488:
567:, where Arduin was disappointed by a poor showing from his erstwhile supporters. Henry entered Pavia, the traditional Lombard capital, and had himself crowned King of Italy on 14 May in San Michele in the face of a disapproving crowd. Then he burned the city that had given shelter to Arduin to the ground. This had its effect: "All of Italy was horrified by this and likewise extremely fearful. As confidence in Arduin waned from this time on, Henry's power prevailed everywhere."
586:. There were several skirmishes between Henry's army and Arduin's followers, both in Rome and as Henry began to withdraw back into Germany. But at that point the old king, probably sick and tired, chose to abdicate the Italian throne. He secured the possession of the main part of the March of Ivrea for his son Arduin II (the March was dissolved, but the younger Arduin was appointed Count of Ivrea), renounced all of his titles, and retired to the Benedictine
924:
472:. Otto III was also present in the city, and Warmund and Leone, successor of Pietro as the bishop of Vercelli, probably were as well, and the pope confirmed Arduin's excommunication and demanded he abdicate to his title in favor of his son. Arduin did not accept the sentence. He returned in his lands, and, instead of abdicating, expelled Warmund from Ivrea and rapidly conquered the cities of Vercelli and
42:
460:, the fief of Caresana. Arduin did not recognise the donation. There were riots in the city of Vercelli between the knights and the bishop's followers, during which the bishop was killed. Arduin intervened in the city, formally to restore order; during the clashes, the cathedral, where the bishop had been interred, was burned. The bishop-count
275:
The study of Arduin's reign has been bedeviled by the many forged diplomas in his name. These caused older scholarship to overrate his importance after Henry's first expedition in 1004, but it is now clear that Arduin's sphere of influence was restricted to a small part of Italy after that. He did,
323:
In the subsequent years, the political situation in
Northern Italy was marked by the struggle between the bishops (who at the time were high-ranking nobles appointed by the Emperor himself to rule the largest fiefs, and who thus owed their fortune to their personal relationship with him) and the
263:
was elected to succeed Otto, and he contested Arduin's election in Italy. In 1004, Henry invaded Italy, defeated Arduin and was crowned king in Pavia. He soon withdrew back to
Germany, and Arduin was able to reassert his authority at least in the northwest of Italy for the next decade. Henry II
628:(Pavia glorious city). Arduin may have been able to mint coins in Pavia after Henry returned to Germany in 1004. There are no known coins of Henry II from the period before 1014, although coins of Otto III may have continued to be struck in the confusion.
451:
During his rule in Ivrea, Arduin backed the claims of the monastic orders and of the minor nobles, a policy that inevitably led to clashes with the imperially appointed bishops. The hostility turned into open conflict in the year 997, when the
Emperor
512:
At that point a clash with the
Emperor seemed inevitable, but Otto III suddenly died near Rome on 23 January 1002 without leaving a direct heir, throwing the empire into a succession crisis. On 15 February, a diet of feudal lords and knights in
579:, and Henry chose not to pursue him with the main body of his army. Some imperial forces besieged the valley until the winter 1004–1005 but then withdrew; afterwards, Arduin rapidly regained control of all of his previous possessions.
529:. However, while Arduin had the loyalty of the minor nobles, that of the bigger landlords, more tied to the imperial power, was much more questionable, and opposition to his rule was instigated by the bishops, led by
464:
condemned Arduin for the killing of Pietro, excommunicated him, and obtained from the
Emperor a proclamation that the city of Ivrea, along with the land for three miles outside the walls, was free from Arduin's rule.
616:(emperor) on the reverse. It is not clear if the latter is simply a holdover from Otto III's coinage or represents Arduin's anticipation of a future imperial coronation. The second type reads
252:, making him the first non-German on the Italian throne in 41 years. Arduin was considered the choice of the nobility and opposed by the episcopate, but he was initially supported by the
575:
At this point, Henry was satisfied by his formal recognition as ruler of Italy and returned to
Germany in the early summer of 1004. Arduin had withdrawn to his stronghold in the
1686:
549:
304:
was deposed. Arduin, Berengar's grand-nephew, was only a boy when this happened. Although Otto unified the crowns of Italy and
Germany and was crowned
886:
754:
392:. Conrad was Berengar II's son and was married to a daughter of Arduin Glaber. It is unclear if Arduin was appointed to Ivrea by the king–emperor
374:
1666:
396:
or if he succeeded as Conrad's heir. The March of Ivrea, since its restructuring under
Berengar II in 950, consisted of the counties of
397:
445:
237:
17:
1691:
324:
minor nobles, whose only source of livelihood were small, rural fiefs, and who were threatened by the expansionism of the bishops.
