City of the Libyan Pentapolis" The Oriental Instuitute, University of Chicago Press, Chicago,
3795:
2436:
1850:
947:
461:
was bishop of
Ptolemais from about 407 to 413, and was succeeded by his brother Evoptius, who took part in the
330:
3863:
3790:
3347:
2840:
2356:
2276:
1974:
1684:
764:
3898:
3763:
2292:
1746:
409:
2818:
2426:
2302:
1964:
1918:
1873:
1649:
1338:
3357:
3479:
3352:
2485:
2480:
2456:
2366:
1883:
981:
3837:
3780:
2736:
2539:
2524:
2446:
2381:
1701:
1596:
1070:
1004:
2348:
2328:
1526:
1184:
2534:
2497:
2431:
2097:
1984:
417:
3817:
2941:
2741:
2726:
2529:
2512:
2492:
2461:
2361:
2297:
1913:
1898:
1868:
1829:
1706:
1558:
1060:
424:
431:
held authority over the churches in the
Pentapolis, although they were not situated in the same
313:
or Libya
Pentapolis. It later decayed and was replaced as capital of the province by Apollonia.
3775:
2778:
2549:
2507:
2441:
2406:
1858:
1842:
1538:
1479:
1328:
1323:
390:
The Ptolemais of Libya, whose ruins are located near the Libyan city of Tolmeita, was also the
309:'s alteration of the administrative structure, Ptolemais became the capital of the province of
692:
3827:
3056:
3046:
3036:
3021:
2711:
2451:
2421:
2376:
2371:
2002:
1969:
1771:
1676:
1662:
1318:
1189:
1153:
934:
580:
515:
275:
694:
Cities of the Classical World: An Atlas and Gazetteer of 120 Centres of Ancient Civilization
3293:
3279:
2763:
2721:
2693:
2578:
2391:
1621:
1417:
809:
741:
317:
279:
216:
329:
the city was rebuilt, but it never regained its powers and was again destroyed during the
8:
3430:
3400:
2788:
2683:
2678:
2115:
1430:
1343:
1313:
1267:
1030:
302:
923:
3893:
3647:
3544:
3450:
3094:
3011:
2899:
2401:
2225:
1741:
1721:
1578:
1449:
1333:
1128:
1055:
892:
462:
167:
3823:
3722:
3309:
2858:
2706:
2658:
2502:
2471:
2416:
2333:
2210:
2082:
1903:
1736:
1689:
1629:
1503:
1485:
1461:
1443:
1398:
1353:
1348:
999:
904:
876:
748:
698:
646:
636:
612:
590:
372:
364:
West of the city stands a conspicuous and tower-like Hellenistic mausoleum, known as
271:
3652:
3184:
3149:
2966:
2823:
2701:
2588:
2583:
1908:
1863:
1694:
1601:
1217:
1050:
1035:
1025:
928:
635:. University of Chicago. Oriental Institute. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
440:
351:
171:
3667:
3425:
3213:
3026:
2768:
2634:
2566:
1893:
1491:
1473:
1467:
1381:
1358:
1232:
1143:
1103:
1040:
857:
853:
673:
O. Brogan, "Ptolemais (Tolmeta), Cyrenaica, Libya" in Richard Stillwell et alii,
548:
481:
474:
398:
3692:
3405:
3549:
3489:
3484:
3440:
3221:
3169:
3159:
3139:
3129:
2873:
2868:
2863:
1716:
1515:
1509:
1497:
1297:
1272:
1045:
970:
432:
310:
298:
560:
489:
262:
3852:
3785:
3702:
3677:
3367:
3289:
2971:
2914:
2813:
2803:
2773:
2755:
2629:
1781:
1563:
1455:
1411:
1373:
1212:
1133:
688:
480:
No longer a residential bishopric, Ptolemais in Libya is today listed by the
289:
204:
118:
105:
838:
3602:
3554:
3420:
3274:
3144:
2783:
2619:
2125:
2087:
1786:
903:
Annuario Pontificio, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Città del Vaticano, 2003,
650:
413:
347:
283:
297:
Ptolemais became a Roman possession in 96 BC. It was soon included in the
3622:
3514:
3494:
3322:
2830:
2808:
2798:
2793:
2716:
2673:
2220:
2130:
2120:
2007:
1997:
1761:
1138:
1113:
485:
326:
254:
220:
3327:
893:
David Cheney, Diocese of Ptolemais of Libya, at Catholic-Hierarchy.org.
