Apollonia (Illyria)

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literary evidence and other biodistance studies (e.g. McIlvaine et al. 2014). Epidam-nus and peripheral Apollonia, however, did not cluster with the other groups. This separation suggests that Epidamnus had a larger Greek population than Apollonia. Peripheral Apollonia, on the other hand, is most likely an outlier on account of its small sample size. When all of the populations in the study (with the exception of peripheral Apollonia) were compared in a single test, no obvi-ous patterns could be discerned. What this reveals is that optimal scaling tests are best suited for regional studies and may not be capable of identifying Greek populations and/or multiple ethnic groups that are separated by considerable geographical distances (Sulosky Weaver and Kyle forthcoming). Similar outcomes derive from other non-metric studies of biodistance in colonial contexts.16 Cranial and dental non-metric traits were used to compare pre-colonial Illyrians (ca. 1100–900 bce) to colonial Apollonians (ca. 800–30 bce) and Greeks from Corinth (ca. 1600–30 bce). The results suggest that approximately 90 per cent of the individuals buried in the Apollonian necropo-lis were more phenotypically similar to Illyrians than Corinthian Greeks. When considered in the context of funerary practices, these results align with the material record. The use of tumulus burial, a traditional Illyrian burial form, persists after colonisation in the necropolis at Apollonia. Although the burial type is Illyrian, inside the tumuli there are large numbers of Greek grave goods and burial positions that might indicate cultural hybridity and/or intermar-riage between Greeks and Illyrians (McIlvaine et al. 2014)

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Grave 60 in Apollonia suggest this possibility. In contrast, not a single one of the grave goods found in these graves supports the notion of contacts in this direction.... The particularities of their style and manufacture clearly demonstrate that they were local products developed under the influence of Early Cycladic idols of the abstract-schematic type. On the other hand, pottery offerings display local characteristics... According to their description, the vessels from the Rakića Kuće tumulus and from Apollonia, which were not documented in full detail due to their poor preservation, would also belong to this cultural zone... a secure indicator that the buried individuals were members of communities of the local, south Adriatic expression in the Ljubljana culture identified within the time frame of the initial phase of the Early Bronze Age in the Adriatic region.

2413:, p. 76: "Ekzistenca e një vendi të ashtuquajtur Thronion dëshmohet nga mbishkrimi i Olimpies (CIGIME I, 2, 303), i cili është kopjuar në vend nga Pausania (V, 22, 2-4) dhe që dëshmon fitoren e apolloniatëve "në kufijtë e Abantidës" dhe plaçkën e luftës së marrë në Thronion në mes të shekullit V p.e.s. Thronion mund të ndodhet në sitin e Triportit, në veriperëndim të Vlorës, dhe jo në dy sitet e tjera arkeologjike të kësaj zone: Mavrovë e cila është Olympe antike dhe Plloça që korrespondon me Amantian antike. Ky lokalizim i Thronionit i korrespondon më mirë të dhënave të Pausanias, i cili e vendos këtë ... domethënë "përballë Maleve Akrokeraune": po aq sa ky pohim mund të aplikohet në sitin e Triportit, po aq ai nuk i përshtatet sitit të Amantias në fshatin Plloçë ose atij të Olympes në Mavrovë." 1481: 1946:: "Apollonia is located in southwestern Albania, approximately 10km from the present-day coast of the Adriatic Sea (Figure 1). Initial inhabitation of the region of Apollonia began in the Early Bronze Age (2100–1800 BC) as indicated by the presence of human remains representing indigenous Illyrians recovered from a burial mound in the Apollonia necropolis (Amore, 2010). The density of the local population prior to the establishment of the colony is debated. Surface survey of the region suggests there was very little use of the area until the colony was established (Stocker & Davis, 2006; Stocker, 2009). The discovery of the Early Bronze Age mound burials indicates that Illyrians viewed Apollonia as a part of their territory (Amore, 2010). 47: 2528:, p. 30:Another potential source of admixture and changing relationships could be Apollonia’s growth as a colony and extension of its territory. Later Greek colonists might have been incorporated into the colony after its foundation, but they were likely not offered citizenship. (..) As Apollonia grew in power, it became advantageous to extend its territory southward beyond the Aous River valley (Beaumont 1936; Hammond 1992). This extension led to a greater number of unprivileged Greek colonists and native people being more immediately incorporated into the Apolloniate economy (..) this division may have brought the unprivileged class of Greek colonists and the native Illyrians closer together 1469: 1457: 1421: 2161:

