Arab culture - Knowledge

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standards suggests that radio and television are the most widely consumed media. He estimates that television reaches well over 100 million people in the region, and this number has likely grown since 2004. By contrast, he supposes that Arab newspapers are designed more for elite-consumption on the basis of their low circulation. He states, "Only five Arab countries have daily newspapers which distribute over 60,000 copies and some have dailies only in the under-10,000 range. Only Egypt has dailies which distribute more than a half million copies." Estimating newspaper readership is complicated, however, by the fact that single newspapers can change hands many times in a day. Finally, the internet continues to be a fairly common denominator in Arab societies. A report by the Dubai School of Government and Bayt.com estimates that there are more than 125 million Internet users in the region, and that more than 53 million of them actively use social media. They caution, however, that while "the internet has wide-ranging benefits, these benefits do not reach large segments of societies in the Arab region. The digital divide remains a significant barrier for many people. In many parts of the Arab world levels of educational attainment, economic activity, standards of living and internet costs still determine a person's access to life-changing technology. Further, according to Leo Gher and Hussein Amin, the Internet and other modern telecommunication services may serve to counter the effects of private and public ownership and patronage of the press. They state, "Modern international telecommunications services now assist in the free flow of information, and neither inter-Arab conflicts nor differences among groups will affect the direct exchange of services provided by global cyberspace networks."

3691:. Journalists in the Arab world often aspire to Western norms of objectivity, impartiality, and balance. Kuldip Roy Rampal's study of journalist training programs in North Africa leads him to the conclusion that, "the most compelling dilemma faced by professional journalists, increasingly graduates of journalism degree programs, in the four Maghreb states is how to reconcile their preference for press freedom and objectivity with constraints imposed by political and legal factors that point to a pro-government journalism." Iyotika Ramaprasad and Naila Nabil Hamdy state, “A new trend toward objectivity and impartiality as a value in Arab journalism seems to be emerging, and the values of Arab and Western journalism in this field have started to converge.” Further, many journalists in the Arab world express their desires for the media to become a fourth estate akin to the media in the West. In a survey of 601 journalists in the Arab world, 40% of them viewed investigation of the government as part of their job. 3279:), experiments were done which determined conclusively that the notes in actual use differ substantially from an even-tempered 24-tone scale, and furthermore that the intonation of many of those notes differ slightly from region to region (Egypt, Turkey, Syria, Iraq). The commission's recommendation is as follows: "The tempered scale and the natural scale should be rejected. In Egypt, the Egyptian scale is to be kept with the values, which were measured with all possible precision. The Turkish, Syrian, and Iraqi scales should remain what they are..." (translated in Maalouf 2002, p. 220). Both in modern practice, and based on the evidence from recorded music over the course of the last century, there are several differently tuned "E"s in between the E-flat and E-natural of the Western Chromatic scale, depending on the maqam or jins in use, and depending on the region. 2910: 31: 3735:

independent minded.” The Al Jazeera media network espouses a clear mission and strategy, and was one of the first news organizations in the Arab world to release a code of ethics. Despite its government ties, it seeks to “give no priority to commercial or political over professional consideration” and to “cooperate with Arab and international journalistic unions and associations to defend freedom of the press.” With a motto of “the view and the other view,” it purports to “present the diverse points of view and opinions without bias and partiality.” It has sought to fuse these ostensibly Western media norms with a wider “Arab orientation,” evocative of the social responsibility discussed by scholars such as Noha Mellor above.

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activists have been using Facebook in the utmost creative way to support the democracy movement in the region, a region that has one of the highest rates of repression in the world. Unlike other regions where oppressive countries (like China, Iran and Burma) represent the exception, oppression can be found everywhere in the Arab world. The number of Arab internet users interested in political affairs does not exceed a few thousands, mainly represented by internet activists and bloggers, out of 58 million internet users in the Arab world. As few as they are, they have succeeded in shedding some light on the corruption and repression of the Arab governments and dictatorships.

3809: 3684:"red lines." Such a system of values varies over space and time, and is embedded within the existing social, political, and economic structures in a society. William Rugh states, "There is an intimate, organic relationship between media institutions and society in the way that those institutions are organized and controlled. Neither the institution nor the society in which it functions can be understood properly without reference to the other. This is certainly true in the Arab world." Media values in the Arab world therefore vary between and within countries. In the words of Lawrence Pintak and Jeremy Ginges (2008), “The Arab media are not a monolith.” 4390:

those interactions can be interpreted negatively and cause gossip, which can tarnish the reputation of women. Women are able to socialize freely with other women and male family members, but have to have family members present to socialize with men that are not part of the family. These conservative practices are put into place to protect the reputation of women. Bad behavior not only affects women but her family's honor. Practices differ between countries and families. Saudi Arabia has stricter practices when it comes to men and women and will even require marriage documents if a woman and man are seen together alone.

4215:. Both are true. The Internet has created a new arena for discussion and the dissemination of information for the Arab world just as it has in the rest of the world. The youth in particular are accessing and utilizing the tools. People are encouraged and enabled to join in political discussion and critique in a manner that was not previously possible. Those same people are also discouraged and blocked from those debates as the differing regimes try to restrict access based on religious and state objections to certain material. 3224: 63: 2812: 2966: 2902:), is a medieval folk tale collection which tells the story of Scheherazade, a Sassanid queen who must relate a series of stories to her malevolent husband, King Shahryar (Šahryār), to delay her execution. The stories are told over a period of one thousand and one nights, and every night she ends the story with a suspenseful situation, forcing the King to keep her alive for another day. The individual stories were created over several centuries, by many people from a number of different lands. 4421: 2737: 3514: 4117: 3673: 4668: 4128: 3448: 3835: 3572: 3818:

source for the study of media values, complicate this notion. Kai Hafez states, “The possible hypothesis that Islamic countries might not be interested in ‘truth’ and would rather propagate ‘Islam’ as the single truth cannot be verified completely because even a code that limits journalists’ freedom of expression to Islamic objectives and values, the Saudi Arabian code, demands that journalists present real facts.” In addition,

4386:, writes "family loyalty and obligations take precedence over loyalty to friends or demands of a job." She goes on to state that "members of a family are expected to support each other in disputes with outsiders. Regardless of personal antipathy among relatives, they must defend each other's honor, counter criticism, and display group cohesion..." Of all members of the family, however, the most revered member is the mother. 3664:(MSA), during the 19th century, the language of the media was stylized and resembled literary language of the time, proving to be ineffective in relaying information. Currently MSA is used by Arab media, including newspapers, books and some television stations, in addition to all formal writing. Vernaculars are however present in certain forms of media including satires, dramas, music videos and other local programs. 4459: 4358: 4183:

which grants or denies permission to shoot. Once this permission is obtained, another official license, a so-called visa, is necessary in order to exploit the film commercially. This is normally approved by a committee of the Ministry of Information or a special censorship authority". The most significant taboo topics under state supervision are consistent with those of other forms of media:

4794: 3387:. However, there are many styles of traditional Arab dance, and many of them have a long history. These may be folk dances, or dances that were once performed as rituals or as entertainment spectacle, and some may have been performed in the imperial court. Coalescence of oral storytelling, poetry recital, and performative music and dance as long-standing traditions in 4582: 3592:), which not only symbolize cultural heritage but also reflect modern interpretations of style and identity. Thobes, with their distinctive designs and intricate embroideries, serve as visual representations of the enduring legacy and evolving narratives within Arab culture, echoing the timeless elegance and resilience of its people. 3256:

most musicians would agree on the 8 most frequently used ajnas: Rast, Bayat, Sikah, Hijaz, Saba, Kurd, Nahawand, and Ajam — and a few of the most commonly used variants of those: Nakriz, Athar Kurd, Sikah Beladi, Saba Zamzama. Mukhalif is a rare jins used exclusively in Iraq, and it does not occur in combination with other ajnas.

