622:, and, although al-'Ala' and the rest of the Arabs had been ordered to not invade Pars or its surrounding islands, he organized his army into three groups – one under Al-Jarud ibn Mu'alla, the second under Al-Sawwar ibn Hammam and the third under Khulayd ibn al-Mundhir ibn Sawa – and moved on the province. When the first group entered Pars, it was quickly defeated and al-Jarud was killed. The same thing soon happened to the second group. However, things proved to be more fortunate with the third group; Khulayd managed to keep them on bay, but was unable to withdraw back to Bahrain due to the Sasanians blocking his way to the sea. The Sasanians also burnt many of the ships of the Arab forces.
185:
168:
159:
104:
191:
37:
728:
himself travelled to
Estakhr to personally organize the defense against the Arabs, and after some time he went to Gor. In his absence, the defenses at Estakhr failed and the city was sacked by the Arabs, who killed over 40,000 defenders. The Arabs then quickly seized Gor,
712:
In 648, 'Abd-Allah ibn al-'Ash'ari forced the governor of
Estakhr, Mahak, to surrender the city. However, this was not the final conquest of Estakhr, as the inhabitants of the city subsequently rebelled in 649/50 while its newly appointed governor,
704:
of the
Rashidun Caliphate on 11 November, the inhabitants of Bishapur under the leadership of Shahrag's brother declared independence, but were defeated. The date for this revolt mains disputed, as the Persian historian
741:. The flight of the emperor brought an end to the conflict and the Arab victory delivered the province into caliphal control. However, the inhabitants of the province would later rebel several times against Arab rule.
625:
Umar, upon hearing of al-'Ala's ill-fated naval expedition against Pars, dismissed him as governor and reassigned him to the
Sasanian front in Iraq, where he was placed under the command of his rival
567:
naval expedition in 638 ended in failure. After a change in
Bahrain's governor, that unsuccessful campaign was followed with a second campaign conducted in 643 by a combined force of
233:
922:
949:
445:
226:
219:
664:, and made a peace treaty with the inhabitants of the city. In 19/644, al-'Ala' once again attacked Pars from Bahrain, reaching as far as
633:
to send reinforcements to assist
Khulayd, who managed to withdraw back to Bahrain with some of his men, while the rest withdrew to
1054:
999:
590:. This ended Sasanian control or the territory, though its population would later rebel several times against Arab rule.
917:
1095:
693:, Hormoz ibn Hayyan al-'Abdi, was shortly sent by al-Thaqafi to attack a fortress known as Senez on the coast of Pars.
510:
1090:
1023:
721:. During the insurrection, the military governor of the province, 'Ubayd Allah ibn Ma'mar, was defeated and killed.
464:
657:
641:
576:
469:
119:
430:
374:
256:
476:
991:
Decline and Fall of the
Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran
738:
587:
28:
347:
520:
515:
243:
541:
450:
435:
362:
184:
167:
158:
103:
69:
689:, though some sources state that this action was carried out by his brother. A Persian convert to
1085:
1080:
1075:
1040:
879:
440:
357:
322:
883:
626:
608:
123:
985:
943:
292:
586:, who had travelled to Pars to command the defense against the Arabs, was forced to flee to
403:
493:
483:
386:
337:
8:
418:
714:
553:
488:
413:
302:
287:
97:
80:
1050:
1019:
995:
971:
630:
498:
391:
381:
327:
935:
931:
697:
408:
367:
342:
332:
312:
307:
297:
277:
272:
262:
175:
148:
137:
128:
190:
1044:
1013:
989:
961:
718:
537:
317:
267:
107:
975:
899:
352:
282:
1046:
The
Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
1069:
1009:
725:
583:
545:
162:
211:
913:
706:
619:
644:, who had earlier been appointed governor in 636 before being recalled to
957:
611:, led a naval expedition against the Sasanians without the permission of
42:
603:
The Arab conquest of Pars began in 638/9, when the
Rashidun governor of
563:
The Arab invasion of
Sasanian Pars took place in two phases. An initial
908:. Fullerton, California: California State University. pp. 3–18.
686:
661:
645:
46:
903:
536:
took place from 638/9 to 650/1, and ended with subjugation of the
730:
675:
670:
665:
604:
598:
564:
171:
701:
682:
549:
734:
690:
634:
651:
820:
818:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
612:
572:
568:
557:
36:
884:"The Probable Date of the First Arab Expeditions to India"
923:
Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies
681:
Al-Thaqafi later managed to establish a military base at
1049:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–57.
