169:
160:
116:
48:
1214:
355:āWater is scarce, the fruits are poor, and the robbers are bold; if few troops are sent there they will be slain, if many, they will starve.ā āUsman asked him whether he spoke accurately or hyperbolically . He said that he spoke according to his knowledge. The Khalifa abstained from sending any expedition there.
1115:
Buddhists tended to collaborate to a significantly greater extent and at an earlier date than did Hindus.... Where the primary sources refer to religious affiliation, Buddhist communities (as opposed to individuals) are always (there is no exception) mentioned in terms of collaboration....
608:(r. 717ā720) was relatively peaceful. Umar invited the kings of "al-Hind" to convert to Islam and become his subjects, in return for which they would continue to remain kings. Hullishah of Sindh and other kings accepted the offer and adopted Arab names.
1116:
Furthermore, Buddhists generally collaborated early in the campaign before the major conquest of Sind had been achieved and even before the conquest of towns in which they were resident and which were held by strong garrisons.
372:, another expedition under Haras, the son of Marra-l āAbdĆ, was sent to conquer Sindh. Initially, the expedition was victorious; he plundered and killed 1,000 men in a day. However, in 662 CE, his men were slain in
1275:
While the results of
Buddhist collaboration in Sind were short-lived, the history of Hinduism there continued in multiple forms, first with Brahman-led resistance continuing in upper Sind around Multan...
1231:....the invasion of Sind was all the easier because the leaders of the Buddhist community were in opposition to the Hindu rulers and sympathized with the Arabic invaders and sometimes even helped them.
1305:)'. Ten thousand-strong cavalries were sent to Kannauj from Multan, with a decree of the caliph, inviting the people `to share in the blessings of Islam, to submit and do homage and pay tribute'."
407:, with Bin Qasim confirming the existing Brahman regulation forbidding them from wearing anything but coarse clothing and requiring them to always walk barefoot accompanied by dogs.
1022:
There is overwhelming evidence suggesting
Buddhist connivance in the Arab conquest of Sindh. They were not averse to the Arab conquest and they cooperated with the invaders.
287:. Raja Dahir expressed his inability to help retrieve the hostages and after two expeditions was defeated in Sindh. Al Hajjaj equipped an army built around 6,000 Syrian
1683:
802:
334:
403:
and offering honours and awards to their religious leaders and scholars. This arrangement with local
Brahman elites resulted in the continued persecution of
1009:
236:
Although there was no connection between Arabia and Sindh, the war being started was due to events of piracy that plagued the
Arabian Sea, at the time the
360:
803:"The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire: First Muslim Incursion into the Indian Subcontinent"
1693:
1734:
1719:
611:
The
Umayyad conquest brought the region into the cosmopolitan network of Islam. Many Sindhi Muslims played an important part during the
1447:
537:
wrote to `the kings of al-Hind (India)' calling upon them to surrender and accept the faith of Islam. He dispatched a force against
1247:
1066:
It is quite likely therefore that some form of
Buddhist collaboration with the Arabs may have begun even before the Arab invasion.
1177:
1038:
658:
1729:
1396:
1377:
1358:
1339:
1320:
1292:
1201:
At the time of the Arab invasion, the
Buddhists repudiated their allegiance to Dahir and decided to cooperate with his enemy.
832:
752:
437:
collaborated and sided with the Arabs before the invasion even began, something that the primary sources describe as well.
