1993:"According to established jurisprudence of the boards of appeal, to satisfy the requirement of Rule 111(2) EPC, a decision should contain, in logical sequence, those arguments which support it. The conclusions drawn by the deciding body from the facts and evidence must be made clear. Therefore, all the facts, evidence and arguments which are essential to the decision must be discussed in detail in the decision including all the decisive considerations in respect of the factual and legal aspects of the case. The purpose of the requirement to reason the decision is to enable the parties and, in case of an appeal, also the board of appeal to examine whether the decision could be considered to be justified or not (see T 278/00, OJ EPO, 2003, 546; T 1366/05, not published in OJ EPO)".
229:
of appeal (i.e., the appeal grounds) must be filed, which shall contain the appellant's complete case. The appellant must also be adversely affected by the appealed decision. A party is only adversely affected by an appealed decision if the order of the appealed decision does not comply with its request (i.e., what the party requested during the first instance proceedings). For instance, when "the order of the decision of the opposition division is the revocation of the patent, an opponent who requested revocation of the patent in its entirety is not "adversely affected by" said decision... irrespective of the reasons given in the decision."
199:. Most appeals are filed (i.e., lodged) against decisions of Examining Divisions and Opposition Divisions, with a relatively small number of cases being appeals against decisions of the Receiving Section and Legal Division. An appeal has a suspensive effect, which means that, for example, "n the case of a refusal of an application, the filing of an appeal will have the effect of suspending the effect of the order refusing the application". The provisions applicable to the first instance proceedings from which the appeal derives also apply during appeal proceedings, "nless otherwise provided."
45:
220:
appellant has actually submitted" a request for reimbursement of the appeal fee. If the first instance department decides to grant the interlocutory revision but not a request of the appellant for reimbursement of the appeal fee, the first instance department has to remit "the request of the appellant for reimbursement of the appeal fee to a board of appeal". In other words, in such a case, the first instance department "is not competent to refuse a request of the appellant for reimbursement of the appeal fee." Instead, a Board is competent to decide on the request.
124:
of the
Enlarged Board of Appeal), in which case the Enlarged Board issues an opinion. Its purpose is to ensure uniform application of the European Patent Convention and to clarify or interpret important points of law in relation to the European Patent Convention. When fulfilling these two functions, the Enlarged Board of Appeal is composed of seven members, five legally qualified members and two technical members. The referral of a question of law by a Board of Appeal to the Enlarged Board of Appeal is fairly similar to a referral by a national court to the
264:
decision). When a board remits a case to the first instance, it does so notably to give the parties the possibility of defending their case before two instances, i.e. at two levels of jurisdiction, although there is no absolute right to have an issue decided upon by two instances. The boards generally take into account as well the need for procedural efficiency when deciding whether to remit a case to the first instance and "the general interest that proceedings are brought to a close within an appropriate period of time".
216:
rather unusual procedure within the EPO. Nonetheless, this is a very useful procedure, for procedural expediency and economy, for example if amendments are filed with the appeal, which clearly overcome the objections in the first instance decision. If the appeal is not allowed by the first instance department within three months of receipt of the statement of grounds, the first instance department has to transfer the case to the Board of Appeal without delay, and without comment as to its merit.
1508:, reasons, point 1 (Technical Board of Appeal 3.3.04 17 June 2004) ("(...) admissibility issues can and have to be examined at every stage of the appeal procedure. According to established case law, the admissibility of an opposition must be checked ex officio in every phase of the opposition and ensuing appeal proceedings (T 522/94, point 3, OJ EPO 1998, 421). The same principles apply a fortiori to the examination of the admissibility of an appeal.").
418:". This third body would have its own budget, would have its seat in Munich, Germany and would be supervised "without prejudice to its judicial independence" by the Administrative Council of the EPO. The EPO has also proposed that the members of the Boards of Appeal should be appointed for lifetime, "with grounds for termination exhaustively regulated in the EPC". These changes would however need to be approved by a new Diplomatic Conference.
286:
oral proceedings in appeal are held in Haar or Munich, and are public unless very particular circumstances apply. This contrasts with oral proceedings held before an
Examining Division, which are not public. The list of public oral proceedings in appeal is available on the EPO web site. The right to oral proceedings is a specific and codified part of the procedural right to be heard. Oral proceedings may also be held by
693:"In decision G 1/99 (OJ 2001, 381) the Enlarged Board held that the appeal procedure is to be considered as a judicial procedure (see G 9/91, OJ 1993, 408, point 18 of the Reasons) proper to an administrative court (see G 8/91, OJ 1993, 346, point 7 of the Reasons; likewise G 7/91, OJ 1993, 356)." in Legal Research Service for the Boards of Appeal, European Patent Office,
368:) is only binding on the Board of Appeal in respect of the appeal in question, i.e. on the Board of Appeal that referred the question to the Enlarged Board of Appeal. Furthermore, in the event that a Board considers it necessary to deviate from an opinion or decision of the Enlarged Board of Appeal, a question must be referred to the Enlarged Board of Appeal.
255:) to admit facts or evidence which were not submitted in due time by a party, the Board "should only overrule such a decision, if it concludes that the department that took it applied the wrong principles, took no account of the right principles, or exercised its discretion in an unreasonable way, thus exceeding the proper limits of its discretion".
87:, a municipality located 12 km east of Munich's city centre. In contrast to the Boards of Appeal, the Examining Divisions and Opposition Divisions, i.e. the first instance departments carrying the examination of patent applications and of oppositions to granted European patents, are not all based in a single location; those may be in Munich, in
2231:
of expert courts (the Boards of Appeal and
Enlarged Board of Appeal of the EPO) involved daily in the administration of the EPC and secondly, because it would be highly undesirable for the provisions of the EPC to be construed differently in the EPO from the way they are interpreted in the national courts of a Contracting State."
1959:). See also Article 11 RPBA 2020: "The Board shall not remit a case to the department whose decision was appealed for further prosecution, unless special reasons present themselves for doing so. As a rule, fundamental deficiencies which are apparent in the proceedings before that department constitute such special reasons."