of the delta. Yet no colonies were planted in those areas. The reason must be that the coastal peoples in general were too well armed and formidable for any would - be settlers. Where settlements were made successfully, it was at the border between rival peoples: the Akarnanes and the Amphilochoi (Argos), the Amphilochoi and the Thesprotoi (Ambrakia), the Thesprotoi and the Kassopaioi (Bouchetion), the Keraunian tribes and the Amantes (Orikos), and the Amantes and the Bylliones (Thronion), and the Bylliones and the Taulantioi (Apollonia). We may suspect that the settlers were able to exploit the enmities between rival peoples.

1493: 531:, archaeo-demographic studies show that the population of Apollonia grouped more with the Illyrian population of pre-colonial Lofkënd; this indicates that pre-colonial Illyrians constitute an important genetic contribution to the population of colonial Apollonia. About 90% of the population of Apollonia was phenotypically closer to Illyrians than to ancient Greek Corinthians. Archaeological findings corroborate that Illyrian customs were still used in Apollonia after the foundation of the colony and cultural fusion and/or intermarriage between Illyrians and ancient Greeks took place in the site. 567: 1893:, pp. 204–205: "Within southern Illyria, Apollonia occupied a strategic position because of its location at the crossroads of an ancient (prehistoric) trade route that both linked the northern Adriatic with the Aegean and the Adriatic coast with the interior. This route into the interior existed before the Greek colonists arrived and later became the Roman Via Egnatia. It was the more valuable because of the difficulties noted above of overland travel elsewhere in the region. Very few Greek goods moved inland along this byway, however, before Apollonia was founded. 1445: 74: 422: 990:, and that the polis consisted of citizens descended from original Greek colonists with power and offices filled by the local elite. According to Aristotle, the original Greek colonists and their descendants were "few out of the many" who held a privileged status over a population largely composed of local Illyrians. Whether local Illyrians were integrated as serfs in the economy of the city or whether they were slaves remains unclear, although the former is more likely. As such only direct descendants of the first Corinthian settlers had access to the 1342: 67: 618:. In this early era, Apollonia began to expand to the south of the Aous valley and incorporporated in the function of its economy other Greek colonists and natives who lived in this area. The social hierarchy didn't change and both native Illyrians and the unprivileged colonists to the south of Aous joined the lower classes of the expanded territory of Apollonia. This relatively fixed colonial division may have brought socially closer the native Illyrians and the colonists of the lower classes. 1209: 1521: 650: 8696: 8485: 6675: 2072:, p. 2: "Apollonia, located in southwestern Albania approximately 10 km from the coast of the Adriatic Sea (Fig. 1) (Amore, 2010), emerged as an important trade site following colonization in the beginning of the 6th century BC (Stipcˇevic´, 1977; Wilkes, 1992; Amore, 2005, 2010; Stocker and Davis, 2006), when 200 Corinthians "established good relations with the local Illyrians founded a joint settlement" (Hammond, 1992; p 31-32; Cabanes, 2008)." 6685: 400:, who interpreted the foreign coast of this sea in ways that were comfortable to them. It has been conjectured that at the site of Apollonia, in particular, those early Greek seafarers encountered a deserted landscape with abandoned tumuli interpreting them as monuments to their Homeric ancestors. Archaeological evidence shows that in the hinterland of Apollonia the earliest Greek pottery dates from the middle of the 7th century BC and is solely 8745: 2381:, pp. 191–192: "In the mid-fifth century the Apollonians expanded toward the Bay of Valona, conquering the city of Thronium. ... The Apollonian inscription speaks of booty taken from Thronium, at the "limits of the land of Abantis," a Homeric name for Euboea. Penetrating south to the left bank of the River Aous and conquering Thronium, near Oricum, the Apollonians were operating in an area replete with Euboean associations. ... The " 6695: 2307: 1433: 2401:, p. 171: "In about 450 B.C., Apollonia expanded towards the south, in the course of a war against the Abantes (or Amantes), the descendants of the Euboean colonists who had settled in Thronium (Pausanias 5. 22. 2–4), which should be located on the archaeological site of Treport on the coast, north-west of Aulon (Vlorë), and not in Amantia situated in Ploça village, south of the Aoos valley in the Vlorë hinterland." 1044: 2003:, p. 893: "These observations may in part explain why there were no indigenous people living in the immediate vicinity of Apollonia when Greek colonists arrived. Native settlement in Mallakastra at the time the apoikia was founded appears to have been confined to locations east of the Gjanica river valley." p. 317: "...; native settlement in and around Apollonia, if it existed at all, was very limited when the 2767:, p. 12:Apollonia is an interesting example because it shows that rigid institutions are capable of surviving ‘foreign’ domination. Relations with Rome speak volumes on this subject. The privileges received by the city of Gylax after the passage of young Octavian in 44 BC show the durability of the oligarchic institutions44. Rome liked aristocratic cities which maintained austere institutions and oligarchies 8684: 3138:

Apollonia in Olympia after a victory over Thronion (our lemma no . 479 ; cf . a copy in Apollonia : I . Apollonia 4) and SEG XLIII 229 (= IG IX 12 which mentions the Αμφινεις, who possibly regarded a son of Hektor as their ancestor.There is evidence about a tradition of an earlier foundation of Apollonia which is connected with the Trojan migration to Epirus and south Illyris.

2087:: "Apollonia emerged as an important trade centre following colonisation in the beginning of the 6th century BC (Stipčević, 1977; Wilkes, 1992; Srejović, 1998; Amore, 2005, 2010; Stocker & Davis, 2006), when ‘200 sailed up the Vjosë (Aous) , established good relations with the local Illyrians, founded a joint settlement and made a riverine harbor’ (Hammond, 1992:31-32)." 457:(2013) there is no doubt that the small number of the colonizers enabled the Illyrians the opportunity to prevent the colonial settlement in the area if they wished, hence Apollonia was necessarily founded with the approval of the natives, certainly because of trade advantages the colonizers could grant them. The first colonizers were followed by others particularly from 2120:, p. 80: "Por nuk ka dyshim se numri i vogël i kolonëve të ardhur i lejonte ilirëve pa dyshim mundësinë të pengonin vendosjen e tyre në territor, nëse do të kishin dashur. Pra dy qytetet janë themeluar domodoshmërisht me aprovimin e fqinjëve të tyre, me siguri sepse ato sillnin me vete premtimin për marrëdhënie të frutshme me vendet përtej detit." 636:, but wolves attacked and devoured the animals. Evenius said nothing and planned on buying other sheep to make up for the loss, but the other Apollonians soon found out and gouged out his eyes. A famine then broke out as the earth ceased to bear fruit, because of Helios' wrath; the soil grew fertile again only after the Apollonians consulted the 381:) which moved southwards along the Adriatic from the northern Balkans. The same community built similar mounds in Montenegro (Rakića Kuće) and northern Albania (Shtoj). A part of the grave finds of the Adriatic tumuli included locally produced violin idols which were influenced by trends observed in the 1381:. This tradition had developed in Epirus and southern Illyria in reference to mythological constructions which linked the foundation of settlements to Trojan migration in the area. From 2nd century B.C Apollonia became a major center of Greek leaning. Apollonia was also a major centre for the study of 1175:

Apollonia has not been inhabited after its 4th century AD abandonment, with the exception of a monastery. As such, by the end of antiquity, the city was largely depopulated, hosting only a small Christian community. This community (which probably is part of the site of the old city) built on a nearby

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led by tribal leaders Epicadus and Algalsus.a part of the captured fleet of Gentiues was presented to the people of Apollonia after the war. It is possible that by the 3rd century BC, Apollonia's colonial character changed or was lost as a high proportion of Illyrians in highly ranked positions began

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Apollonia foundation myths: Apollonia. Foundation myths. In a study dedicated to myths and legends concerning a Trojan migration to Epeiros and south Illyria, P . Cabanes in L. Braccesi - M. Luni (eds.), I Greci in Adriatico , 1 (Hesperia 15) (Rome 2002) 61 - 66 discusses the metrical dedication of

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Stocker, 2009, p. 872: "By the 3rd century B.C. the hinterland around the citadel was occupied by people using non-indigenous ceramics: it appears that in terms of material culture the native Illyrians had become "hellenized" by this time. Although many of the ceramics were locally produced, some of

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There are two rich coastal plains in western Epirus-the Thesprotian plain of the lower Acheron and the Chaonian plain (the Vourgos) each of which had defensible hills close to the sea. In addition there was the fertile delta of the Thyamis (Kalamas) river, which was then navigable to beyond the head

