314:, at the time the most influential archaeologists in Britain and America respectively. Childe, in particular, was responsible for formulating the definition of archaeological culture that is still largely applies today. He defined archaeological culture as artifacts and remains that consistently occur together. This introduced a "new and discrete usage of the term which was significantly different from current anthropological usage." His definition in particular was purely a classifying device to order the archaeological data.
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265:). In the later half of the 19th century archaeologists in Scandinavia and central Europe increasingly made use of the German concept of culture to describe the different groups they distinguished in the archaeological record of particular sites and regions, often alongside and as a synonym of "civilisation". It was not until the 20th century and the works of German prehistorian and fervent nationalist
360:...in the traditional view we translate present into past by collecting artifacts into groups, and naming those groups as archaeological cultures. We then make the equation between an archaeological and a human culture by making the assumption that artifacts are the expressions of cultural ideas or norms. (...) This approach (...) was termed "culture history" by many (...).
325:
to explain culture change, Childe and later culture-historical archaeologists, like
Kossinna, still equated separate archaeological cultures with separate "peoples". Later archaeologists have questioned the straightforward relationship between material culture and human societies. The definition of
106:
We find certain types of remains – pots, implements, ornaments, burial rites and house forms – constantly recurring together. Such a complex of associated traits we shall call a "cultural group" or just a "culture". We assume that such a complex is the material expression of what today we
374:
This view of culture would be "entirely satisfactory if the aim of archaeology was solely the definition and description of these entities." However, as the 1960s rolled around and archaeology sought to be more scientific, archaeologists wanted to do more than just describe artifacts, and the
132:
of the peoples themselves. A simplistic example of the process might be that if one pottery-type had handles very similar to those of a neighbouring type but decoration similar to a different neighbour, the idea for the two features might have diffused from the neighbours. Conversely, if one
181:
Since the term "culture" has many different meanings, scholars have also coined a more specific term paleoculture, as a specific designation for prehistoric cultures. Critics argue that cultural taxonomies lack a strong consensus on the epistemological aims of cultural taxonomy,
378:
Accusations came that archaeological culture was "idealist" as it assumes that norms and ideas are seen as being "important in the definition of cultural identity." It stresses the particularity of cultures: "Why and how they are different from the adjacent group."
338:. Conversely, some archaeologists have argued that some supposedly distinctive cultures are manifestations of a wider culture, but they show local differences based on environmental factors such as those related to
326:
archaeological cultures and their relationship to past people has become less clear; in some cases, what was believed to be a monolithic culture is shown by further study to be discrete societies. For example, the
74:
items that differ both functionally and aesthetically due to varying cultural and social practices. This notion is observably true on the broadest scales. For example, the equipment associated with the brewing of
347:
Arabs have radically different material cultures even if in other respects, they are very similar. In the past, such synchronous findings were often interpreted as representing intrusion by other groups.
342:
man. Conversely, archaeologists may make a distinction between material cultures that actually belonged to a single cultural group. It has been highlighted, for example, that village-dwelling and nomadic
140:. It relies on the assumption found in the view of archaeological culture that artifacts found are "an expression of cultural norms," and that these norms define culture. This view is also required to be
147:
This view culture gives life to the artifacts themselves. "Once 'cultures' are regarded as things, it is possible to attribute behavior to them, and to talk about them as if they were living organisms."
356:
The concept of archaeological cultures is itself a divisive subject within the archaeological field. When first developed, archaeologic culture was viewed as a reflection of actual human culture.
144:, multiple artifacts must be found for a site to be classified under a specific archaeological culture. One trait alone does not result in a culture, rather a combination of traits are required.
98:. Archaeological culture is a classifying device to order archaeological data, focused on artifacts as an expression of culture rather than people. The classic definition of this idea comes from
58:
or political groups is based on archaeologists' understanding. However, this is often subject to long-unresolved debates. The concept of the archaeological culture is fundamental to
90:
Advocates of culture-historical archaeology use the notion to argue that sets of material culture can be used to trace ancient groups of people that were either self-identifying
386:
Archaeological culture is presently useful for sorting and assembling artifacts, especially in
European archaeology that often falls towards culture-historical archaeology.
