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28:
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951:. It was a royal title, so no one else had the right to be called by that name. Eventually the name lost its distinction, and despite its pagan origins, the Arameans preserved the name after the adoption of Christianity. After the Arameans became christianized there even was a bishop called Bar-Hadad.
1062:
showed a different headgear and stylization of hair and beard compared to other nations at that time. They distinguished themselves by their exclusive headgears, medium-length beards and large curved noses. Especially a braid hanging down in front of their headgear was a typical form of
Aramean art.
1050:
Aramean cities were enclosed by a city wall and a fortified upper town or citadel on which palaces and other representative buildings are located. The entrance of the palaces of the kings mostly included several steles of winged bulls or lions as a sign of power and dominance. Surprisingly, no
930:
this god is often referred to as their protector. Hadad was usually depicted as a bearded soldier striking with thunder or holding a double-edged sword in his hand. The bull was the symbolic animal of Hadad on which he often depicted as standing on the bull’s back. The bull’s head that
412:
in this time. In the 11th century BC, Assyria fell into decline which may have been caused by the incursions of the emerging
Arameans, allowing the Arameans to establish a string of states across the Levant and make notable expansions into Assyrian territory in this time such as in the
407:
performed many campaigns in
Aramean territory, although the numerous campaigns that the Assyrian records recorded that he took indicate that Assyrian military campaigns were unsuccessful at exercising power or dominance over the Arameans. Some scholars believe that the Arameans took
582:
The Neo
Assyrian Empire was riven by unremitting civil war from 626 BC onward, weakening it severely, and allowing it to be attacked and destroyed by a coalition of its former vassals between 616 and 605 BCE. The region of Aram was subsequently fought over by the
538:, the region was invaded on several occasions, since the middle of the 9th century, and finally fell under the control of Assyrian kings during the second half of the 8th century BCE. Large numbers of people living in the region were deported into Assyria,
1026:
of the whole Middle-East. It has served as a language of public life and administration of ancient kingdoms and empires, and also as a language of divine worship and religious study. It subsequently branched into several
926:, the god of thunderstorms and fertility. He was also known as Ramman meaning “thunderer.” Another widespread name for this deity in Aramaic was Rahmana (“merciful”). In the inscriptions left by
917:
Records of the religion and worship habits among ancient
Arameans are fairly scarce. The Aramean pagan pantheon mainly consisted of common Semitic gods who were also worshipped by other
383:
rose to be the prominent group amongst the Ahlamu, and from c. 1200 BC on, the
Amorites disappeared from the pages of history and the term Ahlamu underwent a semantic shift, becoming an accepted term for
591:, the latter of whom had belatedly come to the aid of their former Assyrian overlords. The Babylonians prevailed and Aram became a part of the Neo-Babylonian Empire (612–539 BC) where it remained named
791:
kingdom arose during this period, and for a time it dominated the area and successfully resisted Roman and
Persian attempts at conquest. The region eventually came under the control of the
1690:
943:
it was rebuilt as a Temple of
Jupiter, during Byzantine times it was turned into a church and after the Arab conquest of Syria it became the biggest mosque of modern day Syria, named
1055:
was not located in the capital city but on the rocky hill called Gerçin about seven kilometers north of
Zincirli may indicate different solutions in the use of religious spaces.
1051:
temples have been excavated on the citadels of the major
Aramean cities. The only remarkable exception is the temple in antis in Tell Afis. The fact that the main temple of
146:
designation for this region. By the beginning of the 5th century, that practice also started to affect terminology of Aramean ecclesiastical and literary elites, and
1475:
Erhan Tamur (2017). "Style, Ethnicity and the Archaeology of the Aramaeans: The Problem of Ethnic Markers in the Art of the Syro-Anatolian Region in the Iron Age".
1039:
440:, along with several smaller kingdoms and independent city-states, developed in the region during the early first millennium BCE. The most notable of these were
314:
was attested since the Old Babylonian period, first as a designation for the Amorites and later for the Arameans. In the Assyrian royal inscriptions the term
605:(539–332 BC) overthrew the Babylonians and conquered the region. They retained the Imperial Aramaic introduced by the Assyrians, and the name of Eber-Nari.
399:(1365–1050 BC) and quickly posed a threat to the Assyrian polity which was largely located west of the Euphrates. In order to nullify this threat,
3419:
150:
labels started to gain frequency and acceptance not only in Aramean translations of Greek works, but also in original works of Aramean writers.
3414:
449:
114:
being the most outstanding one, which came to encompass most of Syria. In the Bible, Aram-Damascus is simply commonly referred to as Aram.
1395:
931:
symbolizes Hadad can be seen on coins dating back to the 4th century BC, which were unearthed nearby the ancient Aramean city of
1597:"At the Limits of Historical Geography: Reconstructing Aramaean Territories in the West According to the Neo-Assyrian Written Sources"
2238:
1574:"What Do We Know about the Borders and Exchanges between Aram and Phoenicia in the 9th–8th Centuries B.C.E. in Anatolia and Syria?"