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Apollonia experienced significant growth of its population, increase in urbanisation and in large-scale trade networks. It is estimated that at its peak the city had about 60,000 inhabitants. Apollonia was located on a strategic position as a river-port and dominated over a vast plain that stretches

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population, rather than violent expulsion or exploitation of the local Illyrian population. Though Corinth obtained benefits from colonization that resulted in health improvements for their population, the health of Apollonia deteriorated after the colonial establishment as a result of urbanization,

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One of the early actions of the settlers was to bring under their control a hill to the southeast of Apollonia, which the Illyrian tribes used as grazing grounds. The settlers proceeded to exploit the hill by taxing the Illyrian pastoralists for its use. According to most scholars, relations between

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It was one of 24 cities in the Ancient Greek world known as Apollonia. It was distinguished from other cities named Apollonia by being referred to as Ἀπολλωνία κατ᾿ Ἐπίδαμνον (Apollonia kat' Epidamnon) or Ἀπολλωνία πρὸς Ἐπίδαμνον (Apollonia pros Epidamnon), meaning "Apollonia towards Epidamnos," in

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the economy of Apollonia adopted a more dispersed farmstead approach. Whether this expansion was the result of conquest, expansion, assimilation of local indigenous groups or cooperation between colonists and indigenous groups this is unclear. The city was for a time included among the dominions of

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During the 3rd century B.C the hinterland of Apollonia was inhabited by a population that used non-indigenous ceramics. This suggests that the material culture of the neighbouring Illyrians had become hellenized since at that time all products are classified as Greek ones. The city grew rich on the

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Stocker, 2009, p. 218-219: "The textual confusion lends credence to the hypothesis that the hinterland of the apoikia was virtually uninhabited during the Iron Age. Apollonia was probably located on the border between the Bylliones to the east and the Taulantii and/or Parthini to the north. The

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to refer to citizens who enjoyed such rights. Such a social system suggests a strict endogamy and it was preserved three centuries after the foundation of the city. The aristocratic society of Apollonia maintained its special links with its metropolis, Corinth, for a long time. As such epigraphic

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The test performed on the Illyrian sites yielded similar results. The pre-colonial and colonial Apollonia populations grouped with Lofkënd. This association most likely reflects a significant Illyrian contribution to the genetic composition of Apollonia, a conclusion that is supported by ancient

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Given that all three graves with violin idols are, to a smaller or a greater extent, dug into the natural soil, they can be considered pit graves, and so the question ensues of their connection with the steppe culture under the same name. The shape of the pits and the position of the skeleton in

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Stocker, 2009, p. 5-6: "In the 2nd century B.C., Apollonia became an important military staging ground and by the end of the Roman Republican period the city had become a major center of Greek learning. Its reputation in this regard was such that the young Octavian was studying there when, in 44

2516:, p. 30:It is possible that as early as the third century B.C.E., the typical character of a Greek colony was either changed or lost at Epidamnus and Apollonia. This suggestion is supported by the evidence of a high proportion of influential Illyrians, many controlling high ranked positions 407:

The local population's density before the establishment of the colony is debated. When Greek colonists arrived, there were no indigenous people inhabiting in the immediate vicinity of Apollonia, or, if a native settlement in and around Apollonia existed at all, it was very limited. Despite an

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party in 1990 and reversion to capitalism, the archeological collection was plundered and the museum was temporarily closed. The ruins were also frequently dug up by plunderers for relics to be sold to collectors abroad. In December 2011, a new museum opened, under the directorship of Marin

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In June 2020, part of the site was vandalized by unknown individuals. Two columns were knocked down, but were subsequently re-erected. According to the site's director, the damage might be "irreparable" and likely occurred during the COVID-19 lockdown. The incident was condemned by Albanian

234:. Corinthian colonial policy seems to have been relatively liberal, focused on resource extraction for the support of their homeland, rather than exploitation or expulsion of the local Illyrian population. Apollonia gradually gained political independence from Corinth and was organized as a 324:. The decision to change the name of the settlement can be possibly dated to the collapse of the Corinthian tyranny when the settlement was possibly refounded as Apollonia by a faction which opposed the Corinthian establishment. The name Apollonia appears in 588 BC and is a reference to 449:, which emerged as an important trade center. Stocker (2009) states that all textual evidence suggests otherwise, while McIlvaine et al. (2013) and Kyle et al. (2016) quotes Hammond's suggestion. Stallo (2007) states that the Corinthians and Corcyreans were recruited by the Illyrian 412:

non-Greek ceramics dating back to the pre-colonial period are very few. Such a pattern appears to conform to a gently trodden landscape, which likely was occupied only seasonally by Illyrians, as one should expect from an area inhabited by people who were organized in tribes.