162:
Most archaeological cultures are named after either the type artifact or type site that defines the culture. For example, cultures may be named after pottery types such as
3676:
124:
analysis of archaeological evidence to mechanisms that attempted to explain why they change through time. The key explanations favoured by culture-historians were the
133:
pottery-type suddenly replaces a great diversity of pottery types in an entire region, that might be interpreted as a new group migrating in with this new style.
383:, and other subsequently critics of cultural-historical archaeology argued that archaeological culture treated culture as "just a rag-tag assemblage of ideas."
306:
as the dominant paradigm for much of the 20th century. Kossinna's basic concept of the archaeological culture, stripped of its racial aspects, was adopted by
269:
that the idea of archaeological cultures became central to the discipline. Kossinna saw the archaeological record as a mosaic of clearly defined cultures (or
277:. He was particularly interested in reconstructing the movements of what he saw as the direct prehistoric ancestors of Germans, Slavs, Celts and other major
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The strongly racist character of
Kossinna's work meant it had little direct influence outside of Germany at the time (the
762:
Scerri, Eleanor M.L. (15 October 2019). "Cultural taxonomy for the
European Upper Palaeolithic: a wide-ranging problem".
416:
317:
Though he was sceptical about identifying particular ethnicities in the archaeological record and inclined much more to
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Shea, John J. (15 October 2019). "European Upper
Palaeolithic cultural taxa: better off without them?".
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434:
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137:
419:– Stratigraphy of the archaeological record, used as part of the 'seriation' method of relative dating
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2883:
2878:
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2328:
2143:
659:"Galisonian logic devices and data availability: revitalising Upper Palaeolithic cultural taxonomies"
80:
170:. More frequently, they are named after the site at which the culture was first defined such as the
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was used by German ethnologists to describe the distinctive ways of life of a particular people or
35:
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enthusiastically embraced his theories), or at all after World War II. However, the more general "
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varies greatly across the world. Social relations to material culture often include notions of
39:
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1964:
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1421:
1414:
960:
431: – Archaeological relative dating method based on linking pottery styles to time periods
410:
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1846:
210:
peoples. In contrast to the broader use of the word that was introduced to
English-language
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2020:
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Archaeological cultures were generally equated with separate 'peoples' (ethnic groups or
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171:
735:"House of cards: cultural taxonomy and the study of the European Upper Palaeolithic"
42:, buildings and monuments from a specific period and region that may constitute the
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now serves as a general label for several different groups that occupied southern
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2003:
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1602:
1531:
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1215:
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1102:
1034:
1029:
1007:
839:
331:
234:(culture history) were produced by a number of German scholars, particularly
99:
84:
1122:
413:– Determination of the relative order of archaeological layers and artifacts
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3036:
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125:
95:
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1974:
1895:
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1372:
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1044:
955:
923:
339:
311:
295:
282:
27:
Group of artifact types and structure layouts that often occur together
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3307:
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1943:
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1570:
1565:
1488:
1367:
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239:
55:
120:
The concept of an archaeological culture was crucial to linking the
2365:
2301:
2148:
2106:
1841:
1749:
1624:
1446:
1409:
1389:
287:
2779:
2427:
2219:
2165:
2111:
1933:
1739:
1649:
1503:
1404:
1362:
1225:
1144:
1097:
1085:
437: – Study of archaeological sedimentation for dating purposes
344:
191:
91:
47:
3090:
2495:
2032:
2010:
1863:
1799:
1744:
1134:
1112:
1080:
1054:
202:
of tribal groups and rural peasants was distinguished from the
2561:
2281:
2015:
1969:
1831:
1686:
1634:
1210:
1176:
407: – Law stating that newer strata stack above older ones
2507:
2468:
1948:
1804:
1734:
1654:
1526:
1039:
2748:
1819:
1585:
1543:
76:
586:
850:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
658:
471:
469:
467:
465:
400:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
598:
238:, from 1780 onwards, reflecting a growing interest in
636:
273:, culture groups) that were strongly associated with
823:
Archaeological 'cultures: an empirical investigation
490:
462:
302:" approach to archaeology that he began did replace
733:Reynolds, Natasha; Riede, Felix (15 October 2019).
