372:
380:
3082:
3111:
38:
77:) are used or produced; these include research, industry, education, medical facilities, nuclear power, military, environmental protection, enforcement of government regulations, and decontamination and decommissioning—the combination of education and experience for health physicists depends on the specific field in which the health physicist is engaged.
494:
For comparison, the average 'background' dose of natural radiation received by a person per day, based on 2000 UNSCEAR estimate, makes BRET 6.6 μSv (660 μrem). However local exposures vary, with the yearly average in the US being around 3.6 mSv (360 mrem), and in a small area in India as high as
231:
Personnel exit monitors are used to monitor workers who are exiting a "contamination controlled" or potentially contaminated area. These can be in the form of hand monitors, clothing frisk probes, or whole body monitors. These monitor the surface of the workers body and clothing to check if any
205:
Practical ionising radiation measurement is essential for health physics. It enables the evaluation of protection measures, and the assessment of the radiation dose likely, or actually received by individuals. The provision of such instruments is normally controlled by law. In the UK it is the
196:
and they are similar to each other in that practitioners rely on much of the same fundamental science (i.e., radiation physics, biology, etc.) in both fields. Health physicists, however, focus on the evaluation and protection of human health from radiation, whereas medical health physicists and
60:
hazards, while making it possible to enjoy the beneficial uses of radiation. Health physicists normally require a four-year bachelor’s degree and qualifying experience that demonstrates a professional knowledge of the theory and application of radiation protection principles and closely related
259:
Transportable instruments are generally instruments that would have been permanently installed, but are temporarily placed in an area to provide continuous monitoring where it is likely there will be a hazard. Such instruments are often installed on trolleys to allow easy deployment, and are
550:
trying to solve health-related problems. The explanation given by Robert Stone was that '...the term Health
Physics has been used on the Plutonium Project to define that field in which physical methods are used to determine the existence of hazards to the health of personnel.'
255:
to check an object or person in detail, or assess an area where no installed instrumentation exists. They can also be used for personnel exit monitoring or personnel contamination checks in the field. These generally measure alpha, beta or gamma, or combinations of these.
217:
Installed instruments are fixed in positions which are known to be important in assessing the general radiation hazard in an area. Examples are installed "area" radiation monitors, Gamma interlock monitors, personnel exit monitors, and airborne contamination monitors.
464:(Sv) is the SI unit of equivalent dose. Although it has the same units as the gray, J/kg, it measures something different. For a given type and dose of radiation(s) applied to a certain body part(s) of a certain organism, it measures the magnitude of an X-rays or
475:(Roentgen equivalent man) is the traditional unit of equivalent dose. 1 sievert = 100 rem. Because the rem is a relatively large unit, typical equivalent dose is measured in millirem (mrem), 10 rem, or in microsievert (μSv), 10 Sv. 1 mrem = 10 μSv.
221:
The area monitor will measure the ambient radiation, usually X-Ray, Gamma or neutrons; these are radiations which can have significant radiation levels over a range in excess of tens of metres from their source, and thereby cover a wide area.
183:
The subfield of operational health physics, also called applied health physics in older sources, focuses on field work and the practical application of health physics knowledge to real-world situations, rather than basic research.
554:
A variation was given by
Raymond Finkle, a Health Division employee during this time frame. 'The coinage at first merely denoted the physics section of the Health Division... the name also served security:
2752:
2687:
1659:
243:
has published a good practice guide through its
Ionising Radiation Metrology Forum concerning the provision of such equipment and the methodology of calculating the alarm levels to be used.
535:, since Stone was the head of the Health Division and Arthur Compton was the head of the Metallurgical Laboratory. The first task of the Health Physics Section was to design shielding for
225:
Interlock monitors are used in applications to prevent inadvertent exposure of workers to an excess dose by preventing personnel access to an area when a high radiation level is present.
1331:- "The confusing world of radiation dosimetry" - M.A. Boyd, 2009, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. An account of chronological differences between USA and ICRP dosimetry systems.
228:
Airborne contamination monitors measure the concentration of radioactive particles in the atmosphere to guard against radioactive particles being deposited in the lungs of personnel.