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to emerge. Another possible reason of admixture was Apollonia's growth and territorial expansion, with the incorporation of additional Greek colonists at a later era, though they probably did not enjoy full citizenship privileges. In 148 BC, Apollonia became part of the

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In 1967, the archaeological site was seriously and irrevocably damaged by heavy machinery and the building of c. 400 concrete military bunkers at and near the ancient polis. Some of the team's archeological discoveries are on display within the monastery, known as the

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in 458, Philocharis subscribes as Bishop of what the manuscripts call "Vallidus", and which editors think should be corrected to "Byllis". Whether Philocharis is to be considered Bishop also of Apollonia depends on the interpretation of the position of Felix in 431.

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poor sanitation, and exposure to new pathogens due to increased interaction with Mediterranean traders. Illyrians and Corinthians coexisted during the colonial period, and the low rate of skeletal trauma at Apollonia indicates that ethnic relations were peaceful.

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which was a valuable commodity in ancient times, for example for caulking ships. The remains of a late sixth-century temple, located just outside the city, were reported in 2006; it is only the fifth known stone temple found in present-day Albania. Later in the

593:. By conquering Thronion, the Apolloniates had achieved two goals: they had substantially enlarged their territory towards the Illyrian hinterland and had also acquired a profitable source of money. It gave the Apolloniates control over the lower valley of the 1991:, p. 12: "Pre-colonial interaction is supported for this site by the discovery in tumulus 9 of a Corinthian Type A transport amphora, which is dated to the third to last quarter of the seventh century B.C.E., also preceding the foundation of the colony." 2132:, p. 98:It was Illyrian Taulantii from Epidamnus who occupied the site of Apollonia before the arrival of the Greek colonists around 600 BC. Once they were called in by the Greek settlers to seize Epidamnus, after they had been ejected by the Liburni. 404:. A Corinthian Type A transport amphora that is dated to between the third and last quarter of the 7th century BC, also prior to the foundation of the colony, was discovered inside a tumulus, confirming pre-colonial interaction for the site of Apollonia. 1975:, p. 205: "The earliest Greek pottery in the hinterland of Apollonia, in contrast, which dates no earlier than the mid-7th century B.C., is exclusively Corinthian, and its movement inland likely resulted, in part, from ritualized gift exchange ( 320:) after its founder, Gylax. Apart from one inscription and a mention by Stephanus of Byzantium there is no other information which has been preserved about him. Gylax may have been a tyrant closely linked to the ruling dynasty of Corinthian tyrant 1279:, at another time as Bishop of Apollonia. Some assume that the two towns formed a single episcopal see, others suppose he was, strictly speaking, Bishop only of Apollonia, but was temporarily in charge also of Byllis during a vacancy of that see ( 488:

it was also close to the Italian coast; furthermore it was suitable for a riverine port on the shore of the Aoos, and there was also the presence of quality pastureland and scarcity of indigenous settlements in the immediate hinterland of the

1958:, p. 891: "The Euboeans were the first post-Mycenaean Greek seafarers and traders in the Adriatic. They interpreted this foreign coast in ways comfortable to them and imbued their ports of call with familiar overtones by grafting Greek 2389:(lands in the mainland opposite), equally considered "Euboean". The "limits", therefore, should be understood in a reverse perspective: from the land, Thronium, vis-à-vis the bay, Oricum, and not from Thronium in relation to the hinterland. 2607:: "Apollonia grew following colonisation but remained modest in size until the Hellenistic period. During that time, Apollonia experienced significant population growth, increasingly extensive trade networks and urbanisation (Lafe, 2003)." 376:

shows that Illyrians viewed Apollonia as a part of their territory. The earliest EBA tumulus dates to 2679±174 calBCE (2852-2505 calBCE). These burial mounds belong to the southern expression of the Adriatic-Ljubljana culture (related to