4494:, a visitor might expect a dinner consisting of a very large platter, shared commonly, with a vast mountain of rice, incorporating lamb or chicken, or both, as separate dishes, with various stewed vegetables, heavily spiced, sometimes with a tomato sauce. Most likely, there would be several other items on the side, less hearty. 4344:

would say on their site. However, for the interested, the Internet is a tool that is utilized with great skill by those who wish to be heard. A file uploaded to 100 sites and placed in multiple forums will reach millions instantly. Information on the Internet can be thwarted, slowed, even redirected,

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in the Arab world comes with a range of dangers – journalists throughout the Arab world can be imprisoned, tortured, and even killed in their line of work – self-censorship is extremely important for many Arab journalists. A study conducted by the Center for Defending Freedom of Journalists (CDFJ) in

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Historically, news in the Arab world was used to inform, guide, and publicize the actions of political practitioners rather than being just a consumer product. The power of news as political tool was discovered in the early 19th century, with the purchase of shares from Le Temps a French newspaper by

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mainly from Syria and Lebanon, who were intellectuals and published their newspapers without the intention of making a profit. Because of the restrictions by most governments, these intellectuals were forced to flee their respective countries but had gained a following and because of their popularity

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The efforts by the various regimes to control the information are all falling apart gradually. Those fighting crime online have devised methods of tracking and catching criminals. Unfortunately those same tools are being used to arrest bloggers and those who would just wish to be heard. The Internet

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of expression not allowed or accepted before. For those who can get online, there are blogs to read and write and access to worldwide outlets of information once unobtainable. With this access, regimes have attempted to curtail what people are able to read, but the Internet is a medium not as easily

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The internet in the Arab world has a snowball effect; now that the snowball is rolling, it can no longer be stopped. Getting bigger and stronger, it is bound to crush down all obstacles. In addition, to the stress caused by the Arab bloggers, a new forum was opened for Arab activists; Facebook. Arab

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Some analysts hold that cultural and societal pressures determine journalists' news output in the Arab world. For example, to the extent that family reputation and personal reputation are fundamental principles in Arabian civilization, exposes of corruption, examples of weak moral fiber in governors

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argues in his history of the press in the Arab Middle East that, “Private journalism began as an enterprise with very modest objectives, seeking not to defy authority but rather to serve it, to collaborate and coexist cordially with it. The demand for freedom of expression, as well as for individual

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Important differences between journalists in the Arab world and their Western counterparts are also apparent. Some journalists in the Arab world see no conflict between objectivity and support for political causes. Ramprasad and Hamdy's sample of 112 Egyptian journalists gave the highest importance

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soon realized the power of the press. Some countries' newspapers were government-run and had political agendas in mind. Independent newspapers began to spring up which expressed opinions and were a place for the public to out their views on the state. Illiteracy rates in the Arab world played a role

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scale and Indian ragas, some maqamat have different ajnas, and thus notes, while descending or ascending. Because of the continuous innovation of jins and because most music scholars don't agree on the existing number anyway, it's hard to give an accurate number of the jins. Nonetheless, in practice

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During the reign of the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid in the 8th century, Baghdad had become an important cosmopolitan city. Merchants from Persia, China, India, Africa, and Europe were all found in Baghdad. During this time, many of the stories that were originally folk stories are thought to have

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Family honor is one of the most important characteristics in the Arab family. According to Margaret Nydell, social exchanges between men and women happen very seldom outside of the work place. Men and women refrain from being alone together. They have to be very careful in social situations because

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has far exceeded these countries, with a production of more than 2,500 feature films (all meant for cinema, not television). As with most aspects of Arab media, censorship plays a large art of creating and distributing films. "In most Arab countries, film projects must first pass a state committee,

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By the 1970s, Egyptian radio had fourteen different broadcast services with a total air time of 1,200 hours per week. Egypt is ranked third in the world among radio broadcasters. The programs were all government controlled, and much of the motivation for the government's investment in radio was due

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Patterns of consumption also affect media values. People in the Arab world rely on newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the Internet to differing degrees and to meet a variety of ends. For Rugh, the proportion of radio and television receivers to Arab populations relative to UNESCO minimum

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The Pan Arab Games are a regional multi-sport event held between nations from the Arab world. The first Games were held in 1953 in Alexandria, Egypt. Intended to be held every four years since, political turmoil as well as financial difficulties has made the event an unstable one. Women were first

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Social loyalty is of great importance in Arab culture. Family is one of the most important aspects of the Arab society. While self-reliance, individuality, and responsibility are taught by Arabic parents to their children, family loyalty is the greatest lesson taught in Arab families. "Unlike the

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may establish a newspaper to ensure a platform for their political opinions, although it is claimed that this doesn't necessarily influence the news content". In the Arab world, as far as content is concerned, news is politics. Arab states are intimately involved in the economic well-being of many

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network in 1996 especially affected media values. Some scholars believe that the network has blurred the line between private- and state- run news. Mohamed Zayani and Sofiane Sabraoui state, “Al Jazeera is owned by the government, but has an independent editorial policy; it is publicly funded, but

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Journalism ethics is a system of values that determines what constitutes "good" and "bad" journalism. A system of media values consists of and is constructed by journalists' and other actors' decisions about issues like what is "newsworthy," how to frame the news, and whether to observe topical

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have been incarcerated all around in the Middle East for their opinions and views on their regimes, the same consequence which was once given to those who publicly expressed themselves without anonymity. But the power of the internet has provided also a public shield for these bloggers since they

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Arab dress for men ranges from the traditional flowing robes to blue jeans, T-shirts and business suits. The robes allow for maximum circulation of air around the body to help keep it cool, and the head dress provides protection from the sun. At times, Arabs mix the traditional garb with western

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equally. Most of them chat and they have email. In a survey conducted by Dr. Deborah Wheeler, she found them to almost all to have been taught to use the Internet by a friend or family member. They all felt their lives to have been significantly changed by the use of the Internet. The use of the

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government and established in 1996, Al Jazeera was the first Arabic channel to deliver extensive live news coverage, going so far as to send reporters to "unthinkable" places like Israel. Breaking the mold in more ways than one, Al Jazeera's discussion programs raised subjects that had long been

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cannot be published without a government-issued license. Magazines in the Arabian world, like many of the magazines in the Western world, are geared towards women. However, the number of magazines in the Arab world is significantly smaller than that of the Western world. The Arab world is not as

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Some Saudi journalists stress the importance of enhancing Islam through the media. The developmental role of media was acknowledged by an overwhelming majority of Saudi journalists, while giving the readers what they want was not regarded as a priority. However, journalism codes, as an important

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Media values are not the only variable that affects news output in Arab society. Hafez states, “The interaction of political, economic, and social environments with individual and collective professional ethics is the driving force behind journalism.” In most Arab countries, newspapers cannot be

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function. In Jordan, for example, where the degree of government and security service interference in the media is high, non-governmental organizations such as the Center for Defending the Freedom of Journalists (CDFJ) and Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism (ARIJ) train journalists to

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Other journalists reject the notion of media ethics altogether because they see it as a mechanism of control. Kai Hafez states, “Many governments in the Arab world have tried to hijack the issue of media ethics and have used it as yet another controlling device, with the result that many Arab

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Musicians and teachers refer to these in-between notes as "quarter-tones" ("half-flat" or "half-sharp") for ease of nomenclature, but perform and teach the exact values of intonation in each jins or maqam by ear. It should also be added, in reference to Touma's comment above, that these

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Arab culture, renowned for its rich tapestry of traditions and customs, encompasses a vibrant spectrum that includes media influences. In contemporary times, media platforms serve as vital conduits for both preserving and evolving Arab cultural identity. From the captivating allure of

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Headdress pattern might be an indicator of which tribe, clan, or family the wearer comes from. However, this is not always the case. While in one village, a tribe or clan might have a unique headdress, in the next town over an unrelated tribe or clan might wear the same headdress.

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says that Arabs can be defined as, humanitarian, loyal and polite. Tarek Mahfouz explains in the book "Arab Culture" that it is common for Arabs in dinner situations to insist on guests to eat the last piece of the meal or to fight over who will pay the bill at a restaurant for

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been collected orally over many years and later compiled into a single book. The compiler and ninth-century translator into Arabic is reputedly the storyteller Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad el-Gahshigar. The frame story of Shahrzad seems to have been added in the 14th century.

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are using the Internet to reach a greater audience. Just as a simple citizen can now have a worldwide voice, so can a movement. Groups are using the Internet to share video, photos, programs and any kind of information imaginable. Standard media may not report what the

4102:. This geo-political crisis environment that currently frames Arab politics and Arab–Western relations is the backdrop to the controversy surrounding the social and political impact of Arab reality television, which assumes religious, cultural or moral manifestations." 3721:

Media researchers stress that the moral and social responsibility of newspeople dictates that they should not agitate public opinion, but rather should keep the status quo. It is also important to preserve national unity by not stirring up ethnic or religious conflict.

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is an Arab expressive dance, which emphasizes complex movements of the torso. Many boys and girls in countries where belly dancing is popular will learn how to do it when they are young. The dance involves movement of many different parts of the body; usually in a

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that originated before the time of Islam. Each poem in the set has a different author, and is considered to be their best work. Mu'allaqat means "The Suspended Odes" or "The Hanging Poems," and comes from the poems being hung on the wall in the Kaaba at Mecca.

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and Arab values, which included injunctions such as “defend Islamic societies, traditions and values” and “support the cause of the Palestinians.” Sustaining democracy through “examining government policies and decisions critically,” ranked a close second.

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Arab culture teaches that the needs of the group are more important than the needs of one person." In the Bedouin tribes of Saudi Arabia, "intense feelings of loyalty and dependence are fostered and preserved" by the family. Margaret Nydell, in her book

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owned, and independently owned. Newspaper, radio, and television patronization in the Arab world has heretofore been primarily a function of governments. "Now, newspaper ownership has been consolidated in the hands of powerful chains and groups. Yet,

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has been a leader in radio broadcasting from the beginning. Broadcasting began in Egypt in the 1920s with private commercial radio. In 1947, however, the Egyptian government declared radio a government monopoly and began investing in its expansion.

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is playing a significant role in the changing Arab media. Pintak furthers, "Now, there are 263 free-to-air (FTA) satellite television stations in the region, according to Arab Advisors Group. That's double the figure as of just two years ago".

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is sprouting up everywhere. Instead, "A desire for political influence is probably the biggest factor driving channel growth. But ego is a close second". The influence of the West is very apparent in Arab media, especially in television.