752:
630:
3559:
3529:
3524:
3509:
3395:
3362:
3031:
3001:
2668:
2396:
2230:
2072:
2067:
2057:
2042:
2027:
2017:
1992:
1368:
1123:
1078:
796:
Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, (
428:
343:
306:
196:
246:
3534:
3460:
3445:
3415:
3410:
3342:
3266:
3251:
3236:
3179:
3079:
2731:
2663:
2235:
2215:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2140:
2135:
2105:
2052:
2012:
1791:
1657:
1611:
1591:
1222:
1093:
466:
200:
91:
3584:
3574:
3564:
3539:
3317:
3284:
3246:
3189:
3104:
3089:
2946:
2936:
2853:
2848:
2245:
2240:
2200:
2195:
2170:
2150:
2077:
2032:
2022:
1878:
1776:
1711:
1639:
1247:
527:
509:
458:
451:
405:
391:
379:
231:
208:
77:
3337:
33:
3727:
3717:
3662:
3657:
3642:
3632:
3617:
3612:
3499:
3387:
3377:
3256:
3231:
3226:
3199:
3194:
3174:
3164:
3154:
3119:
3109:
3099:
3051:
3041:
3016:
2981:
2976:
2951:
2604:
2386:
2047:
2037:
1796:
1766:
1756:
1751:
1731:
1726:
1606:
1553:
1262:
1252:
1242:
1237:
1227:
939:
813:
401:
358:
322:
270:
The city was founded by and named after one of the rulers of the
3672:
2986:
3697:
3627:
3607:
3569:
3435:
3241:
3134:
3071:
3061:
3006:
2624:
2609:
2205:
2190:
2165:
2160:
2145:
1806:
1801:
1568:
1548:
1292:
1282:
1277:
1148:
1108:
1098:
1083:
862:. Vol. 2. Paris: Imprimérie Royale. p. coll. 617–622.
435:. Accordingly, none of the bishoprics in the Pentapolis was a
354:, was adapted for water spectacles in the 4th or 5th century.
195:(Greek: Πτολεμαΐς) was one of the five cities that formed the
3707:
3682:
3579:
3519:
3504:
3372:
3332:
3084:
2996:
2991:
2961:
2956:
2931:
2614:
2155:
2110:
2062:
1634:
1586:
1287:
1257:
1204:
1179:
1118:
1088:
797:
447:
227:
212:
81:
3712:
3687:
3637:
3124:
3114:
394:
of the ancient Christian bishopric of Libya Pentapolitana.
610:
Jane Soames Nickerson (Biblo & Tannen Publishers 1968
350:, and three theatres, the smallest of which, used as an
420:, martyred during the anti-Christian persecutions.
3850:
1175:
955:
675:The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites
488:. The current archbishop, personal title, is
211:), Tauchira/Teuchira (later Arsinoe, and now
812:, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, (
783:
781:
521:Stefanus (about 360 deposed) (Aryan Bishop)
508:Saint Theodorus (before 321– 25 deposited) (
207:, Euesperides (later known as Berenice, now
56:
3859:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Libya
605:
603:
427:confirmed the custom whereby the bishop of
412:said he had sent a copy of a commentary on
226:Its ruins are at a small village in modern
1841:
962:
948:
848:
846:
357:A Roman aqueduct, probably of the time of
32:
778:
628:
3879:Populated places of the Byzantine Empire
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
600:
288:
261:
253:
245:
16:One of the ancient capitals of Cyrenaica
843:
687:
416:. Another early bishop of Ptolemais is
371:In 2001 an archaeological mission from
3851:
2895:
697:. Penguin Books Limited. p. 380.