521:, Arduin was "elected by the Lombards in Pavia and was called 'caesar' by all". He then made the rounds of the kingdom with the
582:
Arduin's rule lasted until 1014, when Henry descended into Italy again, this time to be crowned Holy Roman
Emperor in Rome by
559:
This was only the beginning. Henry personally invaded Italy with a large force that left
Germany in March 1004 and arrived at
1448:
879:
289:
226:
118:
253:
357:. They had three sons: Arduin (sometimes called Ardicino), Otto, and Guibert. From them descended the later counts of
1624:
1584:
530:
1544:
1195:
872:
1608:
1115:
1632:
1616:
1592:
1512:
1504:
548:, and then sent Otto to Italy to depose Arduin; but in the spring of 1003, Arduin defeated Otto in a pitched
598:
Arduin's coinage was designed to resemble that of Otto III as closely as possible. Unusually, the character
1696:
1600:
1568:
1520:
1496:
1480:
832:
815:
537:
354:
260:
241:
93:
83:
1681:
1576:
1536:
1472:
526:
245:
73:
545:
199:
540:
was acclaimed king on 7 June 1002, and he did not recognize Arduin's coronation. Henry granted the
1676:
1009:
602:, a rounded minuscule D, was used in his name to make it resemble Otto's monogram. Two types of
503:, is the site where, according to tradition, Arduin held out against the besieging Emperor Henry
1383:
350:
153:
268:, at which point Arduin was finally forced to relinquish his crown. He died soon after at the
1552:
346:
189:
1661:
1656:
1560:
1427:
301:
8:
1413:
1378:
1347:
1312:
1296:
1240:
940:
932:
621:
587:
522:
433:
429:
269:
142:
130:
1671:
1528:
1361:
583:
457:
305:
293:
864:
1454:
1435:
1280:
1033:
849:
469:
425:
378:
160:
1369:
1288:
1264:
468:
In the year 1000 Arduin was in Rome to explain his position to the newly appointed
441:
437:
421:
211:
744:
1397:
1320:
1304:
842:
541:
518:
385:
317:
1464:
1256:
553:
389:
313:
297:
233:
608:, both minted at Pavia, are known for Arduin. The first bears the inscription
1650:
1405:
895:
822:
749:
487:
370:
342:
52:
790:
Day, William R.; Matzke, Michael; Saccocci, Andrea; Screen, Elina (2016).
655:
653:
1342:
1248:
576:
1227:
1203:
1179:
650:
67:
292:
was struggling to maintain its independence from the ambitions of the
1422:
1272:
1171:
1131:
1107:
1091:
956:
948:
923:
309:
179:
41:
1392:
1356:
1187:
1163:
1155:
1139:
1123:
1099:
1059:
705:
604:
590:, which he had founded in 1003. He died there on 14 December 1015.
481:
453:
417:
413:
393:
362:
1219:
1211:
1083:
1075:
1067:
1051:
1043:
972:
964:
910:
637:
492:
461:
401:
174:
640:
project name comes from an Italian bar named after King Arduin.
272:, ending the independence of the Kingdom of Italy from Germany.
1147:
1017:
988:
980:
706:"Representing Royal Authority at San Michele Maggiore in Pavia"
564:
560:
473:
409:
405:
366:
338:
285:
114:
1025:
599:
514:
358:
249:
517:
acclaimed Arduin King of Italy. According to the chronicler
996:
477:
265:
525:
publicly at his side. Arduin was crowned in Pavia, in the
264:
invaded Italy again in 1014 and was proclaimed Emperor in
785:. Vol. 4. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.
894:
789:
659:
244:, the Italian nobles elected him King of Italy in the
674:
672:
670:
668:
792:
Medieval European Coinage, Volume 12: Northern Italy
225:– 14 December 1015) was an Italian nobleman who was
349:, was a nephew of King Berengar II. Arduin married
781:Arnaldi, Girolamo (1962). "Arduino, re d'Italia".
665:
308:, this did not erase the influence of Berengar's
1648:
296:. Italy was conquered in 961 by the German king
880:
240:in Rome. In 1002, after the death of Emperor
1687:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
276:however, have continuing support in Pavia.