4545:" or "thobe" but can be also called "Dishdasha" in Kuwait or "Kandoura" (UAE). Thawbs differ slightly from state to state within the Gulf, but the basic ones are white. This is the traditional attire that Arabs wear in formal occasions. 4393:

In regard to Arab values, are one of the characteristics of Arabs is generosity and they usually show it by being courteous with each other. Some of the most important values for Arabs are honor and loyalty. Margaret Nydell, in her book

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for the sake of practicality. However, while in some treatments of theory the quarter tone scale or all twenty four tones should exist, according to Yūsuf Shawqī (1969) in practice there are many fewer tones (Touma 1996, p. 170).

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which is derived from a word meaning "to invite someone for a meal" and implies politeness, culture and enrichment. Arabic literature emerged in the 6th century, with only fragments of the written language appearing before then. The

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Tea is a very important drink in the Arab world, it is usually served with breakfast, after lunch, and with dinner. For Arabs tea is a hospitality drink that is served to guests. It is also common for Arabs to drink tea with dates.

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The mosaiclike stringing together of musical form elements, that is, the arrangement in a sequence of small and smallest melodic elements, and their repetition, combination, and permutation within the framework of the tonal-spatial

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are creating a stir politically, culturally, and socially. There is an increasing divide between the generations. The Arab world is in conflict internally. The internet has brought economic prosperity and development, but

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have the ability to engage public sympathy on such a large scale. This is creating a dilemma that shakes the foundation of Arab culture, government, religious interpretation, economic prosperity, and personal integrity.

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The alternation between a free rhythmic-temporal and fixed tonal-spatial organization on the one hand and a fixed rhythmic-temporal and free tonal-spatial structure on the other. This alternation... results in exciting

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it for a lack of credibility in the wake of the Arab Spring. Criticism has come from within the Arab Middle East, including from state governments. Independent commentators have criticized its neutrality vis-a-vis the

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Egypt's "Voice of the Arabs" station, which targeted other Arab countries with a constant stream of news and political features and commentaries, became the most widely heard station in the region. Only after the

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followed in the late 1990s. Financial considerations and the lack of widespread availability of services are factors in the slower growth in the Arab world, but taking into consideration the popularity of

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The Jordanian Center for Defending Freedom of Journalists (CDFJ) posted this sign in protest of the country's 2012 Press and Publications law. It reads, "The right to obtain information is a right for all

3056:"The common style that developed is usually called 'Islamic' or 'Arab', though in fact it transcends religious, ethnic, geographical, and linguistic boundaries" and it is suggested that it be called the 2882:. All of the Mu’allaqats contain stories from the authors’ lives and tribe politics. This is because poetry was used in pre-Islamic time to advertise the strength of a tribe's king, wealth and people. 6022:

Mahfouz, Tarek. Arab Culture, Vol. 1: An In-depth Look at Arab Culture Through Cartoons and Popular Art (English and Arabic Edition). Ed. Thane Floreth. 2011 ed. Vol. 1. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.

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to the dynamic storytelling woven into television dramas, media showcases the multifaceted nature of Arab society. Central to these portrayals are traditional garments like the iconic thobes (

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Each country or region in the Arab world has varying colloquial dialects which are used for everyday speech, yet its presence in the media world is discouraged. Prior to the establishment of

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The absence of polyphony, polyrhythm, and motivic development. Arabian music is, however, very familiar with the ostinato, as well as with a more instinctive heterophonic way of making music.

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may have massive consequences. In fact, some journalists and media trainers in the Arab world nevertheless actively promote the centrality of investigative journalism to the media's larger

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The values of media in the Arab world have started to change with the emergence of “new media." Examples of new media include news websites, blogs, and satellite television stations like

1273: 3712:. Doing so allowed Ismail to publicize his policies. Arab Media coming to modernity flourished and with it its responsibilities to the political figures that have governed its role. 3626:

The first newspapers were limited to official content and included accounts of relations with other countries and civil trials. In the following decades Arab media blossomed due to

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A related point is that media owners and patrons have effects on the values of their outlets. Newspapers in the Arab world can be divided into three categories: government owned,

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in the formation of media, and due to the low reader rates newspapers were forced to get political parties to subsidize their publications, giving them input to editorial policy.

4486:, grapes, pomegranate, olives, garlic and onion. while Arabian cuisine today is the result of a combination of richly diverse cuisines, spanning the Arab world and incorporating 3235:

The maqam consists of at least two jins, or scale segments. "Jins" in Arabic comes from the ancient Greek word "genus," meaning type. In practice, a jins (pl. ajnas) is either a

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in the Arab world is powerful source of expression and information as it is in other places in the world. While some believe that it is the harbinger of freedom in media to the

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began in 2003 in the Arab world. "Reality television entered Arab public discourse in the last five years at a time of significant turmoil in the region: escalating violence in

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being first in 1991 according to Dr. Deborah L. Wheeler. The years of the Internet's introduction in the various Arab countries are reported differently. Wheeler reports that

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In fact, the situation is much more complicated than that. In 1932, at International Convention on Arabic music held in Cairo, Egypt (attended by such Western luminaries as

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regularly being imprisoned for expressing their views for the world to read. The difference is that there is a worldwide audience witnessing this crackdown and watching as

3905:, when it was revealed that this station had misinformed the public about what was happening, did it lose some credibility; nevertheless it retained a large listenership. 3717:

political freedom, a true challenge to the existing order, came only later, and hesitantly at that, and was met by a public response that can best be described as faint."

3952:-owned and strictly controlled prior to the 1990s. In the 1990s the spread of satellite television began changing television in Arab countries. Often noted as a pioneer, 5460: 4304:

Internet in the Arab world is very political in the nature of the posts and of the sites read and visited. The Internet has brought a medium to Arabs that allows for a

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the first newspaper was published, in French. There is debate over when the first Arabic language newspaper was published; according to Arab scholar Abu Bakr, it was

146: 3318:. In Iraq, the traditional ensemble, known as the chalghi, includes only two melodic instruments—the jowza (similar to the rabab but with four strings) and 5801:

Kraidy, Marwan M. Reality Television and Politics in the Arab World: Preliminary Observations. Transnational Broadcasting Studies, 15 (Fall/ Winter, 2006)

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published without a government-issued license. Most Arab countries also have press laws, which impose boundaries on what can and cannot be said in print.

2795: 4490:, Egyptian, and others. It has also been influenced to a degree by the cuisines of India, Turkey, Berber, and others. In an average Arab household in 3123:

A musical mentality that is responsible for the aesthetic homogeneity of the tonal-spatial and rhythmic-temporal structures in Arabian music, whether

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M. J. Gannon, Understanding Global Culture: Metaphorical Journeys Through 28 Nations, 3rd Edition, (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2004), 70

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Tash, Abdulkader. A Profile of Professional Journalists Working in the Saudi Arabian Daily Press. Diss. Southern Illinois University, 1983. Print.

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The Saudi guthra is a square shaped cotton fabric. The traditional is white but the white and red (shemagh) is also very common in Saudi Arabia.

2628:, share a common culture, traditions, language and history that give the region a distinct identity and distinguish it from other parts of the 5826: 3775:

found that 34 journalists were killed in the region in 2012, 72 were imprisoned on December 1, 2012, and 126 were in exile from 2007 to 2012.

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is a vast and seemingly endless source of information. Arabs are using it more than perhaps the world is aware and it is changing the media.

5434: 5777: 3287:, and so the most commonly used "quarter tones" are on E (between E-flat and E-natural), A, B, D, F (between F-natural and F-sharp) and C. 3283:"quarter-tones" are not used everywhere in the maqamat: in practice, Arabic music does not modulate to 12 different tonic areas like the 3850:

advertisement driven as the Western world. Advertisers fuel the funding for most Western magazines to exist. Thus, a lesser emphasis on

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is extremely popular across the population, especially a small number of superstars known throughout the Arab world. Regional styles of

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journalists, while they love to speak about the challenges of their profession, hate performing under the label of media ethics.”

2632:. The Arab world is sometimes divided into separate regions depending on different cultures, dialects and traditions, such as the 4646:

in Saudi Arabia, although that restriction has been eased since 2015. The veil is not as prevalent in most countries outside the

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Ramaprasad, Jyotika; Naila Nabil Hamdy (2006). "Functions of Egyptian Journalists: Perceived Importance and Actual Importance".

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Red and white checkered headdress – Generally of Jordanian origin. Wearer has made Hajj and comes from a country with a Monarch.

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Pies, Judith (2008). "Agents of Change? Journalism Ethics in Lebanese and Jordanian Journalism Education". In Kai Hafez (ed.).

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Marzolph, Ulrich (2007). "Arabian Nights". In Kate Fleet; Gudrun Krämer; Denis Matringe; John Nawas; Everett Rowson (eds.).

3867: 1313: 5630: 3877:. After 1945, most Arab states began to create their own radio broadcasting systems, although it was not until 1970, when 5941: 5878: 1929: 1691: 855: 5690: 4321:, mirror, and other means. Those who are thwarted with one method will find 12 more methods around the blocked site. As 1288: 5117: 5092: 5067: 5003: 4854: 4714: 3061: 1934: 5271:

Rampal, Kuldip Roy (1996). "Professionals in Search of Professionalism: Journalists' Dilemma in Four Maghreb States".