494:Congregation for the Oriental Churches
3874:Populated places in ancient Cyrenaica
3752:
2894:
2323:
1827:
1174:
994:
943:
852:
657:
3363:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
995:
250:Map of Roman Cyrenaica and Marmarica
3884:Roman amphitheaters in North Africa
719:"Synesius, Catastasis (4) - Livius"
13:
2324:
969:
767:. Trafficking Culture Encyclopedia
524:Siderio (apostolic administrator)
14:
3910:
924:Excavations – preliminary reports
917:
875:(Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013
677:(Princeton University Press 1976)
505:Basilide (mentioned in about 260)
439:for the others, but all acted as
375:started excavations on the site.
238:طلميتة), after the ancient name.
3832:
3822:
3813:
3812:
839:First Council of Nicaea, canon 6
499:
471:Second Council of Constantinople
55:
48:
3833:
897:
886:
866:
832:
819:
803:
800:, 1740), vol.II, coll. 617–622.
790:
757:
735:
711:
681:
622:
574:
331:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
1:
3869:Archaeological sites in Libya
1434:
1421:
1402:
1385:
567:
2562:Funeral and burial practices
1747:Military of Mycenaean Greece
931:(nondestructive archaeology)
586:Libya: Continuity and Change
410:Pope Dionysius of Alexandria
385:
325:in 411. During the reign of
7:
545:Raffaele Virili (1915–1925)
10:
3915:
2486:Greek Revival architecture
1828:
539:Giorgio (mentioned in 553)
518:(about 325) (Aryan Bishop)
446:Ptolemais was the home of
336:
241:
3808:
3759:
3753:
3748:
3593:
3470:
3459:
3386:
3308:
3265:
3212:
3070:
2922:
2913:
2909:
2890:
2839:
2754:
2692:
2654:
2647:
2597:
2557:
2548:
2470:
2347:
2343:
2319:
2285:
2254:
2096:
1983:
1927:
1894:Attalid kings of Pergamon
1849:
1840:
1836:
1823:
1702:Antigonid Macedonian army
1675:
1648:
1620:
1577:
1534:
1525:
1367:
1306:
1203:
1199:
1170:
1069:
1018:
1014:
990:
977:
629:Nasgowitz, David (1981).
182:
177:
163:
155:
147:
142:
134:
97:
87:
72:
43:
31:
24:
873:Annuario Pontificio 2013
418:Saint Theodore of Sykeon
3889:Greek colonies in Libya
929:Ptolemais survey, Libya
465:(431), which condemned
425:First Council of Nicaea
1928:Artists & scholars
1843:List of ancient Greeks
1480:Second Athenian League
1329:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1154:Ancient Greek colonies
294:
267:
259:
251:
3047:Sybaris on the Traeis
1772:Sacred Band of Thebes
1512:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
1026:Cycladic civilization
581:Ronald Bruce St. John
516:Secundus of Ptolemais
292:
276:Ptolemy III Euergetes
265:
257:
249:
3864:Roman sites in Libya
2572:mythological figures
2293:Ancient Greek tribes
1418:Peloponnesian League
810:Pius Bonifacius Gams
333:in the 7th century.