887:
873:
353:, who is often said to be the daughter of
341:and named after his maternal grandfather,
40:
710:Zeitschrift fur Kunstgeschichte 77 (2014)
446:Count of the Sacred Palace of the Lateran
238:Count of the Sacred Palace of the Lateran
570:
486:
128:14 December 1015 (aged 59–60)
780:
742:
678:
563:on 9 April 1004. He met Arduin outside
491:The fortified church of Santa Croce at
14:
1649:
476:, while his followers took control of
316:was inherited by Berengar's third son
868:
384:In 990, Arduin succeeded his kinsman
783:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
757:from the original on 28 October 2011
332:
703:
24:
1667:People from the Province of Novara
743:Kushner, David (26 October 2011).
312:dynasty in northern Italy, as the
25:
1708:
612:(Arduin king) on the obverse and
922:
531:Frederick, Archbishop of Ravenna
527:Basilica of San Michele Maggiore
507:
246:Basilica of San Michele Maggiore
1692:11th-century monarchs in Europe
27:King of Italy (r. 1002 to 1014)
736:
723:
697:
684:
337:Arduin was born around 955 in
284:Arduin was born around 955 in
13:
1:
794:. Cambridge University Press.
288:during a period in which the
279:
219:
107:
436:, plus part of the dioceses
355:Otbert II, Margrave of Milan
327:
7:
10:
1713:
773:
593:
480:and several cities of the
1447:
1332:
1239:
1008:
931:
920:
903:
847:
839:
829:
820:
807:
802:
631:
200:Chalcedonian Christianity
195:
185:
173:
159:
149:
137:
124:
103:
99:
89:
79:
66:
58:
51:
39:
34:
18:Arduin, Margrave of Ivrea
1335:(title disputed 887–933)
731:Liber gestorum recentium
692:Liber gestorum recentium
643:
745:"The Making of Arduino"
300:, and the Italian King
504:
420:, and the dioceses of
229:from 1002 until 1014.
215:
626:PAPIA CIVITAS +GLORIO
618:AR∂O IN GRACIA DI REX
571:King in the northwest
490:
361:and in turn those of
347:Dado, Count of Pombia
259:In Germany, however,
232:In 990 Arduin became
62:15 February 1002–1014
1545:Lothair III (or II)
898:between 476 and 1556
495:, also known as the
74:San Michele Maggiore
1697:Abbey of Fruttuaria
622:in the grace of God
588:Abbey of Fruttuaria
546:Otto I of Carinthia
523:Archbishop of Milan
456:granted to Pietro,
270:Abbey of Fruttuaria
254:Archbishop of Milan
143:Abbey of Fruttuaria
131:Abbey of Fruttuaria
1682:Margraves of Ivrea
812:Title last held by
704:Elliott, Gillian.
636:The open-hardware
584:Pope Benedict VIII
505:
458:Bishop of Vercelli
294:Kingdom of Germany
1644:
1643:
1455:Holy Roman Empire
863:
862:
850:Margrave of Ivrea
830:Succeeded by
662:, pp. 42–43.
627:
619:
615:
611:
610:AR∂O +HINVS REGEM
550:battle at Fabrica
470:Pope Sylvester II
333:Margrave of Ivrea
234:Margrave of Ivrea
205:
204:
16:(Redirected from
1704:
1636:
1628:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1596:
1588:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1476:
1468:
1449:Kingdom of Italy
1439:
1431:
1417:
1409:
1401:
1387:
1373:
1365:
1351:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1231:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1039:
1029:
1021:
1000:
992:
984:
976:
968:
960:
952:
944:
926:
914:
889:
882:
875:
866:
865:
840:Preceded by
800:
799:
795:
786:
767:
766:
764:
762:
740:
734:
727:
721:
720:
718:
716:
701:
695:
688:
682:
676:
663:
657:
625:
617:
613:
609:
501:Rocca di Arduino
497:Rocca di Sparone
462:Warmund of Ivrea
448:in Rome in 991.