5614: 5525: 5211: 5038: 4978: 4934: 4889: 4440:, with roughly over 8,000 Arab athletes participating, it was considered the largest in the Games' history, with the 3873:

Arab radio broadcasting began in the 1920s, but only a few Arab countries had their own broadcasting stations before

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Public Internet use began in the US in the 1980s. Internet access began in the early 1990s in the Arab world, with

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Satellite Broadcasting Charter (2008) lays out principles for regulating satellite broadcasting in the Arab world.

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in this field of work other intellectuals began to take interest in the field. The first émigré Arab newspaper,

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L. A. Samovar, et al., Communication Between Cultures, 7th Ed., (Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2010), 70

3792:

Arab news organizations so they apply pressure in several ways, most notably through ownership or advertising.

3687:

Journalists in the Arab world hold many of the same values with their news generation as do journalists in the

3473: 3247:. The trichord is three notes, the tetrachord four, and the pentachord five. The maqam usually covers only one 2577:

and the various empires and kingdoms that have ruled and took lead of the civilization have contributed to the

1371: 485: 17: 4879: 3109:, are played with standardized performance techniques, and exhibit similar details in construction and design. 4573:

The Emirati guthra is usually white and can be used as a wrapped turban or traditionally with the black agal.

3754:

Censorship plays a significant role in journalism in the Arab world. Censorship comes in a variety of forms:

3469: 3002:, especially those centered around the Arabian Peninsula. The world of Arab music has long been dominated by 1666: 6081: 3319: 2566: 2530: 2211: 72: 6013:

M. Nydell, Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times, 4th Ed., (Boston: Intercultural Press, 2006), 71

3808: 6086: 5957:

Hofheinz, Albrecht. "The Internet in the Arab World: Playground for Political Liberalization." (n.d.): 96

4425: 3116:

can be classified as urban (music of the city inhabitants), rural (music of the country inhabitants), or

2887: 2099: 1857: 1852: 1795: 1366: 5738: 4658: 4074: 3996:("The Free One"): established in 2004 by the United States; counter-perceives biases in Arab news media 1981: 1862: 929: 186: 3924:

area in 1948, but they did not start in the central or eastern provinces until the 1960s. Neighboring

2804:, from the 7th century, had the greatest and longest-lasting effect on Arabic culture and literature. 4905: 4178:, owing to an increased production during the 1950s and 1960s, has made some 180 feature films. Only 4099: 3956:

represents a shift towards a more professional approach to news and current affairs. Financed by the

1914: 1909: 1376: 1283: 522: 416: 5420: 3263:

and the Arabic scales is the existence of many in-between notes, which are sometimes referred to as

2973: 3953: 3797: 3731: 3458: 2748: 1780: 860: 647: 5655:

Gher, Leo A.; Hussein Y. Amin (1999). "New and Old Media Access and Ownership in the Arab World".

5486: 2176: 4685: 4091: 3462: 3095: 2523: 2416: 591: 517: 470: 5781: 4056:, some observers have hailed reality television as a harbinger of democracy in the Arab world." 4019:

are sprouting like incongruous electronic mushrooms in what was once a media desert. Meanwhile,

3771:

Jordan, for example, found that the majority of Jordanian journalists exercise self-censorship.

3661: 3419: 2871: 2029: 1944: 1847: 1785: 1656: 1606: 1255: 1243: 825: 93: 4968: 1191: 6071: 5904:"LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film" 5028: 4739: 3819: 3709: 3284: 1994: 1919: 1596: 88: 46: 5606: 5517: 4377:, families living on their own away from relatives, and so on), Arab society emphasizes the 4279:

and language proficiency. Despite reports that use of the internet was curtailed by lack of

3822:

operate in an environment in which anti-religious talk is likely to be met with censorship.

4482:, wheat, barley, lentil, meat, milk and honey in addition to fruits and vegetables such as 4155: 4033: 3635:, was published in Turkey in 1855 by Rizqallah Hassoun Al Halabi. It was criticized by the 3524: 3359: 3019: 2863: 2661: 2574: 1381: 505: 500: 388: 113: 108: 103: 98: 83: 5966:

Rinnawi, Khalil. "The Internet and the Arab world as a virtual public shpere." (n.d.): 23.

8: 5903: 5396:

Mellor, Noha. The Making of Arab News. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. Print.

4441: 4433: 4008: 3801: 3779: 3276: 3124: 2875: 2815: 2139: 2129: 2054: 1743: 1686: 1676: 1646: 1611: 1591: 405: 211: 181: 118: 4604:

Black and white checkered headdress – The pattern is historically of Palestinian origin.

897: 6055:

Arab Culture, Vol. 1: An In-depth Look at Arab Culture Through Cartoons and Popular Art

5672: 5361: 5326: 5288: 5253: 5056: 4951: 4341: 4219: 3894: 3784: 3604: 3299: 3228: 3194: 3102: 3067: 2879: 2681: 2069: 2004: 1989: 1959: 1758: 1753: 1738: 1631: 1626: 1320: 1293: 892: 480: 450: 436: 5423:

Al Jazeera English. Al Jazeera Media Network, 7 November 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2014.

3762:(governments struggle to control through technological advances in ex. the internet), 3539: 3216:(pl. maqamat), which looks like the mode, but is not quite the same. The maqam has a " 5975:

J. Esherick, Women in the Arab World (Philadelphia: Mason Crest Publishers, 2006), 68

5676: 5610: 5599: 5521: 5510: 5330: 5292: 5257: 5207: 5200: 5113: 5088: 5063: 5034: 5009: 4999: 4974: 4930: 4885: 4860: 4850: 4745: 4720: 4710: 4647: 4556: 4538: 4487: 4374: 4029: 3909: 3547: 3070:(1996, p.xix-xx) lists "five components" which "characterize the music of the Arabs: 2944: 2778: 2773: 2633: 2598: 2586: 2245: 2226: 1772: 1733: 1681: 1671: 1661: 1636: 1621: 1584: 1215: 599: 343: 5365: 4162:

witnessed the production of its first and only full-length feature film in 1989. In

1470: 5664: 5353: 5318: 5280: 5243: 4774: 4770: 4560: 4280: 4038: 3744: 3272: 3075: 2936: 2913: 2855: 2216: 2201: 2186: 2134: 2039: 1939: 1842: 1805: 1748: 1728: 1723: 1696: 1616: 1475: 1238: 1146: 1036: 1031: 815: 720: 658: 623: 615: 465: 455: 358: 191: 6032: 5134: 4325:

suffer and are imprisoned in traditional media, the Internet is no different with

4271:

The people most commonly utilizing the Internet in the Arab world are youths. The

3940:

did not start indigenous radio broadcasting until nearly a quarter century later.

3881:

opened its radio transmissions, that every one of them had its own radio station.

3294:, which includes, (or included at different time periods) instruments such as the 2256: 5945: 5745: 5722: 4924: 4738:

Rabasa, Angel; Waxman, Matthew; Larson, Eric V.; Marcum, Cheryl Y. (2004-11-17).

4179: 3863: 3755: 3410: 3260: 3223: 3099:, used to accompany the metered vocal and instrumental genres and give them form. 2892: 2842: 2837: 2790: 2610: 2493: 2366: 2221: 2149: 2114: 2014: 1904: 1810: 1651: 1455: 1181: 1046: 912: 902: 865: 631: 298: 241: 231: 5668: 4275:

users in particular tend to be under 30, single and have a variety of levels of

2261: 1176: 1141: 5762:

Pintak, Lawrence. "Reporting a Revolution: the Changing Arab Media Landscape."

5284: 4672: 4491: 4415: 4120: 4012: 3636: 3620: 3079: 3006:, a cultural center, though musical innovation and regional styles abound from 2917: 2811: 2558: 2406: 2191: 2166: 1837: 1718: 1710: 1510: 1440: 1156: 1131: 984: 934: 882: 820: 765: 668: 532: 490: 353: 338: 246: 221: 166: 156: 62: 5938: 5812: 5357: 4333:

are created and recreated to attempt to control the vastness of the Internet.

3105:

that are found throughout the Arabian world and that represent a standardized

2965: 1136: 6065: 5694: 5322: 5248: 5231: 5148: 5013: 4864: 4594:

Checkered headdresses relate to type and government and participation in the

4586: 4478:

Historically, the Arabs of the western Arabian Peninsula relied on a diet of

4370: 4261: 4086:, contested elections in Egypt, the struggle for women's political rights in 4068: 3902: 3851: 3688: 3676: 3551: 3291: 3198: 3023: 2948: 2943:

which produced notable Arabic literary figures including Ismail Pasha Abaza,

2833: 2448: 2286: 2231: 2009: 1535: 1517: 1026: 688: 607: 562: 495: 421: 5058:

Eating disorders : an encyclopedia of causes, treatment, and prevention

4724: 4567:

The Qatari guthra is heavily starched and it is known for its "cobra" shape.