888:
till this day. Over one hundred dialects of Aramaic were spoken in the Middle East in the first half of the twentieth century by
477:
837:
of the Aramean Christian population of Syria is spoken today by only a few thousand people, the majority having now adopted the
3782:
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1505:
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and Aramea. This area and other parts of the former Assyrian Empire to the east (including Assyria itself) were renamed
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regions, with great upheavals and mass movements of people. The early history of the Arameans is tied to that of the
919:
1796:
1772:
1124:
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in the northern mountains. Other early references to a place or people of "Aram" have appeared at the archives of
737:
that had once been part of the Assyrian empire, while Assyria-proper went back to being called Assyria (and also
177:
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1679:
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who were already known in the Late Bronze Age and who seem to have played a role in the period's demise. The
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204:
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935:, which the Greeks called Hierapolis (“sacred city”). The main temple built in Hadad’s name was located in
417:. During the period 1050 – 900 BC Arameans came to dominate most of what is now Syria but was then called
164:
of the entire region and became the administrative and commercial language of several empires such as the
4278:
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Marti Nissinen, "Assyria" in (ed. Herbet Niehr) The Arameans in Ancient Syria (Brill, 2014, pp. 273-274)
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2668:
954:
It appears from their inscriptions as well as from their names that the Arameans also worshipped other
880:
After the fall of the last Aramean kingdoms and city-states the Arameans isolated themselves mainly in
579:
of northern Iraq, south east Turkey, north east Syria and north west Iran, descend from this language.
102:. The area did not develop into a larger empire but consisted of several small states in present-day
42:
3708:
2224:
799:
began to take hold from the 1st to 3rd centuries AD, and the Aramaic language gradually supplanted
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1730:"A People without Borders? Tracing the Shifting Identities and Territorialities of the Ahlameans"
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1934:"The Tell Fekheriye Inscription and the Western Assyrian Border in the Late 9th Century B.C.E."
852:, as well as structural similarities, still survives among the majority of ethnically distinct
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survived but was dislocated from its original source, and was applied only to the land west of
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68:
17:
1667:
4268:
3843:
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BibleGateway.com, ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE BIBLE, "Aram, Aramaeans", . Retrieved 28 October 2022.
552:. The Assyrians and Babylonians themselves adopted a Mesopotamian form of Aramaic, known as
349:(Aḫlamū) populations of ancient Syria during the period from 1100 BC to 900 BC, which was a
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Memory and Identity in the Syriac Cave of Treasures: Rewriting the Bible in Sasanian Iran
1870:"The Aramaean Presence in the Northern Zagros during the Middle and Neo-Assyrian Periods"
800:
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in the second half of the 8th century and also during the later consecutive rules of the
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Arameans, Chaldeans, and Arabs in Babylonia and Palestine in the First Millennium B.C
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185:
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A Political History of the Arameans: From Their Origins to the End of Their Polities
1197:
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Various Neo-Hittite and Aramean (orange shades) western states in the 8th century BC
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2052:"The Aramaeans of Syria: Some Considerations on their Origin and Material Culture"
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1824:"The Boundary between the Aramaean Kingdom of Damascus and the Kingdom of Israel"
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659:), which had for centuries until this point referred specifically to the land of
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of the name Aram refers to the geographical region in which they lived and means
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Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E
2125:
Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E
1961:
Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E
1938:
Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E
1874:
Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E
1851:
Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E
1828:
Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E
1734:
Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E
1711:
Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E
1601:
Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E
1578:
Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E
1534:
Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E
975:
944:
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648:
636:
599:
395:
The Arameans emerged in a region which was largely under the domination of the
1552:
1382:"Aramaic and Endangered Languages - Ideas | Institute for Advanced Study"
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1198:"Aramaic language | Description, History, & Facts | Britannica"
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which had never been part of Assyria itself, but merely Aramean, Phoenician,
703:
656:
561:
516:
508:
504:
433:
366:
161:
136:
111:
2020:
The Crisis Years: The 12th Century B.C. from beyond the Danube to the Tigris
388:. From then on, the region that they had inhabited became known as Aram and
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3720:
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842:
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745:). However, this situation led to both Assyrians and Arameans being dubbed
710:
549:
358:
256:
236:
131:(539–332 BCE), the region of Aram lost most of its sovereignty. During the
107:
2247:
2016:"The 12th Century B.C. in Syria: The Problem of the Rise of the Aramaeans"
1979:
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survived among a sizable portion of the population of Syria, who resisted
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A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam
1044:
1028:
1011:
885:
754:
718:
565:
488:
445:
325:
Early Jewish tradition claims that the name is derived from the biblical
284:
143:
947:. The name Bar-Hadad, which several Aramean kings bore, literally means
548:
that name kings of this period have been found, such as the 8th-century
4130:
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2015:
995:
742:
465:
461:
457:
453:
216:
Aramean eastern states (various non-green shades) in the 9th century BC
2176:"Borders between Aram-Damascus and Israel: A Historical Investigation"
2056:
The Books of Kings: Sources, Composition, Historiography and Reception
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441:
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91:
2098:"The Formation and Decline of the Aramaean States in Iron Age Syria"
1895:
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inhabited colonies. When they lost control of Assyria itself to the
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arises, the Seleucids confusingly applied the name not only to the
576:
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380:
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are sometimes combined to form a double designation for Arameans.