843:
194:" entered archaeology through 19th-century German
4104:
425: – Archaeological method of relative dating
2764:
897:
732:
543:
541:
50:. The connection between these types is an
2771:
2757:
911:
904:
890:
694:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 48.
538:
128:of forms from one group to another or the
820:Shennan, S. J. (1978). Hodder, I. (ed.).
752:
692:The Method and Theory of V. Gordon Childe
565:
553:
398: – Glossary for archaeological terms
226:, in this sense equivalent to the French
838:
819:
689:
656:
633:
604:
592:
571:
559:
547:
475:
14:
4105:
761:
708:
621:
496:
367:Archaeological Theory: An Introduction
112:
2752:
2075:
1714:
980:
885:
4066:
3667:Role of Christianity in civilization
2076:
790:
455:
453:
451:
281:ethnic groups in order to trace the
155:) leading in some cases to distinct
4078:
846:A history of archaeological thought
54:. Their interpretation in terms of
46:remains of a particular past human
24:
715:Language, Society and Paleoculture
629:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
255:Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed
25:
4134:
2028:Megalithic architectural elements
873:What is an archeological culture?
866:
448:
245:The first use of "culture" in an
136:This idea of culture is known as
4077:
4065:
4054:
4053:
2788:
1715:
657:Marwick, Ben (15 October 2019).
3879:Culture and positive psychology
2789:
2647:Evolutionary origin of religion
577:
70:Different cultural groups have
3318:High- and low-context cultures
529:
520:
511:
502:
481:
375:archaeological culture found.
185:
60:culture-historical archaeology
13:
1:
2260:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
1790:British megalith architecture
718:. Stanford University Press.
441:
411:Relative dating (archaeology)
3884:Culture and social cognition
2869:Cross-cultural communication
2255:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
1795:Nordic megalith architecture
508:Reynolds & Riede (2019).
351:
7:
3966:Intercultural communication
2778:
389:
263:Guide to Northern Antiquity
10:
4139:
3409:Cross cultural sensitivity
3076:Resistance through culture
2403:British Isles and Brittany
2324:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
614:
435:Stratigraphy (archaeology)
396:Archaeological association
65:
4049:
4021:Transformation of culture
3714:
3634:
3454:Cultural environmentalism
3391:
3131:
2994:
2884:Cross-cultural psychology
2879:Cross-cultural psychiatry
2874:Cross-cultural leadership
2851:
2800:
2786:
2605:
2418:
2245:
2092:
2088:
2071:
1957:
1921:
1770:
1727:
1723:
1710:
1517:
1348:
1321:
1246:
1172:
1163:
1068:
993:
989:
981:
976:
919:
690:McNairn, Barbara (1980).
634:Johnson, Matthew (2019).
3981:Living things in culture
3971:Intercultural competence
3874:Culture and menstruation
3373:Trans-cultural diffusion
627:The Danube in Prehistory
242:in 19th-century Europe.
4123:Archaeological cultures
3792:Cultural homogenization
3022:Individualistic culture
2956:Popular culture studies
2941:Intercultural relations
2635:Evolutionary musicology
2038:Oldest extant buildings
1965:Archaeological features
1484:Prepared-core technique
583:Shennan (2021). p. 113.
487:Shennan (2021). p. 114.