318:365 Crete earthquake
3899:Crete and Cyrenaica
2684:Tunnel of Eupalinos
2679:Theatre of Dionysus
2303:Ancient Macedonians
1919:Tyrants of Syracuse
1431:Amphictyonic League
1031:Minoan civilization
765:"Benghazi Treasure"
632:Ptolemais Cyrenaica
563:(from 2009–current)
492:, secretary of the
397:Ptolemais became a
303:Crete and Cyrenaica
203:, the others being
119:32.7069°N 20.9529°E
115: /
21:
3358:Menestheus's Limin
3012:Pandosia (Lucania)
2900:Greek colonisation
2262:Athenian statesmen
2023:Diogenes of Sinope
1884:Kings of Macedonia
1874:Kings of Commagene
1742:Macedonian phalanx
1722:Hellenistic armies
1470:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
1334:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1056:Hellenistic Greece
536:(mentioned in 431)
469:. The acts of the
463:Council of Ephesus
295:
268:
260:
252:
168:Hellenistic period
64:Shown within Libya
38:Ruins of Ptolemais
19:
3846:
3845:
3804:
3803:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3310:Iberian Peninsula
3242:Lipara/Meligounis
3208:
3207:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2859:Cypriot syllabary
2750:
2749:
2659:Athenian Treasury
2643:
2642:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
1904:Ptolemaic dynasty
1864:Archons of Athens
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1690:Athenian military
1671:
1670:
1504:League of Corinth
1486:Thessalian League
1462:Chalcidian League
1444:Acarnanian League
1354:Ptolemaic Kingdom
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
881:978-88-209-9070-1
742:Kraeling, Carl H.
704:978-0-14-196763-9
450:, after whom the
441:suffragan bishops
373:Warsaw University
272:Ptolemaic Kingdom
190:
189:
3906:
3836:
3835:
3826:
3816:
3815:
3750:
3749:
3468:
3467:
2967:Heraclea Lucania
2920:
2919:
2911:
2910:
2892:
2891:
2652:
2651:
2584:Twelve Olympians
2555:
2554:
2345:
2344:
2321:
2320:
1909:Seleucid dynasty
1889:Kings of Paionia
1838:
1837:
1825:
1824:
1695:Scythian archers
1602:Graphe paranomon
1532:
1531:
1439:
1436:
1426:
1423:
1407:
1404:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1201:
1200:
1172:
1171:
1051:Classical Greece
1036:Mycenaean Greece
1016:
1015:
992:
991:
964:
957:
950:
941:
940:
911:
901:
895:
890:
884:
870:
864:
863:
854:Quien, Michel le
850:
841:
836:
830:
823:
817:
807:
801:
794:
788:
785:
776:
775:
773:
772:
761:
755:
739:
733:
732:
730:
729:
715:
709:
708:
685:
679:
670:
655:
654:
626:
620:
607:
598:
578:
437:metropolitan see
293:Villa of Columns
172:Byzantine Empire
130:
129:
127:
126:
125:
124:32.7069; 20.9529
120:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
59:
58:
52:
36:
22:
18:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3800:
3755:
3732:
3595:
3589:
3472:
3463:
3455:
3426:Melaina Korkyra
3382:
3304:
3261:
3214:Aeolian Islands
3204:
3066:
2924:
2905:
2904:
2878:
2835:
2746:
2688:
2639:
2593:
2544:
2466:
2457:Wedding customs
2339:
2338:
2307:
2298:Thracian Greeks
2281:
2272:Olympic victors
2250:
2092:
1979:
1923:
1914:Kings of Sparta
1899:Kings of Pontus
1869:Kings of Athens
1845:
1832:
1811:
1707:Army of Macedon
1667:
1644:
1616:
1573:
1521:
1494:(370–c. 230 BC)
1492:Arcadian League
1476:(c. 400–188 BC)
1474:Aetolian League
1468:Boeotian League
1450:Hellenic League
1437:
1424:
1414:(c. 650–404 BC)
1405:
1399:Italiote League
1392:
1388:
1382:Doric Hexapolis
1372:
1363:
1359:Seleucid Empire
1302:
1195:
1194:
1158:
1065:
1041:Greek Dark Ages
1010:
1009:
986:
973:
968:
920:
915:
914:
902:
898:
891:
887:
871:
867:
851:
844:
837:
833:
824:
820:
808:
804:
795:
791:
786:
779:
770:
768:
763:
762:
758:
740:
736:
727:
725:
717:
716:
712:
705:
686:
682:
671:
658:
643:
627:
623:
608:
601:
588:(Routledge 2013
579:
575:
570:
549:Cesare Orsenigo
530:(about 407–413)
502:
482:Catholic Church
475:Michel Le Quien
443:of Alexandria.