280:
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2029:"The Aramaean Kingdoms of Syria: Origin and Formation Processes"
264:
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3042:
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2857:
2488:
2351:
2336:
2205:
1957:"The Fluctuating Borders of Hamath (10th–8th Centuries B.C.E.)"
1847:"Gurraeans and Ituʾaeans in the Service of the Assyrian Empire"
1015:
987:
983:
963:
932:
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838:
808:
738:
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676:
644:
617:
609:
481:
469:
437:
422:
300:
288:
1707:"The Kingdom of Arpad/Bīt-Agūsi: Its Capital, and Its Borders"
667:, which in modern terms actually covered the northern half of
180:, and by the 4th century the local Aramaic dialect of Edessa (
53:
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4185:
4165:
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4135:
4115:
3950:
3923:
3838:
3816:
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State Formation and State Decline in the Near and Middle East
923:
861:
672:
632:
544:
528:
520:
492:
299:
frequently occur in the letters of a governor's archive from
252:
103:
95:
1648:(2nd revised ed.). Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications.
1645:
The Luminous Eye: The Spiritual World Vision of Saint Ephrem
1362:
1010:
With the spread of the Arameans in large numbers throughout
3745:
3686:
3424:
2976:
2251:
1674:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 212–234.
1338:
1326:
999:
893:
884:
and continued to maintain their culture and identity under
869:
857:
819:
680:
668:
330:
240:
1896:"The Origin of the Terms Syria(n) and Suryoyo: Once Again"
1700:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 108–44.
1441:
1253:
1407:
1405:
623:, at which point Greek replaced the Assyrian introduced
616:. Upon his death in 323 BC this area became part of the
1778:
The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion
1621:
The Aramaic Language: Its Distribution and Subdivisions
1350:
1178:
1156:
1154:
848:, which still contains a number of loanwords from the
713:
land of Assyria itself, but also to the lands west of
627:
as the official language of Empire, as were the names
35:
Historical region in the Levant mentioned in the Bible
1402:
2145:
Arameans, Aramaic and the Aramaic Literary Tradition
2121:"Aramaean Borders: the Hieroglyphic Luwian Evidence"
1807:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 123–147.
1554:
Introduction to Aramean and Syriac Studies: A Manual
1417:
1228:
1204:
263:(c. 2250 BCE) mentions that he captured "Dubul, the
73:
1698:
The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia
1216:
1151:
939:. The fate of this temple is remarkable, under the
772:during the 2nd century BCE, and later still by the
2104:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 61–76.
1453:
1312:Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception vol. 2
1166:
922:kin to the Arameans. Their greatest god was
1429:
1031:languages that are still spoken in modern times.
818:In the mid-7th century AD the region fell to the
4240:
1801:"The Aramaeans in the West (13th–8th centuries)"
472:, as well as the Aramean tribal polities of the
3420:Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
303:. The written text informed about farmers from
998:, the supreme deity of Canaan, in addition to
3415:Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests
2232:
1931:
1571:
345:appear to have displaced the earlier Semitic
1474:
912:
279:form), in the course of a campaign against
2239:
2225:
2182:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 267–335.
2127:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 125–148.
2058:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 273–300.
2035:. Louvain: Peeters Press. pp. 61–76.
2022:. Dubuque: Kendall-Hunt. pp. 157–164.
1963:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 203–228.
1830:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 245–266.
1713:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 172–202.
1580:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 149–171.
1536:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 229–244.
608:In 332 BC the region was conquered by the
106:. Some of the states are mentioned in the
1977:
1853:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 92–124.
1624:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
1527:
1368:
243:listing geographical names, and the term
2141:
1954:
1940:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 63–77.
1876:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 78–91.
1795:
1771:
1736:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 26–62.
1500:
1498:
1423:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1259:
1160:
1129:Bible Gateway: Encyclopedia of The Bible
1038:
211:
203:
26:
2173:
2152:
1821:
1727:
1688:
1603:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 1–25.
1550:
1506:"The Hattian and Hittite Civilizations"
1470:
1468:
1447:
1411:
1210:
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119:After the final conquest by the rising
14:
4241:
2148:. Tel Aviv: Bar Ilan University Press.
1844:
1750:
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1234:
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702:It is from this period that the later
2220:
2118:
2095:
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2049:
2026:
2013:
1910:
1890:
1704:
1617:
1557:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Handbooks.
1495:
1435:
1396:"Aramean Religion | Encyclopedia.com"
1184:
3783:Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert
1867:
1594:
1572:Amadasi-Guzzo, Maria Giulia (2019).
1530:"Biblical Ṣobah: A Location Attempt"
1465:
259:(c. 2300 BCE). One of the annals of
83:
46:
3058:Northern Triangle temperate forests
2246:
1980:"The Terms Assyria and Syria Again"
1932:Mynářová, Jana; Dušek, Jan (2019).