423:Seriation (archaeology)
4118:Methods in archaeology
3727:Archaeological culture
3474:Cultural globalization
3343:Organizational culture
3191:Cultural communication
3149:Cultural appropriation
2936:Intercultural learning
2864:Cross-cultural studies
2597:Unchambered long cairn
2445:Mound Builders culture
1778:Neolithic architecture
913:Prehistoric technology
459:McNairn (1980). p. 48.
417:Sequence (archaeology)
372:
262:
247:archaeological context
164:Linear Pottery culture
118:
107:would call "a people".
32:archaeological culture
3996:Participatory culture
3787:Cultural evolutionism
3611:Multiracial democracy
3489:Cultural intelligence
3434:Cultural conservatism
3424:Cultural backwardness
3414:Cultural assimilation
3288:Cultural reproduction
3144:Cultural appreciation
3096:Far-right subcultures
2986:Transcultural nursing
2951:Philosophy of culture
2828:Cultural neuroscience
2808:Cultural anthropology
2272:List of Stone Age art
1474:Microblade technology
1422:Langdale axe industry
1020:Ard / plough
805:10.15184/aqy.2019.117
776:10.15184/aqy.2019.135
710:Polomé, Edgar Charles
675:10.15184/aqy.2019.131
358:
328:Windmill Hill culture
190:The use of the term "
104:
52:empirical observation
18:Archeological culture
3991:Oppositional culture
3961:Emotions and culture
3869:Cultural sensibility
3859:Cultural translation
3797:Cultural institution
3777:Cultural determinism
3499:Cultural nationalism
3484:Cultural imperialism
3444:Cultural deprivation
3338:Non-material culture
2971:Sociology of culture
2966:Semiotics of culture
2679:Prehistoric medicine
2674:Prehistoric counting
2657:Prehistoric religion
2652:Paleolithic religion
2630:Behavioral modernity
1987:Causewayed enclosure
1879:Abri de la Madeleine
1003:Neolithic Revolution
754:10.15184/aqy.2019.49
405:Law of superposition
216:Edward Burnett Tylor
168:Funnelbeaker culture
3842:Culture speculation
3837:Cultural relativism
3767:Cultural competence
3657:Cultural Christians
3529:Cultural Revolution
3519:Cultural radicalism
3494:Cultural liberalism
3429:Cultural Bolshevism
3404:Consumer capitalism
3358:Relational mobility
3298:Cultural technology
3206:Cultural dissonance
3123:Culture by location
3086:Alternative culture
3002:Constructed culture
2981:Theology of culture
2921:Cultural psychology
2901:Cultural entomology
2718:Prehistoric warfare
1464:Magdalenian culture
1427:Levallois technique
1358:Earliest toolmaking
826:. London: Duckworth
574:, pp. 241–248.
562:, pp. 235–241.
550:, pp. 232–235.
304:social evolutionism
285:to its homeland or
4001:Permission culture
3934:Disability culture
3914:Children's culture
3782:Cultural diversity
3742:Circuit of culture
3524:Cultural retention
3504:Cultural pessimism
3459:Cultural exception
3449:Cultural diplomacy
3439:Cultural contracts
3399:Colonial mentality
3328:Manuscript culture
3303:Cultural universal
3273:Cultural pluralism
3253:Cultural landscape
3248:Cultural invention
3216:Cultural framework
3118:Vernacular culture
2916:Cultural mediation
2896:Cultural economics
2891:Cultural analytics
2823:Cultural geography
2813:Cultural astronomy
2669:Origin of language
2662:Spiritual drug use
2572:Rectangular dolmen
2474:Dartmoor kistvaens
2287:Carved stone balls
1999:Circular enclosure
1958:Other architecture
1901:Alp pile dwellings
1489:Solutrean industry
1400:Gravettian culture
1050:Secondary products
799:(371): 1359–1361.
770:(371): 1362–1364.
747:(371): 1350–1358.
669:(371): 1365–1367.