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In August 2010, a French-Albanian team of archaeologists unearthed a bust of a Roman soldier, 50 years after the discoveries of other full body statues in the 1958–1960 period expeditions, led by Albanian scholar Selim Islami and

1116:; it was there that he received news of Caesar's murder. The city received a series of privileges by Gaius Octavius which reaffirmed its oligarchic institutions, which were seen favorably by the emerging power structure in Rome. 408:

ancient tradition preserved by Stephanus of Byzantium that the site was first settled by Illyrians there is yet no clear evidence that it was settled by a non-Greek population before the arrival of the Greek colonists. Traces of

609:, located to the east of the confluence of the Shushicë into the Aoös. Through that expansion Apollonia benefitted from the exploitation of new fertile lands. With the spoils of Thronion, the Apolloniates erected a monument at 2906: 461:. According to Wilkes (1995) the site was located on the territory of the Illyrian Taulantii, while according to Hammond (1997) and Stocker (2009) it was probably located on the border between the Taulantii (and/or 1854:, p. 9:The change of name from Gylakeia to Apollonia can possibly be dated to this moment: the hypothesis that it was refounded by the Apolloniates, or by the Corinthians at odds with the tyranny, is plausible 613:

celebrating their victory and conquest. This turn may have also been the result of Apollonia's increasing power towards nearby Epirote lands. Apollonian land was bounded on the south-east by the territory of the

2036:, p. 112:Around 600 BC: Corinth is said to have responded to an Illyrian invitation and contributed 200 settlers to an already existing trading post. Others, especially from Corcyra, followed these.. 1962:

onto the peoples and lands they encountered. At Apollonia these early Greek mariners encountered a deserted landscape filled with abandoned tumuli, burial mounds they read as monuments of their Homeric

484:. The placement was chosen because it occupied a strategic position at trade crossroads north–south along the eastern Adriatic coast and east–west with the interior of Illyria and Macedonia; across the 1480: 640:

and compensated the blinded man with property, while the gods gave him the gift of prophecy. This little anecdote attest to the divine introduction of prophecy, rather than a real biographical event.

357:. The route into the interior, which was the more valuable because it permitted overland travel elsewhere in the region, existed before the arrival of Greek colonists, and later it became the Roman 2057:, p. 2: "Albanian Apollonia may have been established by both Corcyra and Corinth, or by Corinth alone (ca. 600 BC) (Stocker and Davis, 2006; Tsetskhladze, 2006; Cabanes, 2008; Amore, 2010)." 1393:

and functioned as Apollonia's municipal building for council meetings. Its small capacity highlights that the oligarchic political organization of Apollonia was preserved in its early Roman era.

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evidence points that the prytans maintained Greek names proof that the memories of the first colonists were preserved by the local aristocracy. Contrary to nearby Epidamnus, Apollonia pursued

2634:, p. 2: According to Aristotle, these Greeks and their descendants were "few out of many" who controlled a population composed largely of Illyrians (Aristotle, 1932; Hammond,1992; p 32). 277:, studied at Apollonia in his youth. The city began to decline in the 3rd century AD when its harbor started silting up as a result of an earthquake. It was abandoned in the 4th century AD. 1377:, while Apollo and other gods who supported the Trojans were placed to his right. The monument highlights that Apollonia had embraced a tradition which showed preference for the Trojans in 1192:. At the monastery a Greek language school was operating at 1684 which provided also 'higher education' that time. A school still existed at 1880 but with a limited number of students. 554:. It had its own mint, stamping coins showing a cow suckling her calf on the obverse and a double stellate pattern on the reverse, which have been found as far away as the basin of the 534:

Apollonia in Illyria developed to become one of the most important urban centres in the wider region and played a major role as a trade gateway to the central Balkans. Apollonia, like

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occupation of 1916–1918 that the site was investigated by archaeologists. Their work was continued by a French team between 1924 and 1938. Parts of the site were damaged during the

3520:"Evidence for Long-Term Migration on the Balkan Peninsula Using Dental and Cranial Nonmetric Data: Early Interaction Between Corinth (Greece) and its Colony at Apollonia (Albania)" 1781: 538:

further north, became an important port on the Illyrian coast as the most convenient link between Brundusium and northern Greece, and as one of the western starting points of the

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Stocker, 2009, p. 114: "Hammond goes so far as to support the theory that Apollonia was a joint Illyrian-Corinthian foundation, although all textual evidence suggests otherwise."