164:. The President of the Boards of Appeal is also the chairperson of the Enlarged Board of Appeal. The "Presidium of the Boards of Appeal" is the autonomous authority within the Boards of Appeal Unit, and consists of the President of the Boards of Appeal and twelve members of the Boards of Appeal, elected by their peers.
2230:
RPC 76 at 82: "… the United
Kingdom Courts … must have regard to the decisions of the European Patent Office ("EPO") on the construction of the EPC. These decisions are not strictly binding upon courts in the United Kingdom but they are of great persuasive authority; first, because they are decisions
426:
regarded an objection of partiality against the Vice-President DG3 (Directorate-General
Appeals) as justified on the grounds that he was acting both as chairman of the Enlarged Board of Appeal and as a member of the Management Committee of the EPO. The decision shows the persistent disquietude caused
219:
In the event of an interlocutory revision, the appeal fee is reimbursed in full "if such reimbursement is equitable by reason of a substantial procedural violation". Whether the appeal fee is to be reimbursed in the event of an interlocutory revision must be examined "regardless of whether or not the
860:
Case law of the EPO boards of appeal: a review by internal and external experts, The
Enlarged Board of Appeal: structure and function, its rules of procedure, pending referrals, the procedure for petition for review under Article 112a EPC with an overview of relevant decisions, Part 2: The first two
816:
Case law of the EPO boards of appeal: a review by internal and external experts, The
Enlarged Board of Appeal: structure and function, its rules of procedure, pending referrals, the procedure for petition for review under Article 112a EPC with an overview of relevant decisions, Part 2: The first two
409:
However, since "the boards' administrative and organisational attachment to the EPO which is an administrative authority obscures their judicial nature and is not fully commensurate with their function as a judicial body", there have been calls for creating, within the
European Patent Organisation,
332:
The appeal fee is reimbursed in full "if the appeal is withdrawn before the filing of the statement of grounds of appeal and before the period for filing that statement has expired." Besides, the appeal fee is partially reimbursed, at a rate of 75%, 50%, or 25%, if the appeal is withdrawn at certain
228:
For an appeal to be admissible, amongst other requirements, notice of appeal must be filed at the EPO within two months of notification of the contested decision, and the fee for appeal must be paid. In addition, within four months of notification of the decision, a statement setting out the grounds
194:
An appeal may be filed against a decision of a first instance department of the EPO, i.e. a decision of the
Receiving Section, of an Examining Division, of an Opposition Division or of the Legal Division. The Boards of Appeal are not competent, however, to review decisions taken by the EPO acting as
123:
of the Boards of Appeal becomes inconsistent or when an important point of law arises, either upon a referral from a Board of Appeal (first function of the
Enlarged Board of Appeal), in which case the Enlarged Board issues a decision, or upon a referral from the President of the EPO (second function
111:
In addition to the Boards of Appeal (i.e., the Technical Boards of Appeal and the Legal Board of Appeal), the European Patent Office also has an "Enlarged Board of Appeal" (sometimes abbreviated "EBoA" or "EBA"). The Enlarged Board of Appeal does not constitute an additional level of jurisdiction in
352:
A decision of a Board of Appeal is only binding on to the department whose decision was appealed, insofar as the facts are the same (if the case is remitted to the first instance of course). However, " the decision which was appealed emanated from the Receiving Section, the Examining Division shall
293:
To prepare the oral proceedings, the Board shall "issue a communication drawing attention to matters that seem to be of particular significance for the decision to be taken". Together with such a communication, "he Board may also provide a preliminary opinion" on the merits of the case. A decision
263:
After examining the allowability of an appeal, a Board has the discretion to either "exercise any power within the competence of the department which was responsible for the decision appealed" (correction of a decision) or "remit the case to that department for further prosecution" (cassation of a
159:
The Boards of Appeal, the Enlarged Board of Appeal, as well as their registries and support services, form a separate unit within the European Patent Office, the so-called "Boards of Appeal Unit". It is directed by the President of the Boards of Appeal, a position held as of 2018 by former Swedish
1603:
Late amendments OJ EPC 1994 775, reason 2.6; T 677/08, Payment Processing/SAP, reason 4.3; T 1883/12, No-spill drinking cup/Philips, reason 3.1.2; Case Law of the Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office, 9th edition, IV.C.4.5.2, V.A.3.5.1 and V.A.3.5.4; and with particular reference to the
1495:
Decision T 0193/07, Reasons for the Decision 2.3, referring to "decisions T 0854/02 of 14 October 2002 (points 3.1 and 3.2 of the reasons), decisions T 0981/01 of 24 November 2004 (points 5 and 6 of the reasons), T 1147/01 of 16 June 2004 (point 2 of the reasons), T 1341/04 of 10 May 2007 (points
394:
The members of the Boards of Appeal and of the Enlarged Board of Appeal are appointed by the Administrative Council of the European Patent Organisation on a proposal from the President of the European Patent Office. Moreover, during their five-year term, the Board members may only be removed from
285:
During appeal proceedings, oral proceedings may take place at the request of the EPO or at the request of any party to the proceedings, i.e. the applicant (who is, in pre-grant appeal, the appellant), or the patentee or an opponent (who are, in opposition appeal, appellant and/or respondent). The
272:
Appeal proceedings conducted at the EPO may be accelerated "by giving a case priority over others". A party to the proceedings may request accelerated processing of the appeal proceedings. The request must be reasoned. The Board has the discretion to grant or refuse the request. Courts, competent
171:
to adopt the Rules of Procedure of the Boards of Appeal (and of the Enlarged Board of Appeal), and to assist the Administrative Council in supervising the Boards of Appeal. The Boards of Appeal Committee consists of six members, three of whom are members of the Administrative Council itself (i.e.