1672:Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism
1043:Relief from the Aramean citadel of
856:, who are mainly based in northern
63:
24:
1668:"Eusebius and Syriac Christianity"
499:, and a number of small so called
487:There was some synthesis with neo
25:
4300:
2198:
2081:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 11–36.
679:and the north western fringes of
307:referring to the region of Aram.
235:appears in an inscription at the
2204:
2153:Younger, Kenneth Lawson (2016).
920:Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples
2142:Sokoloff, Michael, ed. (1983).
2033:Essays on Syria in the Iron Age
1987:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1388:
1374:
1317:
1304:
1291:
1278:
1265:
1240:
994:deities such as the storm-god,
511:coast was largely dominated by
2583:Mongolian–Manchurian grassland
2386:Mongolian–Manchurian grassland
2079:The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria
1781:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers.
1728:Edmonds, Alexander J. (2019).
1190:
1142:
1117:
13:
1:
3410:Meghalaya subtropical forests
1286:The Arameans in Ancient Syria
1273:The Arameans in Ancient Syria
1248:The Arameans in Ancient Syria
1110:
568:dialects still spoken by the
503:arose in the region, such as
1489:10.6105/journal.fka.2017.6.1
556:in the 8th century BC, when
199:
188:, known as Edessan Aramaic (
54:
7:
3595:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
1955:Richelle, Matthieu (2019).
1477:Forum Kritische Archäologie
1314:, De Gruyter, 2009, pg. 638
1066:
1005:
907:
651:corruption of Assyria (see
255:, occurs frequently in the
74:
10:
4305:
2174:Zwickel, Wolfgang (2019).
1978:Rollinger, Robert (2006).
1520:
875:
336:
4264:Ancient Upper Mesopotamia
3640:
3193:
3025:
2840:
2471:
2258:
760:This area, by now called
291:(c. 1300 BCE). The terms
3709:Greater and Lesser Tunbs
2906:Okhotsk–Manchurian taiga
1917:. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
1868:Marf, Dlshad A. (2019).
1757:. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
1689:Creason, Stuart (2008).
1528:Abousamra, Gaby (2019).
913:Ancient Aramean Religion
564:of his vast empire. The
491:populations in northern
1822:Lemaire, André (2019).
1751:Gzella, Holger (2015).
1595:Bagg, Ariel M. (2019).
1551:Akopian, Arman (2017).
1094:Luwian-Aramean kingdoms
534:With the advent of the
178:translated into Aramaic
3966:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
3405:Western Coastal Plains
3393:Eastern Coastal Plains
3119:Philippine Archipelago
3098:Indonesian Archipelago
2746:Central Mountain Range
2669:Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau
2499:Northeastern Japan Arc
2159:. Atlanta: SBL Press.
2096:Sader, Hélène (2016).
2073:Sader, Hélène (2014).
2050:Sader, Hélène (2010).
2027:Sader, Hélène (2000).
2014:Sader, Hélène (1992).
1911:Minov, Sergey (2020).
1845:Luukko, Mikko (2019).
1288:, Brill, 2014, pg. 344
1275:, Brill, 2014, pg. 340
1250:, Brill, 2014, pg. 338
1047:
892:and smaller groups of
833:. However, the native
683:, and not the bulk of
397:Middle Assyrian Empire
217:
209:
192:) or more commonly as
135:period (312-64 BCE),
127:(612–539 BCE) and the
32:
3844:Eastern Mediterranean
3558:Trans-Karakoram Tract
3084:Greater Sunda Islands
2573:Northeast China Plain
2451:Trans-Karakoram Tract
2283:Greater Middle East
2119:Simon, Zsolt (2019).
1618:Beyer, Klaus (1986).
1042:
764:, was fought over by
585:Neo-Babylonian Empire
542:and elsewhere. A few
287:(c. 1900 BCE) and at
215:
207:
170:Neo-Babylonian Empire
125:Neo-Babylonian Empire
31:The Levant c. 830 BCE
30:
4274:Hebrew Bible regions
3440:Little Rann of Kutch
3089:Lesser Sunda Islands
2541:Greater Central Asia
2494:Japanese Archipelago
2213:at Wikimedia Commons
1035:Architecture and art
1022:language became the
1002:(‘Atta) and others.
882:Northern Mesopotamia
639:), a 9th-century BC
515:city states such as
239:speaking kingdom of
156:eventually replaced
4284:Ancient Mesopotamia
3646:(not to be confused
3435:Great Rann of Kutch
3388:Indo-Gangetic Plain
3383:Indus Valley Desert
3252:Indian subcontinent
3074:Peninsular Malaysia
2921:Kamchatka Peninsula
2504:Sakhalin Island Arc
1705:Dušek, Jan (2019).
1664:Brock, Sebastian P.
1640:Brock, Sebastian P.
1384:. 10 December 2015.
