Archaeopteryx - Knowledge

3368: 10511: 144: 3351:, a young juvenile, based on published mass estimates of larger specimens. Paul argued that a more reasonable body mass estimate for the Munich specimen is about 140 g (4.9 oz). Paul also criticized the measurements of the rachises themselves, noting that the feathers in the Munich specimen are poorly preserved. Nudds and Dyke reported a diameter of 0.75 mm (0.03 in) for the longest primary feather, which Paul could not confirm using photographs. Paul measured some of the inner primary feathers, finding rachises 1.25–1.4 mm (0.049–0.055 in) across. Despite these criticisms, Nudds and Dyke stood by their original conclusions. They claimed that Paul's statement, that an adult 1177: 1090: 2529: 3645: 1274: 2386: 1535: 10518: 11901: 9755: 1403: 2224: 1328: 3432: 11462: 3802: 1969: 3295: 11467: 10504: 861: 170: 3522: 9749: 2136: 1851: 892: 2196: 2307: 1676: 2318:. Differences do exist among the specimens, and while some researchers regard these as due to the different ages of the specimens, some may be related to actual species diversity. In particular, the Munich, Eichstätt, Solnhofen, and Thermopolis specimens differ from the London, Berlin, and Haarlem specimens in being smaller or much larger, having different finger proportions, having more slender snouts lined with forward-pointing teeth, and the possible presence of a 9743: 1768:) of the fossil specimens was achieved. This would mean that the skin already was softened and loose, which is bolstered by the fact that in some specimens the flight feathers were starting to detach at the point of embedding in the sediment. So it is hypothesized that the pertinent specimens moved along the sea bed in shallow water for some time before burial, the head and upper neck feathers sloughing off, while the more firmly attached tail feathers remained. 13546: 11961: 1351: 2042: 13570: 2071: 11907: 1777: 3844: 1521:, and did find something that was not rock; it was not cement either, and is most probably a fragment of silicone rubber left behind when moulds were made of the specimen. Their suggestions have not been taken seriously by palaeontologists, as their evidence was largely based on misunderstandings of geology, and they never discussed the other feather-bearing specimens, which have increased in number since then. Charig 13582: 3816: 13558: 2158: 2100: 3830: 2013: 3188: 919:, there were indications that it might not have been from the same animal as the body fossils. In 2019 it was reported that laser imaging had revealed the structure of the quill (which had not been visible since some time after the feather was described), and that the feather was inconsistent with the morphology of all other 1752:: decomposed and fluffy, and possibly even appearing more like fur than feathers in life (although not in their microscopic structure). These occur on the remainder of the body—although some feathers did not fossilize and others were obliterated during preparation, leaving bare patches on specimens—and the lower neck. 1500:

Finally, the motives they suggested for a forgery are not strong, and are contradictory; one is that Richard Owen wanted to forge evidence in support of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, which is unlikely given Owen's views toward Darwin and his theory. The other is that Owen wanted to set a trap

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were asymmetrical. This has been interpreted as evidence that it was a flyer, because flightless birds tend to have symmetrical feathers. Some scientists, including Thomson and Speakman, have questioned this. They studied more than 70 families of living birds, and found that some flightless types do

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would have been a better flyer than the juvenile Munich specimen, was dubious. This, they reasoned, would require an even thicker rachis, evidence for which has not yet been presented. Another possibility is that they had not achieved true flight, but instead used their wings as aids for extra lift

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claimed to have found evidence of a hyperextensible second toe, but this was not verified and accepted by other scientists until the Thermopolis specimen was described. "Until now, the feature was thought to belong only to the species' close relatives, the deinonychosaurs." The Thermopolis Specimen

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was long considered to be the beginning of the evolutionary tree of birds. However, in recent years, the discovery of several small, feathered dinosaurs has created a mystery for palaeontologists, raising questions about which animals are the ancestors of modern birds and which are their relatives.

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strategy like modern birds. As it was a weak flier, this would have been extremely advantageous in preserving its maximum flight performance. Kiat and colleagues reinterpreted this purported moulting evidence to be problematic and equivocal at best, and considered that these structures more likely

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concluded that its brain was significantly larger than that of most dinosaurs, indicating that it possessed the brain size necessary for flying. The overall brain anatomy was reconstructed using the scan. The reconstruction showed that the regions associated with vision took up nearly one-third of

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reported a discolouration: a dark band between two layers of limestone – they say it is the product of sedimentation. It is natural for limestone to take on the colour of its surroundings and most limestones are coloured (if not colour banded) to some degree, so the darkness was attributed to such

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also disagreed with the study, arguing in a 2010 response that Nudds and Dyke had overestimated the masses of these early birds, and that more accurate mass estimates allowed powered flight even with relatively narrow rachises. Nudds and Dyke had assumed a mass of 250 g (8.8 oz) for the

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was entirely black, but suggests that it had some black colouration which included the coverts. Carney pointed out that this is consistent with what is known of modern flight characteristics, in that black melanosomes have structural properties that strengthen feathers for flight. In a 2013 study

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is difficult to reconstruct and there are several theories regarding it. Some researchers suggest that it was primarily adapted to life on the ground, while other researchers suggest that it was principally arboreal on the basis of the curvature of the claws which has since been questioned. The

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might have been at home both in the trees and on the ground, like modern crows, and this latter view is what currently is considered best supported by morphological characters. Altogether, it appears that the species was not particularly specialized for running on the ground or for perching. A

4558:(From the lithographic slates of the faults of Solenhofen in Bavaria, there has been reported to me a fossil lying on the stone's surface of detachment or cleavage, in both opposing slabs, which can be recognized with great clarity a feather, which is indistinguishable from a bird's feather.) 1422:

A twelfth specimen had been discovered by an amateur collector in 2010 at the Schamhaupten quarry, but the finding was only announced in February 2014. It was scientifically described in 2018. It represents a complete and mostly articulated skeleton with skull. It is the only specimen lacking

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continues to play an important part in scientific debates about the origin and evolution of birds. Some scientists see it as a semi-arboreal climbing animal, following the idea that birds evolved from tree-dwelling gliders (the "trees down" hypothesis for the evolution of flight proposed by

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the brain. Other well-developed areas involved hearing and muscle coordination. The skull scan also revealed the structure of its inner ear. The structure more closely resembles that of modern birds than the inner ear of non-avian reptiles. These characteristics taken together suggest that

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s feathers revealed that the animal may have had complex light- and dark-coloured plumage, with heavier pigmentation in the distal tips and outer vanes. This analysis of colour distribution was based primarily on the distribution of sulphate within the fossil. An author on the previous

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is found running along its back, which was quite similar to the contour feathers of the body plumage of modern birds in being symmetrical and firm, although not as stiff as the flight-related feathers. Apart from that, the feather traces in the Berlin specimen are limited to a sort of

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was indeed unable to use flapping flight as modern birds do, but it may well have used a downstroke-only flap-assisted gliding technique. However, a more recent study solves this issue by suggesting a different flight stroke configuration for non-avian flying theropods.

1486:, without realizing that feathers themselves would have caused a textural difference. They also misinterpreted the fossils, claiming that the tail was forged as one large feather, when visibly this is not the case. In addition, they claimed that the other specimens of 1763:

sediment after drifting some time on their backs in the sea—the head, neck and the tail are generally bent downward, which suggests that the specimens had just started to rot when they were embedded, with tendons and muscle relaxing so that the characteristic shape

1161:, the Netherlands. It was the very first specimen found, but was incorrectly classified at the time. It is also one of the least complete specimens, consisting mostly of limb bones, isolated cervical vertebrae, and ribs. In 2017 it was named as a separate genus 1615:

was a critical piece of evidence for this argument; it had several avian features, such as a wishbone, flight feathers, wings, and a partially reversed first toe along with dinosaur and theropod features. For instance, it has a long ascending process of the

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The discovery of an eleventh specimen was announced in 2011; it was described in 2014. It is one of the more complete specimens, but is missing much of the skull and one forelimb. It is privately owned and has yet to be given a name. Palaeontologists of the

1497:. These are common properties of Solnhofen fossils, because the dead animals would fall onto hardened surfaces, which would form a natural plane for the future slabs to split along and would leave the bulk of the fossil on one side and little on the other. 3253:. The short and rounded shape of the wings would have increased drag, but also could have improved its ability to fly through cluttered environments such as trees and brush (similar wing shapes are seen in birds that fly through trees and brush, such as 923:

feathers known, leading to the conclusion that it originated from another dinosaur. This conclusion was challenged in 2020 as being unlikely; the feather was identified on the basis of morphology as most likely having been an upper major primary

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to have been a deinonychosaur instead of an avialan. More specifically, it and closely related taxa were considered basal deinonychosaurs, with dromaeosaurids and troodontids forming together a parallel lineage within the group. Because Hartman

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pointed to the presence of hairline cracks in the slabs running through both rock and fossil impressions, and mineral growth over the slabs that had occurred before discovery and preparation, as evidence that the feathers were original. Spetner

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ist mir in den beiden Gegenplatten eine auf der Ablösungs- oder Spaltungs-Fläche des Gesteins liegende Versteinerung mitgetheilt worden, die mit grosser Deutlichkeit eine Feder erkennen lässt, welche von den Vogel-Federn nicht zu unterscheiden

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modern bird species, and the original colour was calculated with a 95% likelihood to be black. The feather was determined to be black throughout, with heavier pigmentation in the distal tip. The feather studied was most probably a dorsal

1902:, implicitly accepting De Beer's standpoint, did indeed suppress the plethora of alternative names initially proposed for the first skeleton specimens, which mainly resulted from the acrimonious dispute between Meyer and his opponent 3673:, though the climate was likely to have been drier, as evidenced by fossils of plants with adaptations for arid conditions and a lack of terrestrial sediments characteristic of rivers. Evidence of plants, although scarce, include 1501:

for Darwin, hoping the latter would support the fossils so Owen could discredit him with the forgery; this is unlikely because Owen wrote a detailed paper on the London specimen, so such an action would certainly backfire.

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rather than an avialan, and therefore, not a "bird" under most common uses of that term. A more thorough analysis was published soon after to test this hypothesis, and failed to arrive at the same result; it found

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capable of feeding in both shrubs and open ground, as well as along the shores of the lagoon. It most likely hunted small prey, seizing it with its jaws if it was small enough, or with its claws if it was larger.

1730:. In the Berlin specimen, there are "trousers" of well-developed feathers on the legs; some of these feathers seem to have a basic contour feather structure, but are somewhat decomposed (they lack barbicels as in 6426: 6347:

Vinther, J (2015). "A guide to the field of palaeo colour: melanin and other pigments can fossilise: reconstructing colour patterns from ancient organisms can give new insights to ecology and behaviour".

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dinosaurs, even smaller than that of other non-avian dinosaurs in several instances, which indicates the neurological development required for flight was already a common trait in the maniraptoran clade.

1572:, with broad wings that were rounded at the ends and a long tail compared to its body length. It could reach up to 0.5 metres (1 ft 8 in) in body length and 0.7 metres (2 ft 4 in) in 3573:

to the observed size; it may have taken at least 970 days (there were 375 days in a Late Jurassic year) to reach an adult size of 0.8–1 kg (1.8–2.2 lb). The study also found that the avialans

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Manning, Phillip. L.; Edwards, Nicholas P.; Wogelius, Roy A.; Bergmann, Uwe; Barden, Holly E.; Larson, Peter L.; Schwarz-Wings, Daniela; Egerton, Victoria M.; Sokaras, Dimosthenis; et al. (2013).

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for the money to buy a cow in 1876, to innkeeper Johann Dörr, who again sold it to Ernst Otto Häberlein, the son of K. Häberlein. Placed on sale between 1877 and 1881, with potential buyers including

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must have been able to fly to some degree, as their fossils are preserved in what is believed to have been marine or lake sediments, suggesting that they must have been able to fly over deep water.

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then attempted to show that the cracks would have propagated naturally through their postulated cement layer, but neglected to account for the fact that the cracks were old and had been filled with

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was recovered as a basal dromaeosaurid or troodontid. The authors of the follow-up study noted that uncertainties still exist, and that it may not be possible to state confidently whether or not

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specimens. The specimen was acquired by the Field Museum in 2022, and went on public display in 2024 following two years of preparation. The specimen is to be studied by famed paleornithologist

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Godefroit, Pascal; Cau, Andrea; Hu, Dong-Yu; Escuillié, François; Wu, Wenhao; Dyke, Gareth (2013). "A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds".

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lacked a reversed toe—a universal feature of birds—limiting its ability to perch on branches and implying a terrestrial or trunk-climbing lifestyle. This has been interpreted as evidence of

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confusion. In 2007, two sets of scientists therefore petitioned the ICZN requesting that the London specimen explicitly be made the type by designating it as the new holotype specimen, or

3553:) analysis, Erickson and colleagues used bone vascularity (porosity) to estimate bone growth rate. They assumed that poorly vascularized bone grows at similar rates in all birds and in 1002:

primarily means 'wing', but it can also be just 'feather'. Meyer suggested this in his description. At first he referred to a single feather which appeared to resemble a modern bird's

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period; but now we know, on the authority of Professor Owen, that a bird certainly lived during the deposition of the upper greensand; and still more recently, that strange bird, the

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have surfaced. Despite variation among these fossils, most experts regard all the remains that have been discovered as belonging to a single species, although this is still debated.

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by glides punctuated with shallow downstrokes to reach successively higher perches, and alternatively, to cover longer distances (mainly) by gliding down from cliffs or treetops.

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There is no indication of feathering on the upper neck and head. While these conceivably may have been nude, this may still be an artefact of preservation. It appears that most

1558:, a rare and remarkable geological formation known for its superbly detailed fossils laid down during the early Tithonian stage of the Jurassic period, approximately 150.8–148.5 3367: 3706:

skeletons are considerably less numerous in the deposits of Solnhofen than those of pterosaurs, of which seven genera have been found. The pterosaurs included species such as

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Reisdorf, A. G.; Wuttke, M. (2012). "Re-evaluating Moodie's Opisthotonic-Posture Hypothesis in fossil vertebrates. Part I: Reptiles – The taphonomy of the bipedal dinosaurs

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Carney, Ryan; Molnar, Julia; Updike, Earl; Brown, William; Jackson, Jessie; Shawkey, Matthew; Lindgren, Johan; Sjövall, Peter; Falkingham, Peter; Gauthier, Jacques (2014).

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specimens found were therefore likely to have lived on the low islands surrounding the Solnhofen lagoon rather than to have been corpses that drifted in from farther away.

1343:; the institute itself officially refers to it as the "Exemplar of the families Ottman & Steil, Solnhofen". As the fragment represents the remains of a single wing of 1224:

by an amateur collector, the same mayor Friedrich Müller after which the museum is named. It is the largest specimen known and may belong to a separate genus and species,

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in 1958 and described by him in 1959. The specimen is missing its head and tail, although the rest of the skeleton is mostly intact. Although it was once exhibited at the

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feathers, although less documented than its other features, were very similar in structure to modern-day bird feathers. Despite the presence of numerous avian features,

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Buisonjé, P. H. de (1985). "Climatological conditions during deposition of the Solnhofen limestones". In Hecht, M. K.; Ostrom, J. H.; Viohl, G.; Wellnhofer, P. (eds.).

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Hu, Dongyu; Clarke, Julia A.; Eliason, Chad M.; Qiu, Rui; Li, Quanguo; Shawkey, Matthew D.; Zhao, Cuilin; D’Alba, Liliana; Jiang, Jinkai; Xu, Xing (15 January 2018).

5277: 1726:. Thus, as more than one species seems to be involved, the research into the Berlin specimen's feathers does not necessarily hold true for the rest of the species of 3785:

point to either an arboreal or ground existence, including the length of its legs and the elongation in its feet; some authorities consider it likely to have been a

3320:. The analysis suggested that the rachises on these two genera were thinner and weaker than those of modern birds relative to body mass. The authors determined that 3541:

bones appear poorly vascularized; in living vertebrates, poorly vascularized bone is correlated with slow growth rate. They also assume that all known skeletons of

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If two names are given, the first denotes the original describer of the "species", the second the author on whom the given name combination is based. As always in

1370:, it has the best-preserved head and feet; most of the neck and the lower jaw have not been preserved. The "Thermopolis" specimen was described on 2 December 2005 3199:

were somewhat asymmetrical and the tail feathers were rather broad. This implies that the wings and tail were used for lift generation, but it is unclear whether

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demonstrated that the isolated covert feather was entirely matte black (as opposed to black and white, or iridescent) and that the remaining "plumage patterns of

2322:. Due to these differences, most individual specimens have been given their own species name at one point or another. The Berlin specimen has been designated as 6392: 837:

seemed to confirm Darwin's theories and has since become a key piece of evidence for the origin of birds, the transitional fossils debate, and confirmation of

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specimen. Carney and other colleagues also argued against the 2013 study's interpretation of the sulphate and trace metals, and in a 2020 study published in

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Lowe, P. R. (1935). "On the relationship of the Struthiones to the dinosaurs and to the rest of the avian class, with special reference to the position of

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grew relatively quickly, following a growth trend similar to that of modern birds. One of the few modern birds that exhibit slow growth is the flightless

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They also expressed disbelief that slabs would split so smoothly, or that one half of a slab containing fossils would have good preservation, but not the

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Clarke, Julia A.; Norell, Mark A. (December 2002). "The Morphology and Phylogenetic Position of Apsaravis ukhaana from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia".

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Voeten, Dennis F. A. E.; Cubo, Jorge; de Margerie, Emmanuel; Röper, Martin; Beyrand, Vincent; Bureš, Stanislav; Tafforeau, Paul; Sanchez, Sophie (2018).

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Erickson, Gregory M.; Rauhut, Oliver W. M.; Zhou, Zhonghe; Turner, Alan H.; Inouye, Brian D.; Hu, Dongyu; Norell, Mark A. (2009). Desalle, Robert (ed.).

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as the most primitive bird. However, it is not thought to be a true ancestor of modern birds, but rather a close relative of that ancestor. Nonetheless,

1482:; for example, they proposed that, based on the difference in texture associated with the feathers, feather impressions were applied to a thin layer of 6595: 6568: 4843: 1312:. The original was purchased by palaeontologist Raimund Albertsdörfer in 2009. It was on display for the first time with six other original fossils of 973:, with a long lizard-like tail, bearing a pair of feathers on each joint, and with its wings furnished with two free claws, has been discovered in the 4221: 3497:

s bone histology identified biomechanical and physiological adaptations exhibited by modern volant birds that perform intermittent flapping, such as

1123:, who loaned it to the museum until 1974. After his death in 1991, it was discovered that the specimen was missing and may have been stolen or sold. 5678: 13802: 12458: 2341:

In 2007, a review of all well-preserved specimens including the then-newly discovered Thermopolis specimen concluded that two distinct species of

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slates of Solnhofen. Hardly any recent discovery shows more forcibly than this how little we as yet know of the former inhabitants of the world."

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Recent studies of flight feather barb geometry reveal that modern birds possess a larger barb angle in the trailing vane of the feather, whereas

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climbing large trees, these seem to have been mostly absent from the islands; few trunks have been found in the sediments and fossilized tree

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being an avialan was only slightly less likely than this hypothesis, and as likely as Archaeopterygidae and Troodontidae being sister clades.

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could grow to about 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) in length. Despite their small size, broad wings, and inferred ability to fly or glide,

5737:"Ammonite biostratigraphy as a tool for dating Upper Jurassic lithographic limestones from South Germany – first results and open questions" 10760: 10680: 4929: 2649:

to it, as well as adding four additional characters related to the development of the plumage. Unlike the analysis from the description of

1965:. This suggestion was upheld by the ICZN after four years of debate, and the London specimen was designated the neotype on 3 October 2011. 1086:, several 21st century studies have concluded that it is a distinct species which includes the Berlin, Munich, and Thermopolis specimens. 11751: 11135: 3761:

of these islands was adapted to these dry conditions and consisted mostly of low (3 m ) shrubs. Contrary to reconstructions of

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lineages are extremely birdlike, and they suggested that different groups of birds may have descended from different dinosaur ancestors.

1870:, but their taxonomic history is complicated. Ten names have been published for the handful of specimens. As interpreted today, the name 1438:

in Chicago, US. One of two specimens in an institution outside Europe, the specimen was originally identified in a private collection in

1214:(unnumbered specimen) was discovered in the 1970s near Eichstätt, Germany, and described in 1988 by Wellnhofer. Currently located at the 17: 7862:(Theropoda: Allosauroidea) and its implications for theropod brain evolution". In: Tanke, D. H.; Carpenter, K.; Skrepnick, M. W. (eds.) 5628: 1526:

impurities. They also mention that a complete absence of air bubbles in the rock slabs is further proof that the specimen is authentic.

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was often used as a model of the true ancestral bird. Several authors have done so. Lowe (1935) and Thulborn (1984) questioned whether

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studied the specimen, which revealed previously unknown features of the plumage, such as feathers on both the upper and lower legs and

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have been found have shed light on an ancient Jurassic Bavaria strikingly different from the present day. The latitude was similar to

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as running quickly along the ground, supporting the idea that birds evolved flight by running (the "ground up" hypothesis proposed by

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Archaeopteryx had three separate digits on each fore-leg each ending with a "claw". Few birds have such features. Some birds, such as

8759: 7705: 5980: 3261:). The presence of "hind wings", asymmetrical flight feathers stemming from the legs similar to those seen in dromaeosaurids such as 3234:

was unable to lift its wings above its back, a requirement for the upstroke found in modern flapping flight. According to a study by

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arrangement. The tail feathers were less asymmetrical, again in line with the situation in modern birds and also had firm vanes. The

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Davis, Paul G.; Briggs, Derek E. G. (February 1998). "The Impact of Decay and Disarticulation on the Preservation of Fossil Birds".