357:
of the Board of Appeal." However, if "a Board consider it necessary to deviate from an interpretation or explanation of the given in an earlier decision of any Board, the grounds for this deviation shall be given, unless such grounds are in accordance with an earlier decision or opinion of the
215:
proceedings (i.e., proceedings where the appellant is not opposed to another party) and if the first instance department that took the decision regards the appeal to be admissible and well founded, it has to rectify its decision. This is called an "interlocutory revision", which is said to be a
1161:
Auch nach ständiger Rechtsprechung sind die Beschwerdekammern grundsätzlich nicht zuständig, um die vom EPA als internationale Behörde getroffenen Entscheidungen zu überprüfen (J 14/98, Nr. 2.1 der Entscheidungsgründe; J 20/89, Nr. 2 der Entscheidungsgründe, ABl. 1991, 375; J 15/91, Nr. 2 der
421:
According to some experts, the calls to improve the institutional independence of the Boards of Appeal have not received so far the appropriate consideration by the Administrative Council of the European Patent Organisation. Echoing these concerns, the Enlarged Board of Appeal in its decision
323:
More generally, a substantial procedural violation is "an objective deficiency affecting the entire proceedings". The expression "substantial procedural violation" is to be understood, in principle, as meaning "that the rules of procedure have not been applied in the manner prescribed by the
146:
The fourth function is to propose the removal from office of a member of the boards of appeal. Under Article 23(1) EPC, a member of the Enlarged Board or of a Board of Appeal may not be removed from office during the five-year term of appointment, other than on serious grounds and if the
1517:"The requirements for admissibility must be sustained throughout the duration of the appeal proceedings (see Singer/Stauder, EPĂś, 4th ed., Art. 110, margin number 6), i.e. approximately until a decision is issued in written proceedings or delivered at the end of oral proceedings." in
722:, Official Journal EPO 5/2009 page 318 par. 4: "Whereas EPO Boards of Appeal have been recognized as being courts or tribunals, they are not courts or tribunals of an EU member state but of an international organization whose contracting states are not all members of the EU."
1540:(...) In the favour of the appellant, the Board left open the question of the admissibility of the appeal. It is not necessary to decide on the appeal's admissibility since the appeal can be dismissed for the reason alone that none of the appellant's requests is allowable.
302:
The EPC provides that, if the Board of Appeal finds out that a substantial procedural violation took place during the first instance proceedings and if the Board considers the appeal to be allowable, the appeal fee shall be reimbursed if such reimbursement is equitable.
232:
The admissibility of an appeal may be assessed at every stage of the appeal proceedings. Furthermore, the requirements for admissibility must not only be satisfied when lodging the appeal, they must be sustained throughout the duration of the appeal proceedings.
1907:
Article 15(6) RPBA: "The Board shall ensure that each case is ready for decision at the conclusion of the oral proceedings, unless there are special reasons to the contrary. Before the oral proceedings are closed, the decision may be announced orally by the
1572:, p. 55, explanatory remarks to Article 12(2) RPBA 2020: "The Boards of Appeal constitute the first and final judicial instance in the procedures before the European Patent Office. In this capacity, they review appealed decisions on points of law and fact."
540:
The number before the oblique is the serial number, allocated by chronological order of receipt at the DG3, the Directorate General 3 (Appeals) of the European Patent Office. The last two digits give the year of receipt of the appeal in DG3. The letter
1089:
Baldan, Federica; Van Zimmeren, Esther (2015). "Exploring Different Concepts of Judicial Coherence in the Patent Context: The Future Role of the (New) Unified Patent Court and its Interaction with other (Old) Actors of the European Patent System".
2471:
Since the Sedemund-Treiber/Ferrand Study was submitted to the Administrative Council of the European Patent Organisation, nothing has happened to improve the institutional independence of the Boards of Appeal. Rather, the opposite seems to be the
320:). To be properly reasoned, "a decision must contain, in logical sequence, those arguments which justify its order" "so as to enable the parties and, in case of an appeal, the board of appeal to examine whether the decision was justified or not".
2831:
2821:
548:
In addition to their alphanumeric reference, decisions are sometimes referred to and identified by their date to distinguish between decisions regarding the same case issued at a different date (e.g. T 843/91 of 17 March 1993
1118:
In particular, organisational and managerial reforms for a separation of the judiciary from the executive branches of the EPOrg were required following decision R 19/12 of the Enlarged Board of Appeal (EBoA) of 25 April 2014
2826:
1482:, Reasons for the Decision 2.1.2, first sentence; "A party is adversely affected if a decision does not accede to its requests (established jurisprudence; see T 961/00 of 9 December 2002, point 1 of the Reasons)" in
386:, "only linguistic errors, errors of transcription and obvious mistakes may be corrected" in decisions of the EPO. This possibility to correct a decision is also available for decisions of the EPO Boards of Appeal.
427:
by the integration of the Boards of Appeal into the European Patent Office. This question, namely the question of the independence of the Boards of Appeal, was also raised by Spain "against the Regulations on the
2465:
Re: Case No. G3/08, Referral of the President of the European Patent Office under Article 112 (1) (b) EPC of October 22, 2008, Statement According to Article 11 b Rules of Procedure of the Enlarged Board of
1604:
review of a discretionary decision to admit a document into the proceedings, T 1209/05, Refrigerator oil/NIPPON MITSUBISHI, reason 2". This is considered to be "long-established jurisprudence" (reasons 4).
277:(UPC) may also request acceleration of proceedings relating to a specific patent, without providing a specific reason. The Board may also decide to accelerate the proceedings of its own motion.
2785:
654:
182:
The current organisational and managerial structure of the Boards of Appeal resulted from a reform undertaken by the Administrative Council as a reaction to Enlarged Board of Appeal decision
640:
A Board may also choose to leave open the question of admissibility of the appeal if none of the appellant's requests are considered to be allowable. An example of such a case is T 255/22.
2485:
410:
a third judicial body alongside the Administrative Council and the European Patent Office. This third judicial body would replace the present Boards of Appeal and could be called the "
2902:
2486:"EPO – Vice-president DG3 as Chairman of the Enlarged Board of Appeal – Conflict of interests between the tasks as member of the management and as a presiding judge in review cases"
24:
instituting the legal system according to which European patents are granted, contains provisions allowing a party to appeal a decision issued by a first instance department of the
2463:
1863:"Oral proceedings before the Boards of Appeal – continuation of the measures adopted due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and revised practice on oral proceedings by VICO"
2816:
2670:
2044:
2018:
1687:
1658:
695:
2934:
2408:
186:
of 25 April 2014. The reform was undertaken by the Administrative Council "within the existing framework of the European Patent Convention, without requiring its revision."
