841:
and light availability. Chemical alterations include changes in the loading rates of biostimulatory nutrients, oxygen-consuming materials, and toxins. Biological alterations include over-harvesting of commercial species and the introduction of exotic species. Human populations can impose excessive stresses on aquatic ecosystems. Climate change driven by anthropogenic activities can harm aquatic ecosystems by disrupting current distribution patterns of plants and animals. It has negatively impacted deep sea biodiversity, coastal fish diversity, crustaceans, coral reefs, and other biotic components of these ecosystems. Human-made aquatic ecosystems, such as ditches, aquaculture ponds, and irrigation channels, may also cause harm to naturally occurring ecosystems by trading off biodiversity with their intended purposes. For instance, ditches are primarily used for drainage, but their presence also negatively affects biodiversity.
2230:
2926:
292:. Many ecologically and economically important fish species live as or rely upon neuston. Species at the surface are not distributed uniformly; the ocean's surface provides habitat for unique neustonic communities and ecoregions found at only certain latitudes and only in specific ocean basins. But the surface is also on the front line of climate change and pollution. Life on the ocean's surface connects worlds. From shallow waters to the deep sea, the open ocean to rivers and lakes, numerous terrestrial and marine species depend on the surface ecosystem and the organisms found there.
311:
675:, purify water, attenuate floods, recharge ground water and provide habitats for wildlife. The biota of an aquatic ecosystem contribute to its self-purification, most notably microorganisms, phytoplankton, higher plants, invertebrates, fish, bacteria, protists, aquatic fungi, and more. These organisms are actively involved in multiple self-purification processes, including organic matter destruction and water filtration. It is crucial that aquatic ecosystems are reliably self-maintained, as they also provide habitats for species that reside in them.
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495:
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121:
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802:
The salinity of the water body is also a determining factor in the kinds of species found in the water body. Organisms in marine ecosystems tolerate salinity, while many freshwater organisms are intolerant of salt. The degree of salinity in an estuary or delta is an important control upon the type of
694:
The biotic characteristics are mainly determined by the organisms that occur. For example, wetland plants may produce dense canopies that cover large areas of sediment—or snails or geese may graze the vegetation leaving large mud flats. Aquatic environments have relatively low oxygen levels, forcing
840:
The health of an aquatic ecosystem is degraded when the ecosystem's ability to absorb a stress has been exceeded. A stress on an aquatic ecosystem can be a result of physical, chemical or biological alterations to the environment. Physical alterations include changes in water temperature, water flow
778:
environmental factors. Some of the important abiotic environmental factors of aquatic ecosystems include substrate type, water depth, nutrient levels, temperature, salinity, and flow. It is often difficult to determine the relative importance of these factors without rather large experiments. There
794:
Nutrient levels are important in controlling the abundance of many species of algae. The relative abundance of nitrogen and phosphorus can in effect determine which species of algae come to dominate. Algae are a very important source of food for aquatic life, but at the same time, if they become
782:
The amount of dissolved oxygen in a water body is frequently the key substance in determining the extent and kinds of organic life in the water body. Fish need dissolved oxygen to survive, although their tolerance to low oxygen varies among species; in extreme cases of low oxygen, some fish even
711:
organisms are producers that generate organic compounds from inorganic material. Algae use solar energy to generate biomass from carbon dioxide and are possibly the most important autotrophic organisms in aquatic environments. The more shallow the water, the greater the biomass contribution from
699:
to carry oxygen to roots. Other biotic characteristics are more subtle and difficult to measure, such as the relative importance of competition, mutualism or predation. There are a growing number of cases where predation by coastal herbivores including snails, geese and mammals appears to be a
525:
streams drain into mid-size streams, which progressively drain into larger river networks. The major zones in river ecosystems are determined by the river bed's gradient or by the velocity of the current. Faster moving turbulent water typically contains greater concentrations of
548:. A dam produces negative effects that continue down the watershed. The most important negative effects are the reduction of spring flooding, which damages wetlands, and the retention of sediment, which leads to the loss of deltaic wetlands.
712:
rooted and floating vascular plants. These two sources combine to produce the extraordinary production of estuaries and wetlands, as this autotrophic biomass is converted into fish, birds, amphibians and other aquatic species.
807:(fresh, intermediate, or brackish), and the associated animal species. Dams built upstream may reduce spring flooding, and reduce sediment accretion, and may therefore lead to saltwater intrusion in coastal wetlands.
1042:
1877:
Keddy, P. A., Campbell, D., McFalls T., Shaffer, G., Moreau, R., Dranguet, C., and
Heleniak, R. (2007). The wetlands of lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas: past, present and future. Environmental Reviews, 15,
795:
over-abundant, they can cause declines in fish when they decay. Similar over-abundance of algae in coastal environments such as the Gulf of Mexico produces, upon decay, a hypoxic region of water known as a
150:
content. Marine waters cover more than 70% of the surface of the Earth and account for more than 97% of Earth's water supply and 90% of habitable space on Earth. Seawater has an average salinity of 35
682:
industry, especially in coastal regions. They are also used for religious purposes, such as the worshipping of the Jordan River by
Christians, and educational purposes, such as the usage of lakes for
1804:
Koschorreck, Matthias; Downing, Andrea S.; Hejzlar, Josef; Marcé, Rafael; Laas, Alo; Arndt, Witold G.; Keller, Philipp S.; Smolders, Alfons J. P.; van Dijk, Gijs; Kosten, Sarian (1 February 2020).
779:
may be complicated feedback loops. For example, sediment may determine the presence of aquatic plants, but aquatic plants may also trap sediment, and add to the sediment through peat.
2389:
2881:
360:
habitats can be classified by different factors, including temperature, light penetration, nutrients, and vegetation. There are three basic types of freshwater ecosystems:
154:
of water. Actual salinity varies among different marine ecosystems. Marine ecosystems can be divided into many zones depending upon water depth and shoreline features. The
1743:
Vallentyne, J. R. (1974). The Algal Bowl: Lakes and Man, Miscellaneous
Special Publication No. 22. Ottawa, ON: Department of the Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service.
1605:
Silliman, B. R., Grosholz, E. D., and
Bertness, M. D. (eds.) (2009). Human Impacts on Salt Marshes: A Global Perspective. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
233:
which occurs where the land meets the ocean. Worldwide there is about 620,000 kilometres (390,000 mi) of coastline. Coastal habitats extend to the margins of the
1722:
Smith, V. H. (1982). The nitrogen and phosphorus dependence of algal biomass in lakes: an empirical and theoretical analysis. Limnology and
Oceanography, 27, 1101–12.