399:Catholic Church
388:
339:
258:Ptolemais ruins
244:
123:
121:
117:
114:
109:
106:
104:
102:
101:
68:
67:
66:
65:
62:
61:
60:
39:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3912:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3830:
3820:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3465:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3160:Megara Hyblaea
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3140:Hybla Gereatis
3137:
3132:
3130:Heraclea Minoa
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2917:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2896:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2874:Attic numerals
2871:
2869:Greek numerals
2866:
2864:Greek alphabet
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2518:Musical system
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2477:
2475:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1950:Mathematicians
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1859:Kings of Argos
1855:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1834:
1833:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1813:
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1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1717:Cretan archers
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1669:
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1666:
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1660:
1654:
1652:
1646:
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1642:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1516:Achaean League
1513:
1510:Euboean League
1507:
1501:
1498:Epirote League
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1446:(c. 500–31 BC)
1441:
1428:
1415:
1409:
1396:
1378:
1376:
1374:Confederations
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1298:Lissus (Crete)
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
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1225:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1046:Archaic Greece
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1002:
996:
988:
987:
985:
984:
978:
975:
974:
971:Ancient Greece
967:
966:
959:
952:
944:
938:
937:
935:Ptolemais City
932:
926:
919:
918:External links
916:
913:
912:
896:
885:
865:
842:
831:
827:Church History
818:
802:
789:
777:
756:
734:
723:www.livius.org
710:
703:
689:McEvedy, Colin
680:
656:
641:
621:
599:
572:
571:
569:
566:
565:
564:
558:
555:Carlo Angeleri
552:
546:
543:
540:
537:
531:
525:
522:
519:
513:
506:
501:
498:
433:Roman province
387:
384:
338:
335:
311:Libya Superior
299:Roman province
243:
240:
188:
187:
184:
180:
179:
175:
174:
165:
161:
160:
159:7th century AD
157:
153:
152:
151:3rd century BC
149:
145:
144:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
74:
70:
69:
63:
54:
53:
47:
46:
45:
44:
41:
40:
37:
29:
28:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3911:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
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3807:
3797:
3794:
3792:
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3779:
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3774:
3770:
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3762:
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3747:
3729:
3726:
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3721:
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3716:
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3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
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3676:
3674:
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3649:
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3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
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3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
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3469:
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3458:
3452:
3449:
3447:
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3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3338:Hemeroscopion
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:Magna Graecia
2912:
2908:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2789:Arcadocypriot
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2742:Zeus, Olympia
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:Hera, Olympia
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
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2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:Mount Olympus
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:Sacred places
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
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2533:
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2528:
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2515:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
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2496:
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2483:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2422:Olympic Games