1760:, p. 52, explanatory remarks to Article 10(3) RPBA 2020: "Proposed new paragraph 3 gives the Board the discretionary power to decide on a party's request for acceleration."
2847:
1919:
2928:
2348:
EWCA Civ. 364. See also Leith, P, "Judicial and Administrative Roles: the patent appellate system in a European Context", Intellectual Property Quarterly, Issue 1, 2001.
2759:
2650:
371:
Outside the European Patent Office, the decisions of the Boards of Appeal are not strictly binding on national courts, but they certainly have a persuasive authority.
168:
1921:
Case law of the EPO boards of appeal: a review by internal and external experts, Oral proceedings before the EPO boards of appeal, Part 2: Before the oral proceedings
2887:
2795:
132:
970:"Supplementary publication 1, Official Journal 2018, Information from the Boards of Appeal Presidium, business distribution and texts relating to the proceedings"
858:
814:
657:. Decisions of an Examining Division in such proceedings are open to appeal (OJ 2007, Special edition 4/2007, page 118, item 6, and Articles 106(1) and 21 EPC).
2780:
2710:
2432:
2288:
2242:
73:
2939:
2882:
2914:
1723:
306:
A substantial procedural violation may for instance occur during the first instance proceedings if the right of the parties to be heard were violated (
349:
as binding." Under the EPC, there is no principle of binding case law. That is, the binding effect of board of appeal decisions is extremely limited.
2775:
135:
of decisions of the Boards of Appeal. The third function is relatively recent. It is indeed only since December 2007 and the entry into force of the
69:
29:
406:. They are not bound by any instructions, such as the "Guidelines for Examination in the European Patent Office". They have a duty of independence.
2922:
2379:
294:
may be, and often is, announced at the end of the oral proceedings, since the purpose of oral proceedings is to come to a conclusion on a case.
2954:
2907:
179:) and the remaining three are "serving or former judges of international or European courts or of national courts of the Contracting States".
2564:
2412:
1455:
Article 12(3) RPBA 2020, first sentence: "The statement of grounds of appeal and the reply shall contain a party's complete appeal case."
576:
148:
76:
procedures before the EPO. The Boards of Appeal have been recognised as courts, or tribunals, of an international organisation, the EPO.
447:
Each decision of the Boards of Appeal and the Enlarged Board of Appeal, as well as each opinion of the Enlarged Board of Appeal, has an
147:"Administrative Council, on a proposal from the Enlarged Board of Appeal, takes a decision to this effect." The Enlarged Board has been
2703:
1036:
582:
241:
If the appeal is found to be admissible, the Board of Appeal examines whether the appeal is allowable, i.e. the Board addresses the
2643:, incorporating decisions up to the end of 2021 "as well as a number of particularly important ones from the first months of 2022".
1600:
1757:
1569:
2877:
79:
The Boards of Appeal of the EPO, including the Enlarged Board of Appeal, were until 2017 based at the headquarters of the EPO in
1925:
3257:
2696:
2613:
2594:
796:
2892:
1432:. Regarding the calculation of the two-month deadline for filing the notice of appeal and paying the appeal fee, see also
245:. When doing so, "the boards have competence to review appealed decisions in full, including points of law and fact".
2523:
1862:
865:
821:
2551:
2414:
Organisational autonomy of the Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office within the European Patent Organisation
2049:
1692:
1663:
2438:
2294:
2248:
1059:
2023:
732:
700:
2800:
969:
1478:"A party is only adversely affected if the order of the appealed decision does not comply with its request." in
1433:
455:. The first letter (or the text "Art 23") of the reference indicates the type of board which took the decision:
2128:... the withdrawal of the appeal must be expressed by an explicit and absolutely clear statement. (reasons 2.2)
1845:
671:
598:
1844:"The right to oral proceedings according to Article 116 EPC is a specific and codified part of the procedural
2154:
119:
The first two functions of the Enlarged Board of Appeal are to make decisions or to issue opinions when the
2719:
2139:
1849:
1641:
1582:
1565:
1443:
1245:
1148:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
36:
is under the responsibility of its Boards of Appeal, which are institutionally independent within the EPO.
2660:
2004:
1983:
1505:
2635:
1887:
1518:
1151:(in German). Legal Board of Appeal of the European Patent Office. 30 January 2018. EntscheidungsgrĂĽnde, 2
2387:
2733:
2360:
2321:
2272:
2206:
2183:
2169:
2109:
2085:
2071:
1972:
1956:
1949:
1818:
1804:
1790:
1630:
1616:
1554:
1467:
1429:
1414:
1407:
1392:
1376:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1306:
1230:
1213:
1136:
1024:
1007:
993:
950:
931:
917:
903:
889:
845:
667:
628:
533:
479:
466:
403:
383:
365:
317:
310:
252:
176:
140:
17:
2096:
1987:
1483:
1479:
624:
A revision of the European Patent Convention necessitates a Conference of the Contracting States, see
3252:
2867:
588:
521:
514:
507:
196:
125:
2587:
Proceedings Before the European Patent Office: A Practical Guide to Success in Opposition and Appeal
1531:
3267:
2872:
2862:
2640:
2897:
2568:
2434:
Case law of the EPO boards of appeal: a review by internal and external experts, Opening address
2290:
Case law of the EPO boards of appeal: a review by internal and external experts, Opening address
2244:
Case law of the EPO boards of appeal: a review by internal and external experts, Opening address
1830:
333:
stages of the appeal proceedings. The withdrawal of an appeal must be explicit and unambiguous.
327:
151:
to propose the removal from office of the same Board member, but did so in none of these cases.
3188:
2754:
402:, the members of the Boards of Appeal are "judges in all but name". They are only bound by the
161:
143:, that a petition for review of a decision of a Board may be filed, albeit on limited grounds.