1739:
1410:
399:
in Sindh, Ibn Qasim co-opted the local
Brahman elite, whom he held in esteem, re-appointing them to posts held under the
1001:
781:
1714:
1261:
1187:
1096:
1052:
940:
722:
668:
440:
Soviet historian, Yu V. Gankovsky, writes that the Arab invasions were only made successful, because leaders of the
1724:
1440:
1164:
The primary sources indicate that the
Buddhists tended to collaborate with the invading Arabs at an early date
1102:
1545:
17:
351:. He sent a person to obtain intelligence on al-Hind. The Caliph then told him to describe them. He said:
1253:
975:
1637:
624:
39:
988:
The mercantile Sindhi
Buddhists largely cooperated with the Muslims both during and after the conquest
577:). Nothing is known of the Kanauj expedition. The frontier of Kashmir might be what is referred to as
1678:
1470:
1433:
1040:
Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent
786:. Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting American Academy of Religion. Gonzaga University. Archived from
377:
1490:
1485:
714:
632:
478:
463:
445:
416:
400:
221:
209:
205:
98:
73:
389:
954:
Sind's majority population followed Hindu traditions but a substantial minority was Buddhist.
385:
1417:
The origin of al - Awza'i is traced from Sind , wherefrom he or his parents came to Syria...
270:
244:
offered Raja Dahir protection and sovereignty if he would help him in quelling the piracy.
565:, along with a decree from the Caliph. He went with an army to the prevailing frontier of
8:
1673:
558:
381:
1249:
Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics: Draupadi Among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits
1148:
904:
612:
534:
490:
348:
306:
163:
695:
1632:
1540:
1500:
1257:
1218:
1183:
1092:
1048:
1005:
936:
718:
664:
616:
497:.Having settled the question of the freedom of religion and the social status of the
298:
241:
213:
119:
1688:
1663:
1642:
1606:
1456:
1088:
971:
932:
586:
554:
521:
186:
173:
376:. In the year 664 CE, the Caliph sent another expedition under the leadership of
1668:
1658:
1530:
1520:
1495:
1243:
1082:
926:
620:
452:
ruler, hence sympathizing with the Arab invaders and even helping them in times.
135:
168:
159:
115:
1581:
1535:
1515:
1505:
1475:
1128:
396:
338:
330:
845:
Fredunbeg, Mirza Kalichbeg, "The Chachnama: An Ancient History of Sind", pp69
1708:
1525:
1510:
737:
Fredunbeg, Mirza Kalichbeg, "The Chachnama: An Ancient History of Sind", pp57
582:
258:
867:
1627:
1561:
1034:
787:
597:
525:
have recorded battles between Hindu Jats and forces of Muhammad ibn Qasim.
430:
284:
249:
1480:
922:
373:
279:
1152:
1132:
908:
783:
From Mongols to Mughals: Religious Violence in India 9th-18th Centuries
628:
546:
511:
494:
482:
225:
182:
868:"Page:HMElliotHistVol1.djvu/152 - Wikisource, the free online library"
462:
resistance against the Arabs continued for much longer, both in upper
1591:
1044:
266:
247:
Raja Dahir of Sindh had refused to return Arab rebels from Sindh and
237:
1301:) calling upon them all to surrender and accept the faith of Islam (
967:
269:
during one of their raids had kidnapped Muslim women traveling from
1601:
1576:
1425:
1137:
Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute
498:
441:
434:
424:
404:
310:
127:
711:
A Book of Conquest: The Chachnama and Muslim Origins in South Asia
1611:
1586:
605:
566:
562:
542:
506:
459:
449:
302:
288:
1596:
839:
574:
467:
344:
293:
274:
77:
731:
561:) also made peace. Bin Qasim then sent a cavalry of 10,000 to
47:
1566:
1144:
1133:"Buddhist-Muslim Encounter in Sind During the Eighth Century"
456:
420:
318:
262:
217:
143:
1571:
1308:
146:
130:
1365:
485:, against the Arab invaders, whereas the western Buddhist
751:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEl_HareirM'Baye2011 (
502:
486:
474:
369:
1179:
Indo-Persian Historiography Up to the Thirteenth Century
1002:"The Arab conquest of Sindh and Ismaili missionary work"
895:
Moosvi, Shireen (2011). "The Medieval State and Caste".