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2412:Homosexuality
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
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2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
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2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
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2089:
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2036:
2034:
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2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1920:
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1890:
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1826:
1822:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1782:Seleucid army
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
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1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1456:Delian League
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1432:
1429:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1412:Ionian League
1410:
1400:
1397:
1393: 560 BC
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
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1177:
1173:
1169:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1134:Magna Graecia
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
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1024:
1023:
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1017:
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1001:
998:
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983:
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979:
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972:
965:
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951:
946:
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942:
936:
933:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
910:
909:88-209-7422-3
906:
900:
894:
889:
882:
878:
874:
869:
861:
860:
855:
849:
847:
840:
835:
828:
822:
816:, 1931), p462
815:
811:
806:
799:
793:
784:
782:
766:
760:
754:
750:
746:
743:
738:
724:
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678:
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669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
652:
648:
644:
642:0-226-69474-7
638:
634:
633:
625:
618:
617:9780819602190
614:
611:
606:
604:
596:
595:9781136824050
592:
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582:
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573:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
507:
504:
503:
500:Known Bishops
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
400:
395:
393:
383:
381:
376:
374:
369:
367:
362:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
334:
332:
328:
324:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
291:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
264:
256:
248:
239:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
185:
181:
176:
173:
169:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
137:
133:
128:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
51:
42:
35:
30:
23:
3633:Dionysopolis
3603:Abonoteichos
3555:Pantikapaion
3299:
3145:Hybla Heraea
2481:Architecture
2437:Prostitution
2126:Aristophanes
1985:Philosophers
1955:Philosophers
1787:Spartan army
1518:(280–146 BC)
1506:(338–322 BC)
1500:(370–168 BC)
1488:(374–196 BC)
1482:(378–355 BC)
1464:(430–348 BC)
1458:(478–404 BC)
1452:(499–449 BC)
1139:Peloponnesus
1061:Roman Greece
899:
888:
872:
868:
858:
834:
826:
821:
805:
792:
769:. Retrieved
759:
744:
737:
726:. Retrieved
722:
713:
693:
683:
674:
631:
624:
585:
576:
479:
457:
445:
422:
414:Ecclesiastes
396:
389:
377:
370:
366:Qasr Faraoun
363:
356:
348:amphitheatre
340:
315:
296:
269:
235:
225:
192:
191:
3781:Place names
3693:Salmydessus
3515:Kalos Limen
3495:Chersonesus
3485:Borysthenes
3190:Tauromenion
3002:Metapontion
2764:Proto-Greek
2717:Erechtheion
2712:Athena Nike
2674:Philippeion
2503:Mathematics
2474:and science
2357:Agriculture
2221:Stesichorus
2131:Bacchylides
2121:Archilochus
2008:Antisthenes
1998:Anaximander
1970:Seven Sages
1960:Playwrights
1940:Geographers
1935:Astronomers
1762:Pezhetairos
1389: 1100
1369:Federations
1268:Megalopolis
1205:City states
1180:City states
561:Cyril Vasiľ
557:(1948–1979)
551:(1922–1946)
490:Cyril Vasiľ
486:titular see
327:Justinian I
274:, probably
122: /
98:Coordinates
3853:Categories
3683:Polemonion
3560:Phanagoria
3530:Kimmerikon
3525:Kerkinitis
3510:Hermonassa
3500:Dioscurias
3396:Aspalathos
3343:Kalathousa
3318:Akra Leuke
3247:Phoenicusa
3032:Scylletium
3017:Poseidonia
2937:Brentesion
2824:Pamphylian
2819:Macedonian
2737:Samothrace
2722:Hephaestus
2669:Long Walls
2648:Structures
2589:Underworld
2535:Technology
2498:Literature
2432:Philosophy
2397:Euergetism
2286:By culture
2231:Thucydides
2073:Pythagoras
2068:Protagoras
2058:Parmenides
2043:Heraclitus
2028:Empedocles
2018:Democritus
2003:Anaximenes
1993:Anaxagoras
1945:Historians
1438: 595
1425: 550
1406: 800
1391: – c.