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and Luis Chiappe. Chiappe suggested that it is difficult to measure the rachises of fossilized feathers, and Currie speculated that

2353:(consisting of at least the Berlin, Munich, and Thermopolis specimens). The two species are distinguished primarily by large flexor 13677: 5204: 5185: 4614: 2702:

being successively closer outgroups to the Avialae (defined by the authors as the clade stemming from the last common ancestor of

965:, Charles Darwin described how some authors had maintained "that the whole class of birds came suddenly into existence during the 12453: 4908: 992: 6596:"OPINION 2283 (Case 3390) Archaeopteryx lithographica von Meyer, 1861 (Aves): conservation of usage by designation of a neotype" 13792: 4728: 3569:

micrometres per day). Using this range of bone growth rates, they calculated how long it would take to "grow" each specimen of

1695:. They were markedly asymmetrical and showed the structure of flight feathers in modern birds, with vanes given stability by a 1412: 3271:. The first detailed study of the hind wings by Longrich in 2006, suggested that the structures formed up to 12% of the total 8901: 8690: 8438: 8409: 8372: 7117: 6719: 5788: 5719: 4595: 4492: 4425: 4181: 1243: 961:, allowing for the possibility it did not belong to the same species as the feather. In the subsequent fourth edition of his 8922: 7274:

Hartman, Scott; Mortimer, Mickey; Wahl, William R.; Lomax, Dean R.; Lippincott, Jessica; Lovelace, David M. (10 July 2019).

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Ostrom, J. H. (1985). "Introduction to Archaeopteryx". In Hecht, M. K. O.; Ostrom, J. H.; Viohl, G.; Wellnhofer, P. (eds.).

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from an arboreal lifestyle, as several species of bird live exclusively in low shrubs. Various aspects of the morphology of

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by Kundrat et al. (2018). After a lengthy period in a closed private collection, it was moved to the Museum of Evolution at

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sternum may have been present. Only the front of its face is missing. It has been used as the basis for a distinct species,

7665:"Response to Comments on "Narrow Primary Feather Rachises in Confuciusornis and Archaeopteryx Suggest Poor Flight Ability"" 6933:"New Dromaeosaurids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Utah, and the Evolution of the Dromaeosaurid Tail" 5281: 3211:

was not a very strong flier, but flight muscles might have attached to the thick, boomerang-shaped wishbone, the platelike

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represents the calami traces of the fully grown feathers, though the original authors still remained by their conclusion.

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was a dinosaur that was no more closely related to birds than were other dinosaur groups. Kurzanov (1987) suggested that

1517:, and thus were not able to propagate. They also attempted to show the presence of cement on the London specimen through 1242:) was discovered on 3 August 1992 near Langenaltheim and described in 1993 by Wellnhofer. It is currently located at the 1032:

among German scholars in the late nineteenth century. In English, 'ancient pinion' offers a rough approximation to this.

7143:"A bony-crested Jurassic dinosaur with evidence of iridescent plumage highlights complexity in early paravian evolution" 1490:

known at the time did not have feathers, which is incorrect; the Maxberg and Eichstätt specimens have obvious feathers.

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in Eichstätt, Germany, it is the smallest known specimen and has the second-best head. It is possibly a separate genus (

1078:, it is the most complete specimen, and the first with a complete head. In 1897 it was named by Dames as a new species, 7876:

Balanoff, Amy M.; Bever, Gabe S.; Rowe, Timothy B.; Norell, Mark A. (2013). "Evolutionary origins of the avian brain".

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Alonso, Patricio Domínguez; Milner, Angela C.; Ketcham, Richard A.; Cookson, M. John; Rowe, Timothy B. (August 2004).

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also had a constricted portion of the crown in some teeth and a stouter metatarsus. A supposed additional species,

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of a contemporary species, but its size and proportions indicate that it may belong to another, smaller species of

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Feduccia, A.; Tordoff, H. B. (1979). "Feathers of Archaeopteryx: Asymmetric vanes indicate aerodynamic function".

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Senter, Phil; Kirkland, James I.; DeBlieux, Donald D.; Madsen, Scott; Toth, Natalie (2012). Dodson, Peter (ed.).

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Elżanowski A. (2002). "Archaeopterygidae (Upper Jurassic of Germany)". In Chiappe, L. M.; Witmer, L. M. (eds.).

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to be more closely related to living birds than to dromaeosaurids and troodontids. On the other hand, Godefroit

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in the isolated feather specimen described in 1861. The resultant measurements were then compared to those of 87

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Most of these twelve fossils include impressions of feathers. Because these feathers are of an advanced form (

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Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology".

7276:"A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight" 10517: 13762: 7929:"Barb geometry of asymmetrical feathers reveals a transitional morphology in the evolution of avian flight" 4957:

Kundrát, Martin; Nudds, John; Kear, Benjamin P.; Lü, Junchang; Ahlberg, Per (2019). "The first specimen of

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brain was more complex than that of more primitive theropods, it had a more generalized brain volume among

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as more closely related to dromaeosaurids and troodontids in the analysis included in their description of

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colour study argued against the interpretation of such biomarkers as an indicator of eumelanin in the full

1789: 1016:" ("skeleton of an animal covered in similar feathers"). In German, this ambiguity is resolved by the term 10503: 7098:

Avian ancestors. A review of the phylogenetic relationships of the theropods Unenlagiidae, Microraptoria,

6520:Über ein neues, angeblich mit Vogelfedern versehenes Reptil aus dem Solnhofener lithographischen Schiefer. 6106: 4218: 3191:

1880 photo of the Berlin Specimen, showing leg feathers that were removed subsequently, during preparation

1335:

Another fragmentary fossil was found in 2000. It is in private possession and, since 2004, on loan to the

1176: 169: 13782: 13586: 12443: 3849: 3708: 1089: 888:

formation and related units. The initial specimen was the first dinosaur to be discovered with feathers.

5380: 5331:(Theropoda: Avialiae): a new specimen from the Kimmeridgian/Tithonian boundary of Schamhaupten, Bavaria" 1362:(WDC CSG 100) was discovered in Bavaria and described in 2005 by Mayr, Pohl, and Peters. Donated to the 12225: 8631: 5518:

Watkins, R. S.; Hoyle, F.; Wickrmasinghe, N. C.; Watkins, J.; Rabilizirov, R.; Spetner, L. M. (1985). "

5495:

Watkins, R. S.; Hoyle, F.; Wickrmasinghe, N. C.; Watkins, J.; Rabilizirov, R.; Spetner, L. M. (1985). "

5469:

Watkins, R. S.; Hoyle, F.; Wickrmasinghe, N. C.; Watkins, J.; Rabilizirov, R.; Spetner, L. M. (1985). "

855: 11466: 6991: 6851:

Zweers, G. A.; Van den Berge, J. C. (1997). "Evolutionary patterns of avian trophic diversification".

800:

in 1861, the identity of which has been controversial. That same year, the first complete specimen of

672: 13772: 13656: 12140: 12130: 9694: 8894: 3412:, which had a crocodile-like anatomy of the brain and inner ear. Newer research shows that while the 1550:

that have been discovered come from the Solnhofen limestone in Bavaria, southern Germany, which is a

725:

around 150 million years ago, in what is now southern Germany, during a time when Europe was an

9748: 6663: 3986: 1324:(Denmark) in 2022, where it has since been on display and also been made available for researchers. 13777: 12466: 12448: 10047: 8992: 8745: 8249: 6149:

Longrich, N. (2006). "Structure and function of hindlimb feathers in Archaeopteryx lithographica".

5849:"Dinosaurs and other tetrapods in an Early Cretaceous bauxite-filled fissure, northwestern Romania" 4659: 3459: 1918:). In addition, in 1977, the Commission ruled that the first species name of the Haarlem specimen, 1067: 1066:

by the Berlin's Natural History Museum, where it now is displayed. The transaction was financed by

829: 6711: 6316:"Synchrotron-based chemical imaging reveals plumage patterns in a 150 million year old early bird" 1809:, which would have partly covered the primary feathers on the wings. The study does not mean that 13642: 12471: 11586: 10451: 9742: 8722: 8716: 4755:"Re-evaluation of the Haarlem Archaeopteryx and the radiation of maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs" 4199: 2399: 1478:. Most of their supposed evidence for a forgery was based on unfamiliarity with the processes of 1363: 815:), these fossils are evidence that the evolution of feathers began before the Late Jurassic. The 12145: 1466:, published a series of papers claiming that the feathers on the Berlin and London specimens of 903:

The initial discovery, a single feather, was unearthed in 1860 or 1861 and described in 1861 by

143: 13734: 13604: 13562: 12438: 12250: 12200: 11964: 11563: 11507: 6702:

Witmer, Lawrence M. (2002). "The debate on avian ancestry". In Witmer, L.; Chiappe, L. (eds.).

6658: 5889:

Bühler, P.; Bock, W. J. (2002). "Zur Archaeopteryx-Nomenklatur: Missverständnisse und Lösung".

3361: 1321: 769:, a long bony tail, hyperextensible second toes ("killing claw"), feathers (which also suggest 13708: 8660: 6526:

Sitzungberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathematisch-physikalische Classe

4533: 3537:

grew relatively slowly compared to modern birds, presumably because the outermost portions of

3396:

had a cerebrum-to-brain-volume ratio 78% of the way to modern birds from the condition of non-

1442:, and had been acquired by these collectors in 1990, prior to Germany's 2015 ban on exporting 1289: 13729: 13721: 12275: 10073: 9638: 7990: 5916:

Olson, Storrs L.; Feduccia, Alan (March 1979). "Flight capability and the pectoral girdle of

5711: 5704: 5620: 4892: 4580: 4229: 3482:

was likely capable of a flight stroke cycle morphologically closer to the grabbing motion of

1903: 753:

dinosaurs than with modern birds. In particular, they shared the following features with the

6703: 4651: 3925: 3392:

had the keen sense of hearing, balance, spatial perception, and coordination needed to fly.

1784:

In 2011, graduate student Ryan Carney and colleagues performed the first colour study on an

953:

in London, where it remains. Missing most of its head and neck, it was described in 1863 by

13664: 12903: 8887: 8510: 8326: 8275: 7999: 7885: 7817: 7679: 7664: 7627: 7548: 7495: 7434: 7373: 7221: 7154: 7060: 6944: 6259: 6209: 6158: 6120: 6060: 5929: 5863: 5572: 5235: 5129: 5062: 4970: 4917: 4766: 4358: 4290: 4093: 4025: 3724:, and which became extinct at the end of the Jurassic. The pterosaurs, which also included 3613: 2809: 1367: 543: 11906: 8703: 6246:

Carney, R.; Vinther, Jakob; Shawkey, Matthew D.; d'Alba, Liliana; Ackermann, Jörg (2012).

4510:

Bakalar, Nicholas (1 December 2005) "Earliest Bird Had Feet Like Dinosaur, Fossil Shows".

949:

in return for medical services. He then sold it for £700 (roughly £83,000 in 2020) to the

681:), meaning "feather" or "wing". Between the late 19th century and the early 21st century, 8: 12433: 12325: 12265: 12210: 11990: 10855: 10350: 10216: 9851: 8049: 7210:"A new Jurassic scansoriopterygid and the loss of membranous wings in theropod dinosaurs" 6704: 5755: 4652: 3857: 3807: 3662: 3588: 3402: 2718:

to be a member of Avialae (defined by the authors as the most inclusive clade containing

1723: 1608: 1447: 885: 785: 8514: 8330: 8279: 8003: 7889: 7821: 7683: 7631: 7552: 7499: 7438: 7377: 7225: 7158: 7064: 6948: 6930: 6263: 6213: 6162: 6124: 6064: 5933: 5867: 5576: 5239: 5133: 5066: 4974: 4770: 4362: 4294: 4097: 4075: 4029: 3749:

and little rain. The closest modern analogue for the Solnhofen conditions is said to be

3644: 3249:

wings were relatively large, which would have resulted in a low stall speed and reduced

1316:

at the Munich Mineral Show in October 2009. The Daiting Specimen was subsequently named

13757: 13216: 12280: 12240: 12205: 10983: 10932: 10319: 9542: 9019: 8534: 8481: 8398: 8342: 8299: 8228: 8215: 8186: 8167: 8154: 8125: 8101: 8072: 8020: 7985: 7961: 7928: 7909: 7841: 7783: 7697: 7572: 7513: 7460: 7394: 7357: 7310: 7275: 7253: 7185: 7142: 7123: 7022: 6967: 6932: 6908: 6879: 6783: 6752: 6684: 6615: 6373: 6225: 6174: 6084: 6021: 5992: 5953: 5759: 5596: 5357: 5326: 5259: 5153: 5083: 4986: 4829: 4789: 4754: 4620: 4394: 4381: 4349: 4340: 4311: 4274: 4156: 4116: 4077: 4049: 3978: 3867: 3862: 3731: 2741: 1946: 1738: 1518: 370: 164: 8458: 7802: 7335:"Scapular orientation in theropods and basal birds, and the origin of flapping flight" 5972: 5875: 5848: 5114: 2385: 1395:

in 2007. The specimen is considered to represent the most complete and best-preserved

13716: 13569: 13342: 13289: 13239: 12382: 12372: 12315: 12115: 12110: 12050: 11703: 10962: 10205: 9990: 9594: 8961: 8853: 8686: 8671: 8616: 8601: 8569: 8526: 8501: 8434: 8405: 8368: 8291: 8232: 8220: 8171: 8159: 8106: 8025: 7966: 7948: 7901: 7833: 7775: 7722: 7645: 7564: 7531:

Nudds, Robert L.; Dyke, Gareth J. (14 May 2010). "Narrow Primary Feather Rachises in

7452: 7399: 7334: 7315: 7297: 7257: 7245: 7237: 7190: 7172: 7127: 7113: 7078: 6972: 6913: 6860: 6833: 6806: 6715: 6619: 6365: 6277: 6229: 6076: 6051: 6029: 5902: 5794: 5784: 5763: 5736: 5715: 5588: 5362: 5251: 5145: 5088: 4794: 4712: 4695: 4663: 4488: 4458: 4421: 4398: 4386: 4316: 4177: 4176:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. p. 151. 4121: 4041: 3982: 3970: 3713: 2710:, using a more inclusive matrix than the one from the analysis in the description of 2610:

is a member of Avialae or not, barring new and better specimens of relevant species.

2190: 1949:, of which only this feather is known so far. As the feather had been designated the 1760: 1625: 1621: 1424: 266: 8731: 8538: 8303: 7740: 7701: 7576: 7026: 6824:

Barsbold, Rhinchen (1983). "Carnivorous dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia".

6688: 6541: 6492: 6457: 6377: 6178: 6107:"Body plumage in Archaeopteryx: a review, and new evidence from the Berlin specimen" 6088: 5600: 5157: 4990: 3230:—instead of the dorsally angled arrangement found in modern birds—may indicate that 2223: 1722:

is less well-documented and has only been properly researched in the well-preserved

13208: 12350: 12022: 11934: 11859: 11801: 11394: 11285: 10992: 10670: 10394: 10373: 9683: 9617: 9524: 9161: 8626: 8561: 8518: 8477: 8334: 8283: 8210: 8202: 8149: 8141: 8096: 8088: 8015: 8007: 7956: 7940: 7913: 7893: 7845: 7825: 7787: 7767: 7687: 7635: 7556: 7517: 7503: 7464: 7442: 7389: 7381: 7305: 7287: 7229: 7209: 7180: 7162: 7105: 7068: 7049:"Reduced plumage and flight ability of a new Jurassic paravian theropod from China" 7014: 7006: 6962: 6952: 6903: 6895: 6779: 6748: 6676: 6668: 6607: 6573:

von Meyer, 1861 (Aves): proposed conservation of usage by designation of a neotype"

6357: 6327: 6267: 6217: 6166: 6128: 6068: 5988: 5957: 5945: 5937: 5898: 5871: 5751: 5580: 5352: 5342: 5263: 5243: 5137: 5078: 5070: 4978: 4825: 4784: 4774: 4707: 4450: 4376: 4366: 4306: 4298: 4152: 4111: 4101: 4053: 4033: 3962: 3821: 3717: 3677:

and conifers while animals found include a large number of insects, small lizards,

3329: 3275:. This would have reduced stall speed by up to 6% and turning radius by up to 12%. 2873: 2836: 1981: 1806: 1305: 1273: 1192: 1099: 1063: 567: 6072: 6008:

The Beginnings of Birds: Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference

5825: 4982: 3431: 2822:). The following cladogram illustrates their hypothesis regarding the position of 1675: 1402: 13440: 13268: 12738: 12260: 12245: 12183: 12082: 12010: 11881: 11874: 11837: 11758: 11742: 11322: 11294: 10941: 10569: 10428: 10359: 10231: 10194: 10036: 10021: 9940: 9896: 9875: 9652: 9531: 9488: 9313: 9244: 8977: 8786: 8522: 8393: 6957: 5652: 5584: 5407:"Field Museum has a new fossil of an avian dinosaur, unveiled at an event Monday" 4591: 4568: 4225: 4171: 4106: 3885: 3872: 3357: 2964: 2915: 2805: 2354: 1968: 1950: 1748: 1637: 1387: 1059: 793: 754: 734: 8495:

Feduccia, A. (1993). "Evidence from claw geometry indicating arboreal habits of

4694:

Mayr, Gerald; Pohl, Burkhard; Hartman, Scott; Peters, D. Stefan (January 2007).

3294: 13550: 13480: 13432: 13366: 13305: 13260: 13247: 13121: 13084: 12935: 12709: 12546: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12270: 12255: 12150: 12125: 12120: 12102: 11983: 11924: 11866: 11830: 11727: 11659: 11634: 11607: 11575: 11219: 11189: 11054: 10893: 10811: 10700: 10440: 10366: 10329: 9827: 9624: 9383: 9279: 9218: 9197: 8781: 8206: 8145: 8092: 8011: 7385: 7167: 6132: 6111: 5556: 5517: 5494: 5468: 5074: 4610: 4442: 4371: 4341:"Evidence corroborates identity of isolated fossil feather as a wing covert of 4302: 3754: 3625: 3594: 3397: 3338: 3312: 3250: 2641: 2590: 1942: 1696: 1692: 1652: 1471: 1327: 1154: 1120: 1112: 1108: 1003: 925: 824: 812: 292: 8565: 7233: 7109: 6221: 4779: 2635:. The authors used a modified version of the matrix from the study describing 1553: 13751: 13627: 13488: 13472: 13395: 13387: 13221: 13019: 12869: 12756: 12714: 12514: 12506: 12428: 12392: 12310: 12062: 11944: 11939: 11808: 11668: 11552: 11496: 11175: 11094: 11038: 11008: 10955: 10948: 10834: 10825: 10609: 10589: 10132: 10121: 9976: 9933: 9882: 9868: 9562: 9294: 9272: 9257: 9175: 8811: 8791: 8573: 8400:

Dinosaurs of the Air: the Evolution and Loss of Flight in Dinosaurs and Birds

8187:"Reply to: Reinterpretation of purported molting evidence in the Thermopolis 8077:

feather sheaths reveal sequential center-out flight-related molting strategy"

7952: 7301: 7241: 7176: 6864: 6837: 6810: 6797:

Kurzanov, S. M. (1987). "Avimimidae and the problem of the origin of birds".

6248:"New evidence on the colour and nature of the isolated Archaeopteryx feather" 5798: 5559:; Greenaway, F.; Milner, A. C.; Walker, C. A.; Whybrow, P. J. (2 May 1986). " 5050: 4814:"The teeth of Archaeopteryx and a reinterpretation of the Eichstätt specimen" 4462: 3726: 3683: 3654: 3521: 3483: 2818: 2726: 2720: 2687: 2218: 2135: 1957:

should then no longer be applied to the skeletons, thus creating significant

1930:

in instances where scientists considered them to represent the same species.

1879: 1479: 1259: 1220: 1191:(JM 2257) was discovered in 1951 near Workerszell, Germany, and described by 1144: 1104: 1075: 981: 938: 816: 722: 655: 393: 94: 52: 31: 8287: 7692: 7640: 7607: 7560: 5141: 4896: 1850: 13574: 13318: 13163: 12979: 12817: 12765: 12637: 12598: 12367: 12355: 12345: 12335: 12032: 11954: 11816: 11543: 11417: 11410: 11349: 11267: 11000: 10879: 10791: 10740: 10710: 10659: 10599: 10417: 10270: 10255: 10240: 10174: 10062: 10014: 9926: 9816: 9671: 9631: 9610: 9603: 9583: 9576: 9569: 9516: 9501: 9437: 9394: 9355: 9225: 9204: 9135: 9113: 8858: 8710: 8591:

Archaeopteryx lithographica: a study based upon the British Museum specimen

8530: 8295: 8224: 8163: 8110: 8029: 7970: 7944: 7905: 7837: 7779: 7649: 7568: 7456: 7403: 7319: 7249: 7194: 7082: 7047:

Godefroit, P; Demuynck, H; Dyke, G; Hu, D; Escuillié, F; Claeys, P (2013).