815:
805:
803:
801:
762:
16:
Early phase of the mid-7th-century Arab conquest of Iran
1043:(1975). "The Arab conquest of Iran and its aftermath".
847:
845:
788:
786:
618:
The expedition proceeded to captured an island in the
798:
857:
842:
960:(1999). "FĀRS iii. History in the Islamic Period".
783:
830:
750:
948:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1067:
685:, and shortly defeated and killed Shahrag near
640:Al-'Ala was replaced as governor of Bahrain by
1015:Encyclopedia of Persian Gulf History: Part One
599:Initial expedition and Sasanian counter-attack
241:
227:
984:
974:(1986). "ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran".
234:
220:
1039:
668:, until he was repelled by the governor (
652:Second expedition and successful invasion
977:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2
963:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IX, Fasc. 4
956:
898:
863:
851:
809:
1068:
1008:
970:
878:
824:
792:
777:
579:that ultimately overran the province.
912:
836:
756:
215:
994:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
13:
918:"The First Arab Conquests in Fārs"
905:Collapse of Sasanian Power in Fars
14:
1107:
629:. The caliphal meanwhile ordered
709:states that it occurred in 646.
189:
183:
166:
157:
102:
35:
724:In 650/1, the Sasanian emperor
658:Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi
642:Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi
577:Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi
145:Khulayd ibn al-Mundhir ibn Sawa
120:Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi
936:10.1080/05786967.1984.11834297
737:, while Yazdegerd III fled to
1:
744:
147:'Ubayd Allah ibn Ma'mar
7:
571:tribesmen from Bahrain and
10:
1112:
872:
593:
136:Al-Sawwar ibn Hammam
127:Al-Jarud ibn Mu'alla
29:Islamic conquest of Persia
1096:Muslim conquest of Persia
253:
197:
113:
91:
52:
34:
26:
21:
1091:History of Fars province
1041:Zarrinkub, Abd al-Husain
880:Baloch, Nabi Bakhsh Khan
575:under the leadership of
696:After the accession of
609:al-'Ala' ibn al-Hadrami
203:Unknown, probably heavy
986:Pourshariati, Parvaneh
938:(inactive 2024-09-19).
717:was trying to capture
114:Commanders and leaders
582:The Sasanian emperor
534:Arab conquest of Pars
198:Casualties and losses
22:Arab conquest of Pars
715:'Abd-Allah ibn 'Amir
980:. pp. 203–210.
966:. pp. 337–341.
780:, pp. 203–210.
627:Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas
124:Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami
827:, p. 260–261.
554:Rashidun Caliphate
98:Rashidun Caliphate
1056:978-0-521-20093-6
1001:978-1-84511-645-3
958:Lambton, A. K. S.
631:Utbah ibn Ghazwan
529:
528:
505:Other geographies
210:
209:
87:
86:
1103:
1060:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1005:
981:
967:
953:
947:
939:
909:
895:
867:
861:
855:
849:
840:
834:
828:
822:
813:
807:
796:
790:
781:
775:
760:
754:
698:Uthman ibn Affan
544:, also known as
248:
244:Muslim conquest
236:
229:
222:
213:
212:
193:
187:
180:
170:
161:
153:
142:
133:
106:
54:
53:
39:
19:
18:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1002:
972:Morony, Michael
941:
940:
900:Daryaee, Touraj
888:Islamic Culture
875:
870:
862:
858:
850:
843:
835:
831:
823:
816:
812:, pp. 8–9.
808:
799:
791:
784:
776:
763:
755:
751:
747:
654:
601:
596:
530:
525:
511:Northern Persia
249:
245:
242:
240:
182:
176:
165:
149:
146:
144:
138:
135:
129:
126:
122:
108:Sasanian Empire
72:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1109:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1086:630s conflicts
1083:
1081:640s conflicts
1078:
1076:650s conflicts
1062:
1061:
1055:
1037:
1024:
1010:Shakir, Mahmud
1006:
1000:
982:
968:
954:
910:
896:
874:
871:
869:
868:
856:
841:
829:
814:
797:
782:
761:
748:
746:
743:
653:
650:
600:
597:
595:
592:
527:
526:
524:
523:
518:
513:
502:
501:
496:
491:
486:
473:
472:
467:
454:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
398:Central Persia
395:
394:
389:
384:
371:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
254:
251:
250:
239:
238:
231:
224:
216:
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
195:
194:
155:
116:
115:
111:
110:
100:
94:
93:
89:
88:
85:
84:
78:
74:
73:
68:
66:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1108:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1027:
1025:9796500011394
1021:
1018:. Al Manhal.