1868:
Moss, B. (1983). The
Norfolk Broadland: experiments in the restoration of a complex wetland. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 58, 521–561.
2384:
5297:
860:
along the Gulf of Mexico illustrates the negative effects of different stresses including levee construction, logging of swamps, invasive species and
392:(areas where the soil is saturated or inundated for at least part of the time). Freshwater ecosystems contain 41% of the world's known fish species.
1752:
Turner, R. E. and
Rabelais, N. N. (2003). Linking landscape and water quality in the Mississippi River Basin for 200 years. BioScience, 53, 563–72.
2414:
748:
organisms consume autotrophic organisms and use the organic compounds in their bodies as energy sources and as raw materials to create their own
5240:
3735:
2988:
5325:
5250:
1680:
1067:
530:, which supports greater biodiversity than the slow-moving water of pools. These distinctions form the basis for the division of rivers into
1906:
1016:
4552:
3879:
2254:
3949:
1999:
1731:
Smith, V. H. (1983). Low nitrogen to phosphorus ratios favor dominance by bluegreen algae in lake phytoplankton. Science, 221, 669–71.
241:, each with their own characteristics and species composition. They are characterized by high levels of biodiversity and productivity.
3521:
2229:
986:
3486:
2404:
2189:
531:
5345:
5277:
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are also an important source of nutrients. Environmental threats to rivers include loss of water, dams, chemical pollution and
1590:
1554:
1335:
678:
In addition to environmental functions, aquatic ecosystems are also used for human recreation, and are very important to the
1352:
3964:
2419:
536:
The food base of streams within riparian forests is mostly derived from the trees, but wider streams and those that lack a
5340:
4152:
2517:
2379:
4660:
3905:
3728:
3569:
2981:
1362:
1168:
17:
1287:"Biology Concepts & Connections Sixth Edition", Campbell, Neil A. (2009), page 2, 3 and G-9. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
723:. Great concentrations of animals that feed on these bacteria are found around volcanic vents. For example, there are
237:, occupying about 7 percent of the ocean surface area. Marine coastal ecosystems include many very different types of
3241:
2409:
1664:
1635:
1517:
1429:
1310:
1238:
1205:
970:
941:
2044:
1899:
1302:
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5503:
4836:
4545:
3984:
3697:
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4369:
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can combine. The
Norfolk Broadlands in England illustrate similar decline with pollution and invasive species.
5350:
5065:
4789:
4415:
4014:
3969:
3721:
2974:
1043:"Facts and figures on marine biodiversity | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"
3501:
433:(non-living) physical and chemical interactions. Lake ecosystems are a prime example of lentic ecosystems (
5360:
3847:
2891:
2876:
844:
There are many examples of excessive stresses with negative consequences. The environmental history of the
460:, and much of this article applies to lentic ecosystems in general. Lentic ecosystems can be compared with
1713:
Sculthorpe, C. D. (1967). The
Biology of Aquatic Vascular Plants. Reprinted 1985 Edward Arnold, by London.
592:, either permanently, for years or decades, or only seasonally for a shorter periods. Flooding results in
5965:
5245:
4204:
3095:
2886:
1892:
835:
58:—that are dependent on each other and on their environment. The two main types of aquatic ecosystems are
823:
6009:
5330:
4538:
4269:
3989:
3476:
3193:
3090:
2194:
1763:
1656:
787:, while the shape and size of leaves may also be altered. Conversely, oxygen is fatal to many kinds of
5795:
158:
zone is the vast open part of the ocean where animals such as whales, sharks, and tuna live. The
4450:
4062:
3954:
3812:
3797:
3792:
3471:
3183:
2502:
2396:
1390:
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715:
Chemosynthetic bacteria are found in benthic marine ecosystems. These organisms are able to feed on
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5994:
5682:
5309:
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4405:
4209:
3672:
3554:
2955:
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This stream operating together with its environment can be thought of as forming a river ecosystem.
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226:
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2079:
1020:
252:
1278:
Angelier, E. 2003. Ecology of
Streams and Rivers. Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield. Pp. 215.
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994:
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5000:
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4279:
4142:
4127:
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2628:
2603:
2578:
2462:
2209:
1989:
902:
788:
733:
613:
361:
67:
43:
4530:
1533:
Rodrigues, JoĂŁo Manuel Garcia (2015), Chicharo, Luis; MĂĽller, Felix; Fohrer, Nicola (eds.),
5861:
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1929:
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831:
672:
629:
473:
377:
337:
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303:
143:
83:
63:
8:
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5902:
5496:
5440:
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4349:
4319:
4264:
4177:
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3832:
3767:
3649:
3579:
3511:
3110:
2858:
2512:
2321:
2279:
2049:
2009:
1447:"On the Multifunctional Role of the Biota in the Self-Purification of Aquatic Ecosystems"
861:
796:
234:
1821:
1462:
695:
adaptation by the organisms found there. For example, many wetland plants must produce
5945:
5785:
5592:
5572:
5304:
5222:
5131:
5005:
4990:
4970:
4871:
4866:
4521:
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4237:
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3900:
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3198:
3143:
3105:
3030:
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2773:
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2583:
2477:
2326:
2244:
2129:
2109:
2019:
1962:
1846:
1786:
1502:
1482:
1223:
1197:
1128:
1093:
962:
857:
848:
of North America illustrates this problem, particularly how multiple stresses, such as
645:
545:
151:
5922:
5707:
5597:
5470:
5287:
5096:
5038:
4901:
4876:
4646:
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4379:
4167:
3994:
3802:
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3644:
3382:
3158:
3070:
3055:
3040:
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2788:
2666:
2613:
2532:
2199:
2164:
2104:
2064:
2034:
2004:
1851:
1833:
1790:
1660:
1631:
1586:
1550:
1513:
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1425:
1358:
1331:
1306:
1259:
1234:
1201:
1174:
1164:
1133:
1115:
966:
937:
908:
671:
Aquatic ecosystems perform many important environmental functions. For example, they
527:
430:
263:
195:
166:
is the area between high and low tides. Other near-shore (neritic) zones can include
5800:
5567:
5101:
5015:
4896:
4705:
4364:
4227:
4219:
4137:
4019:
4004:
3940:
3920:
3837:
3827:
3822:
3787:
3619:
3559:
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3231:
3173:
3085:
3045:
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2492:
2444:
2356:
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1947:
1841:
1825:
1778:
1542:
1486:
1466:
1123:
1105:
853:
771:
716:
683:
506:
461:
414:
349:
230:
131:
113:
59:
5055:
1806:"Hidden treasures: Human-made aquatic ecosystems harbour unexplored opportunities"
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1071:
5742:
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5335:
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5030:
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4881:
4772:
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3001:
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2694:
2646:
2522:
2497:
2306:
2259:
2184:
2029:
2014:
1764:"Impact of Climate Change on Aquatic Ecosystem and ITS Biodiversity: An Overview"
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585:
537:
502:
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329:
179:
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purposes often absorbs levels of salt that are harmful to freshwater organisms.