2374:
392:
The fundamental units do not take into account the amount of damage done to matter (especially living tissue) by ionizing radiation. This is more closely related to the amount of
1299:"Council Directive 80/181/EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC"
1639:
2252:
590:
1165:
Operational
Monitoring Good Practice Guide "The Selection of Alarm Levels for Personnel Exit Monitors" Dec 2009 - National Physical Laboratory, Teddington UK
468:
dose applied to the whole body of the organism, such that the probabilities of the two scenarios to induce cancer is the same according to current statistics.
3102:
2710:
486:
exposure the dose is equivalent to. This unit is not standardized, and depends on the value used for the average background radiation dose. Using the 2000
444:
was defined to give an approximate measure of the biological effect of radiation. It is calculated by multiplying the absorbed dose by a weighting factor W
197:
medical physicists support the use of radiation and other physics-based technologies by medical practitioners for the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
1644:
2896:
2681:
1168:
1065:
The
International Radiation Protection Association. The International body concerned with promoting the science and practice of radiation protection.
1206:
3097:
2731:
2693:
3115:
2741:
2637:
3002:
1649:
1366:
1222:
1062:
1059:
The principal UK body concerned with promoting the science and practice of radiation protection. It is the UK national affiliated body to IRPA
2705:
2655:
2159:
1525:
240:
2245:
2144:
209:
The measuring instruments for radiation protection are both "installed" (in a fixed position) and portable (hand-held or transportable).
583:
432:
Equal doses of different types or energies of radiation cause different amounts of damage to living tissue. For example, 1 Gy of
449:
1024:
3086:
2875:
2238:
1265:
3062:
2921:
2334:
2113:
17:
1329:
1690:
576:
3137:
3042:
2139:
2108:
2053:
1187:
479:
1326:, a scientific and professional organization whose members specialize in occupational and environmental radiation safety.
2324:
1772:
1654:
1056:
1046:
423:(radiation absorbed dose), is the corresponding traditional unit, which is 0.01 J deposited per kg. 100 rad = 1 Gy.
314:
has issued a user guidance note on selecting the correct radiation measurement instrument for the application concerned
2992:
2088:
1634:
1359:
3147:
2915:
2905:
2660:
453:
2154:
317:
1675:
1298:
3092:
2957:
2612:
2349:
2261:
1457:
1281:
504:
139:
495:
30 mSv (3 rem). The lethal full-body dose of radiation for a human is around 4–5 Sv (400–500 rem).
2828:
2581:
2220:
1740:
1685:
1680:
1352:
617:
42:
2870:
2803:
2556:
2344:
1166:
133:
3007:
2699:
2607:
2571:
2409:
1976:
1203:
353:
311:
1237:
982:
944:
905:
876:
3152:
3067:
2972:
2746:
2449:
2208:
2063:
2036:
1728:
1467:
1041:
925:
2665:
2576:
2561:
2424:
2419:
2394:
2093:
1946:
1414:
507:) established a committee on X-ray injuries, thus initiating the discipline of radiation protection.
251:
Portable instruments are hand-held or transportable. The hand-held instrument is generally used as a
233:
110:
472:
3142:
3057:
2982:
2962:
2855:
2479:
2469:
2444:
2031:
1941:
1805:
1724:
1711:
1706:
520:
31:
3027:
2813:
1971:
1765:
1502:
973:
896:
324:. This covers all ionising radiation instrument technologies, and is a useful comparative guide.
339:
that the user is receiving. Common types of wearable dosimeters for ionizing radiation include:
2622:
2602:
2389:
2359:
2212:
2123:
1797:
1732:
1629:
1562:
1036:
343:
287:
236:
has been deposited. These generally measure alpha or beta or gamma, or combinations of these.
2617:
2216:
1951:
1736:
1545:
524:
409:
292:
1027:
required that their use for "public health ... purposes" be phased out by 31 December 1985.