1319:Cappadocia
1124:Ionian Sea
1114:Hellespont
1079:Aegean Sea
825:Eusebius,
771:2012-09-06
728:2019-08-06
568:References
429:Alexandria
344:hippodrome
307:Diocletian
284:Roman rule
197:Pentapolis
178:Site notes
138:Settlement
110:20°57′10″E
107:32°42′25″N
3894:Cyrenaica
3769:in Epirus
3718:Trapezous
3663:Mesambria
3648:Eupatoria
3618:Apollonia
3613:Anchialos
3575:Theodosia
3545:Nymphaion
3535:Myrmekion
3505:Gorgippia
3461:Black Sea
3446:Tragurion
3431:Nymphaion
3416:Epidauros
3411:Epidamnos
3401:Apollonia
3378:Zacynthos
3300:Ptolemais
3294:Apollonia
3267:Cyrenaica
3257:Therassía
3252:Strongyle
3232:Ereikousa
3155:Leontinoi
3095:Apollonia
2972:Hipponion
2769:Mycenaean
2732:Parthenon
2664:Lion Gate
2567:Mythology
2530:Sculpture
2493:Astronomy
2427:Pederasty
2402:Festivals
2387:Education
2267:Lawgivers
2236:Timocreon
2216:Sophocles
2211:Simonides
2186:Philocles
2181:Panyassis
2176:Mimnermus
2141:Herodotus
2136:Euripides
2106:Aeschylus
2053:Leucippus
2013:Aristotle
1792:Strategos
1658:Synedrion
1612:Ostracism
1592:Areopagus
1544:Free city
1339:Macedonia
1223:Byzantion
1129:Macedonia
1094:Cyrenaica
1071:Geography
1005:Geography
883:), p. 993
829:, 7:26:2.
477:'s work.
467:Nestorius
386:Bishopric
217:Apollonia
201:Cyrenaica
193:Ptolemais
183:Condition
156:Abandoned
92:Cyrenaica
26:Πτολεμαΐς
20:Ptolemais
3818:Category
3796:Theatres
3723:Tripolis
3658:Kerasous
3653:Heraclea
3585:Tyritake
3540:Nikonion
3451:Thronion
3373:Salauris
3328:Emporion
3285:Berenice
3275:Balagrae
3227:Euonymos
3200:Tyndaris
3185:Syracuse
3180:Selinous
3150:Kamarina
3105:Casmenae
3090:Akrillai
3007:Neápolis
2942:Caulonia
2923:Mainland
2854:Linear B
2849:Linear A
2779:Dialects
2756:Language
2550:Religion
2508:Medicine
2442:Religion
2407:Folklore
2392:Emporium
2367:Clothing
2362:Calendar
2246:Xenophon
2241:Tyrtaeus
2226:Theognis
2201:Polybius
2196:Plutarch
2171:Menander
2151:Hipponax
2078:Socrates
2033:Epicurus
1879:Diadochi
1777:Sciritae
1737:Hetairoi
1712:Ballista
1677:Military
1640:Gerousia
1630:Ekklesia
1597:Ecclesia
1579:Athenian
1527:Politics
1440:–279 BC)
1427:–366 BC)
1408:–389 BC)
1344:Pergamon
1314:Bithynia
1307:Kingdoms
1248:Pergamon
1190:Military
1185:Politics
982:Timeline
856:(1740).
691:(2011).