444:. Arduin became
290:Kingdom of Italy
224:
221:
119:Kingdom of Italy
112:
109:
72:14 May 1004, in
44:
32:
31:
21:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1602:
1594:
1586:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1466:
1457:
1452:
1443:
1437:
1429:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1385:
1371:
1363:
1349:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1235:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1027:
1019:
1004:
998:
990:
982:
974:
966:
958:
950:
942:
927:
918:
912:
899:
893:
853:
845:
835:
826:
813:
798:
776:
771:
770:
760:
758:
741:
737:
728:
724:
714:
712:
702:
698:
689:
685:
677:
666:
660:Day et al. 2016
658:
651:
646:
634:
596:
573:
542:March of Verona
519:Arnulf of Milan
510:
335:
330:
282:
222:
168:
166:
145:
129:
113:
110:
47:
46:Arduin of Ivrea
35:Arduin of Ivrea
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1710:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1677:Kings of Italy
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1625:Frederick III
1622:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1590:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1461:
1459:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1389:
1375:
1367:
1353:
1338:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1245:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1081:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1031:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
994:
986:
978:
970:
962:
954:
946:
937:
935:
929:
928:
921:
919:
917:
916:
907:
905:
901:
900:
896:Kings of Italy
892:
891:
884:
877:
869:
861:
860:
855:
846:
841:
837:
836:
831:
828:
819:
811:
805:
804:
803:Regnal titles
797:
796:
787:
777:
775:
772:
769:
768:
735:
722:
696:
683:
664:
648:
647:
645:
642:
633:
630:
595:
592:
572:
569:
509:
506:
390:March of Ivrea
345:. His father,
334:
331:
329:
326:
314:March of Ivrea
281:
278:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
190:Dado of Pombia
187:
183:
182:
177:
171:
170:
163:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
139:
135:
134:
126:
122:
121:
105:
101:
100:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
70:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1709:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1585:Frederick II
1583:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1001:
995:
993:
987:
985:
979:
977:
971:
969:
963:
961:
955:
953:
947:
945:
939:
938:
936:
934:
930:
925:
915:
909:
908:
906:
902:
897:
890:
885:
883:
878:
876:
871:
870:
867:
859:
856:
852:
851:
844:
838:
834:
825:
824:
823:King of Italy
818:
817:
810:
806:
801:
793:
788:
784:
779:
778:
756:
752:
751:
750:IEEE Spectrum
746:
739:
732:
726:
711:
707:
700:
693:
687:
680:
675:
673:
671:
669:
661:
656:
654:
649:
641:
639:
629:
623:
607:
606:
601:
591:
589:
585:
580:
578:
568:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
508:King of Italy
502:
498:
494:
489:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
463:
459:
455:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
371:Castellamonte
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:Arduin Glaber
340:
325:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
277:
273:
271:
267:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
227:King of Italy
217:
213:
209:
201:
198:
194:
191:
188:
184:
181:
178:
176:
172:
164:
162:
158:
155:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
123:
120:
116:
106:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
53:King of Italy
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1561:Frederick I
1488:
1428:Berengar II
1421:
1391:
1377:
1355:
1341:
1333:Non-dynastic
1305:Charles III
1249:Charlemagne
1241:Carolingians
1034:
904:Non-dynastic
857:
848:
821:
814:
808:
791:
782:
759:. Retrieved
748:
738:
730:
725:
713:. Retrieved
709:
699:
691:
686:
679:Arnaldi 1962
635:
603:
597:
581:
574:
558:
536:In Germany,