2818:
2793:
2597:
2514:
2364:
2354:
2314:
2269:
2073:
1961:
1918:
1868:
1557:
1550:
1389:
1375:
1051:
556:
528:
483:
348:
277:
169:
127:
53:
8:
2952:
2835:
2823:
2788:
2566:
2551:
2544:
2524:
2294:
2276:
2190:
2068:
1981:
1572:
1482:
2149:
2987:
2891:
2808:
2627:
2185:
2006:
1986:
1966:
1850:
1758:
1419:
1409:
1404:
1123:
711:
272:
95:
89:
70:
1262:
1111:
1012:
Although the United States
Nuclear Regulatory Commission permits the use of the units
412:
unit of absorbed dose, which represents the amount of radiation required to deposit 1
56:, is the profession devoted to protecting people and their environment from potential
3037:
2850:
2529:
2504:
2399:
2384:
2078:
1956:
1893:
1858:
1462:
1115:
683:
625:
104:
1154:
2778:
2773:
2439:
2379:
2083:
1603:
1598:
1141:
1127:
1107:
1095:
1082:
62:
3052:
3032:
2860:
2539:
2534:
2489:
2230:
2195:
2180:
1996:
1908:
1898:
1750:
1497:
1472:
1269:
1210:
1191:
1172:
857:
744:
465:
441:
433:
336:
321:
193:
74:
1184:
3017:
2865:
2845:
2840:
2459:
2339:
2001:
1991:
1913:
1903:
1873:
1588:
1535:
1452:
1021:
539:
536:
532:
307:
282:
3131:
3022:
2783:
2484:
2429:
2118:
1878:
1863:
1442:
780:
397:
371:
2937:
2911:
2901:
2494:
2434:
2404:
2098:
2058:
1923:
1567:
1487:
1424:
1334:
1119:
1013:
654:
543:
252:
66:
527:
in 1942, but the exact origin is unknown. The term was possibly coined by
379:
2947:
2414:
2309:
2304:
1840:
1608:
1540:
1477:
790:
752:
405:
117:
85:
There are many sub-specialties in the field of health physics, including
559:' might arouse unwelcome interest; 'health physics' conveyed nothing.'"
452:). This weighting factor is also called the Q (quality factor), or RBE (
3047:
2997:
2967:
2942:
2464:
2454:
2329:
2319:
2299:
2289:
1888:
1835:
1492:
1344:
1296:
1017:
838:
568:
The following table shows radiation quantities in SI and non-SI units.
547:
420:
315:
2688:
Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro
2768:
2736:
2474:
2284:
2175:
2048:
1883:
1830:
1820:
1781:
1530:
1447:
1394:
635:
332:
99:
57:
478:
A unit sometimes used for low-level doses of radiation is the BRET (
151:
Public information and communication involving radioactive materials
3012:
2499:
2369:
1825:
1810:
1593:
725:
375:
External dose quantities used in radiation protection and dosimetry
123:
Environmental assessment, radiation monitoring and radon evaluation
268:
A number of commonly used detection instruments are listed below.
2103:
1624:
1507:
935:
867:
721:
487:
461:
2798:
519:"The term Health Physics is believed to have originated in the
393:
359:
298:
The links should be followed for a fuller description of each.
448:, which is different for each type of radiation (see table at
1928:
1815:
798:
437:
413:
490:
value (below), one BRET unit is equal to about 6.6 μSv.
37:
812:
1223:"Monazite sand does not cause excess cancer incidence "
383:
Graphic showing relationship of SI radiation dose units
192:
The field of Health
Physics is related to the field of
1297:
The
Council of the European Communities (1979-12-21).
510:
2711:
National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1323:
482:). This is the number of days of an average person's
436:
causes about 20 times as much damage as 1 Gy of
396:
deposited rather than the charge. This is called the
200:
2897:Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)
2682:Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
2260:
1780:
546:was constructing, so the original HPs were mostly
260:associated with temporary operational situations.
138:Radiological emergency response/planning - (e.g.,
1251:A Century of X-rays and Radioactivity in Medicine
450:Relative biological effectiveness#Standardization
27:Branch of physics focused on radiation protection
3129:
2694:National Institute for Safety and Health at Work
1142:"American Association of Physicists in Medicine"
2742:Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
1204:"Background Radiation: Natural versus Man-Made"
563:
335:are devices worn by the user which measure the
30:For the academic journal of the same name, see
416:of energy in 1 kilogram of any kind of matter.