57:
25:
44:
786:
65:
3262:
2944:
2653:
in decision CA/D 5/19 Corr. 1 of 26 June 2019), which entered into force on January 1, 2020
274:
1198:
719:
8:
3047:
2629:
754:
2675:
1271:
1175:
248:
In that context, if the first instance department exercised its discretion (pursuant to
2641:
Case Law of the Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office, 10th edition, July 2022
297:
242:
1969:
1953:
1411:
1333:
1273:
EPO boards of appeal and key decisions, The appeal procedure from A to Z (Part 3 of 3)
1177:
EPO boards of appeal and key decisions, The appeal procedure from A to Z (Part 1 of 3)
672:
decision of 23 September 2022 correcting an error in the decision of 20 September 2022
3204:
2609:
2590:
2547:
1112:
1103:
1062:[Reorganisation of the Boards of Appeal in the European Patent Organisation]
792:
579:, decisions relating to the suspension of a member of the Boards of Appeal of the EPO
60:(EPO) can be appealed, i.e. challenged, before the Boards of Appeal of the EPO, in a
2005:
Decision T 1205/12 (Optimization of decisions/LANDMARK GRAPHICS) of 14 December 2012
2656:
2437:. Munich, Germany: European Patent Office. 4:52 to 6:17 minutes in. Archived from
2418:
2293:. Munich, Germany: European Patent Office. 1:19 to 2:16 minutes in. Archived from
2247:. Munich, Germany: European Patent Office. 2:16 to 4:01 minutes in. Archived from
1924:. Munich, Germany: European Patent Office. 3:05 to 3:25 minutes in. Archived from
1107:
1099:
914:
900:
886:
864:. Munich, Germany: European Patent Office. 7:32 to 7:45 minutes in. Archived from
820:. Munich, Germany: European Patent Office. 0:50 to 1:15 minutes in. Archived from
604:
545:" is sometimes used to refer to a decision of an Examining or Opposition Division.
518:
511:
476:
112:
the classical sense. It is fundamentally a legal instance in charge of deciding on
2646:
2203:
2180:
2166:
2082:
2068:
1946:
1815:
1801:
1787:
1627:
1613:
1551:
1464:
1426:
1404:
1389:
1373:
1340:
1326:
1303:
1227:
1210:
1133:
1021:
1004:
990:
947:
842:
625:
463:
380:
362:
314:
307:
249:
3097:
2357:
2318:
2269:
1496:
1.2(i) and 1.3 of the reasons) and T 0473/98 (points 2.2 to 2.8 of the reasons)."
928:
607:, former Vice-President of the European Patent Office, head of the DG 3 (Appeals)
530:
399:
354:
287:
173:
1583:"T 0960/15 (Radiotherapeutic treatment plan adaptation / Philips) of 22.12.2021"
3162:
3002:
2949:
2688:
2528:, Le blog du droit européen des brevets, 6 July 2008. Consulted on 6 July 2008.
592:
428:
1060:"Neuorganisation der Beschwerdekammern in der Europäischen Patentorganisation"
3246:
3062:
2459:
346:
328:
Full or partial reimbursement of the appeal fee upon withdrawal of the appeal
113:
84:
2384:
Legislative initiatives > Organisational autonomy of the boards of appeal
1519:
Decision of the Legal Board of Appeal dated 31 March 2008, J 10/07 – 3.1.01
448:
529:– Enlarged Board of Appeal (proposals to the Administrative Council under
202:
3152:
3092:
2668:
Legal Research Service for the Boards of Appeal, European Patent Office,
2042:
Legal Research Service for the Boards of Appeal, European Patent Office,
2016:
Legal Research Service for the Boards of Appeal, European Patent Office,
1685:
Legal Research Service for the Boards of Appeal, European Patent Office,
1656:
Legal Research Service for the Boards of Appeal, European Patent Office,
96:
2110:"Decision T 193/20 of Technical Board of Appeal 3.3.02 of 13 March 2020"
1724:"Notice from the Boards of Appeal on accelerating proceedings | Epo.org"
3122:
3087:
3072:
2827:
Decisions of the Boards of Appeal relating to Article 52(2) and (3) EPC
1246:"Decision G 3/03 of the Enlarged Board of Appeal dated 28 January 2005"
342:
1702: : "No absolute right to have issue decided on at two instances".
389:
374:
3067:
2857:
2469:, Munich, 27 April 2009, and in particular, points 6.3.2 and 6.3.3: "
2337:
784:
92:
61:
28:(EPO). For instance, a decision of an Examining Division refusing to
1521:, Official Journal EPO 12/2008, p. 567, reasons 1.2., 2nd paragraph.
972:. European Patent Office. January 2018. pp. 2 (Note to readers)
653:
appeal proceedings following a decision of an Examining Division in
298:
Substantial procedural violation and reimbursement of the appeal fee
3196:
3137:
3132:
3112:
2987:
2738:
1276:. Munich, Germany: European Patent Office. 1:30 to 3:03 minutes in
1180:. Munich, Germany: European Patent Office. 0:51 to 1:58 minutes in
436:
432:
167:
Furthermore, a "Boards of Appeal Committee" has been set up by the
136:
120:
88:
595:, but which is not involved in the appeal procedure before the EPO
3228:
3220:
3212:
3117:
3042:
3037:
3027:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2992:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2852:
2604:
Meinders, Hugo; Lanz, Philipp; Weiss, GĂ©rard (28 February 2020).
423:
223:
183:
131:
The third function of the Enlarged Board of Appeal is to examine
2584:
1599:
The decision, reasons 3, refers in particular to: "for example,
172:
representatives of the Contracting States within the meaning of
64:
procedure (proper to an administrative court), as opposed to an
3157:
3147:
3127:
3107:
3102:
3082:
3057:
3032:
3022:
2997:
313:) or if the first instance decision was not properly reasoned (
100:
80:
49:
21:
2544:
Case Law of the Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office
785:
Hugo Meinders; Philipp Lanz; GĂ©rard Weiss (28 February 2020).
3142:
3077:
3052:
2409:
Standing Advisory Committee before the European Patent Office
1439:
710: : "Legal character of appeal procedure" > "General".
2340:
2008, Vol. 8–9, pages 658–662, referring to what he said in
536:
for removal from office of a member of the Boards of Appeal)
154:
52:, Germany, where the Boards of Appeal were based until 2017.