535:
511:
500:
496:
467:
450:
383:
336:
322:
283:
274:
258:
231:
207:
206:
29:
1662:1015 deaths
1657:950s births
1635:(1530–1556)
1627:(1452–1493)
1619:(1431–1437)
1611:(1355–1378)
1609:Charles IV
1603:(1327–1347)
1595:(1311–1313)
1587:(1212–1250)
1579:(1209–1212)
1571:(1186–1197)
1563:(1154–1186)
1555:(1138–1152)
1553:Conrad III
1547:(1125–1137)
1539:(1106–1125)
1531:(1093–1101)
1523:(1056–1105)
1515:(1039–1056)
1507:(1026–1039)
1499:(1004–1024)
1491:(1002–1014)
1414:Lothair II
1348:Berengar I
1343:Unruochings
1289:Charles II
1228:Desiderius
1204:Hildeprand
1180:Aripert II
1035:Interregnum
577:Orco Valley
302:Berengar II
236:and in 991
80:Predecessor
1651:Categories
1633:Charles V
1617:Sigismund
1593:Henry VII
1529:Conrad II
1513:Henry III
1505:Conrad II
1483:(996–1002)
1458:(962–1556)
1273:Lothair I
1196:Liutprand
1172:Raginpert
1132:Perctarit
1108:Perctarit
1092:Aripert I
957:Theodahad
949:Athalaric
941:Theodoric
933:Ostrogoths
858:Dissolved
827:1002–1014
761:9 February
624:king) and
614:+IHPERATOR
280:Background
223: 955
111: 955
68:Coronation
1672:Anscarids
1601:Louis IV
1569:Henry VI
1521:Henry IV
1497:Henry II
1489:Arduin I
1481:Otto III
1475:(980–983)
1467:(962–973)
1438:(950–963)
1436:Adalbert
1430:(950–963)
1423:Anscarids
1416:(945–950)
1408:(926–947)
1400:(900–905)
1398:Louis II
1386:(922–933)
1372:(891–897)
1364:(889–894)
1357:Guideschi
1350:(887–924)
1315:(896–899)
1307:(879–887)
1299:(877–879)
1297:Carloman
1291:(875–877)
1283:(855–875)
1275:(818–855)
1267:(810–818)
1259:(781–810)
1251:(774–814)
1230:(756–774)
1222:(749–756)
1214:(744–749)
1198:(712–744)
1188:Ansprand
1182:(702–712)
1166:(700–702)
1164:Liutpert
1158:(689–700)
1156:Cunipert
1142:(688–689)
1140:Cunipert
1134:(671–688)
1124:Garibald
1118:(662–671)
1116:Grimoald
1110:(661–662)
1102:(661–662)
1100:Godepert
1094:(653–661)
1086:(652–653)
1078:(636-652)
1070:(626–636)
1062:(616–626)
1060:Adaloald
1054:(590–616)
1046:(584–590)
1038:(574–584)
1028:(572–574)
1020:(568–572)
999:(552–553)
991:(541–552)
975:(540–541)
967:(536–540)
959:(534–536)
951:(526–534)
943:(493–526)
913:(476–493)
854:990–1015
552:near the
400:, Ivrea,
328:Biography
180:Anscarids
90:Successor
1577:Otto IV
1537:Henry V
1473:Otto II
1393:Bosonids
1384:Rudolph
1370:Lambert
1281:Louis I
1265:Bernard
1220:Aistulf
1212:Ratchis
1084:Rodoald
1076:Rothari
1068:Arioald
1052:Agilulf
1044:Authari
1010:Lombards
973:Ildibad
965:Vitiges
911:Odoacer
833:Henry II
816:Otto III
755:Archived
729:Arnulf,
690:Arnulf,
620:(Arduin
605:denarius
544:to Duke
538:Henry II
482:Piedmont
454:Otto III
434:Vigevano
430:Vercelli
418:Vercelli
414:Stazzona
398:Burgaria
394:Otto III
379:Rivarolo
310:Anscarid
261:Henry II
242:Otto III
196:Religion
94:Henry II
84:Otto III
1465:Otto I
1451:within
1321:Ratold
1313:Arnulf
1148:Alahis
1018:Alboin
989:Totila
981:Eraric
774:Sources
715:30 July
638:Arduino
594:Coinage
556:River.
493:Sparone
402:Lomello
388:in the
306:Emperor
216:Arduino
212:Italian
169:Guibert
133:, Italy
1257:Pepin
1026:Cleph
843:Conrad
809:Vacant
733:, I.16
694:, I.14
632:Trivia
565:Verona
561:Trento
554:Brenta
474:Novara
432:, and
426:Novara
410:Pombia
406:Ossola
386:Conrad
367:Brosso
351:Bertha
339:Pombia
318:Conrad
298:Otto I
286:Pombia
208:Arduin
186:Father
165:Arduin
154:Bertha
150:Spouse
138:Burial
115:Pombia
1406:Hugh
1379:Welfs
1323:(896)
1206:(744)
1190:(712)
1174:(701)
1150:(689)
1126:(671)
997:Teia
983:(541)
644:Notes
515:Pavia
442:Milan
438:Pavia
422:Ivrea
375:Front
363:Agliè
359:Ivrea
250:Pavia
175:House
161:Issue
59:Reign
1453:the
1362:Guy
763:2021
717:2022
478:Como
440:and
416:and
377:and
266:Rome
167:Otto
125:Died
104:Born
499:or
248:in
1653::
1426::
1396::
1382::
1360::
1346::
753:.
747:.
708:.
667:^
652:^
533:.
484:.
428:,
424:,
412:,
408:,
404:,
381:.
373:,
369:,
365:,
320:.
256:.
220:c.
218:;
214::
117:,
108:c.
888:e
881:t
874:v
765:.
719:.
681:.
600:∂
210:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