6976: 6917: 6899: 6611: 6369: 6361: 6313: 6281: 6080: 5592: 5366: 5255: 5149: 5092: 4798: 4390: 4320: 4125: 4078:"Was Dinosaurian Physiology Inherited by Birds? Reconciling Slow Growth in 4045: 3974: 3835: 3530: 3428:

lacks this large barb angle, indicating potentially weak flight abilities.

3417: 3343: 3075: 2930: 2893: 2691: 2678: 2631: 2391: 2195: 1743: 1599:

Because it displays features common to both birds and non-avian dinosaurs,

1226: 954: 758: 686: 428: 301: 8647:

Archaeopterix lithographica (Vogel-Feder) und Pterodactylus von Solenhofen

4859:

Das "Brustbein" von Archaeopteryx bavarica Wellnhofer 1993 – eine Revision

4454: 2306: 1045: 860: 689:

and popular reference books as the oldest known bird (member of the group

473:(Owen 1862 vide Woodward 1862) Owen 1862 vide Brodkorb 1863 nomen rejectum 13690: 13636: 13379: 13226: 13032: 13011: 13000: 12965: 12832: 12822: 12780: 12671: 12538: 12340: 12165: 12160: 12092: 12077: 12045: 11779: 11689: 11624: 11365: 11315: 11246: 11198: 11023: 10969: 10917: 10864: 10750: 10720: 10639: 10403: 10153: 10143: 9806: 9645: 9410: 9369: 9340: 9333: 9301: 9211: 9145: 9085: 9072: 9031: 8910: 8652:

Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefakten-Kunde

8454: 5653: 3605: 3600: 3550: 3451: 3263: 2804:

isolated in a group of flightless deinonychosaurs (otherwise considered "

2573: 2538: 2516: 1926:

before its true nature was realized, was not to be given preference over

1611:'s lead in 1868, argued that birds evolved within theropod dinosaurs and 1604: 1494: 1463: 1439: 1247: 1196: 1150: 1055: 1006:(wing feather), but he had heard of and been shown a rough sketch of the 891: 770: 726: 69: 7897: 7829: 5435: 5247: 4542:

Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde

4037: 3966: 3549:

could not be histologically sectioned in a formal skeletochronological (

2528: 1937:

described, does not correspond well with the flight-related feathers of

13682: 13496: 13358: 13297: 13276: 13108: 13092: 13027: 12972: 12944: 12876: 12841: 12719: 12567: 12402: 12377: 12135: 11844: 11712: 11519: 11403: 11373: 11340: 11308: 11274: 11260: 11253: 11077: 11047: 10841: 10801: 10730: 10619: 10548: 10535: 10463: 10410: 10286: 10263: 10248: 10184: 10111: 9999: 9969: 9962: 9905: 9861: 9555: 9444: 9428: 9417: 9376: 9362: 9326: 9287: 9265: 8806: 8801: 8346: 7292: 7073: 7048: 6332: 6315: 6272: 6247: 5436: 5347: 3897: 3750: 3746: 3633: 3576: 3408: 3027: 2979: 2581: 2130: 2094: 2041: 2036: 1797: 1765: 1617: 1459: 1416: 1350: 1304:, and had been known since 1996 only from a cast, briefly shown at the 1169: 1137: 705: 699: 227: 114: 79: 13695: 11975: 8045:"This feathery dinosaur probably flew, but not like any bird you know" 5949: 5847:

Benton, M.J.; Cook, E.; Grigorescu, D.; Popa, E.; Tallódi, E. (1997).

5222:

Foth, C; Tischlinger, H; Rauhut, O. W (3 July 2014). "New specimen of

3730:, were common enough that it is unlikely that the specimens found are 3698:

indicates that they did not travel far before becoming preserved. The

3533:

study by Erickson, Norell, Zhongue, and others in 2009 estimated that

3360:, which could explain their presence in lake and marine deposits (see 3283:

have a range of asymmetry in their feathers, and that the feathers of

3203:

was capable of flapping flight or simply a glider. The lack of a bony

2572:. Barsbold (1983) and Zweers and Van den Berge (1997) noted that many 2373:(based on the Solnhofen specimen), seems to be indistinguishable from 2314:

It has been argued that all the specimens belong to the same species,

1780:

Artist's restoration illustrating one interpretation of Carney's study

1288:

An eighth, fragmentary specimen was discovered in 1990 in the younger

13456: 13411: 13200: 12993: 12910: 12894: 12883: 12793: 12729: 12688: 12387: 12188: 12175: 12155: 12055: 11949: 11929: 11765: 11720: 11682: 11675: 11232: 11165: 11145: 11125: 11115: 11105: 10909: 10902: 10871: 10336: 10163: 9955: 9837: 9509: 9451: 9403: 9347: 9233: 9102: 9004: 8952: 8863: 8842: 8837: 7758:

Witmer, Lawrence M. (4 August 2004). "Inside the oldest bird brain".

7508: 7479: 7447: 7418: 7208:

Wang, Min; O’Connor, Jingmai K.; Xu, Xing; Zhou, Zhonghe (May 2019).

7018: 6826:

Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition

6799:

Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition

6680: 5941: 5778: 3738: 3695: 3678: 3582: 3472: 3380: 3216: 2389:

The Solnhofen Specimen, by some considered as belonging to the genus

2152: 1977: 1923: 1585: 1383: 1231:. It is missing only portions of the neck, tail, backbone, and head. 1116: 879: 873: 838: 240: 181: 119: 63: 56: 13598: 8338: 7927:

Feo, Teresa J.; Field, Daniel J.; Prum, Richard O. (22 March 2015).

7771: 6170: 2070: 1576:, with an estimated mass of 0.5 to 1 kilogram (1.1 to 2.2 lb). 1042:(HMN 1880/81) was discovered in 1874 or 1875 on the Blumenberg near 13621: 13424: 13154: 13129: 13075: 12986: 12958: 12848: 12812: 12804: 12786: 12681: 12666: 12650: 12397: 12360: 12193: 11772: 11644: 11301: 11239: 11061: 11015: 10629: 10380: 10304: 9948: 9912: 9458: 9190: 8943: 8934: 8832: 8827: 8816: 8768: 8126:"Reinterpretation of purported molting evidence in the Thermopolis 4943: 4633:

Please note Darwin's spelling: 'Archeopteryx', not 'Archaeopteryx'.

3878: 3742: 3509: 3498: 3328:, were unable to use flapping flight. This study was criticized by 3258: 3222:. The sideways orientation of the glenoid (shoulder) joint between 3212: 3092: 2772: 2754: 2564: 2007: 1890:

be placed on the official genera list making the alternative names

1883: 1776: 1704: 1573: 1278: 1255: 1163: 916: 774: 750: 711: 651: 214: 201: 109: 104: 89: 84: 74: 8737: 7010: 5325:

Rauhut, Oliver W.M.; Foth, Christian; Tischlinger, Helmut (2018).

1632:, and long chevrons in the tail. In particular, Ostrom found that 1354:

Details of the Wyoming Dinosaur Center Archaeopteryx (WDC-CSG-100)

13651: 13334: 13187: 13066: 12951: 12917: 12855: 12676: 12530: 12522: 12215: 12087: 12072: 11786: 11532: 11380: 11205: 10780: 10090: 9919: 9785: 9772: 9706: 8552:

Pike, A. V. L.; Maitland, D. P. (2004). "Scaling of bird claws".

8433:. Eichstätt: Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstätt. pp. 45–65. 7933:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences

5682: 4899:

edition; published: 28 November 2009; accessed: 23 December 2009.

4844:

A new genus and species for the largest specimen of Archaeopteryx

3737:

The islands that surrounded the Solnhofen lagoon were low lying,

3721: 3670: 3376: 3272: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3204: 3003: 2861: 2848: 2766:

was found to be more closely related to extant birds, while both

2732: 2349:(consisting of at least the London and Solnhofen specimens), and 2319: 1993: 1962: 1700: 1660: 1629: 1534: 1514: 1309: 1293: 1251: 1158: 1071: 797: 730: 694: 690: 501:(Dames, 1897) Peteronievics vide Petroneivics & Woodward 1917 325: 253: 124: 99: 13669: 5115:"A Well-Preserved Archaeopteryx Specimen with Theropod Features" 1734:). In part they are firm and thus capable of supporting flight. 737:, with the largest individuals possibly attaining the size of a 13464: 13403: 13179: 13171: 13100: 13040: 12924: 12862: 12745: 12412: 12407: 12285: 11357: 11155: 10770: 10649: 9124: 8928: 8363:

Bartell, K. W.; Swinburne, N. H. M.; Conway-Morris, S. (1994).

6010:. Eichstätt: Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstätt. pp. 9–20. 4273:

Kaye, T.G.; Pittman, M.; Mayr, G.; Schwarz, D.; Xu, X. (2019).

4251:

Griffiths, P. J. (1996). "The Isolated Archaeopteryx Feather".

3843: 3766: 3307: 2157: 1911: 1731: 1483: 1297: 1051: 1007: 974: 966: 788:

between non-avian dinosaurs and avian dinosaurs (birds). Thus,

191: 30:

This article is about the dinosaur. For the ancient plant, see

8879: 7803:"The avian nature of the brain and inner ear of Archaeopteryx" 6992:"A review of dromaeosaurid systematics and paravian phylogeny" 6990:

Turner, Alan H.; Makovicky, Peter J.; Norell, Mark A. (2012).

6427:"SVP – Press Release – Taking a Deeper Look at "Ancient Wing"" 6245: 5226:

provides insights into the evolution of pennaceous feathers".

5172:

Predatory Dinosaurs of the World, a Complete Illustrated Guide

5028:"Knuthenborg Safaripark åbner sin største satsning nogensinde" 3734:

from the larger islands 50 km (31 mi) to the north.

2099: 729:

of islands in a shallow warm tropical sea, much closer to the

594: 579: 13350: 13137: 12700: 9182: 8362: 5280:. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität. 3 July 2014. Archived from 3758: 3757:, although it is much deeper than the Solnhofen lagoons. The 3674: 3632:

and modern birds and reptiles indicate that it may have been

3487: 3254: 2585:

in 2011 led to new phylogenetic analyses that suggested that

2403: 1712: 1708: 1603:

has often been considered a link between them. In the 1970s,

1592:

had small teeth, as well as a long bony tail, features which

1569: 1539: 997: 985: 762: 738: 670: 658: 643: 5744:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen

4416:". In Currie PJ, Koppelhus EB, Shugar MA, Wright JL (eds.). 796:, but in the study of dinosaurs. It was named from a single 573: 13326: 12693: 12656: 12626: 12040: 12006: 11484: 11429: 8668:

Taking Wing: Archaeopteryx and the Evolution of Bird Flight

8123: 7986:"Wing bone geometry reveals active flight in Archaeopteryx" 7656: 6673:

10.1206/0003-0082(2002)387<0001:TMAPPO>2.0.CO;2

5555: 5051:"Wing bone geometry reveals active flight in Archaeopteryx" 4275:"Detection of lost calamus challenges identity of isolated 3302:

In 2010, Robert L. Nudds and Gareth J. Dyke in the journal

3291:

is more typical for slow flyers than for flightless birds.

2617:(2012) and Turner, Makovicky, and Norell (2012) also found 2402:, putting an author's name in parentheses denotes that the 2012: 1899: 1648: 1644: 1050:, Germany, by farmer Jakob Niemeyer. He sold this precious 766: 647: 8427:

The beginnings of Birds: Proceedings of the International

7800: 7721:

Videler, JJ (2005) Avian Flight. Oxford University Press.

7104:. SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences. pp. 1–96. 6850: 6844: 6635:"Archaeopteryx turns out to be singular bird of a feather" 5656:; Hoyle, F.; Wickramasinghe, N. C.; Magaritz, M. (1988). " 5048: 3565:

micrometres per day) or as fast as that in an ostrich (4.2

1933:

It has been noted that the feather, the first specimen of

585: 13448: 12305: 12067: 4961:

from the Upper Jurassic Mörnsheim Formation of Germany".

4169: 1458:

Beginning in 1985, an amateur group including astronomer

597: 7273: 5846: 5205:"Another stunning Archaeopteryx fossil found in Germany" 4338: 3195:

As in the wings of modern birds, the flight feathers of

3187: 2808:"), they considered it highly probable that this animal 1246:

in Munich, to which it was sold in 1999 for 1.9 million

1022:

which does not necessarily mean a wing used for flying.

7875: 7046: 6390: 4567:

British Museum of Natural History – 'BMNH 37001' – the

4015: 3504:

Some researchers suggested that the feather sheaths of

3467:

scenario outlined by Elżanowski in 2002 suggested that

1796:

analysis, the team was able to detect the structure of

1062:'s Peabody Museum, it eventually was bought for 20,000 6497:

VON MEYER, 1861 (Aves); Addition to the Official list"

4272: 3287:

fall into this range. The degree of asymmetry seen in

1886:. In 1960, Swinton accordingly proposed that the name 1679:

Anatomical illustration comparing the "frond-tail" of

1180:

Eichstätt Specimen, once considered a distinct genus,

884:, Germany. These quarries excavate sediments from the 804:

was announced. Over the years, eleven more fossils of

792:

plays an important role, not only in the study of the

8265: 7983: 7583: 6989: 6710:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 6646: 6458:"Opinion 1084, Proposed addition of the generic name 6200:

from the Solnhofen Archipelago (Jurassic, Germany)".

5324: 5221: 4693: 4658:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 4339:

Carney, R.M.; Tischlinger, H.; Shawkey, M.D. (2020).

3525:

Growth trends compared with other dinosaurs and birds

2669:, which were recovered as basal troodontids instead. 2568:

was more likely to be the ancestor of all birds than

603: 600: 576: 570: 11739: 11700: 11656: 11640: 11630: 11620: 11391: 11337: 11216: 11186: 11171: 11161: 11151: 11141: 11131: 11121: 11111: 11101: 11090: 11035: 10980: 10929: 10890: 10852: 10822: 10807: 10797: 10787: 10776: 10766: 10756: 10746: 10736: 10726: 10716: 10706: 10696: 10686: 10676: 10666: 10655: 10645: 10635: 10625: 10615: 10605: 10595: 10585: 10575: 10565: 10437: 10391: 10347: 10316: 10299: 10228: 10212: 10201: 10190: 10180: 10170: 10159: 10149: 10139: 10128: 10117: 10107: 10059: 10033: 9987: 9893: 9848: 9833: 9823: 9812: 9802: 9680: 9485: 9158: 9141: 9131: 9120: 9109: 9098: 7984:

Voeten, Dennis F.A.E.; et al. (13 March 2018).

6766:

Thulborn, R. A. (1984). "The avian relationships of

6587: 4920:; published: 17 May 2010; accessed: 26 October 2018. 4209:, Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 18 October 2006. 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 3948:-like theropod from China and the origin of Avialae" 3797: 3561:

might have grown as slowly as that in a mallard (2.5

2706:

and Aves). Another phylogenetic study by Godefroit,

591: 588: 348: 334: 308: 12597: 8598:

Bones of Contention: The Fossil that Shook Science.

7524: 7410: 3545:come from juvenile specimens. Because the bones of 2682:to be form a clade sister to the lineage including 1667:), have them concealed beneath their leg-feathers. 1013:

Skelett eines mit ähnlichen Federn bedeckten Tieres

582: 8397: 7858:Larsson, H. C. E. (2001). "Endocranial anatomy of 7207: 7140: 6999:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 6633: 5703: 4956: 4547:"Aus dem lithographischen Schiefer der Brüche von 4534:"Vogel-Federn und Palpipes priscus von Solenhofen" 3356:while running over water after the fashion of the 3267:, also would have added to the aerial mobility of 1035:Since then, twelve specimens have been recovered: 872:have been found. All of the fossils come from the 8734:– University of California Museum of Paleontology 8728:– University of California Museum of Paleontology 8719:– A look at chemicals linking birds and dinosaurs 6100: 6098: 5856:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 5439:; Wickramasinghe, N. C.; Watkins, R. S. (1985). " 5296:"Schamhaupten: Fossil des Archaeopteryx entdeckt" 5113:Mayr, G.; Pohl, B; Peters, DS (2 December 2005). 4910:Sammler und Forscher – ein schwieriges Verhältnis 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4060: 3586:grew relatively slowly, as did the dromaeosaurid 2520:for what appears to be an undescribed pterosaur. 2365:specimens being relatively simple and straight). 1874:only referred to the single feather described by 1358:Long in a private collection in Switzerland, the 1149:in 1857 by Meyer. It was reclassified in 1970 by 13749: 8717:Use of SSRL X-ray takes 'transformative glimpse' 7608:"Comment on 'Narrow Primary Feather Rachises in 6104: 5614: 5612: 5610: 4933:Wiedergefundener Archaeopteryx ist wohl neue Art 4923: 1378:specimen with theropod features"; it shows that 1266:, but more recent studies suggest it belongs to 943:, Germany, and perhaps given to local physician 868:Over the years, twelve body fossil specimens of 13798:Taxa named by Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer 8124:Kiat Y, Pyle P, Balaban A, O'Connor JK (2021). 8070: 7738: 7416: 6983: 6626: 6466:, VON MEYER, 1861, as published in the binomen 6048: 5381:"Meet the Chicago Archaeopteryx - Field Museum" 5186:"Paleontologists Unveil the 11th Archaeopteryx" 3694:fossils and other terrestrial fossils found at 2406:was originally described in a different genus. 1746:" not dissimilar to that found in the dinosaur 1107:; it was brought to the attention of professor 8976: 8358: 8356: 6191: 6095: 5405:Tribune, Jennifer Day | Chicago (6 May 2024). 5112: 4855:Wellnhofer, P., & Tischlinger, H. (2004). 4696:"The tenth skeletal specimen of Archaeopteryx" 4636: 4420:. Indiana University Press. pp. 282–300. 2558:truly was the first bird. They suggested that 1711:did not yet bear a separately movable tuft of 1636:was remarkably similar to the theropod family 1347:, it is colloquially known as "chicken wing". 1331:Bürgermeister-Müller ("chicken wing") Specimen 1218:in Solnhofen, it originally was classified as 627:), sometimes referred to by its German name, " 455:Wagner, 1862 vide Woodward 1862 nomen rejectum 11991: 8895: 8753: 8685:(in German). Verlag Friedrich Pfeil, Munich. 8404:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 7977: 7663:Dyke, G. J.; Nudds, R. L. (15 October 2010). 7358:"Wing bone geometry reveals active flight in 7096:Agnolin, Federico; Novas, Fernando E (2013). 7089: 6817: 6790: 6759: 6241: 6239: 6144: 6142: 6005: 5915: 5607: 5006:"Verdens vigtigste fossil kommer til Lolland" 4846:". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 46: 519–532. 4649: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4411: 4334: 4332: 4330: 3942:Xu, X; You, H; Du, K; Han, F (28 July 2011). 3306:published a paper in which they analysed the 1470:were forged. Their claims were repudiated by 1427:and somewhat older than the other specimens. 12505: 8650: 8551: 8365:Solnhofen: a study in Mesozoic palaeontology 8036: 7926: 7852: 7095: 6706:Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs 6652: 6524: 6518: 6185: 6020: 4931: 4857: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4654:Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs 4173:Mesozoic birds: above the heads of dinosaurs 4138: 3937: 3935: 1862:are usually assigned to one or two species, 1551: 1430:The existence of a thirteenth specimen (the 1135: 1043: 1023: 1017: 1011: 944: 936: 904: 877: 629: 8640:Manual of the anatomy of vertebrate animals 8353: 8316: 8184: 7866:. Indiana University Press. pp. 19–33. 7356:Voeten, Dennis F.A.E.; et al. (2018). 6871: 6560: 6340: 5783:. Princeton University Press. p. 144. 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5431: 5429: 5427: 4729:"Lost treasures: The Maxberg Archaeopteryx" 4246: 4244: 4242: 4163: 2598:in its traditional position at the base of 1882:concluded that the London specimen was the 1691:were most notable for their well-developed 1250:. What was initially believed to be a bony 636: 612: 464:Owen 1862 vide Woodward 1862 nomen rejectum 11998: 11984: 9083: 8902: 8888: 8760: 8746: 8388: 8386: 8384: 7591:"Did First Feathers Prevent Early Flight?" 6566: 6236: 6139: 5888: 5734: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5490: 5488: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5458: 4849: 4752: 4561: 4506: 4504: 4469: 4327: 4268: 4266: 4195: 4193: 4170:L. M. Chiappe; L. M. Witmer, eds. (2002). 3941: 3619: 2613:Phylogenetic studies conducted by Senter, 2546:Modern palaeontology has often classified 2310:Skeletal restorations of various specimens 1914:-lizard'—was a vitriolic sneer at Meyer's 1119:, it is currently missing. It belonged to 1074:that bears his name. Described in 1884 by 142: 10546: 8683:Archaeopteryx – Der Urvogel von Solnhofen 8593:. Trustees of the British Museum, London. 8470:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 8447: 8214: 8153: 8100: 8019: 7960: 7751: 7691: 7662: 7639: 7599: 7530: 7507: 7446: 7393: 7309: 7291: 7184: 7166: 7072: 6966: 6956: 6907: 6877: 6772:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 6728: 6662: 6533: 6484: 6331: 6320:Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 6271: 6202:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 5710:. New York: Dorling Kindersley. pp. 5356: 5346: 5164: 5082: 4886:Archäologischer Sensationsfund in Daiting 4879: 4818:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 4788: 4778: 4711: 4700:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 4676: 4380: 4370: 4310: 4250: 4212: 4145:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 4115: 4105: 3932: 3375:In 2004, scientists analysing a detailed 1816:Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 1596:shared with other dinosaurs of the time. 935:(BMNH 37001), was unearthed in 1861 near 8494: 8488: 8424: 8310: 7741:"How Archaeopteryx could run over water" 7417:Speakman, J. R.; Thomson, S. C. (1994). 7326: 6823: 6796: 6765: 6695: 6511: 6148: 5999: 5964: 5840: 5648: 5646: 5534: 5424: 5003: 4876:. München: Friedrich Pfeil, 2008, p. 54. 4874:Archaeopteryx. Der Urvogel Von Solnhofen 4603: 4585: 4487:. Sydney: UNSW Press. pp. 118–146. 4239: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3643: 3520: 3478:In March 2018, scientists reported that 3430: 3366: 3293: 3186: 2527: 2523: 2384: 2305: 1967: 1849: 1775: 1674: 1533: 1401: 1349: 1326: 1272: 1175: 1088: 890: 859: 13803:Multispecific non-avian dinosaur genera 12005: 8418: 8381: 8042: 7794: 7477: 6455: 6449: 6346: 6042: 5973:"Archaeopteryx and the origin of birds" 5909: 5701: 5688: 5672: 5511: 5485: 5455: 5404: 4902: 4811: 4501: 4482: 4405: 4263: 4190: 4132: 2653:, the analysis conducted by Godefroit, 1082:; though often considered a synonym of 876:deposits, quarried for centuries, near 849: 14: 13750: 9783: 8453: 7757: 7355: 7349: 7332: 6701: 6462:VON MEYER, 1861 and the specific name 6294: 5970: 5882: 5780:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 5183: 5174:. Simon and Schuster, New York. 464 p. 5106: 4609: 4440: 4412:P. Wellnhofer (2004). "The Plumage of 2661:to be related particularly closely to 1588:characteristics. Unlike modern birds, 1413:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich 1238:(BSP 1999 I 50, formerly known as the 697:have since been identified, including 13603: 13602: 12490: 11979: 11483: 11482: 10533: 9770: 9070: 8921: 8883: 8741: 8670:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London. 7269: 7267: 5811: 5805: 5643: 5618: 5202: 5030:(in Danish). Ritzau. 15 November 2022 4726: 4532:Meyer, Hermann von (15 August 1861). 4531: 4004: 3170:The authors, however, found that the 2579:The discovery of the closely related 1374:journal article as "A well-preserved 1167:, considered more closely related to 1010:specimen, to which he referred as a " 733:than it is now. Similar in size to a 13557: 8615:. Yale University Press, New Haven. 8392: 8071:Kaye TG, Pittman M, Wahl WR (2020). 7711:from the original on 9 October 2022. 7605: 7036:from the original on 9 October 2022. 6853:Zoology: Analysis of Complex Systems 6734: 6593: 6539: 6490: 5776: 4746: 4443:"Archaeopteryx no longer first bird" 4139:Yalden D. W. (1984). "What size was 2776:were found to be more distantly so. 1683:with the "fan-tail" of a modern bird 823:was discovered just two years after 749:had more in common with other small 27:Extinct genus of bird-like dinosaurs 13581: 8767: 6600:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 6577:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 6550:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 6501:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 6474:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 6470:to the official lists (Class Aves)" 5004:Frandsen, P.N. (16 November 2022). 4434: 3777:absence of trees does not preclude 3508:shows a center-out, flight related 1423:preserved feathers. It is from the 1419:, and the only preserved tail tip. 24: 8583: 8482:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1976.tb00244.x 7264: 6878:Lee, M. S.; Worthy, T. H. (2012). 6784:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb00539.x 6753:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1935.tb02979.x 6419: 6397:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 6297:"Archaeopteryx was robed in black" 6105:Christensen, P; Bonde, N. (2004). 5993:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1976.tb00244.x 5662:The British Journal of Photography 5631:from the original on 15 March 2007 4830:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb00540.x 4207:University of California, Berkeley 4157:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb00541.x 3661:The richness and diversity of the 3608:, and the authors speculated that 3557:. The poorly vascularized bone of 3441:American Museum of Natural History 1339:in Solnhofen, so it is called the 1195:in 1974. Currently located at the 510:Petronievics, 1917 (rejected name) 25: 13814: 13768:Late Jurassic dinosaurs of Europe 12459:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 8697: 8613:The Origin and Evolution of Birds 6295:Switek, Brian (9 November 2011). 5818:s Relationship With Modern Birds" 5619:Nedin, Chris (15 December 2007). 5184:Switek, Brian (19 October 2011). 4812:Howgate, M. E. (September 1984). 4753:Foth, C.; Rauhut, O.W.M. (2017). 1845: 1240:Solenhofer-Aktien-Verein Specimen 1103:(S5) was discovered in 1956 near 931:The first skeleton, known as the 911:. It is currently located at the 13580: 13568: 13556: 13545: 13544: 13435:(New World vultures and condors) 11960: 11959: 11905: 11899: 11465: 11460: 10516: 10509: 10502: 9753: 9747: 9741: 8545: 8259: 8239: 8178: 8117: 8064: 7920: 7869: 7739:Videler, John J (January 2005). 7732: 7715: 6567:Bock, W. J.; Bühler, P. (2007). 5903:10.1046/j.1439-0361.2002.02006.x 5822:Journal of Dinosaur Paleontology 5756:10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0245-0117 5660:– more evidence for a forgery". 4713:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00245.x 3842: 3828: 3814: 3800: 3716:, the group which dominated the 3639: 3636:, similar to most modern birds. 3471:used its wings mainly to escape 3177: 2495:(Dames, 1897) Petronievics, 1917 2334:, and the Solnhofen specimen as 2222: 2194: 2156: 2134: 2098: 2069: 2040: 2011: 1476:Natural History Museum in London 1300:. Therefore, it is known as the 1244:Paläontologisches Museum München 1153:and is currently located at the 1028:was the favoured translation of 913:Natural History Museum of Berlin 566: 168: 67: 9071: 8909: 7606:Paul, G. S. (15 October 2010). 7471: 7201: 7134: 7040: 6924: 6542:"Opinion 1070. Conservation of 6384: 6307: 6288: 6014: 5770: 5728: 5398: 5373: 5318: 5288: 5278:"First show off, then take off" 5270: 5215: 5203:Hecht, Jeff (20 October 2011). 5196: 5177: 5042: 5020: 4997: 4950: 4866: 4836: 4805: 4727:Hecht, Jeff (1 February 2012). 4720: 4574: 4525: 4219:Ancient birds flew on all fours 3892:Temporal paradox (paleontology) 2672:Agnolín and Novas (2013) found 1453: 1434:) was announced in 2024 by the 1130:(TM 6428/29, also known as the 773:), and various features of the 12491: 10534: 8367:. Cambridge University Press. 8043:Guarino, Ben (13 March 2018). 7616:Suggest Poor Flight Ability.'" 7539:Suggest Poor Flight Ability". 5524:British Journal of Photography 5501:British Journal of Photography 5475:British Journal of Photography 5445:British Journal of Photography 4232:. Discusses how many wings an 3910: 3690:The excellent preservation of 3371:Replica of the London Specimen 2812:from bird ancestors (and from 2532:Comparison of the forelimb of 1771: 1529: 1142:, Germany, and described as a 1134:) was discovered in 1855 near 405:Woodward, 1862 (rejected name) 36:Archaeopteryx (disambiguation) 13: 1: 13793:Fossil taxa described in 1861 7860:Carcharodontosaurus saharicus 7339:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 6073:10.1126/science.203.4384.1021 5876:10.1016/S0031-0182(96)00151-4 4983:10.1080/08912963.2018.1518443 4619:. John Murray. Archived from 4441:Kaplan, Matt (27 July 2011). 3904: 3462:). Still others suggest that 2473:(Howgate, 1984) Howgate, 1985 1759:specimens became embedded in 1341:Bürgermeister-Müller Specimen 1254:turned out to be part of the 996:) means 'ancient, primeval'. 8523:10.1126/science.259.5096.790 6958:10.1371/journal.pone.0036790 6770:, and the origin of birds". 5585:10.1126/science.232.4750.622 4863:. Archaeopteryx. 22: 3–15. . 4107:10.1371/journal.pone.0007390 3918:"Troodontidae Gilmore, 1924" 2810:evolved flight independently 2744:at the base of Avialae with 2326:, the Eichstätt specimen as 1858:Today, fossils of the genus 1790:scanning electron microscopy 1318:Archaeopteryx albersdoerferi 1093:Cast of the Maxberg Specimen 998: 986: 915:. Though it was the initial 654:. The name derives from the 528:(Howgate, 1984) Howgate 1985 318:Meyer, 1861 (conserved name) 7: 13499:(woodpeckers and relatives) 9771: 8732:Are Birds Really Dinosaurs? 8431:Conference, Eichstatt, 1984 8185:Kaye TG, Pittman M (2021). 6571:Archaeopteryx lithographica 6544:Archaeopteryx lithographica 6468:Archaeopteryx Lithographica 5625:, Astronomers, and Forgery" 3850:Evolutionary biology portal 3793: 3435:Skeletal reconstruction of 3310:of the primary feathers of 2694:, and the clade containing 2508:"Archaeopteryx" vicensensis 2421:Archaeopterix lithographica 2412:Archaeopteryx lithographica 2380: 2377:except in its larger size. 1888:Archaeopteryx lithographica 1337:Bürgermeister-Müller Museum 1216:Bürgermeister-Müller-Museum 313:Archaeopteryx lithographica 18:Archaeopteryx lithographica 10: 13819: 13361:(cormorants and relatives) 12454:Extinct species since 1500 8207:10.1038/s42003-021-02367-9 8146:10.1038/s42003-021-02349-x 8093:10.1038/s42003-020-01467-2 8012:10.1038/s41467-018-03296-8 7386:10.1038/s41467-018-03296-8 7168:10.1038/s41467-017-02515-y 6133:10.1016/j.crpv.2003.12.001 5812:Holtz, Thomas Jr. (1995). 5706:The Ultimate Dinosaur Book 5192:. Smithsonian Institution. 5075:10.1038/s41467-018-03296-8 4372:10.1038/s41598-020-65336-y 4303:10.1038/s41598-018-37343-7 3665:in which all specimens of 3486:and distinct from that of 2676:and (possibly synonymous) 2429:Griphosaurus problematicus 2301: 1922:, described by Meyer as a 1908:Griphosaurus problematicus 1670: 1568:was roughly the size of a 991: 856:Specimens of Archaeopteryx 853: 685:was generally accepted by 671: 669:), meaning "ancient", and 659: 482:Owen, 1862 (rejected name) 469:Griphosaurus longicaudatus 451:Griphosaurus problematicus 29: 13611: 13540: 13491:(kingfishers and rollers) 13423: 13378: 13345:(albatrosses and petrels) 13317: 13288: 13259: 13238: 13229:(swifts and hummingbirds) 13211:(nightjars and relatives) 13199: 13162: 13153: 13120: 13083: 13074: 13065: 13061: 13035:(pheasants and relatives) 13010: 12934: 12893: 12831: 12803: 12779: 12755: 12728: 12649: 12636: 12593: 12566: 12562: 12501: 12497: 12486: 12482: 12421: 12324: 12224: 12174: 12101: 12031: 12018: 11919: 11897: 11738: 11699: 11655: 11616: 11605: 11574: 11551: 11542: 11527: 11518: 11495: 11491: 11478: 11458: 11428: 11390: 11336: 11284: 11227: 11215: 11185: 11086: 11075: 11034: 10979: 10928: 10889: 10851: 10821: 10561: 10557: 10542: 10529: 10500: 10462: 10436: 10427: 10390: 10346: 10315: 10295: 10284: 10227: 10103: 10099: 10088: 10058: 10032: 9986: 9892: 9847: 9798: 9794: 9779: 9766: 9739: 9705: 9679: 9670: 9593: 9550: 9541: 9496: 9484: 9480: 9427: 9393: 9321: 9312: 9252: 9243: 9170: 9156: 9094: 9079: 9066: 9030: 9012: 9003: 8985: 8972: 8917: 8775: 8566:10.1017/s0952836903004382 8201:(1): Article number 839. 8140:(1): Article number 837. 8087:(1): Article number 745. 7234:10.1038/s41586-019-1137-z 7110:10.1007/978-94-007-5637-3 7102:, and Scansoriopterygidae 6655:American Museum Novitates 6222:10.1007/s12549-011-0068-y 5777:Paul, Gregory S. (2016). 5473:– a photographic study". 5008:(in Danish). Folketidende 4947:. Accessed: 17 July 2012. 4780:10.1186/s12862-017-1076-y 4483:Chiappe, Luis M. (2007). 3612:and the kiwi had similar 3516: 3182: 3089: 3072: 3065: 3048: 3041: 3024: 3017: 3000: 2993: 2976: 2969: 2928: 2913: 2906: 2891: 2884: 2877: 2859: 2852: 2834: 2727:Dromaeosaurus albertensis 2330:, the Munich specimen as 2221:(includes modern birds) 2216: 2209: 2187: 2180: 2149: 2127: 2120: 2113: 2091: 2084: 2062: 2055: 2033: 2026: 2004: 1997: 1552: 1546:Most of the specimens of 1136: 1097:Composed of a torso, the 1044: 945: 937: 905: 878: 741:, the largest species of 376: 369: 331: 323: 307: 300: 165:Scientific classification 163: 150: 141: 45: 13390:(seriemas and relatives) 13369:(pelicans and relatives) 8463:and the origin of birds" 7864:Mesozoic Vertebrate Life 7419:"Flight capabilities of 4759:BMC Evolutionary Biology 4616:On the Origin of Species 4512:National Geographic News 4236:had and other questions. 3624:Comparisons between the 3501:and other burst flyers. 3460:Samuel Wendell Williston 3454:). Other scientists see 2437:Griphornis longicaudatus 1854:The Thermopolis Specimen 1538:Specimens compared to a 1068:Ernst Werner von Siemens 963:On the Origin of Species 830:On the Origin of Species 784:a clear candidate for a 460:Griphornis longicaudatus 13483:(hornbills and hoopoes) 13398:(falcons and relatives) 8661:Full text, Google Books 8288:10.1126/science.1200043 8254:was not very bird-like" 7693:10.1126/science.1193474 7641:10.1126/science.1192963 7561:10.1126/science.1188895 7478:Norberg, R. A. (1995). 7059:: Article number 1394. 6880:"Likelihood reinstates 6456:Swinton, W. E. (1960). 5735:Schweigert, G. (2007). 5702:Lambert, David (1993). 5142:10.1126/science.1120331 4581:UK inflation calculator 4536:[Bird feathers and 4224:3 December 2017 at the 3620:Daily activity patterns 2712:Eosinopteryx brevipenna 2647:Eosinopteryx brevipenna 2632:Eosinopteryx brevipenna 2486:Archaeopteryx siemensii 2400:zoological nomenclature 1794:energy-dispersive X-ray 1393:Archaeopteryx siemensii 1364:Wyoming Dinosaur Center 487:Archaeopteryx siemensii 13467:(trogons and quetzals) 13279:(cranes and relatives) 12549:(emus and cassowaries) 12439:Glossary of bird terms 12251:Confuciusornithiformes 8681:P. Wellnhofer (2008). 8659:: 678–679, plate V. . 8651: 8638:T. H. Huxley. (1871). 8589:G. R. de Beer (1954). 8195:Communications Biology 8134:Communications Biology 8081:Communications Biology 7945:10.1098/rspb.2014.2864 7480:"Feather asymmetry in 6900:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0884 6612:10.21805/bzn.v68i3.a16 6546:VON MEYER 1861 (Aves)" 6525: 6519: 6362:10.1002/bies.201500018 6194:Compsognathus longipes 6112:Comptes Rendus Palevol 5971:Ostrom, J. H. (1976). 