98:(areas where the soil is saturated or inundated for at least part of the time).
6019:
5955:
5882:
5866:
5647:
5642:
5587:
5537:
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5410:
5217:
4891:
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4257:
4187:
4182:
4077:
3944:
3817:
3624:
3614:
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3301:
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3133:
3025:
2730:
2684:
2679:
2651:
2618:
2487:
2346:
2274:
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2114:
2059:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1829:
1281:
1143:
541:
518:
426:
410:
403:
321:
238:
199:
1534:
1470:
905: – American naturalist - one of the founders of aquatic ecosystem science
509:(living) interactions amongst plants, animals and micro-organisms, as well as
5988:
5950:
5897:
5833:
5752:
5717:
5420:
5174:
4745:
4505:
3481:
3455:
3412:
3402:
3357:
3324:
3216:
3050:
3005:
2944:
2838:
2803:
2704:
2699:
2674:
2204:
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2144:
1994:
1957:
1837:
1805:
1679:
1478:
1119:
1066:
873:
745:
720:
641:
597:
39:
5481:
1782:
1178:
5960:
5887:
5722:
5622:
5552:
5542:
5405:
5191:
5106:
4841:
4831:
4794:
4725:
4700:
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4132:
4102:
4047:
3930:
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2709:
2689:
2593:
2331:
2214:
2134:
2094:
2084:
2054:
1855:
1509:
1230:
1137:
879:
570:
281:
273:
162:
zone consists of substrates below water where many invertebrates live. The
139:
125:
1704:
Graham, J. B. (1997). Air Breathing Fishes. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
5912:
5762:
5747:
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5282:
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2099:
1952:
885:
845:
759:
625:
605:
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494:
357:
47:
758:
organisms are salt tolerant and can survive in marine ecosystems, while
513:(nonliving) physical and chemical interactions of its many parts. River
5927:
5917:
5818:
5727:
5712:
5677:
5652:
5390:
5086:
5070:
5050:
4916:
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1982:
811:
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187:
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or salt intolerant species can only live in freshwater environments.
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2798:
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2154:
2149:
2074:
1446:
609:
277:
205:
175:
171:
51:
4856:
876: – Plant that has adapted to living in an aquatic environment
765:
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Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
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communities that are structured by biological interactions and
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422:
381:
333:
202:
191:
87:
1803:
957:
Vaccari, David A.; Strom, Peter F.; Alleman, James E. (2005).
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are flowing waters that drain the landscape, and include the
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385:
155:
135:
91:
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Coral reefs form complex marine ecosystems with tremendous
79:
75:
71:
1214:
1149:
4804:
4715:
2351:
2341:
1739:
1737:
1290:
1247:
928:
Alexander, David E.; Fairbridge, Rhodes W., eds. (1999).
320:
are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include
258:
Organisms that live freely at the ocean surface, termed
636:
to a wide range of aquatic and semi-aquatic plants and
1734:
1357:(2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.
1144:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1319:
1060:
1258:. Heinimann Educational Books, London. p. 163.
783:
resort to air gulping. Plants often have to produce
1541:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 35–56,
1272:
956:
927:
882: – Science of life and life processes in water
824:
Ecosystem § Human interactions with ecosystems
540:derive the majority of their food base from algae.
464:, which involve flowing terrestrial waters such as
1650:
1501:
1222:
1194:Environmental Biology for Engineers and Scientists
959:Environmental Biology for Engineers and Scientists
1344:
1104:(4). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e3001046.
1094:"The mysterious ecosystem at the ocean's surface"
472:. Together, these two ecosystems are examples of
5986:
1771:International Journal of Biological Innovations
1651:Chapman, J.L.; Reiss, M.J. (10 December 1998).
1539:Ecosystem Services and River Basin Ecohydrology
766:Abiotic characteristics (non-living components)
5241:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia
1383:
5511:
5497:
5326:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board
5251:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type
4654:
4546:
3729:
2982:
2190:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
1900:
1681:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1068:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1583:Wetland Ecology. Principles and Conservation
1354:Wetland ecology: principles and conservation
1328:Wetland Ecology. Principles and Conservation
894: – Science of inland aquatic ecosystems
604:. Wetlands form a transitional zone between
600:) processes taking place, especially in the
2255:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
1585:. Cambridge University Press. p. 497.
1330:. Cambridge University Press. p. 497.
1163:(3rd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press.
480:
396:
245:
212:
5504:
5490:
4661:
4647:
4553:
4539:
3950:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
3736:
3722:
2989:
2975:
1907:
1893:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1161:Limnology : lake and river ecosystems
740:
690:Biotic characteristics (living components)
1845:
1535:"Cultural Services in Aquatic Ecosystems"
1532:
1444:
1296:
1127:
1109:
888: – Total amount of water on a planet
448:, which means "sluggish"), which include
437:refers to stationary or relatively still
3848:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
3487:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
1576:
1574:
1572:
1418:Biological Monitoring of Aquatic Systems
1391:"Official page of the Ramsar Convention"
921:
703:
493:
309:
296:
119:
3880:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
1761:
1644:
1621:
1608:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1191:
14:
5987:
5346:Meadowview Biological Research Station
5278:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands
3688:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
1914:
1622:Manahan, Stanley E. (1 January 2005).
1500:Daily, Gretchen C. (1 February 1997).
1221:Daily, Gretchen C. (1 February 1997).
1158:
950:
521:networks or catchments, where smaller
5485:
4642:
4534:
3717:
2970:
2443:
2442:
1926:
1888:
1673:
1580:
1569:
1499:
1493:
1416:Loeb, Stanford L. (24 January 1994).
1350:
1325:
1299:Encyclopedia of Environmental Science
1253:
1220:
1192:Vaccari, David A. (8 November 2005).
930:Encyclopedia of Environmental Science
628:. They are considered among the most
142:content. These systems contrast with
3703:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
1415:
1404:
1091:
106:
5341:Irish Peatland Conservation Council
4153:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
2518:Oceanic physical-biological process
2380:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
828:Freshwater ecosystem § Threats
616:or aquatic ecosystems due to their
138:'s aquatic ecosystems and exist in
24:
3906:Ecological effects of biodiversity
1297:Alexander, David E. (1 May 1999).