308:Vere Gordon Childe
4100:
4099:
3929:Death and culture
3822:Cultural movement
3812:Cultural literacy
3672:Eastern Orthodoxy
3584:Dominator culture
3579:Deculturalization
3479:Cultural hegemony
3469:Cultural genocide
3464:Cultural feminism
3283:Cultural property
3278:Cultural practice
3263:Cultural leveling
3258:Cultural learning
3243:Cultural industry
3238:Cultural identity
3221:Cultural heritage
3211:Cultural emphasis
3196:Cultural conflict
3169:Cultural behavior
3159:Cultural artifact
3071:Primitive culture
3047:Political culture
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2691:Prehistoric music
2640:music archaeology
2297:Cup and ring mark
2122:Clothing/textiles
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1509:Yubetsu technique
1494:Striking platform
1459:Lithic technology
1344:
1343:
1329:Game drive system
1248:Projectile points
1140:Mortar and pestle
857:978-0-521-60049-1
840:Trigger, Bruce G.
623:Childe, V. Gordon
365:Matthew Johnson,
251:Christian Thomsen
172:Hallstatt culture
138:normative culture
16:(Redirected from
4130:
4081:
4080:
4069:
4068:
4057:
4056:
3946:Drinking culture
3899:Culture industry
3847:Cultural tourism
3827:Cultural mulatto
3802:Cultural jet lag
3737:Cannabis culture
3694:Cultural Muslims
3616:Pluriculturalism
3599:Multiculturalism
3589:Interculturalism
3564:Culture minister
3554:Cultural Zionism
3549:Cultural subsidy
3544:Cultural silence
3419:Cultural attaché
3378:Transculturation
3333:Material culture
3323:Interculturality
3179:Cultural capital
3164:Cultural baggage
3101:Youth subculture
3042:Official culture
3007:Dominant culture
2946:Internet culture
2911:Cultural mapping
2906:Cultural history
2833:Cultural studies
2818:Cultural ecology
2792:
2791:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2706:Divje Babe flute
2613:Archaeoastronomy
2356:Petrosomatoglyph
2090:
2089:
2073:
2072:
1922:Water management
1725:
1724:
1712:
1711:
1615:Denticulate tool
1437:Lithic reduction
1170:
1169:
991:
990:
978:
977:
906:
899:
892:
883:
882:
861:
849:
835:
833:
831:
816:
787:
758:
756:
729:
705:
686:
653:
630:
608:
602:
596:
595:, p. 75–76.
590:
584:
581:
575:
569:
563:
557:
551:
545:
536:
533:
527:
524:
518:
515:
509:
506:
500:
494:
488:
485:
479:
473:
460:
457:
401:
370:
232:Kulturgeschichte
116:
72:material culture
44:material culture
21:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4045:
4036:Western culture
4031:Welfare culture
3956:Eastern culture
3817:Cultural mosaic
3772:Cultural critic
3762:Cultural center
3710:
3684:Cultural Hindus
3630:
3621:Polyculturalism
3594:Monoculturalism
3569:Culture of fear
3539:Cultural safety
3534:Cultural rights
3514:Cultural racism
3509:Cultural policy
3387:
3293:Cultural system
3268:Cultural memory
3201:Cultural cringe
3127:
3059:Popular culture
2990:
2926:Cultural values
2847:
2796:
2782:
2777:
2747:
2734:
2601:
2587:Stone box grave
2557:Megalithic tomb
2462:Cotswold-Severn
2414:
2319:Guardian stones
2247:Prehistoric art
2241:
2084:
2059:
2048:Timber trackway
1953:
1917:
1913:Wattle and daub
1766:
1745:Standing stones
1719:
1698:
1513:
1340:
1317:
1242:
1159:
1069:Food processing
1064:
1013:New World crops
985:
972:
915:
910:
869:
864:
858:
829:
827:
726:
702:
650:
642:. p. 400.