614:Alexander the Great
558:Tiglath-pileser III
536:Neo Assyrian Empire
501:Syro-Hittite states
184:) developed into a
121:Neo-Assyrian Empire
90:mentioned in early
4279:Historical regions
4072:Absheron Peninsula
4030:Caucasus Mountains
4020:Armenian Highlands
3998:Iranian Azerbaijan
3884:Jordan Rift Valley
3497:High-mountain Asia
3053:Mainland/Indochina
2741:Hamgyong Mountains
2659:Northern Silk Road
2637:Hengduan Mountains
2607:High-mountain Asia
2602:Liaodong Peninsula
1900:Parole de l'Orient
1450:, pp. 108–44.
1371:, p. 283-287.
1347:, p. 406-407.
1335:, p. 375-376.
1187:, p. 255-263.
1048:
966:(whom they called
868:and north-western
707:naming controversy
653:Etymology of Syria
495:and south central
403:(1115–1077 BC) of
261:Naram-Sin of Akkad
218:
210:
142:was introduced as
33:
4289:Ancient Near East
4259:History of Aleppo
4233:
4232:
3812:Lower Mesopotamia
3807:Upper Mesopotamia
3741:Arabian Peninsula
3677:Mediterranean Sea
3578:Laccadive Islands
3507:Saltoro Mountains
3378:Indus River Delta
3069:Malay Archipelago
2916:Chukchi Peninsula
2788:Pearl River Delta
2761:Leizhou Peninsula
2649:Qinling Mountains
2590:North China Plain
2531:Mongolian Plateau
2521:Taklamakan Desert
2441:Taklamakan Desert
2431:Mongolian Plateau
2278:Roof of the World
2209:Media related to
1125:"Aram, Aramaeans"
603:Achaemenid Empire
428:Two medium-sized
401:Tiglath-Pileser I
327:Aram, son of Shem
186:literary language
166:Achaemenid Empire
129:Achaemenid Empire
88:historical region
72:
52:
16:(Redirected from
4296:
4091:Taurus Mountains
4062:Lankaran Lowland
4057:Kur-Araz Lowland
4035:Greater Caucasus
3993:Fertile Crescent
3874:Palestine region
3797:Tigris–Euphrates
3716:Al-Faw Peninsula
3704:Strait of Hormuz
3682:Zagros Mountains
3653:
3531:Gulf of Khambhat
3480:Gilgit-Baltistan
3460:False Divi Point
3450:Coromandel Coast
3361:Pir Panjal Range
3206:
3146:Gulf of Thailand
3036:
2901:Russian Far East
2851:
2756:Suzuka Mountains
2632:Qilian Mountains
2627:Kunlun Mountains
2482:
2332:Greater Khorasan
2271:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2208:
2193:
2170:
2149:
2138:
2115:
2092:
2069:
2046:
2023:
2010:
1984:
1974:
1951:
1928:
1907:
1887:
1864:
1841:
1818:
1797:Lipiński, Edward
1792:
1773:Lipiński, Edward
1768:
1747:
1724:
1701:
1695:
1685:
1659:
1635:
1614:
1591:
1568:
1547:
1514:
1513:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1472:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1262:, p. 26-40.
1257:
1251:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1200:. 10 April 2024.
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1121:
1099:Aramaic language
986:, but also some
864:, south-eastern
860:, north-eastern
793:Byzantine Empire
705:Syria vs Assyria
691:and its largely
625:Imperial Aramaic
554:Imperial Aramaic
329:, a grandson of
251:term for nearby
172:. Early on, the
85:
77:
67:
65:
57:
51:romanized:
50:
48:
43:Imperial Aramaic
21:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4040:Lesser Caucasus
4008:Iranian Plateau
3983:Sinai Peninsula
3647:
3645:
3644:
3636:
3632:Tibetan Plateau
3605:Nicobar Islands
3600:Andaman Islands
3563:Wakhan Corridor
3514:Siachen Glacier
3284:Carnatic region
3202:
3198:
3197:
3189:
3030:
3029:
3021:
3012:Outer Manchuria
2845:
2844:
2836:
2803:Wakhan Corridor
2798:Altai Mountains
2617:Tibetan Plateau
2578:Outer Manchuria
2568:Northeast China
2526:Greater Khingan
2476:
2475:
2467:
2463:Tibetan Plateau
2458:Siachen Glacier
2436:Western Regions
2416:Wakhan Corridor
2401:Pamir Mountains
2396:Altai Mountains
2391:Iranian Plateau
2374:Eurasian Steppe
2263:
2262:
2254:
2245:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2167:
2135:
2112:
2089:
2066:
2043:
1982:
1971:
1948:
1925:
1884:
1861:
1838:
1815:
1789:
1765:
1744:
1721:
1693:
1682:
1656:
1632:
1611:
1588:
1565:
1544:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1292:
1284:Herbert Niehr,
1283:
1279:
1271:Herbert Niehr,
1270:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1246:Herbert Niehr,
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1104:Aramaic studies
1069:
1037:
1008:
915:
910:
878:
846:Eastern Aramaic
835:Western Aramaic
621:Seleucid Empire
353:for the entire
339:
275:is seemingly a
247:, which is the
202:
174:Christian Bible
98:, populated by
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4302:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4206:Biga Peninsula
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4047:South Caucasus
4044:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4022:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3988:Arabian Desert
3985:
3980:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3827:Akkad (region)
3824:
3822:Nineveh Plains
3819:
3814:
3809:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3770:
3768:Eastern Arabia
3765:
3760:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3665:Hanish Islands
3656:
3654:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3548:Gulf of Mannar
3545:
3544:
3543:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3445:Deccan Plateau
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3356:Kashmir Valley
3348:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3220:
3209:
3207:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3076:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2908:
2903:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2885:Ural Mountains
2877:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2854:
2852:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2768:
2766:Gulf of Tonkin
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2560:
2555:
2553:Outer Mongolia
2550:
2548:Inner Mongolia
2545:
2544:
2543:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2308:Sea of Galilee
2305:
2300:
2295:
2293:Aralkum Desert
2285:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2256:
2255:
2244:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2200:
2199:External links
2197:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2171:
2165:
2150:
2139:
2133:
2116:
2110:
2093:
2087:
2070:
2065:978-9004177291
2064:
2047:
2041:
2024:
2011:
1999:10.1086/511103
1993:(4): 283–287.