4617: 4453: 4378: 4318: 4252: 4151: 4131: 4058: 3973: 3966: 3913: 3874: 3543: 3388: 3380: 3264: 3213: 3205: 3132: 3040: 3011: 2991: 2960: 2940: 2649: 2629: 2606: 2602: 2590: 2578: 2478: 2401: 2291: 2196: 2079: 1872: 1260: 1233: 1151: 1081: 1061: 850: 810: 799: 584: 547: 313: 5151:

expresses your unique style and passion for culture. Retrieved 2023-08-07.

4138:

Most Arab countries did not produce films before independence, except for

1530: 1522: 1401: 4559:

it is known as a guthra. It is usually worn with a black cord called an "

4498:

would certainly accompany the meal, as it is almost constantly consumed.

4437: 4420: 4322: 4208: 4111: 4004: 3977: 3838: 3696: 3648: 3585: 3392: 3384: 3376: 3345: 3315: 3252: 3113: 3106: 2932: 2921: 2713: 2562: 2488: 2443: 2341: 2181: 1545: 1166: 1121: 1056: 964: 887: 740: 735: 542: 460: 431: 426: 281: 4624:

is less so. Traditional Arab dress features the full length body cover (

4345:

but it cannot be stopped if someone wants it out there on the Internet.

3647:

Freedoms that have branched through the introduction of the Internet in

2736: 5112:(1. publ. ed.). Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press. 4680: 4511: 4212: 4042: 4024: 4023:

are aggressively probing the red lines that have long contained them".

4020: 3987: 3949: 3788: 3767: 3766:/Religious Censorship, and Tribal/Family/Alliances Censorship. Because 3759: 3727: 3713: 3640: 3627: 3576: 3372: 3339: 3244: 3240: 3190: 2709: 2570: 2453: 2381: 2361: 2356: 1954: 1820: 1641: 1450: 1228: 1161: 1108: 974: 877: 760: 527: 383: 318: 206: 151: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5232:"The Mission of Arab Journalism: Creating Change in a Time of Turmoil" 5110:

Popular culture in the Arab world : arts, politics, and the media

4847:

Popular culture in the Arab world : arts, politics, and the media

4607:

Black and grey represent Presidential rule and completion of the Hajj.

4436:, the number of countries participating reached all 22 members of the 4166:, national production has barely exceeded half a dozen feature films. 303: 5461:"Majority of Jordanian Journalists Exercise Self-censorship – Survey" 4479: 4336: 4310: 4305: 4276: 3970: 3933: 3846: 3513: 3186: 3128: 3083: 3057: 2931:

An example of modern poetry in classical Arabic style with themes of

2827: 2805: 2801: 2614: 2463: 2433: 2296: 2124: 2089: 2064: 1867: 1825: 1815: 1465: 989: 750: 698: 663: 373: 176: 141: 5631:"The Arab World Online: Trends in Internet Usage in the Arab Region" 5344:

Pintak, Lawrence; Jeremy Ginges (2009). "Inside the Arab Newsroom".

4820: 4629: 4127: 3447: 216: 5996: 5601:

Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics

5512:

Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics

5202:

Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics

4552: 4326: 4204: 4192: 4184: 4116: 4016: 3834: 3763: 3571: 3391:. Among the best-known of the Arab traditional dances are the 3251:(two jins), but sometimes it covers more than one octave. Like the 3236: 3217: 2594: 2498: 2411: 2391: 2376: 2171: 2144: 1500: 1460: 1406: 994: 775: 730: 683: 673: 557: 276: 271: 266: 256: 226: 5827:"10 times Salah Zulfakar pioneered best scenes in Egyptian cinema" 4998:(Updated and rev. ed.). Northampton, Mass.: Interlink Books. 4667: 3999:

Al Manar: owned by Hezbollah; Lebanese-based; highly controversial

3290:

The prototypical Arab ensemble in Egypt and Syria is known as the

3018:

has, in recent years, also become a major center of Arabic music.

2867: 2331: 2326: 2271: 1540: 4314: 4232: 4175: 4159: 4095: 4063: 3993: 3925: 3295: 3182: 3140: 3117: 3027: 3007: 2984: 2981: 2808:, a female contemporary of Muhammad, was an acclaimed Arab poet. 2705: 2701: 2697: 2689: 2673: 2641: 2621: 2503: 2473: 2428: 2396: 2351: 2346: 2336: 2281: 2276: 2206: 2161: 2119: 1999: 1601: 1428: 1303: 1298: 979: 939: 907: 725: 693: 333: 35: 4272: 4158:, production is even now confined to short films or television. 1342: 5489:. Committee for the Protection of Journalists. 14 February 2013 4633: 4499: 4471: 4458: 4292: 4284: 4283:

skills, Dr. Wheeler found that people were able to search with

4265: 4248: 4236: 4163: 4087: 3672: 3596: 3431: 3327: 3307: 3248: 3220:" note on which the piece must end (unless modulation occurs). 3209: 3178: 3174: 3144: 3090: 3049: 3036: 3015: 2969: 2924: 2859: 2847: 2786: 2685: 2669: 2637: 2582: 2483: 2468: 2458: 2311: 2266: 2109: 2104: 2094: 2074: 2024: 1495: 1490: 1480: 1445: 1411: 1359: 1352: 1337: 1332: 1268: 1222: 1196: 1186: 1086: 1071: 1066: 1051: 1041: 1016: 1004: 999: 969: 959: 954: 845: 830: 770: 755: 703: 678: 567: 552: 537: 378: 348: 328: 323: 308: 286: 5435:"Syrian TV Station Accuses Al Jazeera of Fabricating Uprising" 4795:"مكتبة البوابة: أهم 10 كتب للأديب المصري ثروت أباظة | البوابة" 4287:. Searching for jobs, the unemployed frequently fill cafes in 3619:, according to other researchers. In the mid-19th century the 3031: 2854:

The seven authors, who span a period of around 100 years, are

1201: 1021: 917: 5487:"Attacks on the Press: Journalism on the Front Lines in 2012" 4642: 4637: 4625: 4621: 4616:

Adherence to traditional dress varies across Arab societies.

4542: 4467: 4362: 4357: 4300: 4288: 4256: 4171: 4147: 4143: 4139: 3962: 3957: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3885: 3854:

in the Arabian world plays into the low number of magazines.

3787:

is not the driving force behind the launching of newspapers;

3600: 3589: 3396: 3368: 3303: 3136: 3045: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2977: 2782: 2721: 2693: 2677: 2665: 2657: 2645: 2554: 2508: 2438: 2371: 2321: 2316: 2301: 2084: 2049: 2044: 2034: 2019: 1887: 1877: 1800: 1550: 1485: 1327: 1308: 1171: 1126: 1116: 1091: 1076: 949: 840: 785: 780: 745: 715: 368: 363: 236: 201: 161: 136: 131: 5716:

Arab Satellite Broadcasting Charter (Unofficial Translation)

5085:

Serpent of the Nile : women and dance in the Arab world

4996:

Serpent of the Nile : women and dance in the Arab world

4268:

are much larger than the subscription numbers would reveal.

3089:

Rhythmic-temporal structures that produce a rich variety of

6038:. Leawenport, KY: US Army. Intelligence Unit. January 2006. 5308: 5182: 4595: 4463: 4330: 4240: 4167: 4083: 3937: 3878: 3653: 3616: 2717: 2653: 2625: 2386: 2306: 2059: 1892: 1882: 1396: 1347: 944: 835: 251: 196: 171: 5929:

Shafik, Viola. Arab Cinema: History and Cultural Identity.

4373:

we see in North America (every person for him or herself,

3112:

Specific social contexts for the making of music, whereby

2573:. The various religions the Arabs have adopted throughout 4495: 4483: 4296: 4244: 4188: 3323: 3311: 3208:, for the Arabic system is more complex than that of the 2916:, poet from the aristocratic literay Egyptian family the 2846:) is the name given to a series of seven Arabic poems or 5758: 5756: 5754: 4737: 4581: 3639:

and shut down after only one year. Intellectuals in the

3383:). The term "Arabic dance" is often associated with the 3082:

system) with specific interval structures, invented by

4541:

men usually wear their national dress that is called "

3990:: established in 2003; based in Dubai; offshoot of MBC 3969:

called for a meeting to approve a charter to regulate

3948:

Almost all television channels in the Arab world were

5751: 5408:

The Culture of Al Jazeera: Inside an Arab Media Giant

5405: 5399: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 4970:

The Arab National Project in Youssef Chahine's Cinema

4656: 2617:

are all part of the cultural heritage of the Arabs.