1346:
419:'s population at the time of the Umayyad invasions was
305:, and a baggage train of 3,000 camels under his nephew
604:
had come back to their kingdoms. The period of Caliph
1297:: "And Al-Qasim wrote letters `to the kings of Hind (
216:. The conquest resulted in the overthrow of the last
501:, Muhammad bin al-Qasim turned his attention to the
1384:
1327:
746:
361:
The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians
831:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFal-BalÄdhurÄ«1924 (
388:to conquer Sindh with the approval of the Caliph (
1212:
545:), which is said to have offered submission. The
1706:
1242:
689:
687:
656:
1319:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAl-Baladhuri1924 (
660:Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India
1376:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBlankinship1994 (
600:writes that, upon his departure, the kings of
581:in later records (Kira Kingdom in present-day
410:
208:and resulted in Sindh being incorporated as a
1441:
1127:
1033:
968:"HOW THE INDUS VALLEY FED ISLAM'S GOLDEN AGE"
890:
888:
684:
392:) and finally succeeded in conquering Sindh.
27:Successful Umayyad invasion of Sindh (711 AD)
1314:
1215:"The Peoples of Pakistan: An Ethnic History"
966:Nizam, Muhammad Huzaifa (January 15, 2023).
921:
853:
851:
826:
696:"The Chachnamah An Ancient History Of Sindh"
1371:
1357:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTripathi1989 (
1448:
1434:
1291:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWink2002 (
1213:Gankovsky, Yu. V.; Gavrilov, Igor (1973).
1076:
1074:
1000:Jabewal, Jagjit Singh (November 1, 2004).
885:
708:
592:Bin Qasim was recalled in 715 CE and died
46:
848:
766:
764:
762:
693:
652:
650:
648:
368:In the year 659 CE, during the period of
1352:
709:Ahmed Asif, Manan (September 19, 2016).
423:, but a significant minority adhered to
204:took place in 711 AD against the ruling
1395:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWink2002 (
1338:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWink2002 (
1175:
1081:Maclean, Derryl N. (December 1, 1989).
1080:
1071:
999:
14:
1707:
1415:. Jamiyat-ul-Falah. 1967. p. 96.
1012:from the original on September 8, 2023
894:
759:
645:
1429:
978:from the original on January 15, 2023
965:
794:
343:The first recorded invasion was When
257:pirates shipping from their bases at
1735:8th century in the Umayyad Caliphate
1455:
1390:
1333:
1286:
928:Islam in South Asia: A Short History
779:
773:
380:, which was unsuccessful. Finally
24:
1720:Invasions by the Umayyad Caliphate
1105:from the original on March 2, 2017
800:
384:, then governor of Iraq appointed
25:
1751:
1084:Religion And Society In Arab Sind
99:Sindh becomes a caliphal province
1176:Siddiqi, Iqtidar Husain (2010).
533:Following his success in Sindh,
309:to Sindh. His artillery of five
167:
158:
114:
1403:
1280:
1236:
1206:
1169:
1121:
1027:
993:
959:
915:
860:
820:
780:Gier, Nicholas F. (May 2006).
740:
702:
657:Vijaya Ramaswamy, ed. (2017).
13:
1:
638:
433:writes that it's likely that
231:
1730:8th-century military history
1182:. Primus Books. p. 34.
528:
52:The state of Sindh in 700 AD
7:
1254:University of Chicago Press
747:El Hareir & M'Baye 2011
448:, despised and opposed the
411:Hindu and Buddhist response
324:
10:
1756:
1740:Battles involving the Jats
1638:Dodo Bin Khafef Soomro III
328:
40:Umayyad campaigns in India
1651:
1643:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi
1620:
1554:
1491:Caliphal province of Sind
1471:Indus Valley Civilisation
1463:
509:. Chronicles such as the
378:Muhallab son of AbĆŗ Safra
202:Umayyad conquest of Sindh
152:
108:
56:
45:
37:
33:Umayyad conquest of Sindh
32:
1715:Sind (caliphal province)
1684:Battle of Khari Khabarlo
1486:Brahmin dynasty of Sindh
715:Harvard University Press
206:Brahmin dynasty of Sindh
625:Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i
390:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
1219:Nauka Publishing House
857:Wink (2004) pg 201ā205
631:to be originally from
589:), which was subdued.