619:), p. 20
542:Gabriele
534:Euoptius
528:Synesius
459:Synesius
452:Arianism
406:Eusebius
380:Benghazi
232:Tolmeita
209:Benghazi
186:In ruins
78:Tolmeita
73:Location
3838:Outline
3791:Temples
3728:Zaliche
3708:Thèrmae
3698:Sesamus
3668:Odessos
3643:Cytorus
3638:Cotyora
3388:Illyria
3353:Mainake
3348:Kypsela
3237:Hycesia
3195:Thermae
3175:Segesta
3165:Messana
3120:Helorus
3100:Calacte
3080:Akragas
3042:Sybaris
3027:Rhegion
2982:Krimisa
2932:Alision
2841:Writing
2814:Locrian
2804:Epirote
2774:Homeric
2707:Artemis
2694:Temples
2635:Olympia
2605:Eleusis
2540:Theatre
2525:Pottery
2452:Warfare
2447:Slavery
2382:Economy
2377:Cuisine
2372:Coinage
2349:Society
2334:Culture
2329:Society
2277:Tyrants
2116:Alcaeus
2098:Authors
2048:Hypatia
2038:Gorgias
1975:Writers
1797:Toxotai
1767:Sarissa
1757:Peltast
1752:Phalanx
1732:Hoplite
1727:Hippeis
1650:Macedon
1622:Spartan
1607:Heliaia
1554:Proxeny
1263:Larissa
1258:Kerkyra
1253:Eretria
1243:Miletus
1238:Ephesus
1233:Corinth
1228:Chalcis
1149:Taurica
1019:Periods
1000:History
814:Leipzig
753:1063867
651:6982515
512:Bishop)
402:diocese
359:Hadrian
337:Remains
323:Libyans
305:. With
266:Cistern
242:History
230:called
215:), and
164:Periods
148:Founded
143:History
3828:Portal
3776:People
3764:Cities
3703:Sinope
3688:Rhizos
3678:Phasis
3628:Bathus
3623:Athina
3608:Amisos
3570:Tanais
3565:Pityus
3490:Charax
3441:Pharos
3436:Orikon
3333:Helike
3323:Alonis
3290:Cyrene
3222:Didyme
3135:Himera
3110:Catana
3072:Sicily
3062:Thurii
3057:Terina
3022:Pixous
2977:Hydrus
2952:Croton
2784:Aeolic
2702:Aphaea
2625:Dodona
2610:Delphi
2579:Temple
2255:Others
2206:Sappho
2191:Pindar
2166:Lucian
2161:Ibycus
2146:Hesiod
2083:Thales
1851:Rulers
1830:People
1807:Xyston
1802:Xiphos
1663:Koinon
1569:Tyrant
1559:Stasis
1549:Koinon
1349:Pontus
1324:Epirus
1293:Sparta
1283:Rhodes
1278:Megara
1273:Thebes
1218:Athens
1144:Pontus
1109:Epirus
1099:Cyprus
1084:Aeolis
907:
879:
798:Parigi
751:
745:et al.
701:
649:
639:
615:
597:), p.3
593:
236:Arabic
205:Cyrene
88:Region
3786:Stoae
3754:Lists
3673:Oinòe
3596:coast
3594:South
3580:Tyras
3550:Olbia
3520:Kepoi
3473:coast
3471:North
3464:basin
3406:Aulon
3368:Rhode
3280:Barca
3170:Naxos
3125:Henna
3085:Akrai
3052:Taras
3037:Siris
2997:Medma
2992:Locri
2957:Cumae
2947:Chone
2925:Italy
2831:Koine
2809:Ionic
2799:Doric
2794:Attic
2615:Delos
2513:Music
2156:Homer
2111:Aesop
2063:Plato
1965:Poets
1635:Ephor
1587:Agora
1564:Tagus
1539:Boule
1288:Samos
1213:Argos
1119:Ionia
1104:Doris
1089:Crete
510:Aryan
484:as a
455:360.
448:Arius
352:odeon
346:, an
280:Barca
228:Libya
219:(now
213:Tocra
82:Libya
76:Near
3713:Tium
3480:Akra
3421:Issa
3115:Gela
2987:Laüs
2962:Elea
2620:Dion
2472:Arts
2462:Wine
2088:Zeno
1685:Wars
905:ISBN
877:ISBN
749:OCLC
699:ISBN
647:OCLC
637:ISBN
613:ISBN
591:ISBN
423:The
392:Seat
316:The
221:Susa
135:Type
2417:Law
301:of
223:).
199:of
170:to
3855::
1435:c.
1422:c.
1403:c.
1386:c.
845:^
780:^
721:.
659:^
645:.
602:^
496:.
408:,
80:,
3296:)
3292:(
1433:(
1420:(
1401:(
1395:)
1384:(
1371:/
963:e
956:t
949:v
774:.
731:.
707:.
653:.
583:,
234:(
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