1975:
1969:
1952:
1946:
1929:
1923:
1908:
1888:
1882:
1865:
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1836:
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1515:
1494:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1401:
1387:
1373:
1369:Rollinger 2006
1361:
1359:, p. 315.
1349:
1337:
1325:
1316:
1303:
1290:
1277:
1264:
1252:
1239:
1237:, p. 226.
1227:
1215:
1203:
1189:
1177:
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1150:
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1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
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1081:
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1070:
1068:
1065:
1036:
1033:
1007:
1004:
945:Umayyad Mosque
914:
911:
909:
906:
877:
874:
637:Seleucid Syria
338:
335:
333:in the Bible.
201:
198:
34:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4301:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4254:Ancient Syria
4252:
4250:
4249:Aram (region)
4247:
4246:
4244:
4237:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4212:
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4014:
4013:Dasht-e Kavir
4011:
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4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
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3978:Levantine Sea
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3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3944:Aram-Naharaim
3942:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3919:Syrian Desert
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3894:Golan Heights
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3726:Gulf of Aqaba
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3627:Tropical Asia
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:Paropamisadae
3588:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3536:Gulf of Kutch
3534:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3524:Bay of Bengal
3522:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3490:Shigar Valley
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3299:Eastern Ghats
3297:
3295:
3294:Western Ghats
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3262:Kangchenjunga
3260:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:Greater India
3245:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3185:Tropical Asia
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3079:Sunda Islands
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:Bering Strait
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2987:Yenisey Basin
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:Khatanga Gulf
2958:
2956:
2955:Baraba steppe
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:Extreme North
2928:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2863:Arctic Circle
2861:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2832:Tropical Asia
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Yenisey Basin
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2776:Yangtze Delta
2774:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:Japanese Alps
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2729:Loess Plateau
2727:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:Hexi Corridor
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2654:Sichuan Basin
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2595:Yan Mountains
2593:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2379:Kazakh Steppe
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2362:Kazakh Steppe
2360:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2212:
2211:Aram (region)
2207:
2203:
2202:
2191:
2189:9789004398535
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2166:9781628370843
2162:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2134:9789004398535
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2111:9783447105651
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2088:9789004229433
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2042:9789042908789
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1970:9789004398535
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1947:9789004398535
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1924:9789004445512
1920:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1883:9789004398535
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1860:9789004398535
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1837:9789004398535
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1814:9783447065443
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1788:9789042908598
1784:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1764:9789004285101
1760:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1743:9789004398535
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1720:9789004398535
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1655:9780879075248
1651:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1631:9783525535738
1627:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1610:9789004398535
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1587:9789004398535
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1564:9781463238933
1560:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1543:9789004398535
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1461:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1424:Sokoloff 1983
1420:
1414:, p. 51.
1413:
1408:
1406:
1397:
1391:
1383:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1357:Lipiński 2000
1353:
1346:
1345:Lipiński 2000
1341:
1334:
1333:Lipiński 2000
1329:
1320:
1313:
1310:W.T. Pitard,
1307:
1300:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1268:
1261:
1260:Lipiński 2000
1256:
1249:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1225:, p. 16.
1224:
1219:
1213:, p. 87.
1212:
1207:
1199:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1161:Lipiński 2000
1157:
1155:
1145:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1089:Aramean kings
1087:
1085:
1084:Aram-Naharaim
1082:
1080:
1079:Aram-Damascus
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1061:
1060:Aramean kings
1056:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1024:lingua franca
1021:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
958:gods such as
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
937:Aram-Damascus
934:
929:
928:Aramean kings
925:
921:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
787:, a powerful
786:
782:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
706:
700:
699:inhabitants.