366:
153:Commanders and leaders
1725:8th-century conflicts
1582:Mansura (Brahmanabad)
386:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim
353:
224:, after the death of
172:Bazil or Budail
1303:bi-muį¹Äwa`at-o-islÄm
1091:. pp. 121ā122.
925:(October 31, 2008).
627:is also reported by
363:, Henry Miers Elliot
335:Battle of fort Rawar
1674:Battle of Hyderabad
801:Berzin, Alexander.
790:on 8 November 2012.
770:Wink (2002), pg.164
455:On the other hand,
291:and detachments of
277:, thus providing a
222:the Brahman dynasty
1679:Battle of Fatehpur
1652:Wars & battles
1412:The Voice of Islam
1221:. pp. 116ā117
749:, pp. 604ā605
694:Kalichbeg (1900).
613:Islamic Golden Age
535:Muhammad bin Qasim
491:Muhammad bin Qasim
473:The eastern Hindu
307:Muhammad bin Qasim
220:dynasty of Sindh,
164:Muhammad ibn Qasim
1702:
1701:
1633:Dollah Darya Khan
1541:Bombay Presidency
1501:Emirate of Multan
1315:Al-Baladhuri 1924
1006:The Milli Gazette
872:en.wikisource.org
827:al-BalÄdhurÄ« 1924
617:Abu Mashar Sindhi
395:After conquering
347:became the third
242:Umayyad Caliphate
214:Umayyad Caliphate
198:
197:
120:Umayyad Caliphate
104:
103:
16:(Redirected from
1747:
1689:Battle of Kachhi
1664:Battle of Halani
1457:History of Sindh
1450:
1443:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1372:Blankinship 1994
1369:
1363:
1362:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1312:
1306:
1296:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1244:Hiltebeitel, Alf
1240:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1131:(October 2017).
1125:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1017:
997:
991:
990:
985:
983:
963:
957:
956:
951:
949:
919:
913:
912:
897:Social Scientist
892:
883:
882:
880:
879:
864:
858:
855:
846:
843:
837:
836:
824:
818:
817:
815:
813:
798:
792:
791:
777:
771:
768:
757:
756:
744:
738:
735:
729:
728:
706:
700:
699:
691:
682:
681:
679:
677:
654:
623:. Famous jurist
587:Himachal Pradesh
555:Maitraka dynasty
522:Tarikh-i Bayhaqi
415:The majority of
364:
191:
178:
171:
162:
118:
58:
57:
50:
30:
29:
21:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1669:Battle of Miani
1659:Battle of Rasil
1647:
1616:
1550:
1531:Kalhora dynasty
1521:Tarkhan dynasty
1496:Habbari dynasty
1459:
1454:
1424:
1423:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1299:bi-mulūk-i-hind
1290:
1285:
1281:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1256:. p. 281.
1241:
1237:
1224:
1222:
1211:
1207:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1174:
1170:
1157:
1155:
1126:
1122:
1108:
1106:
1099:
1079:
1072:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1032:
1028:
1015:
1013:
998:
994:
981:
979:
964:
960:
947:
945:
943:
920:
916:
893:
886:
877:
875:
866:
865:
861:
856:
849:
844:
840:
830:
825:
821:
811:
809:
799:
795:
778:
774:
769:
760:
750:
745:
741:
736:
732:
725:
707:
703:
692:
685:
675:
673:
671:
655:
646:
641:
621:Abu Raja Sindhi
531:
413:
401:Brahman dynasty
365:
359:
341:
327:
317:) were sent to
301:, six thousand
234:
193:
187:
174:
166:
142:
138:
136:Brahmin dynasty
126:
122:
94:
88:Umayyad victory
80:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1753:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1694:Battle of Jhok
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1546:British period
1543:
1538:
1536:Talpur dynasty
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1516:Arghun dynasty
1513:
1508:
1506:Soomra dynasty
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1476:Sindhu kingdom
1473:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1402:
1393:, p. 207.