1092:Helm, Rebecca R. (28 April 2021).
731:) 1.5 m in length and clams (
380:(faster moving water, for example
251:This paragraph is an excerpt from
218:This paragraph is an excerpt from
86:(faster moving water, for example
25:
6031:
3242:Generalist and specialist species
413:or lacustrine ecosystem includes
5691:
5466:
5465:
5454:
3965:Occupancy–abundance relationship
2951:
2950:
2938:
2924:
2556:
2228:
2045:Colored dissolved organic matter
1019:. 5 January 2017. Archived from
1017:"Ocean Habitats and Information"
558:This section is an excerpt from
486:This section is an excerpt from
402:This section is an excerpt from
302:This section is an excerpt from
112:This section is an excerpt from
4837:Flooded grasslands and savannas
3985:Relative abundance distribution
3698:Plant defense against herbivory
3565:Competitive exclusion principle
3277:Mesopredator release hypothesis
2390:Latin America and the Caribbean
1871:
1862:
1797:
1755:
1746:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1599:
1526:
1438:
832:Marine ecosystem § Threats
612:, and are different from other
66:. Freshwater ecosystems may be
3570:Consumer–resource interactions
2872:Ecological values of mangroves
2415:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
1035:
1009:
979:
932:. Kluwer Academic Publishers,
632:of all ecosystems, serving as
624:having adapted to oxygen-poor
364:(slow moving water, including
348:. They can be contrasted with
208:form the base of the food web.
70:(slow moving water, including
13:
1:
5361:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
5351:Society of Wetland Scientists
4416:Biological data visualization
4243:Environmental niche modelling
3970:Population viability analysis
946:– via Internet Archive.
914:
46:. Aquatic ecosystems contain
4976:Peatland, mire, and quagmire
4668:
3901:Density-dependent inhibition
2892:Marine conservation activism
2877:Fisheries and climate change
1111:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001046
770:An ecosystem is composed of
660:
140:waters that have a high salt
42:, in contrast to land-based
27:Ecosystem in a body of water
7:
5246:National Wetlands Inventory
4370:Liebig's law of the minimum
4205:Resource selection function
3096:Metabolic theory of ecology
2887:Human impact on marine life
2764:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
2000:Aquatic population dynamics
1547:10.1007/978-94-017-9846-4_3
867:
836:Human impact on marine life
552:
10:
6036:
5331:Delta Waterfowl Foundation
4270:Niche apportionment models
3990:Relative species abundance
3194:Primary nutritional groups
3091:List of feeding behaviours
1830:10.1007/s13280-019-01199-6
1657:Cambridge University Press
1451:Russian Journal of Ecology
1159:Wetzel, Robert G. (2001).
821:
817:
664:
557:
485:
401:
301:
250:
217:
111:
5875:
5847:
5809:
5771:
5700:
5689:
5523:
5449:
5373:
5318:
5268:
5259:
5231:
5200:
5147:
5119:
5079:
4683:
4676:
4606:Pechton / Pecton / Pekton
4572:
4519:
4451:Ecosystem based fisheries
4393:
4293:
4218:
4091:
4063:Interspecific competition
4028:
3955:Minimum viable population
3888:
3813:Maximum sustainable yield
3798:Intraspecific competition
3793:Effective population size
3756:
3673:Anti-predator adaptations
3658:
3537:
3464:
3421:
3343:
3310:
3207:
3184:Photosynthetic efficiency
3119:
3013:
2918:
2857:
2729:
2665:
2627:
2574:
2565:
2554:
2503:Marine primary production
2455:
2451:
2438:
2397:List of marine ecoregions
2372:
2237:
2226:
1940:
1936:
1922:
1762:Prakash, Sadguru (2021).
1471:10.1007/s11184-005-0095-x
1445:Ostroumov, S. A. (2005).
719:in water that comes from
5683:Waste stabilization pond
5310:Wetland indicator status
4441:Ecological stoichiometry
4406:Alternative stable state
2749:Coastal biogeomorphology
2744:Marine coastal ecosystem
991:www.oceanicinstitute.org
700:dominant biotic factor.
481:Lotic ecosystem (rivers)
397:Lentic ecosystem (lakes)
266:like the golden seaweed
246:Marine surface ecosystem
227:marine coastal ecosystem
220:Marine coastal ecosystem
213:Marine coastal ecosystem
101:
5021:Freshwater swamp forest
4285:Ontogenetic niche shift
4148:Ideal free distribution
4058:Ecological facilitation
3808:Malthusian growth model
3778:Consumer-resource model
3635:Paradox of the plankton
3600:Energy systems language
3320:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
3287:Optimal foraging theory
3262:Heterotrophic nutrition
2657:Paradox of the plankton
2468:Diel vertical migration
2362:Freshwater swamp forest
2080:GIS and aquatic science
1928:General components and
1783:10.46505/IJBI.2021.3210
1624:Environmental Chemistry
1581:Keddy, Paul A. (2010).
1326:Keddy, Paul A. (2010).
741:Heterotrophic organisms
644:by the plants removing
253:Ocean surface ecosystem
5356:Wetlands International
5127:List of wetland plants
4431:Ecological forecasting
4375:Marginal value theorem
4173:Landscape epidemiology
4108:Cross-boundary subsidy
4043:Biological interaction
3393:Microbial intelligence
3081:Green world hypothesis
2483:Large marine ecosystem
2175:Shoaling and schooling
852:, over-harvesting and
640:, with often improved
499:
352:, which have a larger
315:
129:
44:terrestrial ecosystems
38:found in and around a
5638:Salt evaporation pond
5001:Salt pannes and pools
4436:Ecological humanities
4335:Ecological energetics
4280:Niche differentiation
4143:Habitat fragmentation
3911:Ecological extinction
3858:Small population size
3610:Feed conversion ratio
3590:Ecological succession
3522:San Francisco Estuary
3436:Ecological efficiency
3378:Microbial cooperation
2902:Marine protected area
2829:Salt pannes and pools
2604:Marine larval ecology
2579:Census of Marine Life
2463:Deep scattering layer
2420:San Francisco Estuary
2385:Africa and Madagascar
2210:Underwater camouflage
1990:Aquatic biomonitoring
1930:freshwater ecosystems
1254:Brown, A. L. (1987).