640:Wiley-Blackwell
617:
612:
611:
603:
599:
591:
587:
582:
578:
570:
566:
558:
554:
546:
539:
534:
530:
525:
521:
517:Marwick (2019).
516:
512:
507:
503:
499:, pp. 287.
495:
491:
486:
482:
474:
463:
458:
449:
444:
429:Sequence dating
399:
392:
371:
364:
354:
300:culture history
267:Gustaf Kossinna
188:
159:archaeologies.
117:
115:, pp. v–vi
111:
68:
34:is a recurring
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4136:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4087:
4075:
4063:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3832:Cultural probe
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3757:Cross-cultural
3754:
3752:Coffee culture
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3722:Animal culture
3718:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3686:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3626:Transculturism
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3559:Culture change
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3383:Visual culture
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3363:Safety culture
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3184:Cross-cultural
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2843:Culture theory
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2696:Alligator drum
2688:
2687:
2686:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2623:lunar calendar
2620:
2609:
2607:
2606:Other cultural
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2410:Venus figurine
2407:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2341:Megalithic art
2338:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2294:
2292:Cave paintings
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2094:Material goods
2086:
2085:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1812:
1810:Cliff dwelling
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1395:Fire hardening
1392:
1387:
1385:Clovis culture
1382:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1354:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1308:Manis Mastodon
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1187:throwing stick
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1010:
999:
997:
987:
986:
974:
973:
971:
970:
965:
964:
963:
953:
952:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
920:
917:
916:
909:
908:
901:
894:
886:
880:
879:
868:
867:External links
865:
863:
862:
856:
836:
817:
788:
759:
730:
724:
706:
700:
687:
654:
648:
631:
618:
616:
613:
610:
609:
607:, p. 226.
597:
585:
576:
564:
552:
537:
535:Scerri (2019).
528:
519:
510:
501:
489:
480:
461:
446:
445:
443:
440:
439:
438:
432:
426:
420:
414:
408:
402:
391:
388:
381:Processualists
362:
353:
350:
271:Kultur-Gruppen
187:
184:
176:Clovis culture
109:
67:
64:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4135:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4042:
4041:Youth culture
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4026:Urban culture
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4011:Remix culture
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3986:Media culture
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3976:Languaculture
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3904:Culture shock
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:Cultural turn
3862:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3732:Bennett scale
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3662:Protestantism
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3604:Biculturalism
3602:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:Technoculture
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3348:Print culture
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3313:Enculturation
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:Cultural icon
3231:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Cultural bias
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Cultural area
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Acculturation
3137:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3113:Super culture
3111:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:Legal culture
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:Sound culture
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
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2043:Timber circle
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2026:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2005:
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1992:Tor enclosure
1990:
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1981:
1980:fulacht fiadh
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1219:
1217:
1216:spear-thrower
1214:
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1194:Bow and arrow
1192:
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1103:Grinding slab
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1035:Domestication
1033:
1031:
1030:Digging stick
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
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1009:
1008:Founder crops
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
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988:
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958:
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949:New Stone Age
947:
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725:9780804711494
721:
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664:
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649:9781118475027
645:
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619:
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589:
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573:
568:
561:
556:
549:
544:
542:
532:
523:
514:
505:
498:
493:
484:
478:, p. 19.