2706:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
2656:European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
2246:
1766:
1360:
1335:Q&A: Health effects of radiation exposure
1185:http://www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/natural.htm
584:
178:
503:In 1898, The Röntgen Society (Currently the
1526:Airborne radioactive particulate monitoring
166:Radioactive materials and homeland security
2350:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung")
2253:
2239:
1773:
1759:
1367:
1353:
591:
577:
1286:. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 2009.
1374:
1025:European units of measurement directives
378:
370:
212:
36:
2876:Immediately dangerous to life or health
327:
246:
145:Industrial uses of radioactive material
14:
3130:
3063:Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19
2335:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
2114:Wireless electronic devices and health
1093:
572:Ionizing radiation related quantities
2234:
1754:
1691:Radiation Protection Convention, 1960
1348:
206:Ionising Radiation Regulations 1999.
113:, decontamination and decommissioning
65:principally work at facilities where
3110:
2753:Working Environment Convention, 1977
2140:List of civilian radiation accidents
2109:Wireless device radiation and health
2104:Biological dose units and quantities
2054:Electromagnetic radiation and health
1213:Washington Stet Department of Health
480:Background Radiation Equivalent Time
154:Biological effects/radiation biology
2922:Workers' right to access the toilet
1057:Society for Radiological Protection
1047:Radiological Protection of Patients
366:
263:
52:also referred to as the science of
24:
2993:International Chemical Safety Card
2089:Radioactivity in the life sciences
427:
301:
187:
80:
25:
3164:
3003:National Day of Mourning (Canada)
2661:International Labour Organization
1316:
1112:10.1097/01.hp.0000138021.37701.30
454:relative biological effectiveness
3109:
3081:
3080:
1094:Miller, Kenneth L. (July 2005).
967:
890:
806:
738:
648:
387:
201:Radiation protection instruments
1290:
1274:
1256:
1253:. Bristol: IOP Publishing, 1993
1243:
1240:, NRC Glossary (August 2, 2010)
92:instrumentation and measurement
2958:Environment, health and safety
2613:Occupational health psychology
2262:Occupational safety and health
1458:Computed tomography dose index
1231:
1216:
1197:
1177:
1159:
1148:
1134:
1087:
1076:
505:British Institute of Radiology
408:(Gy), with units J/kg, is the
140:Nuclear Emergency Support Team
13:
1:
2829:Personal protective equipment
2582:Workplace health surveillance
1069:
43:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
2871:Standard operating procedure
2804:Hierarchy of hazard controls
2557:Hierarchy of hazard controls
1183:Radioactivity in Nature <
1155:AAPM – The Medical Physicist
1096:"Operational Health Physics"
564:Radiation-related quantities
241:National Physical Laboratory
134:Particle accelerator physics
7:
3138:Nuclear safety and security
3008:NIOSH air filtration rating
2700:Health and Safety Executive
2608:Occupational health nursing
2572:Occupational exposure limit
2410:Hospital-acquired infection
2375:Exposure to human nail dust
1977:Cosmic background radiation
1030:
362:or silicon diode) dosimeter
354:Thermoluminescent dosimeter
10:
3169:
3068:Workplace health promotion
2973:Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster
2747:Worker Protection Standard
2450:Noise-induced hearing loss
2206:
2064:Lasers and aviation safety
1722:
1263:Origin of "health physics"
1042:Certified Health Physicist
498:
179:Operational health physics
29:
3076:
2930:
2884:
2761:
2724:
2674:
2666:World Health Organization
2648:
2636:
2590:
2577:Occupational epidemiology
2562:Prevention through design
2513:
2420:Laboratory animal allergy
2345:Chimney sweeps' carcinoma
2320:Byssinosis ("brown lung")
2268:
2204:
2168:
2132:
2094:Radioactive contamination
2019:
1947:Electromagnetic radiation
1937:
1849:
1796:
1789:
1720:
1699:
1668:
1617:
1581:
1516:
1433:
1415:Radioactive contamination
1382:
1130:– via ResearchGate.