5337: 4849:. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press. 3424: 5654: 5343: 5229: 3173:Much Arab music is characterized by an emphasis on 5598: 5509: 5199: 5154: 5055: 3156:The predilection for small instrumental ensembles. 5939:How the Internet has snowballed in the Arab world 5390: 6063: 5540:Pintak, Lawrence. "Arab Media: Not Quite Utopia" 4764: 3868:list of private radio stations in the Arab world 3841:on the cover for Al-Mawwid magazine, 1 June 1972 3738:Some more recent assessments of Al Jazeera have 3201:—but quintessentially, Arabic music is melodic. 5739:Arab Satellite Broadcasting Charter (in Arabic) 3897:to be the recognized leader of the Arab world. 3862:There are 40 private radio stations throughout 3367:, refers to the traditional folk dances of the 5636:. The Dubai School of Government with Bayt.com 3147:. The Arab's musical mentality is defined by: 6053:Mahfouz, Tarek (2011). Floreth, Thane (ed.). 5925: 5923: 4396:Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times 4384:Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times 4218:This was posted on a website operated by the 3805:undertake investigative journalism projects. 2531: 5552:")nvestigative Journalism in the Arab World" 5384:The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History 5197: 5185:News Writing and Reporting for Today's Media 5082: 4993: 4779:Arabian Nights, the work known in Arabic as 3310:(which was introduced in the 1840s or 50s), 3212:modes. The basis of the Arabic music is the 5304: 5302: 5236:The International Journal of Press/Politics 4211:, others think that it is a new medium for 3476:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3197:is based upon the idea of playing two-note 6016: 5920: 5879:"Arab film icon Faten Hamama dies aged 83" 5225: 5223: 4821:"عائلة أباظة: تاريخ طويل وأثر عميق في مصر" 2538: 2524: 1950:On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy 5810: 5410:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. 5406:Zayani, Mohamed; Sofiane Sahroui (2007). 5377: 5375: 5247: 5026: 4877: 4170:has produced approximately 100 films and 4048:"In the wake of controversy triggered by 3496:Learn how and when to remove this message 3189:in nature. Some genres of Arab music are 2793:. The Arabic word used for literature is 6033:"Arab cultural awareness: 58 factsheets" 5299: 5230:Pintak, Lawrence; Jeremy Ginges (2008). 4580: 4563:", which keeps it on the wearer's head. 4457: 4444:in 2011 expected to exceed that number. 4419: 4356: 4126: 4115: 3833: 3807: 3671: 3570: 3259:The main difference between the western 3222: 3204:It would be incorrect though to call it 2964: 2908: 2810: 29: 6052: 5714:Arab Media & Society (March, 2008): 5577:. New York: Continuum. pp. 165–81. 5220: 5172:. New York: Continuum. pp. 147–64. 5107: 4844: 2951:, and Desouky Bek Abaza, among others. 14: 6064: 5780:. Arabmediasociety.com. Archived from 5432: 5381: 5372: 5270: 5183:Bruce Itule; Douglas Anderson (2007). 4966: 4922: 4705:Doris, Behrens-Abouseif (1999-01-01). 3611:(1800), published in Egypt, or it was 2987:Palace, built in the early 7th century 2620:The countries of the Arab world, from 2581:and formation of modern Arab culture. 1925:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 5876: 5433:Dunham, Jillian (14 September 2011). 5167: 4949: 4825:صوت القبائل العربية والعائلات المصرية 4704: 4032:and money have little to do with why 3060:(from Morocco to Afghanistan) style ( 2841: 5850: 5596: 5572: 5507: 5458: 5062:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood. 5053: 5030:The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance 4881:The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance 4878:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2016-08-08). 4818: 3507: 3474:adding citations to reliable sources 3441: 2731: 5901: 5657:International Communication Gazette 5311:International Communication Gazette 5273:International Communication Gazette 4640:). Women are only required to wear 4551:: The male headdress is known as a 4432:allowed to compete in 1985. By the 3414: 2896: 1930:The Incoherence of the Philosophers 1585:National literatures of Arab States 24: 6046: 5775: 5605:. Westport, CT: Praeger. pp. 5549: 5463:. The Jordan Times. Archived from 5132: 4317:. The Internet can be reached via 3916:, radio broadcasts started in the 3912:, radio was slower to develop. In 3120:(music of the desert inhabitants). 3086:in the 10th century (p. 170). 1935:The Incoherence of the Incoherence 25: 6098: 5516:. Westport, CT: Praeger. p. 4466:, appetizers or small dishes, in 4409: 5811:Noshokaty, Amira (22 Dec 2010). 4973:. American Univ in Cairo Press. 4744:. Rand Corporation. p. 31. 4666: 3893:to the aspirations of President 3679:, television and radio presenter 3623:dominated the first newspapers. 3512: 3446: 3153:The predominance of vocal music. 2735: 2565:in the east, in a region of the 61: 6025: 5987: 5978: 5969: 5960: 5951: 5932: 5895: 5870: 5853:"Middle-east Arab News Opinion" 5844: 5819: 5804: 5795: 5769: 5728: 5708: 5683: 5648: 5623: 5590: 5581: 5566: 5543: 5534: 5501: 5479: 5452: 5426: 5414: 5264: 5191: 5176: 5141: 5126: 5101: 5076: 5047: 5020: 4987: 4960: 4943: 4134:(1931–2015), Egyptian film star 4123:(1926–1993), Egyptian film star 4041:and the emerging popularity of 3667: 6057:(English and Arabic ed.). 5575:Arab Media: Power and Weakness 5170:Arab Media: Power and Weakness 5027:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2016). 4950:Mason, Daniel Gregory (1916). 4916: 4906:"The Traditional Arabic Dance" 4898: 4871: 4838: 4812: 4787: 4775:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_0021 4758: 4731: 4698: 4505: 3961:prohibited. However, in 2008, 3231:is widely used in Arabic music 2781:is the writing produced, both 13: 1: 5135:"Andrea Deagon's Raqs Sharqi" 4691: 4239:joined in 1992, and in 1993, 4045:are evidence of this notion. 3943: 3730:. The founding of the Qatari 2821: 2767: 5813:"Remembering Salah Zulficar" 5693:. Al-bab.com. Archived from 5083:Buonaventura, Wendy (2010). 5033:. Rowman & Littlefield. 4994:Buonaventura, Wendy (2010). 4956:. National Society of Music. 4923:Kashua, Sayed (2007-12-01). 4884:. Rowman & Littlefield. 4709:. Markus Wiener Publishers. 3829: 3523:may incorporate text from a 3185:. Thus much Arabic music is 2567:Middle East and North Africa 7: 5877:Saeed, Saeed (2015-01-18). 5669:10.1177/0016549299061001004 5087:( ed.). London: Saqi. 4953:The Art of Music: The dance 4741:The Muslim World After 9/11 4652: 4620:is more traditional, while 4598:, or a pilgrimage to Mecca. 4502:would be included as well. 4198: 3845:In most Arabian countries, 3552:the project page about this 3425: 2888:One Thousand and One Nights 2100:One Thousand and One Nights 10: 6103: 5908:guides.library.cornell.edu 5778:"Arab Media & Society" 5285:10.1177/001654929605800102 4819:سمير, رانيا (2024-01-03). 4509: 4451: 4447: 4413: 4352: 4109: 3983:Other satellite channels: 3343: 3337: 2958: 2825: 2771: 2727: 1863:Arcs of Descent and Ascent 930:Andalusian classical music 856:Arabic musical instruments 187:Islamic geometric patterns 27:Culture of the Arab people 5944:29 September 2011 at the 5748:Retrieved 6 February 2013 5725:Retrieved 6 February 2013 5358:10.1080/14616700802337800 5206:. Westport, CT: Praeger. 5054:Reel, Justine J. (2013). 4462:A selection of Jordanian 4404: 4309:manipulated as telling a 4251:joined the Internet, and 4105: 4066:is strikingly similar to 3026:include Iraqi el Maqaam, 1910:The Theology of Aristotle 1377:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry 1274:Love in Arabic literature 523:Arabic geometric patterns 486:Islamic hardstone carving 417:Ancient South Arabian art 5764:Arab Media & Society 5735:Arab Media & Society 5691:"Arab media: television" 5323:10.1177/1748048506062233 5249:10.1177/1940161208317142 5187:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 5149:Mens Thobes UK 5108:Hammond, Andrew (2007). 4845:Hammond, Andrew (2007). 4707:Beauty in Arabic culture 4611: 4520: 4379:importance of the group. 4092:political assassinations 3857: 3798:investigative journalism 3579:Television, in Jerusalem 3437: 3333: 2954: 2843:[al-muʕallaqaːt] 1279:Arabic erotic literature 476:Palestinian wood carving 6077:Arabic-language culture 4929:. Grove/Atlantic, Inc. 4686:Arab Capital of Culture 3928:had radio by 1955, but 3796:and policy makers, and 3708:Ismail the grandson of 2897:أَلْف لَيْلَة وَلَيْلَة 1786:Islamic Aristotelianism 1781:Early Arabic Philosophy 34:Making Arab carpets in 5857:eng-archive.aawsat.com 5597:Rugh, William (2004). 5508:Rugh, William (2004). 5386:. New York: Oxford UP. 4967:Khouri, Malek (2010). 4767:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4590: 4585:A wedding carriage in 4525: 4475: 4428: 4365: 4313:what it can or cannot 4229: 4135: 4124: 3884:Among Arab countries, 3842: 3814: 3724: 3680: 3662:Modern Standard Arabic 3580: 3232: 2988: 2974:Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbî 2928: 2818: 2553:is the culture of the 2423:South Arabian deities 1945:Theologus Autodidactus 826:Rhythm in Arabic music 39: 5198:William Rugh (2004). 5147:Aamilah Aamir (2004) 4584: 4510:Further information: 4461: 4423: 4360: 4247:came online. In 1994 4224: 4130: 4119: 4100:Arab–Israeli conflict 4098:, and the protracted 3837: 3811: 3719: 3675: 3615:(1816), published in 3574: 3285:Well-Tempered Klavier 3226: 3150:The maqām phenomenon. 