5891:Journal of Ornithology 5499:– a further comment". 5190:Dinosaur Tracking Blog 4932: 4858: 4540:from Solenhofen]. 3720:currently occupied by 3658: 3526: 3443: 3372: 3362:Origin of avian flight 3299: 3192: 2642:Jinfengopteryx elegans 2543: 2514:Lambrecht, 1933) is a 2499:Archaeopteryx bavarica 2395: 2332:Archaeopteryx bavarica 2311: 1973: 1855: 1781: 1684: 1543: 1407: 1355: 1332: 1322:Knuthenborg Safaripark 1285: 1277:Daiting Specimen, the 1184: 1094: 1024: 1018: 1012: 951:Natural History Museum 900: 899:discoveries until 2007 865: 630: 533:Archaeopteryx bavarica 34:. For other uses, see 13730:Paleobiology Database 13308:(kagu and sunbittern) 13271:(gulls and relatives) 12276:Songlingornithiformes 12241:Omnivoropterygiformes 9639:Paralitherizinosaurus 8645:H. von Meyer (1861). 8600:John Murray, London. 7991:Nature Communications 7366:Nature Communications 7333:Senter, Phil (2006). 7147:Nature Communications 7053:Nature Communications 6393:"Archaeopteryx in 4D" 6252:Nature Communications 5055:Nature Communications 4893:Augsburger Allgemeine 4842:Elżanowski A 2001b. " 4455:10.1038/news.2011.443 4230:University of Calgary 3647: 3524: 3434: 3370: 3297: 3190: 2787:. (2018) and Hartman 2686:and Pygostylia, with 2536:(right) with that of 2531: 2524:Phylogenetic position 2493:Archaeornis siemensii 2465:Archaeopteryx recurva 2449:Archaeopteryx macrura 2388: 2357:on the foot claws in 2324:Archaeornis siemensii 2309: 1980:published in 2013 by 1971: 1904:Johann Andreas Wagner 1853: 1779: 1678: 1537: 1406:The eleventh specimen 1405: 1353: 1330: 1276: 1179: 1092: 959:Archaeopteryx macrura 894: 863: 765:, three fingers with 515:Archaeopteryx recurva 497:Archaeornis siemensii 478:Archaeopteryx macrura 13788:Transitional fossils 13130:Phoenicopteriformes 8782:Lower/Early Jurassic 8611:A. Feduccia (1996). 8596:P. Chambers (2002). 6884:as a primitive bird" 5170:Paul, G. S. (1988). 4918:Sueddeutsche Zeitung 4600:. Chapter 9, p. 367. 3922:theropoddatabase.com 3663:Solnhofen limestones 3614:basal metabolic rate 3439:in gliding posture, 2740:was found to form a 2477:Wellnhoferia grandis 2371:Wellnhoferia grandis 2345:could be supported: 2336:Wellnhoferia grandis 1972:The twelfth specimen 1941:. It certainly is a 1718:The body plumage of 1368:Thermopolis, Wyoming 1360:Thermopolis Specimen 850:History of discovery 780:These features make 544:Wellnhoferia grandis 506:Archaeopteryx owenii 13763:Feathered dinosaurs 13101:Mesitornithiformes 13095:(doves and pigeons) 12429:Families and orders 12291:Ichthyornithiformes 12266:Patagopterygiformes 10856:Patagopterygiformes 10351:Confuciusornithidae 10217:Scansoriopterygidae 9852:Scansoriopterygidae 8792:Upper/Late Jurassic 8666:P. Shipman (1998). 8635:. Witherby, London. 8632:The Origin of Birds 8515:1993Sci...259..790F 8331:1998Palai..13....3D 8280:2011Sci...332..705S 8050:The Washington Post 8004:2018NatCo...9..923V 7898:10.1038/nature12424 7890:2013Natur.501...93B 7830:10.1038/nature02706 7822:2004Natur.430..666A 7684:2010Sci...330..320N 7632:2010Sci...330..320P 7589:Balter, M. (2010). 7553:2010Sci...328..887N 7500:1995Natur.374..211M 7439:1994Natur.370..514S 7378:2018NatCo...9..923V 7226:2019Natur.569..256W 7159:2018NatCo...9..217H 7065:2013NatCo...4.1394G 6949:2012PLoSO...736790S 6517:Wagner, A. (1861). 6264:2012NatCo...3..637C 6214:2012PdPe...92..119R 6163:2006Pbio...32..417L 6125:2004CRPal...3...99C 6065:1979Sci...203.1021F 6059:(4384): 1021–1022. 6022:Attenborough, David 5981:Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 5934:1979Natur.278..247O 5868:1997PPP...130..275B 5679:Limestone (mineral) 5577:1986Sci...232..622C 5563:Is Not a Forgery". 5385:www.fieldmuseum.org 5248:10.1038/nature13467 5240:2014Natur.511...79F 5134:2005Sci...310.1483M 5128:(5753): 1483–1486. 5067:2018NatCo...9..923V 4975:2019HBio...31....3K 4872:Wellnhofer, Peter. 4771:2017BMCEE..17..236F 4485:Glorified Dinosaurs 4363:2020NatSR..1015593C 4295:2019NatSR...9.1182K 4098:2009PLoSO...4.7390E 4038:10.1038/nature12168 4030:2013Natur.498..359G 3992:on 20 December 2016 3967:10.1038/nature10288 3858:Dinosaur coloration 3808:Paleontology portal 3652:chasing a juvenile 3403:Carcharodontosaurus 3298:The Munich Specimen 3215:, or perhaps, to a 2459:Petronievics, 1917 2457:Archaeopteryx oweni 1739:pennaceous feathers 1665:Opisthocomus hoazin 1609:Thomas Henry Huxley 1584:had many non-avian 1562:million years ago. 1386:ancestry. In 1988, 1290:Mörnsheim Formation 886:Solnhofen Limestone 786:transitional fossil 693:). Older potential 13783:Fossils of Germany 13443:(eagles and hawks) 13343:Procellariiformes 13248:Opisthocomiformes 13217:Steatornithiformes 12444:List by population 12281:Hongshanornithidae 12206:Evolution of birds 10984:Songlingornithidae 10933:Hongshanornithidae 10320:Omnivoropterygidae 10232:Jeholornithiformes 9543:Therizinosauroidea 8554:Journal of Zoology 8248:(8 October 2009), 7939:(1803): 20142864. 7293:10.7717/peerj.7247 7074:10.1038/ncomms2389 6333:10.1039/c3ja50077b 6273:10.1038/ncomms1642 6198:Juravenator starki 5828:on 9 February 2007 5522:– more evidence". 5348:10.7717/peerj.4191 5306:on 19 October 2014 4963:Historical Biology 4350:Scientific Reports 4283:Scientific Reports 3868:Feathered dinosaur 3863:Evolution of birds 3659: 3527: 3444: 3400:dinosaurs such as 3373: 3300: 3193: 2544: 2471:Jurapteryx recurva 2396: 2328:Jurapteryx recurva 2312: 1974: 1947:feathered theropod 1856: 1836:Scientific Reports 1818:, new analyses of 1782: 1685: 1622:interdental plates 1544: 1519:X-ray spectroscopy 1474:and others at the 1408: 1356: 1333: 1286: 1212:Solnhofen Specimen 1201:Jurapteryx recurva 1189:Eichstätt Specimen 1185: 1095: 901: 866: 864:The single feather 761:: jaws with sharp 524:Jurapteryx recurva 414:Petronievics, 1917 13745: 13744: 13717:Open Tree of Life 13605:Taxon identifiers 13596: 13595: 13536: 13535: 13532: 13531: 13528: 13527: 13524: 13523: 13520: 13519: 13516: 13515: 13512: 13511: 13508: 13507: 13329:(loons or divers) 13298:Phaethontiformes 13290:Phaethontimorphae 13240:Opisthocomiformes 13209:Caprimulgiformes 13149: 13148: 13138:Podicipediformes 13057: 13056: 13053: 13052: 13049: 13048: 12775: 12774: 12558: 12557: 12515:Struthioniformes 12383:Waterfowl hunting 12316:Gastornithiformes 12311:Aepyornithiformes 12301:Lithornithiformes 11973: 11972: 11915: 11914: 11895: 11894: 11891: 11890: 11795:Lutetodontopteris 11704:Gastornithiformes 11601: 11600: 11597: 11596: 11485:Aves / Neornithes 11474: 11473: 11456: 11455: 11452: 11451: 11448: 11447: 11430:Aves / Neornithes 11332: 11331: 11071: 11070: 10963:Parahongshanornis 10525: 10524: 10498: 10497: 10494: 10493: 10490: 10489: 10486: 10485: 10482: 10481: 10280: 10279: 10206:Archaeopterygidae 10084: 10083: 9991:Archaeopterygidae 9762: 9761: 9737: 9736: 9733: 9732: 9729: 9728: 9725: 9724: 9666: 9665: 9662: 9661: 9595:Therizinosauridae 9476: 9475: 9472: 9471: 9468: 9467: 9062: 9061: 9058: 9057: 9054: 9053: 9050: 9049: 8962:Maniraptoriformes 8877: 8876: 8872: 8871: 8691:978-3-89937-076-8 8509:(5096): 790–793. 8440:978-3-9801178-0-7 8411:978-0-8018-6763-7 8374:978-0-521-45830-6 7816:(7000): 666–669. 7766:(7000): 619–620. 7729:pages 98–117 7547:(5980): 887–889. 7433:(6490): 336–340. 7220:(7755): 256–259. 7119:978-94-007-5636-6 6721:978-0-520-20094-4 6026:The Life of Birds 5928:(5701): 247–248. 5790:978-1-78684-190-2 5721:978-1-56458-304-8 5571:(4750): 622–626. 4597:Origin of Species 4544:(in German): 561. 4494:978-0-471-24723-4 4449:: news.2011.443. 4427:978-0-253-34373-4 4418:Feathered Dragons 4228:– Nick Longrich, 4183:978-0-520-20094-4 4024:(7454): 359–362. 3961:(7357): 465–470. 3772:The lifestyle of 3714:Rhamphorhynchidae 3712:belonging to the 3167: 3166: 3158: 3157: 3149: 3148: 3140: 3139: 3131: 3130: 3122: 3121: 3113: 3112: 3104: 3103: 2961:Archaeopterygidae 2950: 2949: 2941: 2940: 2721:Passer domesticus 2625:(2013) recovered 2461: 2453: 2445: 2433: 2425: 2417: 2298: 2297: 2289: 2288: 2280: 2279: 2271: 2270: 2262: 2261: 2253: 2252: 2244: 2243: 2235: 2234: 2169: 2168: 1842:remain unknown". 1814:published in the 1586:theropod dinosaur 1425:Painten Formation 1283:A. albersdoerferi 907:Hermann von Meyer 557: 556: 550: 538: 529: 520: 511: 502: 493: 483: 474: 465: 456: 445: 436: 424: 415: 406: 397: 382: 363: 353:A. albersdoerferi 345: 296: 267:Archaeopterygidae 62:150.8–148.5 16:(Redirected from 13810: 13773:Jurassic Germany 13738: 13737: 13725: 13724: 13712: 13711: 13699: 13698: 13686: 13685: 13673: 13672: 13660: 13659: 13657:E302F6306E04EED2 13647: 13646: 13645: 13632: 13631: 13630: 13600: 13599: 13584: 13583: 13572: 13560: 13559: 13548: 13547: 13500: 13492: 13484: 13476: 13473:Leptosomiformes 13468: 13460: 13452: 13444: 13441:Accipitriformes 13436: 13415: 13414:(perching birds) 13407: 13399: 13391: 13370: 13362: 13354: 13346: 13338: 13335:Sphenisciformes 13330: 13309: 13301: 13280: 13272: 13269:Charadriiformes 13251: 13230: 13212: 13191: 13183: 13180:Musophagiformes 13175: 13160: 13159: 13141: 13133: 13112: 13104: 13096: 13081: 13080: 13072: 13071: 13063: 13062: 13036: 13023: 12801: 12800: 12797: 12790: 12703: 12696: 12660: 12647: 12646: 12643: 12634: 12633: 12630: 12595: 12594: 12591: 12590: 12564: 12563: 12550: 12542: 12534: 12526: 12518: 12503: 12502: 12499: 12498: 12488: 12487: 12484: 12483: 12351:Bird collections 12306:Dinornithiformes 12211:Darwin's finches 12201:Origin of flight 12141:Seabird breeding 12131:Sexual selection 12000: 11993: 11986: 11977: 11976: 11963: 11962: 11935:Deinonychosauria 11910: 11909: 11903: 11860:Protodontopteryx 11802:Macrodontopteryx 11741: 11702: 11658: 11642: 11632: 11622: 11614: 11613: 11549: 11548: 11525: 11524: 11493: 11492: 11480: 11479: 11469: 11464: 11395:Cimolopterygidae 11393: 11339: 11286:Hesperornithidae 11225: 11224: 11218: 11188: 11173: 11163: 11153: 11143: 11133: 11123: 11113: 11103: 11092: 11084: 11083: 11037: 10982: 10931: 10892: 10854: 10824: 10809: 10799: 10789: 10778: 10768: 10758: 10748: 10738: 10728: 10718: 10708: 10698: 10688: 10678: 10668: 10657: 10647: 10637: 10627: 10617: 10607: 10597: 10587: 10577: 10567: 10559: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10544: 10543: 10531: 10530: 10520: 10514: 10513: 10506: 10439: 10434: 10433: 10395:Jinguofortisidae 10393: 10374:Eoconfuciusornis 10349: 10318: 10301: 10293: 10292: 10230: 10214: 10203: 10192: 10182: 10172: 10161: 10151: 10141: 10130: 10119: 10109: 10101: 10100: 10097: 10096: 10061: 10035: 9989: 9895: 9850: 9835: 9825: 9814: 9804: 9796: 9795: 9792: 9791: 9781: 9780: 9768: 9767: 9757: 9751: 9745: 9695:Oviraptorosauria 9684:Oviraptorosauria 9682: 9677: 9676: 9618:Nanshiungosaurus 9548: 9547: 9525:Jianchangosaurus 9494: 9493: 9487: 9482: 9481: 9319: 9318: 9250: 9249: 9168: 9167: 9162:Alvarezsauroidea 9160: 9143: 9133: 9122: 9111: 9100: 9092: 9091: 9081: 9080: 9068: 9067: 9010: 9009: 8983: 8982: 8974: 8973: 8967: 8966: 8919: 8918: 8904: 8897: 8890: 8881: 8880: 8778: 8777: 8762: 8755: 8748: 8739: 8738: 8654: 8578: 8577: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8492: 8486: 8485: 8467: 8451: 8445: 8444: 8422: 8416: 8415: 8403: 8394:Paul, Gregory S. 8390: 8379: 8378: 8360: 8351: 8350: 8314: 8308: 8307: 8263: 8257: 8243: 8237: 8236: 8218: 8182: 8176: 8175: 8157: 8121: 8115: 8114: 8104: 8068: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8040: 8034: 8033: 8023: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7964: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7873: 7867: 7856: 7850: 7849: 7807: 7798: 7792: 7791: 7755: 7749: 7748: 7736: 7730: 7719: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7695: 7669: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7643: 7603: 7597: 7587: 7581: 7580: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7511: 7509:10.1038/374211a0 7475: 7469: 7468: 7450: 7448:10.1038/370514a0 7414: 7408: 7407: 7397: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7330: 7324: 7323: 7313: 7295: 7271: 7262: 7261: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7188: 7170: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7076: 7044: 7038: 7037: 7035: 6996: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6970: 6960: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6911: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6778:(1–2): 119–158. 6763: 6757: 6756: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6709: 6699: 6693: 6692: 6666: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6642:. 17 April 2004. 6637: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6537: 6531: 6528: 6522: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6437:on 19 April 2016 6433:. Archived from 6423: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6407:on 25 April 2018 6403:. Archived from 6388: 6382: 6381: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6275: 6243: 6234: 6233: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6146: 6137: 6136: 6102: 6093: 6092: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6018: 6012: 6011: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5977: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5942:10.1038/278247a0 5913: 5907: 5906: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5862:(1–4): 275–292. 5853: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5824:. Archived from 5809: 5803: 5802: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5741: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5709: 5699: 5686: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5650: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5616: 5605: 5604: 5553: 5532: 5531: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5492: 5483: 5482: 5466: 5453: 5452: 5433: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5360: 5350: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5302:. Archived from 5292: 5286: 5285: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5181: 5175: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5119: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5086: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4954: 4948: 4940: 4935: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4906: 4900: 4891: 4883: 4877: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4853: 4847: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4824:(1–2): 159–175. 4809: 4803: 4802: 4792: 4782: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4691: 4674: 4673: 4657: 4647: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4607: 4601: 4589: 4583: 4578: 4572: 4565: 4559: 4545: 4538:Palpipes priscus 4529: 4523: 4508: 4499: 4498: 4480: 4467: 4466: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4384: 4374: 4336: 4325: 4324: 4314: 4270: 4261: 4260: 4248: 4237: 4216: 4210: 4197: 4188: 4187: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4151:(1–2): 177–188. 4136: 4130: 4129: 4119: 4109: 4073: 4058: 4057: 4013: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3991: 3985:. Archived from 3952: 3939: 3930: 3929: 3928:on 3 April 2019. 3924:. Archived from 3914: 3852: 3847: 3846: 3838: 3833: 3832: 3831: 3824: 3822:Dinosaurs portal 3819: 3818: 3817: 3810: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3769:also is absent. 3753:in the northern 3718:ecological niche 3568: 3564: 3496: 3490:. This study on 3347:Munich specimen 3330:Philip J. Currie 3278:The feathers of 3226:, coracoid, and 3068: 3067: 3044: 3043: 3020: 3019: 2996: 2995: 2972: 2971: 2909: 2908: 2887: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2874:Deinonychosauria 2855: 2854: 2837:Oviraptorosauria 2830: 2829: 2733:Troodon formosus 2501:Wellnhofer, 1993 2479:Elżanowski, 2001 2460: 2452: 2444: 2432: 2424: 2416: 2375:A. lithographica 2367:A. lithographica 2359:A. lithographica 2347:A. lithographica 2316:A. lithographica 2226: 2212: 2211: 2198: 2183: 2182: 2160: 2138: 2123: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2102: 2087: 2086: 2073: 2058: 2057: 2044: 2029: 2028: 2015: 2000: 1999: 1990: 1989: 1872:A. lithographica 1864:A. lithographica 1824: 1803: 1788:specimen. Using 1561: 1557: 1556: 1448:Jingmai O'Connor 1432:Chicago specimen 1391:was assigned to 1306:Naturkundemuseum 1302:Daiting Specimen 1193:Peter Wellnhofer 1141: 1140: 1132:Teylers Specimen 1128:Haarlem Specimen 1100:Maxberg Specimen 1084:A. lithographica 1049: 1048: 1027: 1021: 1015: 1001: 995: 989: 948: 947: 942: 941: 910: 909: 883: 882: 771:warm-bloodedness 687:palaeontologists 676: 675: 664: 663: 638: 633: 626: 623: 620: 617: 614: 610: 609: 606: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 590: 587: 584: 581: 578: 575: 572: 549:Elżanowski, 2001 548: 537:Wellnhofer, 1993 536: 527: 518: 509: 500: 491: 481: 472: 463: 454: 444:Species synonymy 443: 435:Elżanowski, 2001 434: 422: 413: 404: 391: 380: 357: 350: 343: 336: 310: 285: 278: 265: 173: 172: 146: 136: 66: 51:Temporal range: 43: 42: 21: 13818: 13817: 13813: 13812: 13811: 13809: 13808: 13807: 13778:Solnhofen fauna 13748: 13747: 13746: 13741: 13733: 13728: 13720: 13715: 13707: 13702: 13694: 13689: 13681: 13676: 13668: 13663: 13655: 13650: 13641: 13640: 13635: 13626: 13625: 13620: 13607: 13597: 13592: 13504: 13498: 13490: 13482: 13481:Bucerotiformes 13475:(cuckoo-roller) 13474: 13466: 13458: 13450: 13442: 13434: 13433:Cathartiformes 13419: 13413: 13405: 13404:Psittaciformes 13397: 13389: 13374: 13368: 13367:Pelecaniformes 13360: 13352: 13344: 13336: 13328: 13313: 13307: 13306:Eurypygiformes 13299: 13284: 13278: 13270: 13255: 13249: 13234: 13228: 13210: 13195: 13189: 13181: 13173: 13145: 13139: 13131: 13116: 13110: 13109:Pterocliformes 13102: 13094: 13045: 13034: 13021: 13006: 12930: 12889: 12827: 12792: 12791: 12784: 12783: 12771: 12751: 12724: 12701: 12694: 12654: 12653: 12641: 12640: 12624: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12616: 12614: 12612: 12610: 12608: 12606: 12604: 12602: 12600: 12585: 12583: 12581: 12579: 12577: 12575: 12573: 12571: 12569: 12554: 12548: 12547:Casuariiformes 12540: 12539:Apterygiformes 12532: 12524: 12516: 12493: 12478: 12449:Lists by region 12417: 12327: 12320: 12261:Chaoyangiformes 12246:Jeholornithidae 12220: 12184:Origin of birds 12170: 12151:Brood parasites 12097: 12027: 12014: 12004: 11974: 11969: 11911: 11904: 11887: 11882:Tympanonesiotes 11875:Pseudodontornis 11838:Palaeochenoides 11759:Caspiodontornis 11743:Pelagornithidae 11734: 11695: 11651: 11593: 11570: 11538: 11514: 11487: 11470: 11444: 11424: 11386: 11328: 11323:Parahesperornis 11295:Asiahesperornis 11280: 11211: 11181: 11080: 11067: 11030: 10975: 10942:Archaeornithura 10924: 10885: 10847: 10817: 10570:Archaeorhynchus 10551: 10538: 10521: 10508: 10478: 10458: 10429:Ornithothoraces 10423: 10386: 10360:Changchengornis 10342: 10311: 10289: 10276: 10223: 10195:Anchiornithidae 10093: 10080: 10054: 10048:Dromaeosauridae 10037:Dromaeosauridae 10028: 10022:Anchiornithidae 9982: 9941:Liaoningvenator 9897:Anchiornithidae 9888: 9876:Scansoriopteryx 9843: 9788: 9775: 9758: 9721: 9701: 9658: 9653:Therizinosaurus 9589: 9537: 9532:Lingyuanosaurus 9489:Therizinosauria 9464: 9423: 9389: 9314:Parvicursorinae 9308: 9245:Alvarezsauridae 9239: 9164: 9152: 9088: 9075: 9046: 9026: 8999: 8993:Avemetatarsalia 8978:Avemetatarsalia 8968: 8924: 8923: 8913: 8908: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8847: 8821: 8787:Middle Jurassic 8771: 8769:Jurassic Period 8766: 8726:: An Early Bird 8700: 8586: 8584:Further reading 8581: 8550: 8546: 8493: 8489: 8465: 8452: 8448: 8441: 8423: 8419: 8412: 8391: 8382: 8375: 8361: 8354: 8339:10.2307/3515277 8315: 8311: 8274:(6030): 705–8. 8264: 8260: 8244: 8240: 8183: 8179: 8122: 8118: 8069: 8065: 8055: 8053: 8041: 8037: 7982: 7978: 7925: 7921: 7874: 7870: 7857: 7853: 7805: 7799: 7795: 7772:10.1038/430619a 7756: 7752: 7737: 7733: 7720: 7716: 7708: 7667: 7661: 7657: 7604: 7600: 7588: 7584: 7529: 7525: 7476: 7472: 7415: 7411: 7354: 7350: 7331: 7327: 7272: 7265: 7206: 7202: 7139: 7135: 7120: 7094: 7090: 7045: 7041: 7033: 6994: 6988: 6984: 6929: 6925: 6888:Biology Letters 6876: 6872: 6849: 6845: 6822: 6818: 6795: 6791: 6764: 6760: 6733: 6729: 6722: 6700: 6696: 6664:10.1.1.693.8475 6651: 6647: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6592: 6588: 6565: 6561: 6538: 6534: 6516: 6512: 6489: 6485: 6480:(6–8): 224–226. 6454: 6450: 6440: 6438: 6425: 6424: 6420: 6410: 6408: 6389: 6385: 6356:(37): 643–656. 6345: 6341: 6312: 6308: 6293: 6289: 6244: 6237: 6190: 6186: 6171:10.1666/04014.1 6147: 6140: 6103: 6096: 6047: 6043: 6036: 6019: 6015: 6004: 6000: 5975: 5969: 5965: 5914: 5910: 5887: 5883: 5851: 5845: 5841: 5831: 5829: 5810: 5806: 5791: 5775: 5771: 5739: 5733: 5729: 5722: 5700: 5689: 5677: 5673: 5651: 5644: 5634: 5632: 5617: 5608: 5554: 5535: 5516: 5512: 5507:: 358–359, 367. 