1383:
1374:, p. 132.
1364:
1355:, p. 218.
1345:
1336:, p. 206.
1326:
1317:, p. 223.
1307:
1279:
1262:
1235:
1205:
1188:
1168:
1120:
1097:
1070:
1053:
1047:. p. 22.
1026:
992:
958:
941:
935:. p. 40.
914:
884:
859:
847:
838:
819:
807:Study Buddhism
793:
772:
758:
739:
730:
723:
701:
683:
669:
643:
642:
640:
637:
530:
527:
477:supported the
412:
409:
357:
339:Battle of Aror
331:Siege of Debal
326:
323:
283:against Sindh
233:
230:
196:
195:
180:
155:
154:
150:
149:
133:
111:
110:
106:
105:
102:
101:
96:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
72:
70:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1752:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:Mughal Empire
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Samma dynasty
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1392:
1387:
1379:
1373:
1368:
1360:
1354:
1353:Tripathi 1989
1349:
1341:
1335:
1330:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1289:, p. 206
1288:
1283:
1276:
1265:
1263:9780226340500
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1232:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1191:
1189:9788190891806
1185:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1165:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:Sarao, K.T.S.
1124:
1117:
1104:
1100:
1098:9789004085510
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1075:
1067:
1056:
1054:9780415580618
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1035:Avari, Burjor
1030:
1023:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
989:
977:
973:
969:
962:
955:
944:
942:9789047441816
938:
934:
930:
929:
924:
918:
910:
906:
902:
898:
891:
889:
874:. p. 118
873:
869:
863:
854:
852:
842:
834:
829:, p. 216
828:
823:
808:
804:
797:
789:
785:
784:
776:
767:
765:
763:
754:
748:
743:
734:
726:
724:9780674660113
720:
716:
712:
705:
698:. p. 71.
697:
690:
688:
672:
670:9781351558242
666:
663:. Routledge.
662:
661:
653:
651:
649:
644:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
583:Kangra Valley
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
526:
524:
523:
518:
517:Zainul-Akhbar
514:
513:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
489:aligned with
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
458:
453:
451:
447:
444:community of
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
426:
422:
418:
408:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:Ali ibn Talib
362:
356:
352:
350:
346:
340:
336:
332:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:
290:
286:
282:
281:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:
245:
243:
239:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
192:
190:
184:
181:
179:
177:
170:
165:
161:
157:
156:
151:
148:
145:
141:
137:
134:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:
107:
100:
97:
92:
91:
87:
84:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
60:
59:
55:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
18:Arab-Sind War
1628:Hoshu Sheedi
1562:Mohenjo-daro
1416:
1411:
1405:
1386:
1367:
1348:
1329:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1282:
1274:
1269:September 8,
1267:. Retrieved
1248:
1246:(May 1999).
1238:
1230:
1225:September 8,
1223:. Retrieved
1208:
1200:
1195:September 8,
1193:. Retrieved
1178:
1171:
1163:
1158:September 8,
1156:. Retrieved
1140:
1136:
1123:
1114:
1109:September 9,
1107:. Retrieved
1083:
1065:
1060:September 8,
1058:. Retrieved
1039:
1029:
1021:
1016:September 8,
1014:. Retrieved
995:
987:
982:September 8,
980:. Retrieved
961:
953:
948:September 8,
946:. Retrieved
927:
923:Malik, Jamal
917:
903:(7/8): 3ā8.
900:
896:
876:. Retrieved
871:
862:
841:
822:
810:. Retrieved
806:
796:
788:the original
782:
775:
742:
733:
710:
704:
674:. Retrieved
659:
615:; including
610:
601:
598:Al-Baladhuri
593:
591:
578:
573:(in Western
571:Panj-MÄhÄ«yÄt
570:
550:
538:
532:
520:
516:
510:
472:
454:
439:
431:Burjor Avari
429:
414:
394:
367:
354:
342:
314:
292:
278:
254:
253:and others.