2968: 2912: 2814: 2789:, by speakers of the 2252:North Arabian deities 2156:Fictional Arab people 1995:Atlantis of the Sands 1920:The Book of the Apple 501:Islamic ivory carving 33: 5382:Ayalon, Ami (1995). 4799:article.albawaba.net 4156:United Arab Emirates 4034:satellite television 3548:copyright violations 3525:large language model 3470:improve this section 3405:also referred to as 3360:Middle-Eastern dance 3353:also referred to as 3062:van der Merwe, Peter 3020:Classical Arab music 2662:United Arab Emirates 1382:Modern Arabic poetry 1057:Gnawa (North Africa) 898:Classical Arab music 6082:Folklore by country 4434:11th Pan Arab Games 4009:television stations 3277:Henry George Farmer 3193:—as the instrument 3103:Musical instruments 2900:ʾAlf layla wa-layla 2872:'Antara Ibn Shaddad 2561:in the west to the 2055:Iram of the Pillars 1314:Mirrors for princes 861:Great Book of Music 594:(Arabian Peninsula) 182:Islamic calligraphy 6087:Folklore by region 5851:Al-awsat, Asharq. 5744:2012-10-21 at the 5721:2012-10-21 at the 5550:Martin, Justin D. 5439:The New York Times 5346:Journalism Studies 4781:Alf layla wa-layla 4648:Arabian peninsula. 4591: 4476: 4429: 4366: 4342:Muslim Brotherhood 4220:Muslim Brotherhood 4136: 4125: 3895:Gamal Abdel Nasser 3843: 3815: 3681: 3605:Napoleon Bonaparte 3581: 3233: 3068:Habib Hassan Touma 3064:1989, p. 9). 2989: 2929: 2880:Harith ibn Hilliza 2819: 2747:. You can help by 2177:Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad 2005:Beast of the Earth 1960:Sicilian Questions 1791:Islamic Platonism 1744:Arabic mathematics 1294:Arabic short story 1289:Literary_criticism 481:Islamic embroidery 451:Arabic calligraphy 40: 5168:Kai Hafez (ed.). 4751:978-0-8330-3755-8 4557:Arabian Peninsula 4539:Arabian Peninsula 4375:individual rights 4030:Freedom of speech 3910:Arabian Peninsula 3820:Saudi journalists 3569: 3568: 3506: 3505: 3498: 3423: 2945:Fekry Pasha Abaza 2779:Arabic literature 2774:Arabic literature 2765: 2764: 2634:Arabian Peninsula 2548: 2547: 1848:Al-Insān al-Kāmil 1759:Arabic technology 1754:Arabic psychology 1739:Arabic Golden Age 506:Islamic Metalwork 262:Stucco decoration 16:(Redirected from 6094: 6058: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6029: 6023: 6020: 6014: 6011: 5994: 5991: 5985: 5982: 5976: 5973: 5967: 5964: 5958: 5955: 5949: 5936: 5930: 5927: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5889: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5808: 5802: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5776:Kraidy, Marwan. 5773: 5767: 5766:(February, 2007) 5760: 5749: 5732: 5726: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5635: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5604: 5594: 5588: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5554:. Nieman Reports 5547: 5541: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5515: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5459:Hazaimeh, Hani. 5456: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5403: 5397: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5379: 5370: 5369: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5306: 5297: 5296: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5251: 5227: 5218: 5217: 5205: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5165: 5152: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5133:Deagon, Andrea. 5130: 5124: 5123: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5061: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5024: 5018: 5017: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4769:(3rd ed.). 4762: 4756: 4755: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4702: 4671: 4670: 4662: 4039:Arab soap operas 3745:Syrian Civil War 3564: 3561: 3555: 3542:claims that are 3516: 3508: 3501: 3494: 3490: 3487: 3481: 3450: 3442: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3351:Arab folk dances 3076:Arab tone system 2937:Aziz Pasha Abaza 2914:Aziz Pasha Abaza 2898: 2876:'Amr ibn Kulthum 2845: 2760: 2757: 2739: 2732: 2540: 2533: 2526: 2217:Princess Jasmine 2202:Layla and Majnun 2187:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 2135:She-Camel of God 2130:Shams al-Ma'arif 1940:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 1806:Sufi metaphysics 1734:Arabic geography 1729:Arabic astronomy 1724:Arabic astrology 1719:Arabic chemistry 1284:Arabic grimoires 1264: 1037:Chaabi (Morocco) 1032:Chaabi (Algeria) 816:Arab tone system 635: 627: 619: 611: 603: 595: 466:Arabic miniature 192:Islamic ornament 65: 42: 41: 21: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6062: 6061: 6049: 6047:Further reading 6044: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6012: 5997: 5992: 5988: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5952: 5946:Wayback Machine 5937: 5933: 5928: 5921: 5912: 5910: 5900: 5896: 5887: 5885: 5875: 5871: 5862: 5860: 5849: 5845: 5836: 5834: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5796: 5787: 5785: 5784:on 5 April 2011 5774: 5770: 5761: 5752: 5746:Wayback Machine 5737:(March, 2008): 5733: 5729: 5723:Wayback Machine 5713: 5709: 5700: 5698: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5653: 5649: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5617: 5595: 5591: 5586: 5582: 5571: 5567: 5557: 5555: 5548: 5544: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5506: 5502: 5492: 5490: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5470: 5468: 5457: 5453: 5443: 5441: 5431: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5391: 5380: 5373: 5342: 5338: 5307: 5300: 5269: 5265: 5228: 5221: 5214: 5196: 5192: 5181: 5177: 5166: 5155: 5146: 5142: 5131: 5127: 5120: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5025: 5021: 5006: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4965: 4961: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4921: 4917: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4876: 4872: 4857: 4843: 4839: 4830: 4828: 4817: 4813: 4804: 4802: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4736: 4732: 4717: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4677: 4665: 4657: 4655: 4614: 4528: 4523: 4514: 4508: 4456: 4450: 4418: 4412: 4407: 4355: 4201: 4114: 4108: 3946: 3864:the Middle East 3860: 3832: 3756:Self-censorship 3670: 3633:Mar’at al Ahwal 3603:in the time of 3565: 3559: 3556: 3534:information or 3530:It may include 3529: 3517: 3502: 3491: 3485: 3482: 3467: 3451: 3440: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3261:chromatic scale 2963: 2957: 2939:. He came from 2935:is the work of 2830: 2824: 2816:Antara and Abla 2791:Arabic language 2776: 2770: 2761: 2755: 2752: 2745:needs expansion 2730: 2544: 2515: 2514: 2513: 2417:Isāf and Nā'ila 2248: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2150:Zarqa al Yamama 2015:Book of Wonders 1984: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1905:Liber de Causis 1811:Sufi philosophy 1775: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1749:Arabic medicine 1713: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1262: 1256:Epic literature 1218: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1111: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1097: 1047:Fann at-Tanbura 866:Kitab al-Aghani 802: 792: 791: 790: 650: 640: 639: 633: 625: 617: 609: 601: 593: 587: 577: 576: 575: 573: 456:Arabic graffiti 408: 398: 397: 396: 394: 299:Albarrana tower 242:Reflecting pool 232:Nagash painting 124: 75: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6100: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6060: 6059: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6024: 6015: 5995: 5986: 5977: 5968: 5959: 5950: 5931: 5919: 5902:Houissa, Ali. 5894: 5869: 5859:(in Ukrainian) 5843: 5818: 5803: 5794: 5768: 5750: 5727: 5707: 5682: 5647: 5622: 5615: 5589: 5580: 5565: 5542: 5533: 5526: 5500: 5478: 5467:on 8 July 2014 5451: 5425: 5421:Code of Ethics 5413: 5398: 5389: 5371: 5336: 5298: 5263: 5219: 5212: 5190: 5175: 5153: 5140: 5125: 5119:978-9774160547 5118: 5100: 5094:978-0863566288 5093: 5075: 5069:978-1440800580 5068: 5046: 5039: 5019: 5005:978-1566567916 5004: 4986: 4979: 4959: 4942: 4935: 4915: 4897: 4890: 4870: 4856:978-9774160547 4855: 4837: 4811: 4786: 4757: 4750: 4730: 4716:978-1558761995 4715: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4676: 4675: 4654: 4651: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4575: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4507: 4504: 4492:Eastern Arabia 4452:Main article: 4449: 4446: 4416:Pan Arab Games 4414:Main article: 4411: 4410:Pan Arab Games 4408: 4406: 4403: 4354: 4351: 4264:, the numbers 4262:internet cafes 4200: 4197: 4121:Salah Zulfikar 4110:Main article: 4107: 4104: 4075:The Real World 4013:radio stations 4001: 4000: 3997: 3991: 3945: 3942: 3859: 3856: 3831: 3828: 3695:to supporting 3669: 3666: 3637:Ottoman Empire 3621:Turkish Empire 3613:Junral Al Iraq 3567: 3566: 3560:September 2024 3520: 3518: 3511: 3504: 3503: 3454: 3452: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3355:Oriental dance 3338:Main article: 3335: 3332: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3121: 3114:musical genres 3110: 3100: 3087: 3080:musical tuning 2959:Main article: 2956: 2953: 2918:House of Abaza 2826:Main article: 2823: 2820: 2772:Main article: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2742: 2740: 2729: 2726: 2559:Atlantic Ocean 2546: 2545: 2543: 2542: 2535: 2528: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2192:Kara