1017:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
997:
993:
992:
987:
983:
979:
978:
973:
969:
965:
964:
959:
955:
951:
945:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:
919:
915:
914:Hinds, Martin
911:
907:
906:
901:
897:
894:(3): 250–266.
893:
889:
885:
882:(July 1946).
881:
877:
876:
866:, p. 17.
865:
860:
854:, p. 12.
853:
848:
846:
839:, p. 40.
838:
833:
826:
821:
819:
811:
806:
804:
802:
795:, p. 83.
794:
789:
787:
779:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
759:, p. 39.
758:
753:
749:
742:
740:
736:
732:
727:
726:Yazdegerd III
722:
720:
716:
710:
708:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
672:
667:
663:
659:
649:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
616:
614:
610:
607:at the time,
606:
591:
589:
585:
584:Yazdegerd III
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
507:
506:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
480:
479:
478:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
461:
460:
459:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
427:
426:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
400:
399:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
378:
377:
376:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
348:al-Qādisiyyah
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
259:
258:
252:
247:
237:
232:
230:
225:
223:
218:
217:
214:
205:
202:
201:
196:
192:
186:
181:
179:
173:
169:
164:
163:Yazdegerd III
160:
156:
154:
152:
143:
141:
134:
132:
125:
121:
118:
117:
112:
109:
105:
101:
99:
96:
95:
90:
82:
79:
76:
75:
71:
67:
64:
63:
59:
56:
55:
51:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
1063:
1045:
1029:. Retrieved
1014:
990:
976:
962:
944:cite journal
930:(1): 39–53.
927:
921:
904:
891:
887:
864:Daryaee 1986
859:
852:Daryaee 1986
832:
810:Daryaee 1986
752:
723:
711:
707:al-Baladhuri
695:
680:
669:
656:In ca. 643,
655:
639:
624:
620:Persian Gulf
617:
602:
581:
562:
540:province of
533:
531:
504:
503:
475:
474:
457:
456:
455:
424:
423:
397:
396:
373:
372:
255:
177:
150:
139:
130:
92:Belligerents
1031:21 November
825:Baloch 1946
793:Shakir 2005
778:Morony 1986
700:as the new
674:) of Pars,
387:Gundishapur
358:2nd Babylon
323:1st Babylon
293:Ayn al-Tamr
257:Mesopotamia
188:Mahak
60:638/9–650/1
43:Zoroastrian
41:Ruins of a
1070:Categories
837:Hinds 1984
757:Hinds 1984
745:References
484:Oxus River
431:Azerbaijan
45:temple in
687:Rew-shahr
552:, to the
375:Khuzestan
363:Ctesiphon
246:of Persia
1012:(2005).
988:(2008).
916:(1984).
902:(1986).
662:Bishapur
648:in 637.
565:Bahraini
538:Sasanian
521:Sakastan
489:Nishapur
477:Khorasan
465:Bishapur
425:Caucasus
414:Waj Rudh
404:Nahavand
382:Shushtar
303:Muzayyah
288:Al-Anbar
81:Rashidun
65:Location
47:Bishapur
27:Part of
873:Sources
731:Kazerun
676:Shahrag
671:marzban
666:Estakhr
660:seized
605:Bahrain
594:History
499:Badghis
470:Estakhr
451:Derbent
441:Albania
436:Armenia
392:Bayrudh
328:Namaraq
178:†
172:Shahrag
151:†
140:†
131:†
83:victory
1053:
1022:
998:
739:Kirman
702:Caliph
683:Tawwaj
588:Kirman
556:under
550:Persis
516:Kerman
446:Iberia
409:Spahan
368:Jalula
343:Buwaib
338:Bridge
333:Kaskar
313:Zumail
308:Saniyy
298:Husayd
278:Ullais
273:Walaja
263:Chains
174:
77:Result
735:Siraf
691:Islam
646:Ta'if
635:Basra
494:Herat
318:Firaz
268:River
206:Heavy
1051:ISBN
1033:2021
1020:ISBN
996:ISBN
950:link
733:and
613:Umar
573:Oman
569:Arab
558:Umar
546:Fars
542:Pars
532:The
458:Pars
353:Burs
283:Hira
70:Pars
57:Date
932:doi
719:Gor
548:or
419:Ray
1072::
946:}}
942:{{
928:22
926:.
920:.
892:20
890:.
886:.
844:^
817:^
800:^
785:^
764:^
678:.
637:.
615:.
560:.
1059:.
1035:.
1004:.
952:)
934::
235:e
228:t
221:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