5493: 5486: 5467: 5456: 5434: 5425: 5415: 5413: 5411:Chicago Tribune 5403: 5399: 5389: 5387: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5323: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5284:on 7 July 2014. 5276: 5275: 5271: 5234:(7507): 79–82. 5220: 5216: 5201: 5197: 5182: 5178: 5169: 5165: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5097: 5095: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5031: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5011: 5009: 5002: 4998: 4955: 4951: 4938: 4928: 4924: 4913: 4907: 4903: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4871: 4867: 4854: 4850: 4841: 4837: 4810: 4806: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4725: 4721: 4692: 4677: 4670: 4648: 4637: 4626: 4624: 4611:Darwin, Charles 4608: 4604: 4592:Darwin, Charles 4590: 4586: 4579: 4575: 4566: 4562: 4530: 4526: 4509: 4502: 4495: 4481: 4470: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4410: 4406: 4337: 4328: 4271: 4264: 4249: 4240: 4226:Wayback Machine 4217: 4213: 4203:: An Early Bird 4198: 4191: 4184: 4168: 4164: 4137: 4133: 4074: 4061: 4014: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3950: 3940: 3933: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3886:Rhamphorhynchus 3873:Origin of birds 3848: 3841: 3834: 3829: 3827: 3820: 3815: 3813: 3806: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3709:Rhamphorhynchus 3648:Restoration of 3642: 3622: 3592:. The avialans 3566: 3562: 3519: 3494: 3358:basilisk lizard 3185: 3180: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3114: 3105: 2965:Anchiornithidae 2951: 2942: 2916:Dromaeosauridae 2791:. (2019) found 2783:. (2018), Wang 2526: 2443:Woodward, 1862 2383: 2304: 2299: 2290: 2281: 2272: 2263: 2254: 2245: 2236: 2170: 1848: 1822: 1801: 1792:technology and 1774: 1749:Sinosauropteryx 1724:Berlin specimen 1693:flight feathers 1673: 1638:Dromaeosauridae 1628:process of the 1559: 1532: 1456: 1388:Gregory S. Paul 1236:Munich Specimen 1060:Yale University 1040:Berlin Specimen 933:London Specimen 858: 852: 813:flight feathers 794:origin of birds 735:Eurasian magpie 624: 621: 618: 615: 569: 565: 553: 547: 535: 526: 517: 508: 499: 490: 480: 471: 462: 453: 447: 446: 439: 433: 421: 412: 403: 390: 384: 383: 356: 342: 319: 316: 290: 284: 276: 263: 167: 137: 135: 134: 133: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 61: 60: 49: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13816: 13806: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13743: 13742: 13740: 13739: 13726: 13713: 13700: 13687: 13674: 13661: 13648: 13633: 13617: 13615: 13609: 13608: 13594: 13593: 13591: 13590: 13578: 13566: 13554: 13541: 13538: 13537: 13534: 13533: 13530: 13529: 13526: 13525: 13522: 13521: 13518: 13517: 13514: 13513: 13510: 13509: 13506: 13505: 13503: 13502: 13494: 13489:Coraciiformes 13486: 13478: 13470: 13465:Trogoniformes 13462: 13454: 13446: 13438: 13429: 13427: 13421: 13420: 13418: 13417: 13412:Passeriformes 13409: 13401: 13396:Falconiformes 13393: 13388:Cariamiformes 13384: 13382: 13376: 13375: 13373: 13372: 13364: 13356: 13351:Ciconiiformes 13348: 13340: 13332: 13323: 13321: 13315: 13314: 13312: 13311: 13303: 13294: 13292: 13286: 13285: 13283: 13282: 13274: 13265: 13263: 13261:Cursorimorphae 13257: 13256: 13254: 13253: 13244: 13242: 13236: 13235: 13233: 13232: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13205: 13203: 13197: 13196: 13194: 13193: 13185: 13177: 13168: 13166: 13157: 13151: 13150: 13147: 13146: 13144: 13143: 13135: 13126: 13124: 13122:Mirandornithes 13118: 13117: 13115: 13114: 13106: 13098: 13093:Columbiformes 13089: 13087: 13085:Columbimorphae 13078: 13069: 13059: 13058: 13055: 13054: 13051: 13050: 13047: 13046: 13044: 13043: 13038: 13030: 13025: 13020:Meleagridinae 13016: 13014: 13008: 13007: 13005: 13004: 12997: 12990: 12983: 12976: 12969: 12962: 12955: 12948: 12940: 12938: 12936:Odontophoridae 12932: 12931: 12929: 12928: 12921: 12914: 12907: 12899: 12897: 12891: 12890: 12888: 12887: 12880: 12873: 12866: 12859: 12852: 12845: 12837: 12835: 12829: 12828: 12826: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12809: 12807: 12798: 12777: 12776: 12773: 12772: 12770: 12769: 12761: 12759: 12753: 12752: 12750: 12749: 12742: 12734: 12732: 12726: 12725: 12723: 12722: 12717: 12715:Stictonettinae 12712: 12710:Dendrocygninae 12707: 12706: 12705: 12698: 12686: 12685: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12663: 12661: 12644: 12631: 12588: 12560: 12559: 12556: 12555: 12553: 12552: 12544: 12536: 12528: 12520: 12511: 12509: 12495: 12494: 12480: 12479: 12477: 12476: 12475: 12474: 12469: 12463:Notable birds 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12425: 12423: 12419: 12418: 12416: 12415: 12413:Egg collecting 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12364: 12363: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12332: 12330: 12322: 12321: 12319: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12296:Hesperornithes 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12271:Ambiortiformes 12268: 12263: 12258: 12256:Enantiornithes 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12230: 12228: 12222: 12221: 12219: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12197: 12196: 12191: 12180: 12178: 12172: 12171: 12169: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12107: 12105: 12099: 12098: 12096: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12059: 12058: 12048: 12043: 12037: 12035: 12029: 12028: 12026: 12025: 12019: 12016: 12015: 12003: 12002: 11995: 11988: 11980: 11971: 11970: 11968: 11967: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11925:Archaeornithes 11920: 11917: 11916: 11913: 11912: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11892: 11889: 11888: 11886: 11885: 11878: 11871: 11867:Protopelicanus 11863: 11856: 11848: 11841: 11834: 11831:Osteodontornis 11827: 11820: 11813: 11805: 11798: 11791: 11783: 11776: 11769: 11762: 11755: 11747: 11745: 11736: 11735: 11733: 11732: 11728:Dromornithidae 11724: 11717: 11708: 11706: 11697: 11696: 11694: 11693: 11686: 11679: 11672: 11664: 11662: 11660:Dromornithidae 11653: 11652: 11650: 11649: 11638: 11635:Perplexicervix 11628: 11617: 11611: 11608:Incertae sedis 11603: 11602: 11599: 11598: 11595: 11594: 11592: 11591: 11590: 11589: 11587:Pangalliformes 11580: 11578: 11576:Pangalliformes 11572: 11571: 11569: 11568: 11567: 11566: 11557: 11555: 11546: 11540: 11539: 11537: 11536: 11528: 11522: 11516: 11515: 11513: 11512: 11511: 11510: 11501: 11499: 11489: 11488: 11476: 11475: 11472: 11471: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11453: 11450: 11449: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11442: 11441: 11440: 11434: 11432: 11426: 11425: 11423: 11422: 11414: 11407: 11399: 11397: 11388: 11387: 11385: 11384: 11377: 11370: 11362: 11354: 11345: 11343: 11334: 11333: 11330: 11329: 11327: 11326: 11319: 11312: 11305: 11298: 11290: 11288: 11282: 11281: 11279: 11278: 11271: 11264: 11257: 11250: 11243: 11236: 11228: 11222: 11220:Hesperornithes 11213: 11212: 11210: 11209: 11202: 11194: 11192: 11190:Ichthyornithes 11183: 11182: 11180: 11179: 11169: 11159: 11149: 11139: 11129: 11119: 11109: 11099: 11087: 11081: 11076: 11073: 11072: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11065: 11058: 11055:Similiyanornis 11051: 11043: 11041: 11032: 11031: 11029: 11028: 11020: 11012: 11005: 10997: 10988: 10986: 10977: 10976: 10974: 10973: 10966: 10959: 10952: 10945: 10937: 10935: 10926: 10925: 10923: 10922: 10914: 10906: 10898: 10896: 10894:Ambiortiformes 10887: 10886: 10884: 10883: 10876: 10868: 10860: 10858: 10849: 10848: 10846: 10845: 10838: 10830: 10828: 10819: 10818: 10816: 10815: 10812:Zhongjianornis 10805: 10795: 10785: 10774: 10764: 10754: 10744: 10734: 10724: 10714: 10704: 10701:Jianchangornis 10694: 10684: 10674: 10664: 10653: 10643: 10633: 10623: 10613: 10603: 10593: 10583: 10573: 10562: 10552: 10547: 10540: 10539: 10527: 10526: 10523: 10522: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10495: 10492: 10491: 10488: 10487: 10484: 10483: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10476: 10475: 10474: 10468: 10466: 10460: 10459: 10457: 10456: 10455: 10454: 10452:Enantiornithes 10445: 10443: 10441:Enantiornithes 10431: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10421: 10414: 10407: 10399: 10397: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10384: 10377: 10370: 10367:Confuciusornis 10363: 10355: 10353: 10344: 10343: 10341: 10340: 10333: 10330:Omnivoropteryx 10325: 10323: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10309: 10296: 10290: 10285: 10282: 10281: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10274: 10267: 10260: 10252: 10245: 10236: 10234: 10225: 10224: 10222: 10221: 10210: 10199: 10188: 10178: 10168: 10157: 10147: 10137: 10126: 10115: 10104: 10094: 10089: 10086: 10085: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10078: 10077: 10076: 10067: 10065: 10056: 10055: 10053: 10052: 10051: 10050: 10041: 10039: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10026: 10018: 10011: 10004: 9995: 9993: 9984: 9983: 9981: 9980: 9973: 9966: 9959: 9952: 9945: 9937: 9930: 9923: 9916: 9909: 9901: 9899: 9890: 9889: 9887: 9886: 9879: 9872: 9865: 9857: 9855: 9845: 9844: 9842: 9841: 9831: 9828:Pneumatoraptor 9821: 9810: 9799: 9789: 9784: 9777: 9776: 9764: 9763: 9760: 9759: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9731: 9730: 9727: 9726: 9723: 9722: 9720: 9719: 9718: 9717: 9711: 9709: 9703: 9702: 9700: 9699: 9698: 9697: 9688: 9686: 9674: 9668: 9667: 9664: 9663: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9656: 9649: 9642: 9635: 9628: 9625:Neimongosaurus 9621: 9614: 9607: 9599: 9597: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9587: 9580: 9573: 9566: 9559: 9551: 9545: 9539: 9538: 9536: 9535: 9528: 9521: 9513: 9506: 9497: 9491: 9478: 9477: 9474: 9473: 9470: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9462: 9455: 9448: 9441: 9433: 9431: 9425: 9424: 9422: 9421: 9414: 9407: 9399: 9397: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9387: 9384:Trierarchuncus 9380: 9373: 9366: 9359: 9352: 9344: 9337: 9330: 9322: 9316: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9306: 9298: 9291: 9284: 9280:Bonapartenykus 9276: 9269: 9262: 9253: 9247: 9241: 9240: 9238: 9237: 9230: 9222: 9219:Shishugounykus 9215: 9208: 9201: 9198:Bonapartenykus 9194: 9187: 9179: 9171: 9165: 9157: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9150: 9139: 9129: 9118: 9107: 9095: 9089: 9084: 9077: 9076: 9064: 9063: 9060: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9052: 9051: 9048: 9047: 9045: 9044: 9043: 9042: 9036: 9034: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9024: 9023: 9022: 9013: 9007: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8997: 8996: 8995: 8986: 8980: 8970: 8969: 8965: 8964: 8955: 8946: 8937: 8931: 8915: 8914: 8907: 8906: 8899: 8892: 8884: 8875: 8874: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8765: 8764: 8757: 8750: 8742: 8736: 8735: 8729: 8720: 8714: 8699: 8698:External links 8696: 8695: 8694: 8679: 8664: 8643: 8636: 8624: 8609: 8594: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8579: 8544: 8487: 8446: 8439: 8417: 8410: 8380: 8373: 8352: 8309: 8258: 8238: 8177: 8116: 8063: 8035: 7976: 7919: 7884:(7465): 93–6. 7868: 7851: 7793: 7750: 7731: 7714: 7655: 7610:Confuciusornis 7598: 7596:, 13 May 2010. 7582: 7533:Confuciusornis 7523: 7470: 7409: 7348: 7325: 7263: 7200: 7133: 7118: 7088: 7039: 6982: 6923: 6894:(2): 299–303. 6870: 6843: 6816: 6789: 6758: 6747:(2): 398–432. 6727: 6720: 6694: 6657:(3387): 1–46. 6645: 6625: 6606:(3): 230–233. 6586: 6559: 6532: 6510: 6493:"Opinion 607, 6483: 6448: 6418: 6383: 6339: 6306: 6287: 6235: 6208:(1): 119–168. 6184: 6157:(3): 417–431. 6138: 6094: 6041: 6034: 6013: 5998: 5963: 5908: 5897:(3): 269–286. 5881: 5839: 5804: 5789: 5769: 5750:(1): 117–125. 5727: 5720: 5687: 5671: 5654:Spetner, L. M. 5642: 5606: 5533: 5510: 5484: 5454: 5423: 5397: 5372: 5317: 5300:donaukurier.de 5287: 5269: 5214: 5195: 5176: 5163: 5105: 5041: 5019: 4996: 4949: 4922: 4901: 4878: 4865: 4848: 4835: 4804: 4745: 4719: 4675: 4668: 4635: 4623:on 13 May 2008 4602: 4584: 4573: 4560: 4524: 4500: 4493: 4468: 4433: 4426: 4404: 4326: 4262: 4238: 4211: 4189: 4182: 4162: 4131: 4059: 4003: 3931: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3894: 3889: 3882: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3839: 3825: 3811: 3795: 3792: 3755:Gulf of Mexico 3641: 3638: 3621: 3618: 3595:Confuciusornis 3518: 3515: 3398:coelurosaurian 3383:of the London 3339:Confuciusornis 3326:Confuciusornis 3313:Confuciusornis 3251:turning radius 3207:suggests that 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3071: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3047: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3023: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3009: 3008: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2912: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2878: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2833: 2828: 2806:anchiornithids 2758:. Compared to 2591:deinonychosaur 2525: 2522: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2496: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2454: 2446: 2434: 2426: 2382: 2379: 2361:(the claws of 2303: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1988: 1959:nomenclatorial 1943:flight feather 1910:—'problematic 1847: 1846:Classification 1844: 1773: 1770: 1713:stiff feathers 1672: 1669: 1659:sp.), and the 1531: 1528: 1472:Alan J. Charig 1462:and physicist 1455: 1452: 1203:) or species ( 1155:Teylers Museum 1121:Eduard Opitsch 1113:Maxberg Museum 1109:Florian Heller 946:Karl Häberlein 926:covert feather 854:Main article: 851: 848: 825:Charles Darwin 755:dromaeosaurids 555: 554: 552: 551: 539: 530: 521: 512: 503: 494: 484: 475: 466: 457: 442: 441: 440: 438: 437: 425: 416: 407: 398: 392:Wagner, 1862 ( 381:Genus synonymy 379: 378: 377: 374: 373: 367: 366: 365: 364: 346: 329: 328: 321: 320: 317: 305: 304: 298: 297: 293:conserved name 274: 270: 269: 261: 257: 256: 251: 244: 243: 238: 231: 230: 225: 218: 217: 212: 205: 204: 199: 195: 194: 189: 185: 184: 179: 175: 174: 161: 160: 148: 147: 139: 138: 130: 129: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13815: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13755: 13753: 13736: 13731: 13727: 13723: 13718: 13714: 13710: 13705: 13701: 13697: 13692: 13688: 13684: 13679: 13675: 13671: 13666: 13662: 13658: 13653: 13649: 13644: 13643:Archaeopteryx 13638: 13634: 13629: 13623: 13619: 13618: 13616: 13614: 13613:Archaeopteryx 13610: 13606: 13601: 13589: 13588: 13579: 13577: 13576: 13571: 13567: 13565: 13564: 13555: 13553: 13552: 13543: 13542: 13539: 13501: 13495: 13493: 13487: 13485: 13479: 13477: 13471: 13469: 13463: 13461: 13455: 13453: 13449:Strigiformes 13447: 13445: 13439: 13437: 13431: 13430: 13428: 13426: 13422: 13416: 13410: 13408: 13402: 13400: 13394: 13392: 13386: 13385: 13383: 13381: 13377: 13371: 13365: 13363: 13357: 13355: 13349: 13347: 13341: 13339: 13333: 13331: 13325: 13324: 13322: 13320: 13316: 13310: 13304: 13302: 13300:(tropicbirds) 13296: 13295: 13293: 13291: 13287: 13281: 13275: 13273: 13267: 13266: 13264: 13262: 13258: 13252: 13246: 13245: 13243: 13241: 13237: 13231: 13225: 13223: 13222:Podargiformes 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13207: 13206: 13204: 13202: 13198: 13192: 13186: 13184: 13178: 13176: 13172:Cuculiformes 13170: 13169: 13167: 13165: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13152: 13142: 13136: 13134: 13128: 13127: 13125: 13123: 13119: 13113: 13107: 13105: 13099: 13097: 13091: 13090: 13088: 13086: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13064: 13060: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13018: 13017: 13015: 13013: 13009: 13003: 13002: 12998: 12996: 12995: 12991: 12989: 12988: 12984: 12982: 12981: 12977: 12975: 12974: 12970: 12968: 12967: 12963: 12961: 12960: 12956: 12954: 12953: 12949: 12947: 12946: 12942: 12941: 12939: 12937: 12933: 12927: 12926: 12922: 12920: 12919: 12915: 12913: 12912: 12908: 12906: 12905: 12901: 12900: 12898: 12896: 12892: 12886: 12885: 12881: 12879: 12878: 12874: 12872: 12871: 12870:Macrocephalon 12867: 12865: 12864: 12860: 12858: 12857: 12853: 12851: 12850: 12846: 12844: 12843: 12839: 12838: 12836: 12834: 12830: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12810: 12808: 12806: 12802: 12799: 12795: 12788: 12782: 12778: 12768: 12767: 12763: 12762: 12760: 12758: 12757:Anseranatidae 12754: 12748: 12747: 12743: 12741: 12740: 12736: 12735: 12733: 12731: 12727: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12704: 12699: 12697: 12692: 12691: 12690: 12687: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12669: 12668: 12665: 12664: 12662: 12658: 12652: 12648: 12645: 12639: 12635: 12632: 12628: 12622: 12596: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12565: 12561: 12551: 12545: 12543: 12537: 12535: 12531:Tinamiformes 12529: 12527: 12521: 12519: 12513: 12512: 12510: 12508: 12507:Palaeognathae 12504: 12500: 12496: 12489: 12485: 12481: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12464: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12426: 12424: 12420: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12393:Pigeon racing 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12362: 12359: 12358: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12333: 12331: 12329: 12323: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12236: 12235:Archaeopteryx 12232: 12231: 12229: 12227: 12223: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12186: 12185: 12182: 12181: 12179: 12177: 12173: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12108: 12106: 12104: 12100: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12057: 12054: 12053: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12038: 12036: 12034: 12030: 12024: 12021: 12020: 12017: 12012: 12008: 12001: 11996: 11994: 11989: 11987: 11982: 11981: 11978: 11966: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11945:Odontornithes 11943: 11941: 11940:Odontognathae 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11922: 11921: 11918: 11908: 11902: 11884: 11883: 11879: 11877: 11876: 11872: 11869: 11868: 11864: 11862: 11861: 11857: 11854: 11853: 11849: 11847: 11846: 11842: 11840: 11839: 11835: 11833: 11832: 11828: 11826: 11825: 11821: 11819: 11818: 11814: 11811: 11810: 11806: 11804: 11803: 11799: 11797: 11796: 11792: 11789: 11788: 11784: 11782: 11781: 11777: 11775: 11774: 11770: 11768: 11767: 11763: 11761: 11760: 11756: 11754: 11753: 11749: 11748: 11746: 11744: 11737: 11730: 11729: 11725: 11723: 11722: 11718: 11715: 11714: 11710: 11709: 11707: 11705: 11698: 11692: 11691: 11687: 11685: 11684: 11680: 11678: 11677: 11673: 11671: 11670: 11669:Barawertornis 11666: 11665: 11663: 11661: 11654: 11647: 11646: 11639: 11637: 11636: 11629: 11627: 11626: 11619: 11618: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11609: 11604: 11588: 11584: 11583: 11582: 11581: 11579: 11577: 11573: 11565: 11564:Anserimorphae 11561: 11560: 11559: 11558: 11556: 11554: 11553:Anserimorphae 11550: 11547: 11545: 11541: 11535: 11534: 11530: 11529: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11517: 11509: 11508:Palaeognathae 11505: 11504: 11503: 11502: 11500: 11498: 11497:Palaeognathae 11494: 11490: 11486: 11481: 11477: 11468: 11463: 11438: 11437: 11436: 11435: 11433: 11431: 11427: 11420: 11419: 11415: 11413: 11412: 11408: 11406: 11405: 11401: 11400: 11398: 11396: 11389: 11383: 11382: 11378: 11376: 11375: 11371: 11368: 11367: 11363: 11360: 11359: 11355: 11352: 11351: 11347: 11346: 11344: 11342: 11335: 11325: 11324: 11320: 11318: 11317: 11313: 11311: 11310: 11306: 11304: 11303: 11299: 11297: 11296: 11292: 11291: 11289: 11287: 11283: 11277: 11276: 11272: 11270: 11269: 11265: 11263: 11262: 11258: 11256: 11255: 11251: 11249: 11248: 11244: 11242: 11241: 11237: 11235: 11234: 11230: 11229: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11214: 11208: 11207: 11203: 11201: 11200: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11191: 11184: 11178: 11177: 11176:Tingmiatornis 11170: 11168: 11167: 11160: 11158: 11157: 11150: 11148: 11147: 11140: 11138: 11137: 11130: 11128: 11127: 11120: 11118: 11117: 11110: 11108: 