477:
472:
470:
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466:
456:
454:
452:
447:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
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387:
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368:
361:
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349:
346:
341:
337:
333:
332:Great Britain
329:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
289:
284:
280:
279:Indo-European
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
253:'s 1836 work
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
183:
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160:
158:
154:
149:
145:
143:
139:
134:
131:
127:
123:
114:
108:
103:
101:
100:Gordon Childe
97:
96:ethnic groups
93:
88:
86:
82:
78:
73:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4089:
4082:
4070:
4058:
4006:Rape culture
3951:Drug culture
3939:Deaf culture
3924:Cyberculture
3894:Culture hero
3807:Cultural lag
3747:Civilization
3726:
3647:Christianity
3353:Protoculture
3037:Microculture
3017:High culture
3012:Folk culture
2961:Postcritique
2523:wedge-shaped
2508:Funeral pyre
2501:Great dolmen
2457:Chamber tomb
2438:Round barrow
2393:Stone circle
2265:Blombos Cave
2193:Grooved ware
2117:Chalcolithic
2081:
2021:Thornborough
1939:Flush toilet
1874:Blombos Cave
1869:Rock shelter
1825:Quiggly hole
1717:Architecture
1692:illustration
1334:Buffalo jump
1155:Storage pits
1118:Aşıklı Höyük
1108:Ground stone
944:Subdivisions
877:Academia.edu
845:
828:. Retrieved
822:
796:
792:
767:
763:
744:
738:
714:
691:
666:
662:
635:
626:
605:Johnson 2019
600:
593:Johnson 2019
588:
579:
572:Trigger 2006
567:
560:Trigger 2006
555:
548:Trigger 2006
531:
526:Shea (2019).
522:
513:
504:
492:
483:
476:Johnson 2019
385:
377:
373:
366:
359:
355:
323:migrationism
319:diffusionism
316:
293:
286:
270:
254:
244:
236:Gustav Klemm
231:
228:civilisation
227:
223:
219:
212:anthropology
204:Zivilisation
203:
199:
198:, where the
189:
180:
161:
150:
146:
135:
119:
105:
89:
69:
38:of types of
31:
29:
4113:Archaeology
4084:WikiProject
4016:Tea culture
3919:Culturalism
3889:Culture gap
3852:Pop-culture
3652:Catholicism
3574:Culture war
3032:Low culture
2931:Culturomics
2838:Culturology
2545:unchambered
2540:Long barrow
2530:Grave goods
2486:Court cairn
2481:Clava cairn
2433:Bowl barrow
2371:Rock cupule
2314:Golden hats
2307:Hill figure
2208:Unstan ware
2188:Cord-marked
2053:Sweet Track
1975:Burnt mound
1896:Stilt house
1884:Sibudu Cave
1677:Tally stick
1645:Quern-stone
1630:Hammerstone
1620:Fire plough
1591:Pesse canoe
1549:Bannerstone
1519:Other tools
1432:Lithic core
1380:Aurignacian
1268:Bare Island
1150:Quern-stone
497:Polomé 1982
334:during the
230:. Works of
196:ethnography
186:Development
157:nationalist
122:typological
113:Childe 1929
4107:Categories
3081:Subculture
2859:Bioculture
2684:trepanning
2577:Ring cairn
2535:Jar burial
2518:transepted
2450:U.S. sites
2351:Petroglyph
2277:Bird stone
2235:wine press
1908:Stone roof
1891:Roundhouse
1783:long house
1760:Stonehenge
1728:Ceremonial
1672:Stone tool
1499:Tool stone
1469:Metallurgy
1373:Mousterian
1350:Toolmaking
1288:Cumberland
1261:Transverse
1231:Schöningen
1123:Qesem cave
1091:Earth oven
1045:Irrigation
956:Technology
924:Prehistory
701:0852243898
442:References
369:, p. 19–20
340:Clactonian
312:Franz Boas
296:Nazi Party
283:Aryan race
142:polythetic
36:assemblage
3909:Culturgen
3677:Mormonism
3635:Religions
3308:Cultureme
3226:Destroyed
2852:Subfields
2728:symbolism
2592:Tor cairn
2550:Grønsalen
2491:Cremation
2383:Sculpture
2361:Pictogram
2346:Petroform
2166:amber use
2134:Cosmetics
1944:Reservoir
1929:Check dam
1859:Pueblitos
1854:Pit-house
1837:Longhouse
1771:Dwellings
1640:Microlith
1571:Bow drill
1566:Bone tool
1559:prismatic
1368:Acheulean
1283:Cresswell
1256:Arrowhead
1182:Boomerang
1098:Granaries
1060:Terracing
939:Stone Age
813:211663912
793:Antiquity
784:211661048
764:Antiquity
740:Antiquity
683:211672039
663:Antiquity
352:Criticism
336:Neolithic
259:Norwegian
240:ethnicity
208:urbanised
130:migration
126:diffusion
92:societies
40:artifacts
4060:Category
3642:Buddhism
3392:Politics
2801:Sciences
2366:Rock art
2329:painting
2302:Geoglyph
2127:timeline
2107:Beadwork
1847:Mehrgarh
1842:Mudbrick
1750:megalith
1625:Fire-saw
1447:debitage
1442:analysis
1410:Hand axe
1390:Cupstone
968:Glossary
929:Timeline
842:(2006).