903:Stephen Alfred Forbes
822:Further information:
734:Calyptogena magnifica
704:Autotrophic organisms
665:Further information:
497:
474:freshwater ecosystems
318:Freshwater ecosystems
313:
297:Freshwater ecosystems
194:. In the deep water,
146:, which have a lower
144:freshwater ecosystems
123:
64:freshwater ecosystems
5893:Big fish–little pond
5862:Freshwater ecosystem
5796:Puddles on a surface
4461:Evolutionary ecology
4426:Ecological footprint
4421:Ecological economics
4345:Ecological threshold
4340:Ecological indicator
4210:Source–sink dynamics
4163:Land change modeling
4158:Insular biogeography
4010:Species distribution
3749:Modelling ecosystems
3408:Microbial metabolism
3247:Intraguild predation
3036:Biogeochemical cycle
3002:Modelling ecosystems
2637:Marine bacteriophage
2599:Marine invertebrates
1351:Keddy, P.A. (2010).
862:salt water intrusion
810:Freshwater used for
630:biologically diverse
314:Freshwater ecosystem
304:Freshwater ecosystem
5903:Constructed wetland
5461:Wetlands portal
5092:Constructed wetland
4677:Types and landforms
4562:Groups of organisms
4511:Theoretical ecology
4486:Natural environment
4350:Ecosystem diversity
4320:Ecological collapse
4310:Bateman's principle
4265:Limiting similarity
4178:Landscape limnology
4000:Species homogeneity
3838:Population modeling
3833:Population dynamics
3650:Trophic state index
2513:Ocean fertilization
2322:Trophic state index
2280:Lake stratification
2010:Aquatic respiration
1822:2020Ambio..49..531K
1685:"Marine Ecosystems"
1463:2005RuJEc..36..414O
1072:"Marine Ecosystems"
987:"Oceanic Institute"
737:) 30 cm long.
517:are part of larger
235:continental shelves
134:are the largest of
5786:Coffee ring effect
5593:Infiltration basin
5573:Facultative lagoon
5305:Salt marsh die-off
5223:Salt marsh dieback
5132:List of fen plants
4971:Palustrine wetland
4872:Intertidal wetland
4867:Interdunal wetland
4566:aquatic ecosystems
4522:Outline of ecology
4471:Industrial ecology
4466:Functional ecology
4330:Ecological deficit
4275:Niche construction
4238:Ecosystem engineer
4015:Species–area curve
3936:Introduced species
3751:: Other components
3683:Deimatic behaviour
3585:Ecological network
3517:North Pacific Gyre
3502:hydrothermal vents
3441:Ecological pyramid
3388:Microbial food web
3199:Primary production
3144:Foundation species
2779:Intertidal wetland
2774:Intertidal ecology
2642:Marine prokaryotes
2584:Deep-sea community
2478:Iron fertilization
2401:Specific examples
2327:Upland and lowland
2245:Freshwater biology
2110:Microbial food web
2020:Aquatic toxicology
1963:Aquatic adaptation
1916:Aquatic ecosystems
1256:Freshwater Ecology
1198:Wiley-Interscience
963:Wiley-Interscience
858:Lake Pontchartrain
546:introduced species
532:upland and lowland
500:
316:
272:that makes up the
264:keystone organisms
196:hydrothermal vents
180:intertidal systems
152:parts per thousand
130:
18:Aquatic ecosystems
6010:Fisheries science
5982:
5981:
5923:Pond of Abundance
5857:Aquatic ecosystem
5479:
5478:
5381:Aquatic ecosystem
5369:
5368:
5288:Ramsar Convention
5115:
5114:
5097:Converted wetland
5039:Peat swamp forest
4902:Inland salt marsh
4636:
4635:
4528:
4527:
4411:Balance of nature
4168:Landscape ecology
4053:Community ecology
3995:Species diversity
3931:Indicator species
3926:Gradient analysis
3803:Logistic function
3711:
3710:
3668:Animal coloration
3645:Trophic mutualism
3383:Microbial ecology
3174:Photoheterotrophs
3159:Myco-heterotrophy
3071:Ecosystem ecology
3056:Carrying capacity
3021:Abiotic component
2964:
2963:
2945:Oceans portal
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2789:Hydrothermal vent
2725:
2724:
2614:Seashore wildlife
2445:Marine ecosystems
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2200:Thermal pollution
2165:Ramsar Convention
2105:Microbial ecology
2065:Fisheries science
2005:Aquatic predation
1592:978-0-521-51940-3
1556:978-94-017-9846-4
1504:Nature's Services
1337:978-0-521-51940-3
1225:Nature's Services
997:on 3 January 2019
909:Stream metabolism
729:Riftia pachyptila
673:recycle nutrients
626:waterlogged soils
350:marine ecosystems
132:Marine ecosystems
107:Marine ecosystems
60:marine ecosystems
32:aquatic ecosystem
16:(Redirected from
6027:
5695:
5568:Evaporation pond
5506:
5499:
5492:
5483:
5482:
5469:
5468:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5441:Will-o'-the-wisp
5374:Related articles
5266:
5265:
5066:Whitewater river
5016:Coniferous swamp
4897:Freshwater marsh
4790:Clearwater river
4706:Blackwater river
4681:
4680:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4640:
4639:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4532:
4531:
4228:Ecological niche
4200:selection theory
4020:Umbrella species
4005:Species richness
3941:Invasive species
3921:Flagship species
3828:Population cycle
3823:Overexploitation
3788:Ecological yield
3738:
3731:
3724:
3715:
3714:
3620:Mesotrophic soil
3560:Climax community
3492:Marine food webs
3431:Biomagnification
3232:Chemoorganotroph
3086:Keystone species
3046:Biotic component
2991:
2984:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2933:
2931:Lakes portal
2929:
2928:
2927:
2897:Marine pollution
2589:Deep-water coral
2572:
2571:
2560:
2493:Marine chemistry
2453:
2452:
2440:
2439:
2357:Freshwater marsh
2250:Freshwater biome
2232:
1948:Acoustic ecology
1938:
1937:
1924:
1923:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1768:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1683:(2 March 2006).
1677:
1671:
1670:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1619:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1578:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1507:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1413:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1371:on 17 March 2023
1367:. Archived from
1348:
1342:
1341:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1228:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1156:
1147:
1141:
1131:
1113:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1070:(2 March 2006).