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
675:, south east
674:
671:, north east
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:Name of Syria
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
601:
596:
594:
590:
586:
580:
578:
574:
571:
567:
563:
562:lingua franca
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:Mediterranean
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
434:Aram-Damascus
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
415:Khabur Valley
411:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
382:
378:
377:
372:
368:
367:Mediterranean
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
334:
332:
328:
323:
321:
318:and the name
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
231:
227:
226:High(landers)
223:
214:
206:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:lingua franca
159:
155:
151:
149:
145:
141:
140:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
115:
113:
112:Aram-Damascus
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
81:
76:
70:
61:
56:
44:
40:
29:
19:
4269:Torah places
4235:
3971:Bekaa valley
3938:
3868:Syria region
3773:South Arabia
3731:Gulf of Aden
3721:Gulf of Oman
3699:Pirate Coast
3694:Persian Gulf
3622:Asia–Pacific
3568:Wakhjir Pass
3373:Indus Valley
3319:Pashtunistan
3309:Ganges Delta
3304:Ganges Basin
3228:Northwestern
3203:Subcontinent
3180:Asia–Pacific
3175:Ring of Fire
3170:Pacific Asia
3017:Asia–Pacific
3007:Ring of Fire
2992:Sikhote-Alin
2982:Yenisey Gulf
2896:Pacific Asia
2827:Asia–Pacific
2822:Ring of Fire
2817:Pacific Asia
2808:Wakhjir Pass
2783:Yellow River
2558:China proper
2421:Wakhjir Pass
2357:Kazakhstania
2265:
2179:
2155:
2144:
2124:
2101:
2078:
2055:
2032:
2019:
1990:
1986:
1960:
1937:
1913:
1903:
1899:
1892:Messo, Johny
1873:
1850:
1827:
1804:
1777:
1753:
1733:
1710:
1697:
1671:
1644:
1620:
1600:
1577:
1553:
1533:
1509:
1480:
1476:
1455:
1448:Creason 2008
1443:
1431:
1419:
1412:Akopian 2017
1390:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1319:
1311:
1306:
1293:
1285:
1280:
1272:
1267:
1255:
1247:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1211:Akopian 2017
1206:
1192:
1180:
1173:Younger 2016
1168:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1128:
1119:
1057:
1049:
1009:
956:Mesopotamian
953:
949:son of Hadad
948:
941:Roman Empire
916:
879:
843:Mesopotamian
830:
817:
797:Christianity
761:
759:
750:
746:
730:
711:Mesopotamian
704:
701:
685:modern Syria
684:
607:
597:
581:
560:made it the
550:Zakkur stele
543:
533:
486:
470:Aram-Ma'akah
427:
394:
385:
374:
370:
359:North Africa
340:
324:
319:
315:
311:
309:
304:
296:
292:
272:
268:
257:Ebla tablets
244:
237:East Semitic
232:
225:
219:
189:
181:
152:
147:
138:
118:
116:
108:Hebrew Bible
38:
37:
4225:Alpide belt
4101:Paphlagonia
3899:Hula Valley
3879:Transjordan
3802:Mesopotamia
3736:Balochistan
3672:Caspian Sea
3650:Middle East
3617:Alpide belt
3573:Lakshadweep
3553:Palk Strait
3430:Bagar tract
3368:Thar Desert
3329:Balochistan
3161:Alpide belt
3151:East Indies
3033:East Indies
2965:Transbaikal
2949:Lake Baikal
2644:Tarim Basin
2516:Gobi Desert
2426:Mount Imeon
2367:Betpak-Dala
2320:Transoxiana
2298:Caspian Sea
1460:Gzella 2015
1235:Brock 1992b
1223:Brock 1992a
1045:Bit Gabbari
1029:Neo-Aramaic
1012:Mesopotamia
886:Muslim rule
831:Arabization
755:Greco-Roman
729:, the name
719:Neo-Hittite
566:Neo Aramaic
507:. The east
446:Bit Bahiani
144:Hellenistic
94:and in the
4243:Categories
4131:Cappadocia
3778:Hadhramaut
3475:Aksai Chin
3465:Hindi Belt
3346:Marathwada
3274:Hindu Kush
3267:Nanda Devi
3213:Subregions
3141:Leyte Gulf
2977:Amur Basin
2870:Inner Asia
2724:Ordos Loop
2679:Liangguang
2536:Inner Asia
2411:Badakhshan
2267:The 'stans
1906:: 111–125.
1681:0814323618
1642:(1992a) .
1436:Beyer 1986
1185:Minov 2020
1134:22 October
1111:References
992:Phoenician
841:language.
825:conquest.
749:and later
743:Assuristan
697:Phoenician
570:indigenous
513:Phoenician
466:Bit-Halupe
462:Bit-Zamani
458:Aram-Zobah
454:Aram-Rehob
450:Bit Hadipe
432:kingdoms,
92:cuneiforms
3956:Phoenicia
3889:Philistia
3859:Kurdistan
3854:Eber-Nari
3832:Babylonia
3792:Al-Sharat
3751:Al-Yamama
3583:Aminidivi
3502:Karakoram
3485:Baltistan
3289:Tamilakam
3257:Himalayas
3102:Nusantara
3048:Sundaland
3027:Southeast
2875:Northeast
2714:Zhongyuan
2694:Guanzhong
2689:Jianghuai
2622:Karakoram
2612:Himalayas
2563:Manchuria
2479:Northeast
2446:Karakoram
2406:Tian Shan
2342:Arachosia
2075:"History"
2007:162760021
1691:"Aramaic"
1666:(1992b).