712:(1982).
625:(1929).
390:See also
363:—
288:Urheimat
110:—
81:identity
4091:Changes
4072:Commons
3715:Related
3706:Sikhism
3701:Judaism
3132:Aspects
2794:Outline
2780:Culture
2723:Symbols
2334:pigment
2220:Weaving
2183:Cardium
2178:Pottery
2173:Mirrors
2161:Jewelry
2102:Baskets
2082:culture
1934:Cistern
1740:Pyramid
1682:Weapons
1660:Scraper
1650:Racloir
1610:Cleaver
1598:Chopper
1504:Uniface
1415:Grooves
1405:Hafting
1363:Oldowan
1322:Systems
1273:Cascade
1236:woomera
1226:harpoon
1199:history
1165:Hunting
1145:Pottery
1086:Cooking
995:Farming
961:history
934:Outline
615:Sources
345:Bedouin
249:was in
192:culture
66:Concept
48:society
3091:Fandom
2701:flutes
2496:Dolmen
2420:Burial
2230:winery
2203:Linear
2033:Midden
2011:Cursus
2004:Goseck
1864:Pueblo
1815:Dugout
1800:Burdei
1479:Mining
1303:Lamoka
1298:Folsom
1278:Clovis
1135:Metate
1113:Hearth
1081:Basket
1055:Sickle
854:
830:30 May
811:
782:
722:
698:
681:
646:
220:Kultur
200:Kultur
85:status
56:ethnic
3689:Islam
3064:Urban
3052:Civic
2995:Types
2618:sites
2562:Mummy
2282:Cairn
2198:JĹŤmon
2149:shoes
2144:Hides
2016:Henge
1970:Broch
1832:Jacal
1687:Wheel
1635:Knife
1581:Canoe
1576:Burin
1554:Blade
1452:flake
1313:Plano
1221:baton
1211:Spear
1177:Arrow
1130:Manos
983:Tools
809:S2CID
780:S2CID
679:S2CID
321:than
153:races
3106:list
2711:gudi
2469:Cist
2398:list
2225:Wine
2154:Ă–tzi
2139:Glue
2112:Beds
2080:and
2078:Arts
1949:Well
1805:Cave
1735:Kiva
1665:side
1655:Rope
1603:tool
1537:bone
1527:Adze
1293:Eden
1206:Nets
1076:Fire
1040:Goad
1025:Celt
852:ISBN
832:2021
720:ISBN
696:ISBN
644:ISBN
310:and
275:race
224:Volk
83:and
1820:Hut
1755:row
1586:Oar
1544:Axe
1532:Awl
801:doi
772:doi
749:doi
671:doi
214:by
206:of
174:or
166:or
94:or
77:tea
30:An
4109::
875:–
807:.
797:93
795:.
778:.
768:93
766:.
745:93
743:.
737:.
677:.
667:93
665:.
661:.
638:.
540:^
464:^
450:^
291:.
261::
218:,
178:.
102::
87:.
62:.
2772:e
2765:t
2758:v
905:e
898:t
891:v
860:.
834:.
815:.
803::
786:.
774::
757:.
751::
728:.
704:.
685:.
673::
652:.
257:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.