341:
The legal system established under the EPC differs from a
236:
169:
Administrative Council of the European Patent Organisation
83:, Germany. In October 2017, the Boards of Appeal moved to
68:
procedure. These boards act as the final instances in the
2684:
Association of the Members of the Boards of Appeal (AMBA)
462:– Enlarged Board of Appeal (decisions and opinions under
361:
A decision of the Enlarged Board of Appeal (pursuant to
345:
legal system in that " does not treat (...) established
2683:
2606:
Overview of the Appeal Proceedings according to the EPC
2585:
Marcus O. MĂĽller; Cees A.M. Mulder (27 February 2015).
788:
Overview of the Appeal Proceedings according to the EPC
475:– Enlarged Board of Appeal (petitions for review under
2832:
Successful petitions for review under Article 112a EPC
2822:
Decisions and opinions of the Enlarged Board of Appeal
2538:
2536:
2534:
2282:
2280:
755:"Boards of Appeal starting work at their new location"
1681:
1679:
1652:
1650:
1444:
Board of Appeal decision T 2056/08 of 15 January 2009
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
412:
Court of Appeals of the European Patent Organisation
2531:
2424:
2417:6 June 2003 (pdf), archived on 9 April 2005 by the
2386:. European Patent Office. 2004–2006. Archived from
2277:
2234:
1248:. European Patent Office. Reasons 2, first sentence
390:
Independence of the members of the Boards of Appeal
375:
Correction of a Board's decision under Rule 140 EPC
56:Decisions of the first instance departments of the
2657:Rules of Procedure of the Enlarged Board of Appeal
1676:
1647:
1506: Decision T 15/01 (Mystery Swine Disease/SDLO)
1088:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
34:appeal procedure before the European Patent Office
2878:European Round Table on Patent Practice (EUROTAB)
2603:
1705:
1486:, Reasons for the Decision, 3.2, second sentence.
336:
3244:
2718:
2636:Search in the Board of Appeal decisions database
2546:, 5th edition, 2006, p. XXXII (Reader's Guide) (
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2059: : "Violation must be of procedural nature"
649:A patentee may also be the sole appellant in an
2680: : Proceedings before the Boards of Appeal
2647:Rules of procedure of the Boards of Appeal 2020
2565:"EPO boards of appeal decisions - help section"
1869:. Boards of Appeal of the EPO. 15 December 2020
769:
273:authorities of the contracting states, and the
2955:Unitary patent (Switzerland and Liechtenstein)
1848:according to Article 113(1) EPC." in Decision
224:Examination of the admissibility of the appeal
2704:
2365:
2334:National Courts and the EPO Litigation System
1265:
1263:
1240:
1238:
211:If an appeal is lodged against a decision in
2483:
2150:
2148:
1051:
2671:Case Law of the Boards of Appeal of the EPO
2045:Case Law of the Boards of Appeal of the EPO
2019:Case Law of the Boards of Appeal of the EPO
1688:Case Law of the Boards of Appeal of the EPO
1659:Case Law of the Boards of Appeal of the EPO
964:
962:
960:
958:
696:Case Law of the Boards of Appeal of the EPO
577:Art. 23 1/15, Art. 23 2/15 and Art. 23 1/16
106:
2711:
2697:
2033: : "Substantial procedural violation"
1435:The EPC "Ten Day Rule" – how not to use it
1357:
1348:
1311:
1260:
1235:
1129:
1127:
943:
941:
939:
2659:(RPEBA) (OJ 4/2015, A35) (also available
2145:
1111:
583:Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences
267:
155:Organisational structure, and supervision
2567:. European Patent Office. Archived from
1673: : "Opposition appeal proceedings".
1223:
1221:
1149:"J 0010/15 (PCT Anmeldung) of 30.1.2018"
1017:
1015:
955:
757:. European Patent Office. 2 October 2017
395:office under exceptional circumstances.
116:, and has the four following functions.
43:
2314:
2312:
1758:Supplementary publication OJ EPO 2/2020
1570:Supplementary publication OJ EPO 2/2020
1372:G 3/03, Reasons 3.4.3; now codified in
1270:Yvonne Podbielski (8–9 November 2012).
1174:Yvonne Podbielski (8–9 November 2012).
1124:
936:
733:"New location for the Boards of Appeal"
237:Examination of the merits of the appeal
3245:
32:may be appealed by the applicant. The
2692:
1984:Decision T 689/05 of 7 September 2010
1918:Giovanni Pricolo (23–24 March 2011).
1566:Decision T 1604/16 of 7 December 2020
1484:decision T 0109/08 of 27 January 2012
1218:
1092:Review of European Administrative Law
1057:
1012:
857:Kevin Garnett QC (23–24 March 2011).
813:Kevin Garnett QC (23–24 March 2011).
668:decision T 17/22 of 20 September 2022
655:limitation and revocation proceedings
2935:Standing Advisory Committee (SACEPO)
2632:at the European Patent Office (EPO)
2518:(application no 98116534), cited in
2309:
2228:Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals v Norton
1888:Article 15(1), fourth sentence, RPBA
258:
2484:Teschemacher, Rudolf (5 May 2014).
2431:Peter Messerli (23–24 March 2011).
2287:Peter Messerli (23–24 March 2011).
2241:Peter Messerli (23–24 March 2011).
1988:decision T 0306/09 of 25 April 2012
1898:Article 15(1), sixth sentence, RPBA
1363:G 3/03, Reasons 3, second sentence.
1317:G 3/03, Reasons 2, second sentence.
1199:Decision J 4/11 of 25 November 2011
280:
203:Possible interlocutory revision in
30:grant a European patent application
13:
2578:
2380:"Autonomy of the boards of appeal"
2344:RPC 245 at p. 277 and repeated in
1442:blog, 27 April 2009, referring to
1354:G 3/03, Reasons 3, first sentence.
1294:G 3/03, Reasons 2, first sentence.
442:
195:international authority under the
14:
3279:
2623:
1480:Decision T 0193/07 of 11 May 2011
564:and T 261/88 of 16 February 1993
358:Enlarged Board of Appeal (...)."
2734:European Patent Convention (EPC)
2608:. Kluwer Law International B.V.
2557:
2500:
2477:
2453:
1835:. Consulted on 19 December 2021.