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
993:. Archived from
983:
977:
976:
954:
948:
947:
925:
854:invasive species
725:giant tube worms
717:hydrogen sulfide
684:ecological study
646:excess nutrients
528:dissolved oxygen
503:River ecosystems
462:lotic ecosystems
231:marine ecosystem
198:may occur where
172:seagrass meadows
114:Marine ecosystem
21:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6015:Systems ecology
5995:Aquatic ecology
5985:
5984:
5983:
5978:
5871:
5843:
5805:
5767:
5743:Spent fuel pool
5738:Reflecting pool
5708:Anchialine pool
5696:
5687:
5519:
5510:
5480:
5475:
5455:
5453:
5445:
5365:
5336:Ducks Unlimited
5314:
5273:Clean Water Act
5255:
5233:Classifications
5227:
5196:
5143:
5111:
5075:
5026:Mangrove forest
4672:
4667:
4637:
4632:
4568:
4559:
4529:
4524:
4515:
4501:Systems ecology
4389:
4360:Extinction debt
4325:Ecological debt
4315:Bioluminescence
4296:
4289:
4258:marine habitats
4233:Ecological trap
4214:
4094:
4087:
4030:
4024:
3980:Rapoport's rule
3975:Priority effect
3916:Endemic species
3884:
3843:Population size
3759:
3752:
3742:
3712:
3707:
3660:
3654:
3640:Trophic cascade
3550:Bioaccumulation
3533:
3460:
3417:
3339:
3306:
3203:
3115:
3076:Ecosystem model
3009:
2995:
2965:
2960:
2937:
2936:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2906:
2867:Coral bleaching
2853:
2834:Seagrass meadow
2731:Marine habitats
2721:
2695:Coral reef fish
2661:
2647:Marine protists
2623:
2561:
2552:
2523:Ocean turbidity
2498:Marine food web
2447:
2426:
2368:
2307:River ecosystem
2260:Freshwater fish
2233:
2224:
2030:Bioluminescence
2015:Aquatic science
1932:
1918:
1913:
1883:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1802:
1798:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1620:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1498:
1494:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1414:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1365:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1190:
1186:
1171:
1157:
1150:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1023:on 1 April 2017
1015:
1014:
1010:
1000:
998:
985:
984:
980:
973:
955:
951:
944:
926:
922:
917:
870:
850:water pollution
838:
820:
768:
743:
706:
692:
669:
663:
658:
657:
563:
555:
550:
549:
542:Anadromous fish
491:
488:River ecosystem
483:
478:
477:
427:micro-organisms
407:
399:
394:
393:
307:
299:
294:
293:
256:
248:
243:
242:
239:marine habitats
223:
215:
210:
209:
164:intertidal zone
117:
109:
104:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6033:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6005:Aquatic plants
6002:
5997:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5971:
5963:
5958:
5956:Water aeration
5953:
5948:
5943:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5883:Aerated lagoon
5879:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5867:Lake ecosystem
5864:
5859:
5853:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5815:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5777:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5697:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5628:Retention pond
5625:
5620:
5618:Polishing pond
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5588:Immersion pond
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5558:Detention pond
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5538:Balancing lake
5535:
5529:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5509:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5486:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5463:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5411:Drainage basin
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5237:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5218:Paludification
5215:
5210:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5170:Sapric or muck
5167:
5157:
5151:
5149:
5148:Soil mechanics
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5134:
5129:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4892:Brackish marsh
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4770:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4666:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4643:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4558:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4535:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4481:Microecosystem
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4380:Thorson's rule
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4305:Assembly rules
4301:
4299:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4190:
4188:Patch dynamics
4185:
4183:Metapopulation
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4078:Storage effect
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3960:Neutral theory
3957:
3952:
3947:
3945:Native species
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3818:Overpopulation
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3754:
3753:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3718:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3625:Nutrient cycle
3622:
3617:
3615:Feeding frenzy
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3595:Energy quality
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3555:Cascade effect
3552:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3398:Microbial loop
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3363:Lithoautotroph
3360:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3345:Microorganisms
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3302:Prey switching
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3179:Photosynthesis
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3134:Chemosynthesis
3131:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3026:Abiotic stress
3023:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2948:
2934:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2685:Saltwater fish
2682:
2680:Marine reptile
2677:
2671:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2652:Marine viruses
2649:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2629:Microorganisms
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2619:Wild fisheries
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2533:Thorson's rule
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2488:Marine biology
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2449:
2448:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2347:Brackish marsh
2344:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2275:Lake ecosystem
2272:
2267:
2265:Hyporheic zone
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2115:Microbial loop
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2060:Eutrophication
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2040:Cascade effect
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1968:Aquatic animal
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1880:
1870:
1861:
1816:(2): 531–540.
1796:
1754:
1745:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1672:
1665:
1643:
1636:
1607:
1598:
1591:
1568:
1555:
1525:
1518:
1492:
1457:(6): 414–420.
1437:
1430:
1403:
1382:
1364:978-0521519403
1363:
1343:
1336:
1318:
1311:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1264:
1246:
1239:
1213:
1206:
1184:
1170:978-0127447605
1169:
1148:
1084:
1059:
1047:www.unesco.org
1034:
1008:
978:
971:
949:
942:
936:. p. 27.