1083:Careers in Health Physics
924:
856:
779:
710:
624:
515:According to Paul Frame:
511:The term "health physics"
234:radioactive contamination
120:(shielding, holdup, etc.)
111:Radioactive contamination
3148:Radiation health effects
2983:Hostile work environment
2963:Environmental toxicology
2856:Redundancy (engineering)
2470:Repetitive strain injury
2207:See also the categories
2145:1996 Costa Rica accident
1806:Acoustic radiation force
1723:See also the categories
1712:Radiation-induced cancer
1707:Acute radiation syndrome
1020:alongside SI units, the
521:Metallurgical Laboratory
32:Health Physics (journal)
3028:Quality of working life
2814:Administrative controls
2119:Radiation heat-transfer
1972:Gravitational radiation
293:Scintillation detectors
288:Semiconductor detectors
160:Radiation risk analysis
2623:Occupational therapist
2603:Industrial engineering
2395:Glassblower's cataract
2360:Decompression sickness
2160:1990 Zaragoza accident
2155:1984 Moroccan accident
2124:Linear energy transfer
1798:Non-ionizing radiation
1563:Semiconductor detector
1519:measurement techniques
1324:Health Physics Society
1037:Health Physics Society
974:röntgen equivalent man
897:röntgen equivalent man
561:
384:
376:
344:Quartz fiber dosimeter
148:Medical health physics
46:
18:Applied health physics
3093:Occupational diseases
3058:Workers' compensation
2618:Occupational medicine
2480:Silo-filler's disease
2445:Mule spinners' cancer
2150:1987 Goiânia accident
1952:Synchrotron radiation
1942:Earth's energy budget
1924:Radioactive materials
1919:Particle accelerators
1582:Protection techniques
1546:Scintillation counter
525:University of Chicago
517:
382:
374:
278:proportional counters
213:Installed instruments
40:
2819:Engineering controls
2794:Emergency evacuation
2598:Environmental health
2365:De Quervain syndrome
2355:Concussions in sport
2221:Radiation protection
2074:Radiation protection
1962:Black-body radiation
1869:Background radiation
1784:(physics and health)
1741:Radiation protection
1558:Radiation monitoring
1551:Proportional counter
1436:quantities and units
1390:Background radiation
1376:Radiation protection
1052:Radiation protection
557:radiation protection
484:background radiation
349:Film badge dosimeter
328:Radiation dosimeters
247:Portable instruments
170:Radiation protection
128:radiation protection
69:or other sources of
54:radiation protection
2953:Effects of overtime
2836:Job safety analysis
2824:Hazard substitution
2789:Emergency procedure
2567:Exposure assessment
2552:Occupational stress
2545:Psychosocial hazard
2525:Occupational hazard
2390:Flock worker's lung
2191:Radiation hardening
2133:Radiation incidents
2069:Medical radiography
2028:Radiation syndrome
1982:Cherenkov radiation
1573:Whole-body counting
1483:Mean glandular dose
1420:Radioactive sources
598:
456:of the radiation).