1532:"T 0255/22 10-05-2023 | Epo.org"
1104:10.7590/187479815X14465419060785
416:European Court of Patent Appeals
2868:European Patent Institute (epi)
2514:(application no 00936978), and
2402:
2351:
2326:
2263:
2220:
2211:
2197:
2188:
2181:Article 111(2)(second sentence)
2174:
2160:
2133:
2102:
2090:
2076:
2062:
2036:
2010:
1998:
1977:
1962:
1940:
1911:
1901:
1892:
1881:
1855:
1852:of 1 December 2006, Reasons 25.
1838:
1823:
1809:
1795:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1751:
1742:
1635:
1628:Article 111(1)(second sentence)
1621:
1607:
1575:
1559:
1545:
1524:
1511:
1499:
1489:
1472:
1458:
1449:
1420:
1398:
1382:
1366:
1320:
1297:
1288:
1204:
1192:
1167:
1141:
1082:
1029:
998:
984:
922:
908:
894:
660:
643:
634:
618:
2525:Premières requêtes en révision
2167:Article 111(2)(first sentence)
1644:of 11 January 2008, Reasons 7.
1614:Article 111(1)(first sentence)
880:
850:
836:
806:
747:
735:. European Patent Office. 2017
725:
713:
687:
599:European Patent Office Reports
558:and T 59/87 of 14 August 1990
552:and T 843/91 of 5 August 1993
500:– Disciplinary Board of Appeal
337:Binding character of decisions
1:
2903:Observations by third parties
681:
561:or T 261/88 of 28 March 1991
3258:European Patent Organisation
2755:European Patent Office (EPO)
2720:European Patent Organisation
2099:of 31 May 2016, Catchword 3.
1390:Rule 103(6)(second sentence)
1374:Rule 103(6)(second sentence)
1037:"Boards of Appeal Committee"
451:reference, such as decision
189:
149:requested on three occasions
7:
2674:(10th edition, July 2022),
2589:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
2510:(application no 97600009),
1341:Rule 103(6)(first sentence)
601:(EPOR), a case law reporter
570:
555:, T 59/87 of 26 April 1988
488:– Technical Board of Appeal
39:
10:
3284:
2945:Unified Patent Court (UPC)
2739:Revised version (EPC 2000)
2048:(9th edition, July 2019),
2022:(9th edition, July 2019),
1691:(9th edition, July 2019),
1662:(9th edition, July 2019),
699:(9th edition, July 2019),
670:, which was followed by a
591:, the appeal court of the
404:European Patent Convention
353:similarly be bound by the
141:European Patent Convention
18:European Patent Convention
3171:
2963:
2840:
2809:
2786:Limitation and revocation
2768:
2747:
2726:
2083:Rule 103(2), (3), and (4)
1832:Oral proceedings calendar
1113:10067/1308360151162165141
589:European Court of Justice
197:Patent Cooperation Treaty
126:European Court of Justice
2873:European Patent Register
2863:European Patent Bulletin
2649:(RPBA) (Approved by the
2542:European Patent Office,
1589:. European Patent Office
1568:, point 3.1.7; see also
1039:. European Patent Office
611:
107:Enlarged Board of Appeal
20:(EPC), the multilateral
2848:Divisional applications
2194:Article 20(1) RPBA 2020
1778:Article 10(5) RPBA 2020
1769:Article 10(4) RPBA 2020
1748:Article 10(3) RPBA 2020
1058:Klett, Kathrin (2017).
585:(BPAI), US appeal court
494:– Legal Board of Appeal
3189:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2929:Restitutio in integrum
2760:Administrative Council
2651:Administrative Council
1986:, point 4.1. See also
506:– Decision concerning
268:Accelerated processing
58:European Patent Office
53:
26:European Patent Office
2571:on 29 September 2007.
1162:EntscheidungsgrĂĽnde).
861:functions of the EBoA
817:functions of the EBoA
47:
2217:Article 21 RPBA 2020
1070:(in German) (3): 119
275:Unified Patent Court
133:petitions for review
48:EPO headquarters in
2950:Unitary patent (EU)
2917:reformatio in peius
2796:Petition for review
2522:Laurent Teyssedre,
2488:. EPLAW Patent Blog
868:on 22 February 2014
824:on 22 February 2014
791:. Wolters Kluwer.
243:merits of the case
54:
3240:
3239:
3233:
3225:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3193:
3181:
3175:
2893:Judges' Symposium
2615:978-94-035-2090-2
2596:978-1-78471-010-1
2332:Sir Robin Jacob,
2226:Lord Hoffmann in
1846:right to be heard
1730:. 19 January 2024
1642:Decision T 154/06
1388:G 3/03, Order I;
798:978-94-035-2090-2
720:G 2/06, Reasons 4
363:Article 112(1)(a)
259:Optional remittal
3275:
3253:Appellate review
3231:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3179:
3173:
2940:Software patents
2909:Official Journal
2898:London Agreement
2713:
2706:
2699:
2690:
2689:
2678:
2630:Boards of Appeal
2619:
2600:
2573:
2572:
2561:
2555:
2540:
2529:
2521:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2481:
2475:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2428:
2422:
2419:Internet Archive
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2376:
2363:
2355:
2349:
2330:
2324:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2284:
2275:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2238:
2232:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2201:
2195:
2192:
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2178:
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2164:
2158:
2152:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2125:
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2114:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2080:
2074:
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2056:
2052:
2040:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1981:
1975:
1966:
1960:
1944:
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1915:
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1190:
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1121:
1115:
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1080:
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1077:
1075:
1065:
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1049:
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1046:
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1027:
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1002:
996:
988:
982:
981:
979:
977:
966:
953:
945:
934:
926:
920:
912:
906:
898:
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884:
878:
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873:
854:
848:
840:
834:
833:
831:
829:
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804:
802:
782:
767:
766:
764:
762:
751:
745:
744:
742:
740:
729:
723:
717:
711:
707:
703:
691:
675:
666:See for example
664:
658:
647:
641:
638:
632:
622:
605:Wim van der Eijk
281:Oral proceedings
3283:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3268:Legal procedure
3243:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3177:
3167:
3098:North Macedonia
2965:
2964:EPC contracting
2959:
2915:Prohibition of
2836:
2805:
2776:Grant procedure
2764:
2743:
2722:
2717:
2676:
2626:
2616:
2597:
2581:
2579:Further reading
2576:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2541:
2532:
2519:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2482:
2478:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2441:on 7 April 2014
2430:
2429:
2425:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2390:on 3 March 2011
2378:
2377:
2366:
2356:
2352:
2346:Unilin v. Berry
2342:Lenzing's Appn.