11107: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11095:Antarcticavis 11089: 11088: 11085: 11082: 11079: 11074: 11064: 11063: 11059: 11057: 11056: 11052: 11050: 11049: 11045: 11044: 11042: 11040: 11039:Yanornithidae 11033: 11026: 11025: 11021: 11018: 11017: 11013: 11011: 11010: 11009:Songlingornis 11006: 11003: 11002: 10998: 10995: 10994: 10990: 10989: 10987: 10985: 10978: 10972: 10971: 10967: 10965: 10964: 10960: 10958: 10957: 10956:Longicrusavis 10953: 10951: 10950: 10949:Hongshanornis 10946: 10944: 10943: 10939: 10938: 10936: 10934: 10927: 10920: 10919: 10915: 10912: 10911: 10907: 10905: 10904: 10900: 10899: 10897: 10895: 10888: 10882: 10881: 10877: 10874: 10873: 10869: 10867: 10866: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10857: 10850: 10844: 10843: 10839: 10837: 10836: 10835:Mengciusornis 10832: 10831: 10829: 10827: 10826:Schizoouridae 10820: 10814: 10813: 10806: 10804: 10803: 10796: 10794: 10793: 10786: 10783: 10782: 10775: 10773: 10772: 10765: 10763: 10762: 10755: 10753: 10752: 10745: 10743: 10742: 10735: 10733: 10732: 10725: 10723: 10722: 10715: 10713: 10712: 10705: 10703: 10702: 10695: 10693: 10692: 10685: 10683: 10682: 10675: 10673: 10672: 10665: 10662: 10661: 10654: 10652: 10651: 10644: 10642: 10641: 10634: 10632: 10631: 10624: 10622: 10621: 10614: 10612: 10611: 10610:Changzuiornis 10604: 10602: 10601: 10594: 10592: 10591: 10590:Brevidentavis 10584: 10582: 10581: 10574: 10572: 10571: 10564: 10563: 10560: 10556: 10553: 10550: 10545: 10541: 10537: 10532: 10528: 10519: 10515: 10512: 10505: 10472: 10471: 10470: 10469: 10467: 10465: 10461: 10453: 10449: 10448: 10447: 10446: 10444: 10442: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10426: 10420: 10419: 10415: 10413: 10412: 10408: 10406: 10405: 10401: 10400: 10398: 10396: 10389: 10383: 10382: 10378: 10376: 10375: 10371: 10369: 10368: 10364: 10362: 10361: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10352: 10345: 10339: 10338: 10334: 10332: 10331: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10314: 10308: 10306: 10298: 10297: 10294: 10291: 10288: 10283: 10273: 10272: 10268: 10266: 10265: 10261: 10258: 10257: 10253: 10251: 10250: 10246: 10243: 10242: 10238: 10237: 10235: 10233: 10226: 10219: 10218: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10200: 10197: 10196: 10189: 10187: 10186: 10179: 10177: 10176: 10169: 10166: 10165: 10158: 10156: 10155: 10148: 10146: 10145: 10138: 10135: 10134: 10133:Cretaaviculus 10127: 10124: 10123: 10116: 10114: 10113: 10106: 10105: 10102: 10098: 10095: 10092: 10087: 10075: 10071: 10070: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10064: 10057: 10049: 10045: 10044: 10043: 10042: 10040: 10038: 10031: 10024: 10023: 10019: 10017: 10016: 10012: 10010: 10009: 10008:Archaeopteryx 10005: 10002: 10001: 9997: 9996: 9994: 9992: 9985: 9979: 9978: 9977:Yixianosaurus 9974: 9972: 9971: 9967: 9965: 9964: 9960: 9958: 9957: 9953: 9951: 9950: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9938: 9936: 9935: 9934:Fujianvenator 9931: 9929: 9928: 9924: 9922: 9921: 9917: 9915: 9914: 9910: 9908: 9907: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9891: 9885: 9884: 9880: 9878: 9877: 9873: 9871: 9870: 9869:Epidexipteryx 9866: 9864: 9863: 9859: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9846: 9840: 9839: 9832: 9830: 9829: 9822: 9819: 9818: 9811: 9809: 9808: 9801: 9800: 9797: 9793: 9790: 9787: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9769: 9765: 9756: 9752: 9750: 9744: 9715: 9714: 9713: 9712: 9710: 9708: 9704: 9696: 9692: 9691: 9690: 9689: 9687: 9685: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9669: 9655: 9654: 9650: 9648: 9647: 9643: 9641: 9640: 9636: 9634: 9633: 9629: 9627: 9626: 9622: 9620: 9619: 9615: 9613: 9612: 9608: 9606: 9605: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9596: 9592: 9586: 9585: 9581: 9579: 9578: 9574: 9572: 9571: 9567: 9565: 9564: 9563:Beipiaosaurus 9560: 9558: 9557: 9553: 9552: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9540: 9534: 9533: 9529: 9527: 9526: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9514: 9512: 9511: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9499: 9498: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9483: 9479: 9461: 9460: 9456: 9454: 9453: 9449: 9447: 9446: 9442: 9440: 9439: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9426: 9420: 9419: 9415: 9413: 9412: 9408: 9406: 9405: 9401: 9400: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9386: 9385: 9381: 9379: 9378: 9374: 9372: 9371: 9367: 9365: 9364: 9360: 9358: 9357: 9353: 9350: 9349: 9345: 9343: 9342: 9338: 9336: 9335: 9331: 9329: 9328: 9324: 9323: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9311: 9304: 9303: 9299: 9297: 9296: 9295:Heptasteornis 9292: 9290: 9289: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9277: 9275: 9274: 9273:Alvarezsaurus 9270: 9268: 9267: 9263: 9260: 9259: 9258:Achillesaurus 9255: 9254: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9242: 9236: 9235: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9223: 9221: 9220: 9216: 9214: 9213: 9209: 9207: 9206: 9202: 9200: 9199: 9195: 9193: 9192: 9188: 9185: 9184: 9180: 9178: 9177: 9176:Achillesaurus 9173: 9172: 9169: 9166: 9163: 9155: 9148: 9147: 9140: 9138: 9137: 9130: 9127: 9126: 9119: 9116: 9115: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9097: 9096: 9093: 9090: 9087: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9069: 9065: 9040: 9039: 9038: 9037: 9035: 9033: 9029: 9021: 9017: 9016: 9015: 9014: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9002: 8994: 8990: 8989: 8988: 8987: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8963: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8932: 8930: 8926: 8925: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8905: 8900: 8898: 8893: 8891: 8886: 8885: 8882: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8812:Pliensbachian 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8796: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8779: 8774: 8770: 8763: 8758: 8756: 8751: 8749: 8744: 8743: 8740: 8733: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8724:Archaeopteryx 8721: 8718: 8715: 8712: 8708: 8707: 8706:Archaeopteryx 8702: 8701: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8677: 8676:0-297-84156-4 8673: 8669: 8665: 8662: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8644: 8641: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8628: 8625: 8622: 8621:0-300-06460-8 8618: 8614: 8610: 8607: 8606:0-7195-6059-4 8603: 8599: 8595: 8592: 8588: 8587: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8548: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8503: 8498: 8497:Archaeopteryx 8491: 8483: 8479: 8476:(2): 91–182. 8475: 8471: 8464: 8462: 8461:Archaeopteryx 8456: 8455:Ostrom, J. H. 8450: 8442: 8436: 8432: 8429:Archaeopteryx 8428: 8421: 8413: 8407: 8402: 8401: 8395: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8376: 8370: 8366: 8359: 8357: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8313: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8262: 8255: 8253: 8252:Archaeopteryx 8247: 8242: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8190: 8189:Archaeopteryx 8181: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8129: 8128:Archaeopteryx 8120: 8112: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8076: 8075:Archaeopteryx 8067: 8052: 8051: 8046: 8039: 8031: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7992: 7987: 7980: 7972: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7923: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7872: 7865: 7861: 7855: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7804: 7797: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7754: 7746: 7742: 7735: 7728: 7727:0-19-856603-4 7724: 7718: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7678:(6002): 320. 7677: 7673: 7666: 7659: 7651: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7626:(6002): 320. 7625: 7621: 7617: 7615: 7614:Archaeopteryx 7611: 7602: 7595: 7592: 7586: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7537:Archaeopteryx 7534: 7527: 7519: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7494:(6519): 211. 7493: 7489: 7485: 7483: 7482:Archaeopteryx 7474: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7422: 7421:Archaeopteryx 7413: 7405: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7361: 7360:Archaeopteryx 7352: 7345:(2): 305–313. 7344: 7340: 7336: 7329: 7321: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7270: 7268: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7204: 7196: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7137: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7092: 7084: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7043: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7011:10.1206/748.1 7008: 7004: 7000: 6993: 6986: 6978: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6943:(5): e36790. 6942: 6938: 6934: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6883: 6882:Archaeopteryx 6874: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6847: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6820: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6793: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6768:Archaeopteryx 6762: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6737:Archaeopteryx 6731: 6723: 6717: 6713: 6708: 6707: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6656: 6649: 6641: 6640:New Scientist 6636: 6629: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6594:ICZN (2011). 6590: 6583:(4): 261–262. 6582: 6578: 6574: 6572: 6563: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6545: 6540:ICZN (1977). 6536: 6529: 6527: 6521: 6514: 6507:(4): 260–261. 6506: 6502: 6498: 6496: 6495:Archaeopteryx 6491:ICZN (1961). 6487: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6469: 6465: 6464:Lithographica 6461: 6460:Archaeopteryx 6452: 6436: 6432: 6431:vertpaleo.org 6428: 6422: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6343: 6334: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6310: 6302: 6301:New Scientist 6298: 6291: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6242: 6240: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6143: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6119:(2): 99–118. 6118: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6101: 6099: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6045: 6037: 6031: 6028:. BBC Books. 6027: 6023: 6017: 6009: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5987:(2): 91–182. 5986: 5983: 5982: 5974: 5967: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5918:Archaeopteryx 5912: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5817: 5816:Archaeopteryx 5808: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5773: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5723: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5707: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5684: 5680: 5675: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5658:Archaeopteryx 5655: 5649: 5647: 5630: 5626: 5624: 5623:Archaeopteryx 5615: 5613: 5611: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5561:Archaeopteryx 5558: 5557:Charig, A. J. 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5520:Archaeopteryx 5514: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5497:Archaeopteryx 5491: 5489: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5471:Archaeopteryx 5465: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5441:Archaeopteryx 5438: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5330: 5329:Archaeopteryx 5321: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5224:Archaeopteryx 5218: 5210: 5209:New Scientist 5206: 5199: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5109: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5029: 5023: 5007: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4959:Archaeopteryx 4953: 4946: 4945: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4926: 4919: 4912: 4911: 4905: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4882: 4875: 4869: 4862: 4860: 4852: 4845: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4734: 4733:New Scientist 4730: 4723: 4714: 4709: 4706:(1): 97–116. 4705: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4671: 4669:9780520200944 4665: 4661: 4656: 4655: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4606: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4564: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4505: 4496: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4429: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4414:Archaeopteryx 4408: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4344: 4343:Archaeopteryx 4335: 4333: 4331: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4278: 4277:Archaeopteryx 4269: 4267: 4258: 4254: 4253:Archaeopteryx 4247: 4245: 4243: 4235: 4234:Archaeopteryx 4231: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4215: 4208: 4204: 4202: 4201:Archaeopteryx 4196: 4194: 4185: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4166: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4141:Archaeopteryx 4135: 4127: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4092:(10): e7390. 4091: 4087: 4083: 4081: 4080:Archaeopteryx 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3949: 3947: 3946:Archaeopteryx 3938: 3936: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3840: 3837: 3826: 3823: 3812: 3809: 3798: 3791: 3788: 3784: 3783:Archaeopteryx 3780: 3779:Archaeopteryx 3775: 3774:Archaeopteryx 3770: 3768: 3764: 3763:Archaeopteryx 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3727:Pterodactylus 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3705: 3704:Archaeopteryx 3701: 3700:Archaeopteryx 3697: 3693: 3692:Archaeopteryx 3688: 3686: 3685: 3684:Compsognathus 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3667:Archaeopteryx 3664: 3657: 3656: 3655:Compsognathus 3651: 3650:Archaeopteryx 3646: 3640:Palaeoecology 3637: 3635: 3631: 3630:Archaeopteryx 3627: 3626:scleral rings 3617: 3615: 3611: 3610:Archaeopteryx 3607: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3596: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3578: 3572: 3571:Archaeopteryx 3560: 3559:Archaeopteryx 3556: 3555:Archaeopteryx 3552: 3548: 3547:Archaeopteryx 3544: 3543:Archaeopteryx 3540: 3539:Archaeopteryx 3536: 3535:Archaeopteryx 3532: 3523: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3506:Archaeopteryx 3502: 3500: 3493: 3492:Archaeopteryx 3489: 3485: 3484:maniraptorans 3481: 3480:Archaeopteryx 3476: 3474: 3470: 3469:Archaeopteryx 3465: 3464:Archaeopteryx 3461: 3457: 3456:Archaeopteryx 3453: 3448: 3447:Archaeopteryx 3442: 3438: 3437:Archaeopteryx 3433: 3429: 3427: 3426:Archaeopteryx 3422: 3419: 3415: 3414:Archaeopteryx 3411: 3410: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3394:Archaeopteryx 3391: 3390:Archaeopteryx 3386: 3385:Archaeopteryx 3382: 3378: 3369: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3353:Archaeopteryx 3350: 3349:Archaeopteryx 3345: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3334:Archaeopteryx 3331: 3327: 3323: 3322:Archaeopteryx 3319: 3318:Archaeopteryx 3315: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3296: 3292: 3290: 3289:Archaeopteryx 3286: 3285:Archaeopteryx 3281: 3280:Archaeopteryx 3276: 3274: 3270: 3269:Archaeopteryx 3266: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3247:Archaeopteryx 3244: 3241: 3240:Archaeopteryx 3237: 3236:Philip Senter 3233: 3232:Archaeopteryx 3229: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3217:cartilaginous 3214: 3210: 3209:Archaeopteryx 3206: 3202: 3201:Archaeopteryx 3198: 3197:Archaeopteryx 3189: 3178:Palaeobiology 3175: 3173: 3172:Archaeopteryx 3163: 3162: 3154: 3153: 3145: 3144: 3136: 3135: 3127: 3126: 3118: 3117: 3109: 3108: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3070: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3052:Archaeopteryx 3046: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3029: 3022: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3005: 2998: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2981: 2974: 2973: 2966: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2946: 2945: 2937: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2825: 2824:Archaeopteryx 2821: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802:Archaeopteryx 2799: 2794: 2793:Archaeopteryx 2790: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2775: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2760:Archaeopteryx 2757: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2738:Archaeopteryx 2735: 2734: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2722: 2717: 2716:Archaeopteryx 2714:, also found 2713: 2709: 2705: 2704:Archaeopteryx 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2688:Microraptoria 2685: 2681: 2680: 2675: 2674:Archaeopteryx 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2659:Archaeopteryx 2657:did not find 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2627:Archaeopteryx 2624: 2620: 2619:Archaeopteryx 2616: 2611: 2609: 2608:Archaeopteryx 2605: 2601: 2597: 2596:Archaeopteryx 2592: 2588: 2587:Archaeopteryx 2584: 2583: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2570:Archaeopteryx 2567: 2566: 2561: 2560:Archaeopteryx 2557: 2556:Archaeopteryx 2553: 2552:Archaeopteryx 2549: 2548:Archaeopteryx 2541: 2540: 2535: 2534:Archaeopteryx 2530: 2521: 2519: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2467:Howgate, 1984 2466: 2463: 2458: 2455: 2450: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2431:Wagner, 1862 2430: 2427: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2394: 2393: 2387: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2343:Archaeopteryx 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2308: 2294: 2293: 2285: 2284: 2276: 2275: 2267: 2266: 2258: 2257: 2249: 2248: 2240: 2239: 2231: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2220: 2219:Avebrevicauda 2214: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2192: 2185: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2165: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2154: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2125: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2096: 2089: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2066:Archaeopteryx 2060: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2031: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2009: 2002: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1970: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1955:Archaeopteryx 1952: 1951:type specimen 1948: 1944: 1940: 1939:Archaeopteryx 1936: 1935:Archaeopteryx 1931: 1929: 1928:lithographica 1925: 1921: 1917: 1916:Archaeopteryx 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1898:invalid. The 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1880:Gavin de Beer 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860:Archaeopteryx 1852: 1843: 1841: 1840:Archaeopteryx 1837: 1833: 1832:Archaeopteryx 1829: 1828:Archaeopteryx 1821: 1820:Archaeopteryx 1817: 1812: 1811:Archaeopteryx 1808: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1786:Archaeopteryx 1778: 1769: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1757:Archaeopteryx 1753: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1728:Archaeopteryx 1725: 1721: 1720:Archaeopteryx 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689:Archaeopteryx 1687:Specimens of 1682: 1681:Archaeopteryx 1677: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1634:Archaeopteryx 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1613:Archaeopteryx 1610: 1606: 1602: 1601:Archaeopteryx 1597: 1595: 1594:Archaeopteryx 1591: 1590:Archaeopteryx 1587: 1583: 1582:Archaeopteryx 1579: 1578:Archaeopteryx 1575: 1571: 1567: 1566:Archaeopteryx 1563: 1555: 1549: 1548:Archaeopteryx 1541: 1536: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1488:Archaeopteryx 1485: 1481: 1480:lithification 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468:Archaeopteryx 1465: 1461: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1444:Archaeopteryx 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1404: 1400: 1399:remains yet. 1398: 1397:Archaeopteryx 1394: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1380:Archaeopteryx 1377: 1376:Archaeopteryx 