273:ionization chambers
157:Radiation standards
2988:Indoor air quality
2892:Diving regulations
2809:Hazard elimination
2628:Safety engineering
2186:Radioactive source
2007:Radiation exposure
1987:Askaryan radiation
1967:Particle radiation
1851:Ionizing radiation
1410:Internal dosimetry
1405:Ionizing radiation
1268:2007-09-27 at the
1209:2012-05-02 at the
1190:2015-02-05 at the
1171:2013-05-13 at the
571:
385:
377:
320:2020-03-15 at the
96:Internal dosimetry
90:Ionising radiation
71:ionizing radiation
47:
3153:Health physicists
3125:
3124:
3038:Safety data sheet
2851:Operations manual
2732:Bangladesh Accord
2720:
2719:
2530:Biological hazard
2228:
2227:
2209:Radiation effects
2079:Radiation therapy
2015:
2014:
1957:Thermal radiation
1894:Neutron radiation
1859:Radioactive decay
1748:
1747:
1729:Radiation effects
1700:Radiation effects
1463:Counts per minute
1010:
1009:
981:100 erg⋅g ×
904:100 erg⋅g ×
440:. Therefore, the
105:Radioactive waste
63:Health physicists
16:(Redirected from
3160:
3113:
3112:
3084:
3083:
2779:Contingency plan
2774:Code of practice
2646:
2645:
2440:Metal fume fever
2255:
2248:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2169:Related articles
2084:Radiation damage
1909:Nuclear reactors
1794:
1793:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1604:Radon mitigation
1599:Potassium iodide
1517:Instruments and
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367:Units of measure
264:Instrument types
75:X-ray generators
21:
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3143:Medical physics
3128:
3127:
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3053:Toxic workplace
3033:Risk management
2926:
2880:
2861:Risk assessment
2757:
2716:
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2641:
2632:
2586:
2540:Physical hazard
2535:Chemical hazard
2516:
2509:
2274:
2271:
2264:
2259:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2200:
2196:Havana syndrome
2181:Nuclear physics
2164:
2128:
2021:
2011:
1997:Unruh radiation
1933:
1914:Nuclear weapons
1899:Nuclear fission
1845:
1785:
1779:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1725:Medical physics
1716:
1695:
1664:
1613:
1577:
1518:
1512:
1473:Equivalent dose
1435:
1429:
1378:
1373:
1341:, 21 July 2011.
1319:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1270:Wayback Machine
1261:
1257:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1221:
1217:
1211:Wayback Machine
1202:
1198:
1192:Wayback Machine
1182:
1178:
1173:Wayback Machine
1164:
1160:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1033:
999:
990:
961:
952:
913:
884:
858:Equivalent dose
846:100 erg⋅g
829:
827:
771:
769:
758:
756:
702:
699:
697:
675:
664:
662:
597:
566:
513:
501:
466:gamma radiation
447:
442:equivalent dose
434:alpha radiation
430:
428:Equivalent dose
390:
369:
330:
322:Wayback Machine
304:
302:Guidance on use
283:Geiger counters
266:
249:
215:
203:
194:medical physics
190:
188:Medical physics
181:
130:/health physics
83:
81:Sub-specialties
50:Health physics,
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3166:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3043:Source control
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3018:Process safety
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2978:Health physics
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2909:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2866:Safety culture
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2846:Permit To Work
2843:
2841:Lockout-tagout
2838:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2521:
2519:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2505:Writer's cramp
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2460:Pneumoconiosis
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2425:Lead poisoning
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2400:Golfer's elbow
2397:
2392:
2387:
2385:Fiddler's neck
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2340:Chronic stress
2337:
2332:
2327:
2325:Cardiovascular
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2044:Health physics
2041:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2002:Dark radiation
1999:
1994:
1992:Bremsstrahlung
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1904:Nuclear fusion
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1874:Alpha particle
1871:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1589:Lead shielding
1585:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1536:Geiger counter
1533:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1468:Effective dose
1465:
1460:
1455:
1453:Committed dose
1450:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1400:Health physics
1397:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1332:
1327:
1318:
1317:External links
1315:
1312:
1311:
1289:
1283:10 CFR 20.1004
1273:
1255:
1242:
1230:
1215:
1196:
1176:
1158:
1147:
1133:
1106:(6): 638–652.