1510:yumpu.com
988:Canaanite
854:Assyrians
813:Palestine
805:Phoenecia
801:Canaanite
770:Parthians
766:Seleucids
757:culture.
735:Euphrates
727:Parthians
715:Euphrates
665:Assyrians
629:Eber-Nari
593:Eber-Nari
589:Egyptians
573:Assyrians
540:Babylonia
442:Bit Adini
419:Eber-Nari
390:Eber-Nari
355:Near East
310:The word
200:Etymology
137:the term
69:romanized
4156:Lycaonia
4141:Corduene
4121:Bithynia
4106:Phasiane
4086:Anatolia
4025:Caucasus
3612:Maldives
3334:Gedrosia
3235:Southern
3223:Northern
3166:Far East
3129:Mindanao
3107:Wallacea
3065:Maritime
2945:Baikalia
2911:Beringia
2892:Far East
2813:Far East
2734:Shaanbei
2719:Shaannan
2709:Jiaozhou
2684:Jiangnan
2347:Khwarazm
2303:Dead Sea
2288:Aral Sea
1894:(2011).
1799:(2013).
1775:(2000).
1074:Arameans
1067:See also
1014:and the
1006:Language
908:Religion
898:Mandeans
890:Arameans
850:Akkadian
781:Persians
778:Sassanid
663:and the
577:Mandeans
497:Anatolia
430:Aramaean
381:Arameans
363:Caucasus
351:Dark Age
343:Arameans
305:Bīt-Aram
281:Simurrum
277:genitive
222:choronym
168:and the
158:Akkadian
133:Seleucid
100:Arameans
86:) was a
4201:Sophene
4176:Pisidia
4171:Galatia
4146:Chaldia
4126:Cilicia
4111:Isauria
4052:Shirvan
3961:Retjenu
3929:Samaria
3904:Galilee
3849:Mashriq
3763:Tihamah
3660:Red Sea
3398:Kalinga
3351:Kashmir
3279:Bactria
3218:Eastern
3156:Nanyang
3134:Visayas
2940:Siberia
2935:Tartary
2848:Siberia
2771:Yangtze
2699:Huizhou
2674:Lingnan
2315:Tartary
2260:Central
2248:Regions
1521:Sources
1299:Genesis
1020:Aramaic
972:Shamash
968:Astarte
902:Muslims
876:Culture
827:Aramaic
823:Islamic
789:Aramean
785:Palmyra
751:Syriacs
747:Syrians
693:Aramean
689:Lebanon
661:Assyria
641:Hurrian
612:ruler,
600:Persian
525:Berytus
489:Hittite
474:Gambulu
410:Nineveh
405:Assyria
386:Aramean
347:Amorite
337:History
320:A-ra-mu
297:Aramean
269:A-ra-me
249:Eblaite
233:A-ra-mu
230:toponym
160:as the
154:Aramaic
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4218:Tuwana
4196:Speri
4191:Arzawa
4181:Pontus
4096:Aeolis
4077:Kartli
4067:Alborz
4003:Hauran
3934:Arabah
3914:Gilead
3909:Canaan
3864:Levant
3519:Bengal
3470:Ladakh
3455:Konkan
3339:Makran
3324:Punjab
3314:Guzgan
3242:Orient
3201:Indian
3043:Orient
2997:Kolyma
2858:Arctic
2489:Orient
2352:Sistan
2337:Ariana
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984:Nergal
976:Tammuz
964:Ishtar
933:Mabbug
866:Turkey
839:Arabic
809:Hebrew
774:Romans
739:Athura
723:Sutean
677:Turkey
645:Luwian
545:steles
482:Puqudu
438:Hamath
423:Aramea
371:Aḫlamū
316:Aḫlamū
312:Aḫlamū
301:Nippur
289:Ugarit
228:. The
194:Syriac
190:Urhaya
148:Syrian
80:Syriac
60:Hebrew
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4211:Troad
4186:Mysia
4166:Lydia
4161:Lycia
4151:Doris
4136:Caria
4116:Ionia
3951:Negev
3924:Judea
3839:Suhum
3817:Sawad
3758:Hejaz
3648:with
3541:Halar
3195:South
3124:Luzon
3114:Timor
2842:North
2511:Korea
2325:Turan
2003:S2CID
1983:(PDF)
1694:(PDF)
1301:10:22
924:Hadad
862:Syria
762:Syria
731:Syria
673:Syria
649:Greek
633:Syria
618:Greek
610:Greek
529:Arvad
521:Sidon
505:Tabal
493:Syria
478:Litau
273:Arame
253:Idlib
182:Urhay
139:Syria
104:Syria
96:Bible
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64:אֲרָם
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3687:Elam
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2970:West
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2473:East
2252:Asia
2184:ISBN
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2129:ISBN
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