Ben Nemsi 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2167:Abdul Alhazred 2164: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1968: 1967: 1965:Fusus al-Hikam 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1838:Al-aql al-faal 1829: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1525: 1520: 1511:Arabic prosody 1507: 1506: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1356: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1263:(ryhmed prose) 1258: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1008: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 985:Qudud Halabiya 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 935:Andalusi nubah 932: 921: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 883:Arabic hip hop 880: 869: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 821:Algerian scale 818: 813: 804: 803: 798: 797: 794: 793: 789: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 766:Robe of honour 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 707: 706: 701: 699:Tarboush (fez) 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 652: 651: 646: 645: 642: 641: 638: 637: 634:(North Africa) 629: 621: 613: 605: 597: 588: 583: 582: 579: 578: 571: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 533:Damascus steel 530: 525: 520: 509: 508: 503: 498: 493: 491:Islamic garden 488: 483: 478: 473: 471:Arabic pottery 468: 463: 458: 453: 442: 441: 440: 439: 434: 424: 419: 410: 409: 404: 403: 400: 399: 392: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 354:Medina quarter 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 290: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 222:Multifoil arch 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 167:Horseshoe arch 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 122: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 77: 76: 71: 70: 67: 66: 58: 57: 55:Arabic culture 51: 50: 26: 18:Arabic culture 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6099: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6056: 6051: 6050: 6034: 6028: 6019: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5990: 5981: 5972: 5963: 5954: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5935: 5926: 5924: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5884: 5880: 5873: 5858: 5854: 5847: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5814: 5807: 5798: 5783: 5779: 5772: 5765: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5724: 5720: 5717: 5711: 5697:on 2011-05-05 5696: 5692: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5651: 5632: 5626: 5618: 5616:9780275982126 5612: 5608: 5603: 5602: 5593: 5584: 5576: 5569: 5553: 5546: 5537: 5529: 5527:9780275982126 5523: 5519: 5514: 5513: 5504: 5488: 5482: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5440: 5436: 5429: 5422: 5417: 5409: 5402: 5393: 5385: 5378: 5376: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5317:(2): 167–85. 5316: 5312: 5305: 5303: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5224: 5215: 5213:9780275982126 5209: 5204: 5203: 5194: 5186: 5179: 5171: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5150: 5144: 5136: 5129: 5121: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5096: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5071: 5065: 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4346: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4223: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4070: 4069:American Idol 4065: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3904: 3903:June 1967 war 3898: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3852:advertisement 3848: 3840: 3836: 3827: 3823: 3821: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3758:, Government 3757: 3752: 3748: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3701: 3698: 3692: 3690: 3689:Western world 3685: 3678: 3677:Amr el-Leithy 3674: 3665: 3663: 3658: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3578: 3575:An anchor on 3573: 3563: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3521:This article 3519: 3515: 3510: 3509: 3500: 3497: 3489: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3455:This section 3453: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3435: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3365:Eastern dance 3363: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3286: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3266: 3265:quarter tones 3262: 3257: 3254: 3253:melodic minor 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3165: 3162: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3024:popular music 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2949:Tharwat Abaza 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2901: 2894: 2890: 2889: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2856:Imru' al-Qais 2852: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2759: 2756:November 2023 2750: 2746: 2743:This section 2741: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2575:their history 2572: 2569:known as the 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2518: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2247: 2242: 2241: 2233: 2232:Talia al Ghul 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 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Retrieved 4798: 4789: 4780: 4778: 4766: 4760: 4740: 4733: 4706: 4700: 4641: 4636:) and veil ( 4618:Saudi Arabia 4615: 4576: 4548: 4547: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4515: 4477: 4454:Arab cuisine 4430: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4367: 4347: 4335: 4319:proxy server 4270: 4253:Saudi Arabia 4230: 4225: 4217: 4202: 4152:Saudi Arabia 4137: 4132:Faten Hamama 4080:Star Academy 4079: 4073: 4067: 4059:Star Academy 4057: 4054:Star Academy 4053: 4049: 4047: 4003:"Across the 4002: 3982: 3974:broadcasting 3967:Saudi Arabia 3947: 3914:Saudi Arabia 3907: 3899: 3891: 3883: 3875:World War II 3872: 3861: 3844: 3824: 3816: 3794: 3777: 3753: 3749: 3737: 3725: 3720: 3710:Muhammad Ali 3706: 3702: 3693: 3686: 3682: 3668:Media values 3659: 3646: 3632: 3625: 3612: 3608: 3594: 3582: 3557: 3544:unverifiable 3532:hallucinated 3522: 3492: 3483: 3468:Please help 3456: 3407:Arabic dance 3406: 3402: 3401: 3389:Arab history 3381:North Africa 3364: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3349: 3289: 3281: 3270: 3258: 3234: 3203: 3181:rather than 3172: 3133:instrumental 3094: 3066: 3055: 3048: 3039: 3030: 3012:Saudi Arabia 2992:Arabic music 2990: 2961:Arabic music 2941:Abaza family 2930: 2904: 2899: 2886: 2884: 2853: 2840:: المعلقات, 2831: 2794: 2777: 2753: 2749:adding to it 2744: 2650:Saudi Arabia 2630:Muslim world 2619: 2607:spirituality 2599:architecture 2579:ethnogenesis 2551:Arab culture 2550: 2549: 2479:Dhul Khalasa 2422: 2421: 2251: 2246:Spirituality 2222:Ra's al Ghul 2197:King Marsile 2155: 2154: 2080:Magic carpet 1969: 1898: 1897: 1831: 1830: 1667:Saudi Arabia 1583: 1582: 1509: 1508: 1434: 1433: 1387: 1386: 1358: 1357: 1319: 1318: 1249: 1248: 1221: 1096: 1022:Algerian Raï 1010: 1009: 923: 922: 871: 870: 851:Quarter tone 811:Arabic maqam 805: 709: 708: 653: 572: 548:Hedwig glass 511: 510: 444: 443: 411: 393: 314:Caravanserai 292: 291: 125: 123: 78: 73:Architecture 54: 4827:(in Arabic) 4801:(in Arabic) 4506:Tea culture 4438:Arab League 4400:generosity. 4323:journalists 4295:. They are 4209:Middle East 4112:Arab cinema 4072:mixed with 4005:Middle East 3978:Arab League 3839:Mervat Amin 3649:Middle East 3628:journalists 3586:Arab cinema 3426:Raqs sharqi 3403:Belly dance 3393:belly dance 3385:belly dance 3377:Middle East 3346:Belly dance 3273:Béla Bartók 3167:contrasts." 3107:tone system 3000:Arab people 2947:, novelist 2933:Pan-Arabism 2714:Mesopotamia 2563:Arabian Sea 2557:, from the 2182:Battal Gazi 1367:Anthologies 1167:Raqs Sharqi 1122:Belly dance 965:Iraqi maqam 893:Arabic jazz 888:Arabic rock 741:Fouta towel 543:Girih tiles 461:Arab carpet 432:Fatimid art 427:Islamic art 282:Windcatcher 147:Arabic dome 6066:Categories 5913:2023-11-23 5888:2023-12-15 5863:2023-12-15 5837:2023-12-15 5831:EgyptToday 5788:2011-04-05 5701:2011-04-05 5352:(2): 173. 5242:(3): 219. 4831:2024-05-14 4805:2024-05-14 4692:References 4681:Arab world 4512:Arabic tea 4442:Doha Games 4361:A café in 4213:censorship 4174:some 150. 4154:, and the 4050:Super Star 4043:reality TV 4025:Technology 4021:newspapers 3988:Al Arabiya 3954:Al Jazeera 3950:government 3944:Television 3789:publishers 3768:Journalism 3760:Censorship 3740:criticized 3732:Al Jazeera 3728:Al Arabiya 3714:Ami Ayalon 3641:Arab world 3609:Al Tanbeeh 3577:Al-Arabiya 3536:references 3373:Arab world 3344:See also: 3340:Arab dance 3245:pentachord 3241:tetrachord 3191:polyphonic 3187:homophonic 3129:improvised 3093:patterns, 2922:Circassian 2834:Mu'allaqat 2822:Mu'allaqat 2768:Literature 2710:Mauritania 2611:philosophy 2591:gastronomy 2587:literature 2571:Arab world 2454:Dhat-Badan 2382:Theandrios 2362:Baalshamin 2357:Atarsamain 2212:Palamedes 1955:Muqaddimah 1915:Al-isharat 1821:Avicennism 1773:Philosophy 1642:Mauritania 1451:Muwashshah 1416:Khamriyyah 1216:Literature 1162:Ouled Nail 975:Muwashshah 878:Arabic pop 437:Mamluk art 384:Well house 319:Bimaristan 207:Mashrabiya 5677:144676746 5663:: 59–88. 5331:144729341 5293:220900576 5258:145067689 5014:320803968 4865:148667773 4555:. 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