1100:Health Physics
1086:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1022:European Union
1008:
1007:
1006:0.010 Sv
1004:
1001:
995:
986:
979:
976:
970:
969:
966:
963:
957:
948:
941:
938:
933:
926:Effective dose
922:
921:
920:0.010 Sv
918:
915:
909:
902:
899:
893:
892:
889:
886:
880:
873:
870:
865:
854:
853:
852:0.010 Gy
850:
847:
844:
841:
835:
834:
825:
822:
819:
816:
809:
808:
805:
802:
796:
793:
788:
777:
776:
767:
764:
750:
747:
741:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
719:
708:
707:
695:
692:
689:
686:
680:
679:
672:
669:
660:
657:
651:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
633:
622:
621:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
596:
595:
588:
581:
573:
565:
562:
533:Arthur Compton
512:
509:
500:
497:
492:
491:
476:
469:
445:
429:
426:
425:
424:
417:
389:
386:
368:
365:
364:
363:
356:
351:
346:
337:radiation dose
329:
326:
308:United Kingdom
303:
300:
296:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
265:
262:
248:
245:
214:
211:
202:
199:
189:
186:
180:
177:
176:
175:
174:Nanotechnology
172:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
136:
131:
124:
121:
114:
108:
102:
93:
82:
79:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3165:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3118:
3117:
3108:
3104:
3103:Organizations
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3023:Public health
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2916:United States
2913:
2910:
2907:
2906:United States
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:Diving safety
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:International
2647:
2644:
2642:organizations
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2515:Occupational
2512:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:Sports injury
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:Low back pain
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:Farmer's lung
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2273:
2270:Occupational
2267:
2263:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2213:Radioactivity
2210:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2018:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:Beta particle
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:Cluster decay
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1790:Main articles
1788:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1733:Radioactivity
1730:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:Organisations
1616:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:Absorbed dose
1441:
1440:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:Main articles
1381:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1300:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1252:
1246:
1239:
1238:"Lethal dose"
1234:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1151:
1143:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1005:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
989:
985:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
964:
962:
960:
956:
951:
947:
942:
939:
937:
934:
931:
927:
923:
919:
916:
914:
912:
908:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
887:
885:
883:
879:
874:
871:
869:
866:
863:
859:
855:
851:
848:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
810:
803:
800:
797:
794:
792:
789:
786:
782:
781:Absorbed dose
778:
768:
765:
754:
751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
735:
732:
729:
727:
723:
720:
717:
713:
709:
696:
693:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
673:
670:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
645:
642:
639:
637:
634:
631:
627:
623:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
600:
594:
589:
587:
582:
580:
575:
574:
569:
560:
558:
552:
549:
545:
541:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
516:
508:
506:
496:
489:
485:
481:
477:
474:
470:
467:
463:
459:
458:
457:
455:
451:
443:
439:
435:
422:
418:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:
401:
399:
398:absorbed dose
395:
388:Absorbed dose
381:
373:
361:
358:Solid state (
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
340:
338:
334:
325:
323:
319:
316:
313:
309:
299:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
270:
269:
261:
257:
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195:
185:
173:
171:
168:
165:
163:Nuclear power
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
137:
135:
132:
129:
125:
122:
119:
116:Radiological
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
101:
98:and external
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
86:
78:
76:
72:
68:
67:radionuclides
64:
59:
55:
51:
44:
39:
33:
19:
3114:
3085:
2977:
2912:Right to sit
2902:Potty parity
2495:Tennis elbow
2490:Surfer's ear
2435:Mesothelioma
2405:Hearing loss
2217:Radiobiology
2099:Radiobiology
2059:Laser safety
2043:
1737:Radiobiology
1568:Survey meter
1488:Monitor unit
1434:Measurement
1425:Radiobiology
1399:
1338:
1302:. Retrieved
1292:
1282:
1276:
1258:
1250:
1245:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1199:
1179:
1161:
1150:
1136:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1078:
1011:
996:
992:
987:
983:
958:
954:
949:
945:
929:
910:
906:
881:
877:
861:
784:
774:10 C/kg
733:C⋅kg of air
715:
629:
567:
553:
544:Enrico Fermi
529:Robert Stone
518:
514:
502:
493:
431:
391:
331:
305:
297:
267:
258:
253:survey meter
250:
238:
230:
227:
224:
220:
216:
208:
204:
191:
182:
126:Operational
84:
49:
48:
2948:Drug policy
2885:Legislation
2591:Professions
2415:Indium lung
2310:Brucellosis
2305:Berylliosis
1841:Ultraviolet
1836:Radio waves
1609:Respirators
1541:Ion chamber
1016:, rad, and
678:10 Bq
620:equivalent
611:Derivation
118:engineering
3132:Categories
3048:Toxic tort
2998:Job strain
2968:Ergonomics
2943:Break room
2465:Radium jaw
2455:Phossy jaw
2330:Chalicosis
2300:Barotrauma
2290:Asbestosis
2022:and health
2020:Radiation
1889:Cosmic ray
1669:Regulation
1070:References
832:10 Gy
691:10 s
684:rutherford
548:physicists
333:Dosimeters
107:management
61:sciences.