919:
918:
916:
913:
912:
911:
906:
900:
895:
889:
883:
877:
869:
866:
819:
816:
767:
764:
742:
739:
721:volcanic vents
705:
702:
691:
688:
662:
659:
569:is a distinct
564:
556:
554:
551:
492:
484:
482:
479:
411:lake ecosystem
408:
404:Lake ecosystem
400:
398:
395:
308:
300:
298:
295:
257:
249:
247:
244:
224:
216:
214:
211:
200:chemosynthetic
118:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6032:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5951:Swimming hole
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5898:Body of water
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5834:Goldfish pond
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5753:Swimming pool
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5718:Infinity pool
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5694:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5648:Settling pond
5646:
5644:
5643:Sediment pond
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5515:, pools, and
5514:
5507:
5502:
5500:
5495:
5493:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5472:
5464:
5462:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5421:Riparian zone
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5319:Organizations
5317:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5175:Tropical peat
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5056:Várzea forest
5054:
5052:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4746:Polygonal bog
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4664:
4659:
4657:
4652:
4650:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4556:
4551:
4549:
4544:
4542:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4506:Urban ecology
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4365:Kleiber's law
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4138:Foster's rule
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3734:
3732:
3727:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3456:Trophic level
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3413:Phage ecology
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3403:Microbial mat
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3358:Bacteriophage
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:Decomposition
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:Mesopredators
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3217:Apex predator
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:Biotic stress
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2987:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2957:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Sponge ground
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:Marine biomes
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2705:Demersal fish
2703:
2701:
2700:Deep-sea fish
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:Marine mammal
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Trophic level
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:Sediment trap
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:Phytoplankton
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:Aquatic plant
1993:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1958:Anoxic waters
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1874:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1668:
1666:0-521-58802-2
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1639:
1637:1-56670-633-5
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1602:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1519:1-55963-476-6
1515:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1433:
1431:0-87371-910-7
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1392:
1386:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1347:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1314:
1312:0-412-74050-8
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1240:1-55963-476-6
1236:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1217:
1209:
1207:0-471-74178-7
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1022:
1018:
1012:
996:
992:
988:
982:
974:
972:0-471-74178-7
968:
964:
960:
953:
945:
943:0-412-74050-8
939:
935:
931:
924:
920:
910:
907:
904:
901:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
874:Aquatic plant
872:
871:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
837:
833:
829:
825:
815:
813:
808:
806:
800:
798:
792:
790:
786:
780:
777:
773:
763:
761:
757:
753:
751:
747:
746:Heterotrophic
738:
736:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
710:
701:
698:
687:
685:
681:
676:
674:
668:
655:
651:
647:
643:
642:water quality
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
572:
568:
561:
547:
543:
539:
535:
533:
529:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
496:
489:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
444:
440:
436:
432:
429:, as well as
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
405:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
312:
305:
291:
287:
283:
282:marine snails
279:
275:
271:
270:
265:
261:
254:
240:
236:
232:
228:
221:
207:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
127:
122:
115:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:body of water
37:
33:
19:
5967:Water Lilies
5966:
5961:Water garden
5941:(M C Escher)
5938:
5888:Bakki shower
5856:
5723:Natural pool
5623:Raceway pond
5553:Cooling pond
5543:Ballast pond
5406:List of bogs
5380:
5261:Conservation
5192:Ombrotrophic
5136:
5107:Water-meadow
5031:
4842:Grass valley
4832:Flood-meadow
4795:Cypress dome
4726:Cataract bog
4701:Beach meadow
4582:Macrobenthos
4565:
4491:Regime shift
4476:Macroecology
4197:
4193:
4133:Edge effects
4103:Biogeography
4048:Commensalism
3896:Biodiversity
3773:Allee effect
3512:kelp forests
3465:Example webs
3330:Detritivores
3169:Organotrophs
3149:Kinetotrophs
3101:Productivity
2859:Conservation
2710:Pelagic fish
2690:Coastal fish
2594:Marine fungi
2332:Water garden
2215:Water column
2160:Productivity
2135:Pelagic zone
2095:Macrobenthos
2085:Hydrobiology
2055:Ecohydrology
1915:
1873:
1864:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1774:
1770:
1757:
1748:
1727:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1688:. Retrieved
1675:
1652:
1646:
1623:
1601:
1582:
1560:, retrieved
1538:
1528:
1510:Island Press
1503:
1495:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1417:
1396:25 September
1394:. Retrieved
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1369:the original
1353:
1346:
1327:
1321:
1298:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1255:
1249:
1231:Island Press
1224:
1216:
1193:
1187:
1160:
1101:
1098:PLOS Biology
1097:
1087:
1075:. Retrieved
1062:
1050:. Retrieved
1046:
1037:
1025:. Retrieved
1021:the original
1011:
999:. Retrieved
995:the original
990:
981:
958:
952:
929:
923:
880:Hydrobiology
843:
839:
809:
801:
793:
781:
769:
754:
744:
732:
728:
714:
707:
693:
677:
670:
578:groundcovers
571:semi-aquatic
501:
445:
434:
274:Sargasso Sea
267:
184:salt marshes
126:biodiversity
56:aquatic life
55:
31:
29:
5913:Hydric soil
5801:Seep puddle
5763:Vernal pool
5748:Stream pool
5733:Plunge pool
5598:Kettle pond
5578:Garden pond
5431:Telmatology
5426:River delta
5293:Ramsar site
5283:Marsh organ
5182:Hydric soil
5061:Vernal pool
5044:Shrub swamp
4912:Tidal marsh
4741:Plateau bog
4731:Coastal bog
4721:Blanket bog
4587:Meiobenthos
4128:Disturbance
4031:interaction
3853:Recruitment
3783:Depensation
3575:Copiotrophs
3446:Energy flow
3368:Lithotrophy
3312:Decomposers
3292:Planktivore
3267:Insectivore
3257:Heterotroph
3222:Bacterivore
3189:Phototrophs
3139:Chemotrophs
3111:Restoration
3061:Competition
2844:Sponge reef
2819:Rocky shore
2814:Oyster reef
2784:Kelp forest
2667:Vertebrates
2567:Marine life
2543:Viral shunt
2508:Marine snow
2410:Maharashtra
2317:Stream pool
2220:Zooplankton
2140:Photic zone
2100:Meiobenthos
1953:Algal bloom
1562:18 February
886:Hydrosphere
846:Great Lakes
760:stenohaline
709:Autotrophic
614:terrestrial
606:waterbodies
441:, from the
286:nudibranchs
276:, floating
188:coral reefs
48:communities
6000:Ecosystems
5989:Categories
5928:Pond liner
5918:Phytotelma
5849:Ecosystems
5819:Beaver dam
5728:Ocean pool
5713:Brine pool
5678:Waste pond
5653:Solar pond
5391:Bog butter
5087:Bog garden
5080:Artificial
5051:Wet meadow
4917:High marsh
4907:Salt marsh
4810:Fen-meadow
4778:Alder carr
4761:Upland bog
4756:String bog
4751:Raised bog
4496:Sexecology
4073:Parasitism
4038:Antibiosis
3873:Resistance
3868:Resilience
3758:Population
3678:Camouflage
3630:Oligotroph
3545:Ascendency
3507:intertidal
3497:cold seeps
3451:Food chain
3252:Herbivores
3227:Carnivores
3154:Mixotrophs
3129:Autotrophs
3008:components
2824:Salt marsh
2759:Coral reef
2548:Whale fall
2528:Photophore
2405:Everglades
2373:Ecoregions
2312:Stream bed
2285:Macrophyte
2238:Freshwater
2070:Food chain
1983:Water bird
1265:0435606220
1052:1 December
1027:1 December
1001:1 December
915:References
812:irrigation
791:bacteria.