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1345:Archaeopteryx 1342: 1338: 1329: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1314:Archaeopteryx 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1260:cartilaginous 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1223: 1222: 1221:Compsognathus 1217: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1146: 1145:Pterodactylus 1139: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1105:Langenaltheim 1102: 1101: 1091: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076:Wilhelm Dames 1073: 1070:, founder of 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1047: 1041: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1030:Archaeopteryx 1026: 1020: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1000: 994: 988: 983: 978: 976: 972: 971:Archaeopteryx 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 940: 939:Langenaltheim 934: 929: 927: 922: 921:Archaeopteryx 918: 914: 908: 898: 897:Archaeopteryx 893: 889: 887: 881: 875: 871: 870:Archaeopteryx 862: 857: 847: 844: 843:Archaeopteryx 840: 836: 835:Archaeopteryx 832: 831: 826: 822: 821:Archaeopteryx 818: 817:type specimen 814: 809: 807: 806:Archaeopteryx 803: 802:Archaeopteryx 799: 795: 791: 790:Archaeopteryx 787: 783: 782:Archaeopteryx 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 747:Archaeopteryx 744: 743:Archaeopteryx 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 723:Late Jurassic 721:lived in the 720: 719:Archaeopteryx 716: 714: 713: 708: 707: 702: 701: 696: 692: 688: 684: 683:Archaeopteryx 680: 674: 668: 662: 657: 656:ancient Greek 653: 649: 645: 641: 640:Primeval Bird 634: 632: 608: 563: 562: 561:Archaeopteryx 546: 545: 540: 534: 531: 525: 522: 519:Howgate, 1984 516: 513: 507: 504: 498: 495: 492:(Dames, 1897) 488: 485: 479: 476: 470: 467: 461: 458: 452: 449: 448: 431: 430: 426: 423:Howgate, 1984 420: 417: 411: 408: 402: 399: 395: 394:rejected name 389: 386: 385: 375: 372: 368: 361: 355: 354: 347: 341: 340: 333: 332: 330: 327: 322: 315: 314: 306: 303: 299: 294: 288: 283: 282: 281:Archaeopteryx 275: 272: 271: 268: 262: 259: 258: 255: 252: 249: 246: 245: 242: 239: 236: 233: 232: 229: 226: 223: 220: 219: 216: 213: 210: 207: 206: 203: 200: 197: 196: 193: 190: 187: 186: 183: 180: 177: 176: 171: 166: 162: 158: 154: 153:Archaeopteryx 149: 145: 140: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 65: 58: 54: 53:Late Jurassic 48: 47:Archaeopteryx 44: 41: 37: 33: 32:Archaeopteris 19: 13612: 13585: 13573: 13561: 13549: 13459:(mousebirds) 13457:Coliiformes 13327:Gaviiformes 13319:Aequornithes 13227:Apodiformes 13188:Otidiformes 13164:Otidimorphae 13111:(sandgrouse) 13033:Phasianinae 12999: 12992: 12985: 12980:Odontophorus 12978: 12971: 12964: 12957: 12950: 12943: 12923: 12916: 12909: 12902: 12882: 12875: 12868: 12861: 12854: 12847: 12840: 12818:Oreophasinae 12764: 12744: 12737: 12642:(waterfowls) 12638:Anseriformes 12388:Cockfighting 12373:Conservation 12368:Bird feeding 12356:Birdwatching 12346:Ornithomancy 12286:Gansuiformes 12234: 12233: 12226:Fossil birds 12116:Intelligence 11955:Unenlagiidae 11880: 11873: 11865: 11858: 11850: 11843: 11836: 11829: 11822: 11817:Odontopteryx 11815: 11807: 11800: 11793: 11785: 11778: 11771: 11764: 11757: 11750: 11726: 11719: 11711: 11688: 11681: 11674: 11667: 11643: 11633: 11623: 11606: 11544:Galloanserae 11531: 11418:Lamarqueavis 11416: 11411:Cimolopteryx 11409: 11402: 11379: 11372: 11364: 11356: 11350:Australornis 11348: 11321: 11314: 11307: 11300: 11293: 11273: 11268:Pasquiaornis 11266: 11259: 11252: 11245: 11238: 11231: 11204: 11197: 11174: 11164: 11154: 11144: 11134: 11124: 11114: 11104: 11093: 11060: 11053: 11046: 11022: 11014: 11007: 11001:Piscivoravis 10999: 10991: 10968: 10961: 10954: 10947: 10940: 10916: 10908: 10901: 10880:Patagopteryx 10878: 10870: 10863: 10840: 10833: 10810: 10800: 10792:Xinghaiornis 10790: 10779: 10769: 10759: 10749: 10741:Khinganornis 10739: 10729: 10719: 10711:Jiuquanornis 10709: 10699: 10689: 10679: 10669: 10660:Gargantuavis 10658: 10648: 10638: 10628: 10618: 10608: 10600:Changmaornis 10598: 10588: 10578: 10568: 10507: 10418:Jinguofortis 10416: 10409: 10402: 10379: 10372: 10365: 10358: 10335: 10328: 10302: 10271:Neimengornis 10269: 10262: 10256:Jixiangornis 10254: 10247: 10241:Dalianraptor 10239: 10215: 10204: 10193: 10183: 10175:Yandangornis 10173: 10162: 10152: 10142: 10131: 10120: 10110: 10074:Troodontidae 10063:Troodontidae 10020: 10015:Wellnhoferia 10013: 10007: 10006: 9998: 9975: 9968: 9961: 9954: 9947: 9939: 9932: 9927:Eosinopteryx 9925: 9918: 9911: 9904: 9881: 9874: 9867: 9860: 9836: 9826: 9817:Palaeopteryx 9815: 9805: 9746: 9672:Pennaraptora 9651: 9644: 9637: 9632:Nothronychus 9630: 9623: 9616: 9611:Erlikosaurus 9609: 9604:Erliansaurus 9602: 9584:Suzhousaurus 9582: 9577:Martharaptor 9575: 9570:Enigmosaurus 9568: 9561: 9554: 9530: 9523: 9517:Fukuivenator 9515: 9508: 9502:Eshanosaurus 9500: 9457: 9450: 9443: 9438:Albertonykus 9436: 9416: 9409: 9402: 9395:Ceratonykini 9382: 9375: 9368: 9361: 9356:Nemegtonykus 9354: 9346: 9339: 9332: 9325: 9300: 9293: 9286: 9278: 9271: 9264: 9256: 9232: 9226:Tugulusaurus 9224: 9217: 9210: 9205:Haplocheirus 9203: 9196: 9189: 9181: 9174: 9144: 9136:Migmanychion 9134: 9123: 9114:Fukuivenator 9112: 9101: 8957: 8948: 8939: 8859:Kimmeridgian 8723: 8711:Talk.Origins 8705: 8682: 8667: 8656: 8646: 8639: 8630: 8627:Heilmann, G. 8612: 8597: 8590: 8560:(1): 73–81. 8557: 8553: 8547: 8506: 8500: 8496: 8490: 8473: 8469: 8460: 8449: 8430: 8426: 8420: 8399: 8364: 8322: 8318: 8312: 8271: 8267: 8261: 8251: 8245: 8241: 8198: 8194: 8188: 8180: 8137: 8133: 8127: 8119: 8084: 8080: 8074: 8066: 8054:. Retrieved 8048: 8038: 7998:(923): 923. 7995: 7989: 7979: 7936: 7932: 7922: 7881: 7877: 7871: 7863: 7859: 7854: 7813: 7809: 7796: 7763: 7759: 7753: 7745:ResearchGate 7744: 7734: 7717: 7675: 7671: 7658: 7623: 7619: 7613: 7609: 7601: 7593: 7585: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7526: 7491: 7487: 7481: 7473: 7430: 7426: 7420: 7412: 7369: 7365: 7359: 7351: 7342: 7338: 7328: 7283: 7279: 7217: 7213: 7203: 7150: 7146: 7136: 7101: 7097: 7091: 7056: 7052: 7042: 7002: 6998: 6985: 6940: 6936: 6926: 6891: 6887: 6881: 6873: 6856: 6852: 6846: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6802: 6798: 6792: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6730: 6705: 6697: 6654: 6648: 6639: 6628: 6603: 6599: 6589: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6562: 6553: 6549: 6543: 6535: 6523: 6513: 6504: 6500: 6494: 6486: 6477: 6473: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6451: 6439:. Retrieved 6435:the original 6430: 6421: 6409:. Retrieved 6405:the original 6400: 6396: 6386: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6323: 6319: 6309: 6303:. Las Vegas. 6300: 6290: 6255: 6251: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6154: 6151:Paleobiology 6150: 6116: 6110: 6056: 6050: 6044: 6025: 6016: 6007: 6001: 5984: 5979: 5966: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5894: 5890: 5884: 5859: 5855: 5842: 5830:. Retrieved 5826:the original 5821: 5815: 5807: 5779: 5772: 5747: 5743: 5730: 5705: 5674: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5633:. Retrieved 5622: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5513: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5414:. Retrieved 5410: 5400: 5388:. Retrieved 5384: 5375: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5327:"The oldest 5320: 5308:. Retrieved 5304:the original 5299: 5290: 5282:the original 5272: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5208: 5198: 5189: 5179: 5171: 5166: 5125: 5121: 5108: 5096:. Retrieved 5058: 5054: 5044: 5032:. Retrieved 5022: 5010:. Retrieved 4999: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4942: 4930: 4925: 4909: 4904: 4885: 4881: 4873: 4868: 4856: 4851: 4838: 4821: 4817: 4807: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4736:. Retrieved 4732: 4722: 4703: 4699: 4653: 4625:. Retrieved 4621:the original 4615: 4605: 4596: 4587: 4576: 4563: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4527: 4511: 4484: 4446: 4436: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4357:(1): 15593. 4354: 4348: 4342: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4256: 4252: 4233: 4214: 4200: 4172: 4165: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4021: 4017: 3994:. Retrieved 3987:the original 3958: 3954: 3945: 3926:the original 3921: 3912: 3896: 3884: 3877: 3836:Birds portal 3782: 3778: 3773: 3771: 3762: 3745:with a long 3736: 3725: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3689: 3682: 3666: 3660: 3653: 3649: 3629: 3623: 3609: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3570: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3531:histological 3528: 3505: 3503: 3491: 3488:modern birds 3479: 3477: 3468: 3463: 3455: 3446: 3445: 3436: 3425: 3423: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3374: 3352: 3348: 3344:Gregory Paul 3337: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3303: 3301: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3277: 3268: 3262: 3246: 3245: 3239: 3231: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3194: 3171: 3169: 3091: 3090: 3076:Eosinopteryx 3074: 3073: 3051: 3050: 3049: 3026: 3025: 3002: 3001: 2978: 2977: 2960: 2931:Troodontidae 2929: 2914: 2894:Unenlagiidae 2892: 2860: 2835: 2823: 2817: 2813: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2778: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2692:Unenlagiinae 2683: 2679:Wellnhoferia 2677: 2673: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2636: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2586: 2580: 2578: 2574:maniraptoran 2569: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2498: 2492: 2489:Dames, 1897 2485: 2484: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2456: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2423:Anon., 1861 2420: 2415:Meyer, 1861 2411: 2410: 2397: 2392:Wellnhoferia 2390: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2363:A. siemensii 2362: 2358: 2351:A. siemensii 2350: 2346: 2342: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2313: 2217: 2189: 2188: 2151: 2150: 2129: 2128: 2093: 2092: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2035: 2034: 2006: 2005: 1984: 1975: 1954: 1938: 1934: 1932: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1895: 1892:Griphosaurus 1891: 1887: 1871: 1868:A. siemensii 1867: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1785: 1783: 1756: 1754: 1747: 1736: 1727: 1719: 1717: 1688: 1686: 1680: 1664: 1656: 1642: 1633: 1612: 1607:, following 1600: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1581: 1577: 1565: 1564: 1547: 1545: 1522: 1510: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1492: 1487: 1467: 1457: 1454:Authenticity 1443: 1436:Field Museum 1431: 1429: 1421: 1409: 1396: 1392: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1359: 1357: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1317: 1313: 1301: 1287: 1282: 1268:A. siemensii 1267: 1263: 1239: 1235: 1233: 1227:Wellnhoferia 1225: 1219: 1211: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1188: 1186: 1181: 1173:from China. 1168: 1162: 1143: 1131: 1127: 1125: 1098: 1096: 1083: 1080:A. siemensii 1079: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1029: 979: 970: 962: 958: 955:Richard Owen 932: 930: 920: 902: 896: 895:Timeline of 869: 867: 842: 834: 828: 820: 810: 805: 801: 789: 781: 779: 746: 742: 718: 717: 710: 704: 698: 682: 678: 666: 639: 628: 560: 559: 558: 542: 532: 523: 514: 505: 496: 486: 477: 468: 459: 450: 429:Wellnhoferia 427: 418: 409: 400: 388:Griphosaurus 387: 359: 352: 351: 339:A. siemensii 338: 337: 312: 311: 302:Type species 280: 279: 247: 234: 221: 208: 157:A. siemensii 156: 152: 46: 40: 13691:iNaturalist 13637:Wikispecies 13587:WikiProject 13497:Piciformes 13380:Australaves 13359:Suliformes 13277:Gruiformes 13132:(flamingos) 13041:Tetraoninae 13012:Phasianidae 13001:Rhynchortyx 12966:Dactylortyx 12833:Megapodidae 12823:Penelopinae 12781:Galliformes 12523:Rheiformes 12517:(ostriches) 12467:individuals 12341:Ornithology 12328:interaction 12083:Preen gland 11852:Proceriavis 11824:Odontoptila 11780:Gigantornis 11690:Ilbandornis 11625:Asteriornis 11366:Neogaeornis 11316:Hesperornis 11247:Chupkaornis 11199:Ichthyornis 11024:Yixianornis 10970:Tianyuornis 10918:Palintropus 10865:Alamitornis 10751:Meemannavis 10721:Juehuaornis 10640:Eogranivora 10580:Bellulornis 10404:Chongmingia 10154:Overoraptor 10144:Fukuipteryx 9807:Imperobator 9646:Segnosaurus 9411:Ceratonykus 9370:Parvicursor 9341:Khulsanurus 9334:Jaculinykus 9302:Patagonykus 9212:Patagonykus 9146:Yaverlandia 9086:Maniraptora 9073:Maniraptora 9032:Maniraptora 8911:Maniraptora 8246:EurekAlert! 7594:Science Now 6326:(7): 1024. 5310:18 February 4969:(1): 3–63. 4939:(in German) 4914:(in German) 4890:(in German) 4289:(1): 1182. 3601:Ichthyornis 3551:growth ring 3452:O. C. Marsh 3418:Maniraptora 3264:Microraptor 2814:Microraptor 2539:Deinonychus 2517:nomen nudum 2451:Owen, 1862 1976:Below is a 1953:, the name 1798:melanosomes 1772:Colouration 1737:A patch of 1605:John Ostrom 1554:Lagerstätte 1530:Description 1495:counterslab 1464:Lee Spetner 1440:Switzerland 1264:A. bavarica 1248:Deutschmark 1197:Jura Museum 1151:John Ostrom 1072:the company 1056:O. C. Marsh 759:troodontids 727:archipelago 410:Archaeornis 344:Dames, 1897 151:The Berlin 13752:Categories 13337:(penguins) 13190:(bustards) 13028:Perdicinae 12973:Dendrortyx 12945:Callipepla 12877:Megapodius 12842:Aepypodius 12720:Tadorninae 12702:true geese 12533:(tinamous) 12492:Neornithes 12403:Pheasantry 12378:Aviculture 12146:Incubation 12136:Lek mating 11923:See also: 11845:Pelagornis 11713:Brontornis 11520:Neognathae 11439:see below↓ 11404:Ceramornis 11374:Polarornis 11341:Vegaviidae 11309:Fumicollis 11275:Potamornis 11261:Judinornis 11254:Enaliornis 11078:Ornithurae 11048:Abitusavis 10842:Schizooura 10802:Yumenornis 10761:Platanavis 10731:Kaririavis 10681:Horezmavis 10620:Chaoyangia 10549:Euornithes 10536:Euornithes 10473:see below↓ 10464:Euornithes 10411:Cratonavis 10287:Pygostylia 10264:Kompsornis 10249:Jeholornis 10185:Zhongornis 10112:Alcmonavis 10000:Alcmonavis 9970:Xiaotingia 9963:Serikornis 9906:Anchiornis 9862:Ambopteryx 9716:see below↓ 9556:Alxasaurus 9445:Linhenykus 9429:Mononykini 9418:Xixianykus 9377:Qiupanykus 9363:Ondogurvel 9327:Dzharaonyx 9288:Bradycneme 9266:Alnashetri 9041:see below↓ 8944:Dinosauria 8807:Sinemurian 8802:Hettangian 8704:All About 7372:(1): 923. 7153:(1): 217. 7100:Anchiornis 6556:: 165–166. 6411:15 January 6035:0563387920 5950:10088/6524 5530:: 468–470. 5481:: 264–266. 5451:: 693–694. 5061:(923): 6. 4897:Donauwörth 4765:(1): 236. 4549:Solenhofen 3996:5 November 3905:References 3898:Xiaotingia 3787:generalist 3751:Orca Basin 3747:dry season 3741:, and sub- 3679:pterosaurs 3577:Jeholornis 3409:Allosaurus 3205:breastbone 3028:Anchiornis 2980:Serikornis 2768:Anchiornis 2764:Xiaotingia 2750:Anchiornis 2746:Xiaotingia 2724:, but not 2700:Xiaotingia 2696:Anchiornis 2684:Jeholornis 2667:Xiaotingia 2663:Anchiornis 2651:Xiaotingia 2637:Xiaotingia 2604:Xiaotingia 2582:Xiaotingia 2131:Jeholornis 2095:Xiaotingia 2037:Anchiornis 1896:Griphornis 1878:. In 1954 1766:death pose 1618:ankle bone 1460:Fred Hoyle 1417:metatarsus 1205:A. recurva 1182:Jurapteryx 1170:Anchiornis 1138:Riedenburg 1025:Urschwinge 827:published 706:Xiaotingia 700:Anchiornis 419:Jurapteryx 401:Griphornis 228:Saurischia 215:Dinosauria 155:specimen ( 13758:Paravians 13406:(parrots) 13250:(hoatzin) 13201:Strisores 13182:(turacos) 13174:(cuckoos) 13103:(mesites) 13022:(turkeys) 12994:Philortyx 12911:Agelastes 12904:Acryllium 12895:Numididae 12884:Talegalla 12794:gamebirds 12787:landfowls 12766:Anseranas 12730:Anhimidae 12689:Anserinae 12472:fictional 12194:dinosaurs 12189:Theropoda 12176:Evolution 12121:Migration 12103:Behaviour 11950:Sauriurae 11930:Carinatae 11766:Cyphornis 11752:Aequornis 11721:Gastornis 11683:Genyornis 11676:Dromornis 11233:Baptornis 11166:Limenavis 11146:Iaceornis 11136:Guildavis 11126:Gallornis 11116:Cerebavis 11106:Apatornis 10910:Apsaravis 10903:Ambiortus 10872:Kuszholia 10337:Sapeornis 10164:Rahonavis 9956:Pedopenna 9838:Rahonavis 9510:Falcarius 9452:Mononykus 9404:Albinykus 9234:Xiyunykus 9103:Elopteryx 9020:Theropoda 9005:Theropoda 8953:Theropoda 8927:Kingdom: 8864:Tithonian 8854:Oxfordian 8843:Callovian 8838:Bathonian 8642:. London. 8574:0952-8369 8233:235738222 8172:235738230 7953:0962-8452 7302:2167-8359 7286:: e7247. 7258:148571099 7242:0028-0836 7177:2041-1723 7128:199493087 7019:2246/6352 7005:: 1–206. 6865:0944-2006 6859:: 25–57. 6838:0320-2305 6832:: 5–119. 6811:0320-2305 6805:: 31–94. 6681:2246/2876 6659:CiteSeerX 6620:160784119 6350:BioEssays 6230:129785393 5799:985402380 5764:140597349 5437:Hoyle, F. 5341:: e4191. 4463:0028-0836 4399:222109311 3983:205225790 3739:semi-arid 3696:Solnhofen 3583:Sapeornis 3499:pheasants 3473:predators 3381:braincase 3259:pheasants 3238:in 2006, 3213:coracoids 2639:, adding 2355:tubercles 2153:Rahonavis 1982:Godefroit 1978:cladogram 1924:pterosaur 1920:crassipes 1626:obturator 1147:crassipes 1117:Solnhofen 1046:Eichstätt 880:Solnhofen 874:limestone 839:evolution 652:dinosaurs 324:Referred 241:Theropoda 188:Kingdom: 182:Eukaryota 57:Tithonian 13622:Wikidata 13551:Category 13425:Afroaves 13353:(storks) 13155:Passerea 13140:(grebes) 13076:Columbea 12987:Oreortyx 12959:Cyrtonyx 12849:Alectura 12813:Cracinae 12805:Cracidae 12682:Oxyurini 12672:Aythyini 12667:Anatinae 12651:Anatidae 12398:Falconry 12361:big year 12216:Seabirds 12126:Foraging 12073:Feathers 11965:Category 11773:Dasornis 11645:Qinornis 11302:Canadaga 11240:Brodavis 11062:Yanornis 11016:Yanornis 10993:Hollanda 10691:Iteravis 10671:Hollanda 10630:Dingavis 10381:Yangavis 10305:Proornis 9949:Ostromia 9913:Aurornis 9459:Shuvuuia 9191:Bannykus 8935:Chordata 8933:Phylum: 8929:Animalia 8833:Bajocian 8828:Aalenian 8817:Toarcian 8629:(1926). 8539:27475082 8531:17809342 8457:(1976). 8396:(2002). 8325:(1): 3. 8304:33253407 8296:21493820 8225:34226634 8164:34226661 8111:33293660 8056:13 March 8030:29535376 7971:25673687 7906:23903660 7838:15295597 7780:15295579 7706:Archived 7702:85044108 7650:20947747 7577:12340187 7569:20466930 7457:28568098 7404:29535376 7320:31333906 7250:31068719 7195:29335537 7083:23340434 7031:Archived 7027:83572446 6977:22615813 6937:PLOS ONE 6918:22031726 6689:52971055 6530:146–154. 6378:24966334 6370:25854512 6282:22273675 6179:85832346 6089:20444096 6081:17811125 6024:(1998). 5668:: 14–17. 5635:17 March 5629:Archived 5601:39554239 5593:17781413 5367:29383285 5256:24990749 5158:28611454 5150:16322455 5093:29535376 4991:91497638 4944:Die Zeit 4799:29197327 4613:(1859). 4571:specimen 4391:32999314 4321:30718905 4279:feather" 4222:Archived 4126:19816582 4086:PLOS ONE 4046:23719374 3975:21796204 3879:Ostromia 3794:See also 3743:tropical 3732:vagrants 3722:seabirds 3589:Mahakala 3510:moulting 3308:rachises 3093:Aurornis 2963: (= 2800:. found 2773:Aurornis 2755:Aurornis 2602:, while 2565:Avimimus 2381:Synonyms 2008:Aurornis 1884:holotype 1705:barbicel 1574:wingspan 1542:in scale 1384:theropod 1279:holotype 1258:, but a 1256:coracoid 1164:Ostromia 1064:Goldmark 1019:Schwinge 987:archaīos 917:holotype 775:skeleton 751:Mesozoic 712:Aurornis 695:avialans 667:archaīos 622:old-wing 371:Synonyms 358:Kundrat 260:Family: 202:Chordata 198:Phylum: 192:Animalia 178:Domain: 13722:3604083 13709:1061651 13683:4847896 13670:4433761 13652:Avibase 13628:Q100196 13563:Commons 13067:Neoaves 12952:Colinus 12918:Guttera 12856:Eulipoa 12677:Mergini 12541:(kiwis) 12525:(rheas) 12336:Ringing 12161:Hybrids 12156:Nesting 12111:Singing 12088:Plumage 12063:Dactyly 12033:Anatomy 12023:Outline 12013:: Aves) 11787:Laornis 11533:Neoaves 11381:Vegavis 11206:Janavis 10781:Wyleyia 10091:Avialae 9920:Caihong 9786:Paraves 9773:Paraves 9707:Paraves 8709:, from 8511:Bibcode 8502:Science 8347:3515277 8327:Bibcode 8319:PALAIOS 8276:Bibcode 8268:Science 8216:8257677 8155:8257594 8102:7722847 8021:5849612 8000:Bibcode 7962:4345455 7914:4451895 7886:Bibcode 7846:4391019 7818:Bibcode 7788:1317955 7680:Bibcode 7672:Science 7628:Bibcode 7620:Science 7549:Bibcode 7541:Science 7518:4352260 7496:Bibcode 7465:4248184 7435:Bibcode 7395:5849612 7374:Bibcode 7311:6626525 7222:Bibcode 7186:5768872 7155:Bibcode 7061:Bibcode 6968:3352940 6945:Bibcode 6909:3297401 6441:3 April 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