2769:Checklist
2737:ISO 45001
2725:Standards
2475:Silicosis
2285:Acrodynia
2176:Half-life
2049:Dosimetry
1884:Gamma ray
1831:Microwave
1821:Starlight
1782:Radiation
1681:NRC (USA)
1630:HPS (USA)
1531:Dosimeter
1448:Becquerel
1395:Dosimetry
1249:Mould R.
1227:The Hindu
815:per gram
706: Bq
667:10 s
636:becquerel
602:Quantity
100:dosimetry
73:(such as
58:radiation
3098:Journals
3087:Category
3013:Overwork
2931:See also
2684:(Canada)
2675:National
2638:Agencies
2500:Tinnitus
2370:Erethism
2277:injuries
2272:diseases
1826:Sunlight
1811:Infrared
1686:ONR (UK)
1676:IRR (UK)
1655:SRP (UK)
1594:Glovebox
1498:Roentgen
1339:BBC News
1266:Archived
1207:Archived
1188:Archived
1169:Archived
1120:15891458
1031:See also
968:SI unit
891:SI unit
807:SI unit
739:SI unit
726:kilogram
712:Exposure
649:SI unit
626:Activity
318:Archived
3116:Commons
2696:(Spain)
2690:(Italy)
2517:hygiene
2315:Burnout
2037:chronic
1660:UNSCEAR
1625:Euratom
1508:Sievert
1128:8808841
943:J⋅kg ×
936:sievert
875:J⋅kg ×
868:sievert
763:of air
761: g
745:röntgen
722:coulomb
608:Symbol
537:reactor
523:at the
499:History
488:UNSCEAR
462:sievert
306:In the
239:The UK
45:poster.
2799:Hazard
2762:Safety
2295:Asthma
2219:, and
1739:, and
1304:19 May
1126:
1118:
821:erg⋅g
818:erg/g
438:X-rays
394:energy
360:MOSFET
2938:Break
2032:acute
1929:X-ray
1816:Light
1124:S2CID
1014:curie
1003:1971
965:1977
917:1971
888:1977
849:1953
824:1950
804:1974
766:1928
757:0.001
736:1974
730:C/kg
694:1946
671:1953
655:curie
646:1974
614:Year
605:Unit
542:that
414:joule
41:1947
2749:(US)
2713:(US)
2702:(UK)
2640:and
2275:and
1650:IRPA
1645:ICRP
1640:ICRU
1635:IAEA
1478:Gray
1322:The
1306:2012
1194:>
1116:PMID
1063:IRPA
978:rem
901:rem
843:rad
801:⋅kg
791:gray
770:2.58
724:per
592:edit
585:talk
578:view
540:CP-1
471:The
460:The
419:The
406:gray
404:The
310:the
1503:Rem
1493:Rad
1108:doi
1018:rem
940:Sv
872:Sv
839:rad
828:1.0
813:erg
795:Gy
759:293
753:esu
703:000
700:000
688:Rd
674:3.7
663:3.7
659:Ci
640:Bq
531:or
473:rem
421:rad
312:HSE
3134::
2215:,
2211:,
1735:,
1731:,
1727:,
1337:,
1225:,
1122:.
1114:.
1104:88
1102:.
1098:.
991:×
953:×
932:)
864:)
787:)
755:/
749:R
718:)
643:s
632:)
618:SI
410:SI
400:.
2918:)
2914:(
2908:)
2904:(
2254:e
2247:t
2240:v
1774:e
1767:t
1760:v
1368:e
1361:t
1354:v
1308:.
1144:.
1110::
997:T
993:W
988:R
984:W
959:T
955:W
950:R
946:W
930:E
928:(
911:R
907:W
882:R
878:W
862:H
860:(
830:×
799:J
785:D
783:(
772:×
716:X
714:(
698:1
676:×
665:×
630:A
628:(
555:'
446:R
142:)
34:.
20:)
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