248:
246:
235:
201:
199:
188:
175:
140:Supported by
139:
124:Supported by
123:
109:Belligerents
1481:Rai dynasty
539:al-Baylaman
397:Brahmanabad
280:casus belli
93:Territorial
1709:Categories
1089:E.J. Brill
878:2024-06-19
676:17 January
639:References
629:Al-Dhahabi
547:Med people
512:Chach Nama
329:See also:
315:manj'neeqs
285:Raja Dahir
232:Background
226:Raja Dahir
183:Raja Dahir
1607:Hyderabad
1592:Agham Kot
1391:Wink 2002
1334:Wink 2002
1287:Wink 2002
1045:Routledge
529:Aftermath
435:Buddhists
427:as well.
405:Buddhists
382:al-Hajjaj
311:catapults
271:Sri Lanka
267:Kathiawar
212:into the
1602:Khudabad
1587:Umer Kot
1577:Banbhore
1555:Capitals
1153:26609161
1103:Archived
1037:(2013).
1010:Archived
976:Archived
909:41289417
594:en route
579:al-Kiraj
559:Vallabhi
499:Brahmins
493:against
442:Buddhist
425:Buddhism
358:ā
325:Invasion
321:by sea.
210:province
128:Buddhist
69:Location
38:Part of
1612:Karachi
1464:Periods
812:21 June
606:Umar II
602:al-Hind
569:called
567:Kashmir
563:Kannauj
543:Bhinmal
507:Lohanas
460:Brahmin
450:Brahmin
303:camelry
289:cavalry
240:of the
194:Jaisiah
189:†
176:†
95:changes
1621:People
1597:Thatta
1260:
1186:
1151:
1147:: 77.
1095:
1051:
939:
907:
721:
667:
575:Punjab
551:Surast
481:king,
479:Sindhi
468:Multan
349:Caliph
345:Uthman
337:, and
294:mawali
275:Arabia
238:Caliph
185:
85:Result
78:Multan
64:711 AD
1567:Debal
1149:JSTOR
1145:JSTOR
933:BRILL
905:JSTOR
633:Sindh
495:Dahir
483:Dahir
464:Sindh
457:Hindu
446:Sindh
421:Hindu
417:Sindh
374:Kikan
319:Debal
297:from
263:Debal
259:Kutch
218:Hindu
144:Hindu
74:Sindh
1572:Aror
1397:help
1378:help
1359:help
1340:help
1321:help
1293:help
1271:2023
1258:ISBN
1227:2023
1197:2023
1184:ISBN
1160:2023
1111:2023
1093:ISBN
1062:2023
1049:ISBN
1018:2023
984:2023
972:DAWN
950:2023
937:ISBN
833:help
814:2016
753:help
719:ISBN
678:2022
665:ISBN
619:and
519:and
505:and
503:Jats
487:Jats
475:Jats
466:and
299:Iraq
265:and
250:Meds
200:The
147:Jats
131:Jats
76:and
61:Date
557:of
549:of
273:to
255:Med
1711::
1273:.
1252:.
1229:.
1217:.
1199:.
1162:.
1143:.
1141:77
1139:.
1135:.
1113:.
1101:.
1087:.
1073:^
1064:.
1043:.
1020:.
1008:.
1004:.
986:.
974:.
970:.
952:.
931:.
901:39
899:.
887:^
870:.
850:^
805:.
761:^
717:.
713:.
686:^
647:^
635:.
596:.
585:,
515:,
470:.
333:,
261:,
228:.
1449:e
1442:t
1435:v
1399:)
1380:)
1361:)
1342:)
1323:)
1295:)
911:.
881:.
835:)
816:.
755:)
727:.
680:.
553:(
541:(
313:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