2331:
2327:
2317:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2297:on 7 April 2014
2286:
2285:
2278:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2251:on 7 April 2014
2240:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2161:
2153:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2121:
2119:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2063:
2054:
2050:
2041:
2037:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1982:
1978:
1967:
1963:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1928:on 7 April 2014
1917:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1861:
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1722:
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1706:
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1693:
1684:
1677:
1668:
1664:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1608:
1592:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1546:
1538:. Reasons 1.2.
1530:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1425:
1421:
1403:
1399:
1387:
1383:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1302:
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1279:
1277:
1269:
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1251:
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1226:
1219:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1168:
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1152:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1125:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1071:
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1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
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1034:
1030:
1020:
1013:
1003:
999:
989:
985:
975:
973:
968:
967:
956:
946:
937:
927:
923:
915:Article 112a(2)
913:
909:
901:Article 112a(1)
899:
895:
887:Article 112a(5)
885:
881:
871:
869:
856:
855:
851:
841:
837:
827:
825:
812:
811:
807:
803:(section 16.10)
799:
783:
770:
760:
758:
753:
752:
748:
738:
736:
731:
730:
726:
718:
714:
705:
701:
692:
688:
684:
679:
678:
665:
661:
648:
644:
639:
635:
623:
619:
614:
573:
510:reserves under
445:
443:Case references
400:Sir Robin Jacob
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355:ratio decidendi
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1947:Rule 103(1)(a)
1939:
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1728:www.epo.org
1587:www.epo.org
1552:Article 110
1536:new.epo.org
1465:Article 107
1427:Article 108
1405:Rule 101(1)
1211:Rule 100(1)
1155:12 February
1005:Rule 12b(2)
991:Rule 12b(1)
948:Rule 12a(1)
626:Article 172
464:Article 112
431:" in cases
315:Rule 111(2)
207:proceedings
103:, Germany.
97:Netherlands
3247:Categories
3172:Extension
3123:San Marino
3088:Montenegro
3073:Luxembourg
2888:Guidelines
2781:Opposition
2411:(SACEPO),
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1970:Rule 68(2)
1952:(formerly
1734:28 January
1332:(formerly
1252:22 October
1074:4 February
1043:4 February
976:4 February
682:References
531:Article 23
414:" or the "
343:common law
174:Article 26
74:opposition
3068:Lithuania
2858:Espacenet
2769:Procedure
2338:GRUR Int.
2155:T 1099/06
2097:T 1402/13
1968:formerly
1850:T 1012/03
761:6 October
519:Rule 68.3
512:Rule 40.2
190:Procedure
99:), or in
93:The Hague
3197:Cambodia
3138:Slovenia
3133:Slovakia
3113:Portugal
2988:Bulgaria
2810:Case law
2445:3 August
2301:3 August
2255:3 August
2140:T 740/98
1973:EPC 1973
1957:EPC 1973
1932:5 August
1415:EPC 1973
1337:EPC 1973
1022:Rule 12c
872:5 August
828:5 August
739:1 August
651:ex parte
571:See also
453:T 285/93
437:C-147/13
433:C-146/13
381:Rule 140
213:ex parte
205:ex parte
137:EPC 2000
121:case law
89:Rijswijk
70:granting
62:judicial
40:Overview
3229:Tunisia
3221:Morocco
3213:Moldova
3205:Georgia
3118:Romania
3048:Ireland
3043:Iceland
3038:Hungary
3028:Germany
3018:Finland
3013:Estonia
3008:Denmark
2993:Croatia
2983:Belgium
2978:Austria
2973:Albania
2853:epoline
2117:epo.org
1954:Rule 67
1908:Chair."
1867:epo.org
1412:Rule 65
1334:Rule 67
1184:30 June
527:Art. 23
424:R 19/12
184:R 19/12
3182:states
3158:Turkey
3148:Sweden
3128:Serbia
3108:Poland
3103:Norway
3083:Monaco
3058:Latvia
3033:Greece
3023:France
2998:Cyprus
2966:states
2791:Appeal
2748:Organs
2612:
2593:
2550:
2492:12 May
2466:Appeal
2057:.9.5.1
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1671:.3.2.1
1601:G 7/93
1280:7 July
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379:Under
160:Judge
101:Berlin
81:Munich
50:Munich
22:treaty
3143:Spain
3078:Malta
3053:Italy
2516:R4/08
2512:R2/08
2508:R1/08
2472:case.
2122:3 May
2113:(PDF)
1593:4 May
1440:IPKat
1119:(...)
1064:(PDF)
612:Notes
2883:Fees
2661:here
2610:ISBN
2591:ISBN
2548:ISBN
2506:See
2494:2014
2447:2012
2396:2018
2303:2012
2257:2012
2124:2020
2031:.9.5
1934:2012
1875:2020
1736:2024
1595:2022
1282:2013
1254:2019
1186:2013
1157:2018
1076:2018
1068:Sic!
1045:2018
978:2018
874:2012
830:2012
793:ISBN
763:2017
741:2017
708:.1.1
435:and
85:Haar
72:and
16:The
3232:(V)
3224:(V)
3216:(V)
3208:(V)
3200:(V)
3192:(E)
3180:(V)
3176:and
3174:(E)
2361:EPC
2322:EPC
2273:EPC
2207:EPC
2184:EPC
2170:EPC
2086:EPC
2072:EPC
1950:EPC
1819:EPC
1805:EPC
1791:EPC
1631:EPC
1617:EPC
1555:EPC
1468:EPC
1430:EPC
1408:EPC
1393:EPC
1377:EPC
1344:EPC
1339:);
1330:EPC
1307:EPC
1231:EPC
1214:EPC
1137:EPC
1108:hdl
1100:doi
1025:EPC
1008:EPC
994:EPC
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