785:aerenchyma
756:Euryhaline
697:aerenchyma
654:phosphates
618:vegetation
515:ecosystems
439:freshwater
358:Freshwater
290:cnidarians
262:, include
5908:Full pond
5829:Fish pond
5824:Duck pond
5781:Bird bath
5758:Tide pool
5663:Stew pond
5613:Mill pond
5608:Melt pond
5213:Hydrosere
5201:Processes
5187:Marsh gas
5032:Myristica
4922:Low marsh
4736:Kermi bog
4711:Bofedales
4691:Backswamp
4401:Allometry
4355:Emergence
4083:Symbiosis
4068:Mutualism
3863:Stability
3768:Abundance
3580:Dominance
3538:Processes
3527:tide pool
3423:Food webs
3297:Predation
3282:Omnivores
3209:Consumers
3164:Mycotroph
3121:Producers
3066:Ecosystem
3031:Behaviour
2849:Tide pool
2754:Cold seep
2538:Upwelling
2302:Rheotaxis
2295:Fish pond
2270:Limnology
2195:Substrate
2180:Siltation
2050:Dead zone
1838:1654-7209
1791:237639194
1690:25 August
1628:CRC Press
1479:1067-4136
1422:CRC Press
1120:1545-7885
1077:25 August
892:Limnology
797:dead zone
789:anaerobic
667:ecosystem
661:Functions
610:dry lands
586:saturated
574:ecosystem
523:headwater
519:watershed
417:(living)
356:content.
278:barnacles
269:Sargassum
176:mangroves
52:organisms
36:ecosystem
5839:Koi pond
5668:Tailings
5658:Stepwell
5633:Sag pond
5603:Log pond
5583:Ice pond
5563:Dew pond
5533:Ash pond
5471:Category
5401:Bog-wood
5396:Bog iron
5386:Bog body
5208:Halosere
5160:Histosol
5155:Acrotelm
5138:Sphagnum
4996:Reed bed
4941:Moorland
4820:Rich fen
4815:Poor fen
4670:Wetlands
4615:Pleuston
4610:Plankton
4456:Endolith
4385:Xerosere
4297:networks
4113:Ecocline
3659:Defense,
3335:Detritus
3237:Foraging
3106:Resource
2956:Category
2882:HERMIONE
2799:Mangrove
2609:Seagrass
2155:Pleuston
2150:Plankton
2130:Particle
2075:Food web
1856:31140158
1303:Springer
1179:46393244
1138:33909611
934:Springer
868:See also
650:nitrates
648:such as
634:habitats
553:Wetlands
534:rivers.
458:wetlands
390:wetlands
346:wetlands
206:bacteria
178:, rocky
168:mudflats
96:wetlands
5969:(Monet)
5933:Ponding
5876:Related
5773:Puddles
5517:puddles
5436:Turbary
5416:Estuary
4991:Pothole
4981:Pocosin
4946:Mudflat
4785:Ciénega
4768:Callows
4684:Natural
4628:Tripton
4602:Neuston
4577:Benthos
4446:Ecopath
4253:Habitat
4123:Ecotype
4118:Ecotone
4095:ecology
4093:Spatial
4029:Species
3889:Species
3760:ecology
3745:Ecology
3693:Mimicry
3661:counter
3605:f-ratio
3353:Archaea
3041:Biomass
3014:General
3006:Trophic
2998:Ecology
2809:Mudflat
2769:Estuary
2739:Bay mud
2717:Seabird
2473:f-ratio
2456:General
2337:Wetland
2125:Neuston
2090:Hypoxia
2035:Biomass
2025:Benthos
1941:General
1847:6965596
1818:Bibcode
1653:Ecology
1487:3172507
1459:Bibcode
1129:8081451
818:Threats
805:wetland
776:abiotic
750:biomass
680:tourism
638:animals
596:-poor (
582:flooded
567:wetland
560:Wetland
511:abiotic
470:streams
431:abiotic
423:animals
382:streams
338:springs
334:streams
260:neuston
192:lagoons
160:benthic
156:oceanic
94:); and
88:streams
5946:Spring
5939:Puddle
5791:Puddle
5006:Slough
4961:Pakihi
4951:Muskeg
4877:Kettle
4847:Guelta
4623:Seston
4619:Plocon
4597:Nekton
4593:Herpon
3477:Rivers
3373:Marine
2794:Lagoon
2120:Nekton
1978:Mammal
1973:Insect
1854:
1844:
1836:
1789:
1663:
1634:
1589:
1553:
1516:
1485:
1477:
1428:
1375:3 June
1361:
1334:
1309:
1262:
1237:
1204:
1177:
1167:
1136:
1126:
1118:
969:
940:
834:, and
772:biotic
598:anoxic
594:oxygen
576:whose
538:canopy
507:biotic
466:rivers
446:lentus
435:lentic
419:plants
415:biotic
388:) and
386:rivers
372:, and
362:Lentic
344:, and
330:rivers
288:, and
203:sulfur
92:rivers
78:, and
68:lentic
34:is an
6020:Water
5811:Biome
5701:Pools
5525:Ponds
5513:Ponds
5102:Swale
5071:Yaéré
5034:swamp
5011:Swamp
4966:Palsa
4956:Oasis
4936:Misse
4887:Marsh
4857:IgapĂł
4852:Hamun
4827:Flark
4800:Dambo
4696:Bayou
4394:Other
4295:Other
4248:Guild
4220:Niche
3472:Lakes
2185:Spawn
1878:1–35.
1810:Ambio
1787:S2CID
1777:(2).
1767:(PDF)
1483:S2CID
898:Ocean
622:roots
602:soils
590:water
454:lakes
450:ponds
443:Latin
378:lotic
374:lakes
370:ponds
366:pools
326:ponds
322:lakes
229:is a
136:Earth
102:Types
84:lotic
80:lakes
76:ponds
72:pools
5974:Well
5673:Tarn
5548:Beel
5298:List
5165:Peat
5120:Life
4986:Pond
4931:Mere
4882:Lagg
4862:Ings
4773:Carr
3482:Soil
2290:Pond
1852:PMID
1834:ISSN
1692:2006
1661:ISBN
1632:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1564:2023
1551:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1475:ISSN
1426:ISBN
1398:2011
1377:2020
1359:ISBN
1332:ISBN
1307:ISBN
1260:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1202:ISBN
1175:OCLC
1165:ISBN
1134:PMID
1116:ISSN
1079:2006
1054:2018
1029:2018
1003:2018
967:ISBN
938:ISBN
652:and
608:and
580:are
468:and
456:and
425:and
384:and
354:salt
342:bogs
148:salt
90:and
62:and
4805:Fen
4716:Bog
4564:in
2352:Fen
2342:Bog
1842:PMC
1826:doi
1779:doi
1543:doi
1467:doi
1124:PMC
1106:doi
620:'s
588:in
584:or
376:),
82:);
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