480:, and the only colonies established in Illyria by mainland Greeks. Apollonia in particular was one of the last colonies founded in the west by mainland Greeks during the Archaic 2369:, p. 225: "Most of the pre-Roman coins produced in the Illyrian lands were initially imitations of issues by Dyrrhachium and Apollonia which began in the fifth century BC." 349:

The site of Apollonia occupied a strategic position within southern Illyria because it was located at the crossroads of a prehistoric trade route, which both linked the eastern

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Kyle, B.; Schepartz, L. A.; Larsen, C. S. (2016). "Mother City and Colony: Bioarchaeological Evidence of Stress and Impacts of Corinthian Colonisation at Apollonia, Albania".

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among the 20 cities of the Illyrian provinces, as part of Epirus Nova. Its decline, however, began in the 3rd century AD, when an earthquake changed the path of the

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Greek Colonization of the Balkans: Bioarchaeological Reconstruction of Behavior and Lifestyle during Corinthian Colonial Expansion into Ancient Apollonia, Albania

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and local agriculture, as well as its large harbour, said to have been able to hold a hundred ships at a time. The city also benefited from the local supply of

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human remains recovered from a burial mound in the necropolis of Apollonia indicates that the initial inhabitation of the region of Apollonia began during the

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describes Apollonia's oligarchy as a small Greek elite class, largely descended from the original colonists, ruling over a largely local Illyrian population.

1775:"Menaxhimi Fiskal dhe Struktura Drejtuese e Sistemit të Parqeve Arkeologjike në Shqipëri në vëmendje të veçantë: Parqet Arkeologjike: Apolloni dhe Antigone" 2463: 1263:

A German-Albanian team has been working on the Hellenistic theatre at Albania, throwing light on the development of Greek theatres and also local variants

8521: 389:) culture in southern Greece. Surface surveys of the region suggest that there was very little general use of the area until the colonial establishment. 1812:, p. 9: Apart from an inscription which confirms his name, this is the only mention of Gylax, and therefore it does not help us date the expedition 7412: 2045:

Reboton, 2008, p. 7, 9: "Archaeologists have placed its foundation near the end of the 7th century, but little is known about Apollonia in this period"

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The city seems to have sunk with the rise of Vlora. It was "rediscovered" by European classicists in the 18th century, though it was not until the

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the colonists and locals were friendly and mutually beneficial. Apollonia grew following its foundation, although it remained modest in size until

511:. The Corinthian colonial policy appears to have been relatively liberal, and was geared towards resource extraction so as to support the growing 3822: 2818:Η εκπαίδευση στη Βόρεια Ηπειρο κατά την ύστερη περίοδο της Οθωμανικής Αυτοκρατορίας: η ίδρυση, η οργάνωση και η λειτουργία των ελληνικών σχολείων 469:

to the east; both authors stated that the colonists probably took advantage of the enmity between those two supposedly rival Illyrian tribes.

7633: 1133:, a great and important city. Christianity was established in the city at an early stage, and bishops from Apollonia were present during the 2930: 8733: 3660: 2719: 2547: 7621: 3312:

Ceka, Olgita (2012). "Il koinon e la città. L'esempio di Byllis". In G. de Marinis; G.M. FabriniG. Paci; R. Perna; M. Silvestrini (eds.).

2322: 9134: 9109: 8711: 3007: 2173:

colonists likely took advantage of this territorial vacuum, and would have exploited the enmity between these two rival Illyrian tribes."

116: 3770: 2346: 2327: 8687: 7556: 5422: 2544: 1224:. After the war, an Albanian team undertook further work from 1948 onwards, although much of the site remains unexcavated to this day. 3486:. Center for Hellenic Studies colloquia. Vol. 5. Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University. pp. 187–212. 2385:

of the land of Abantis" should be understood quite literally: Euboean Oricum, an offshore island in the Bay of Valona, probably had a

2108:, p. 19: "The Corinthians and Corcyreans were recruited by the Taulantians, and they cooperated in establishing these colonies." 9094: 9054: 7746: 1567:, p. 328: "Apollonia (Apolloniates) Map 49. Lat. 40.45, long. 19.30. Size of territory: probably 5. Type: A:α. The toponym is 281: 2952: 8514: 293: 8574: 2879: 1905:"The Stratigraphy of Tumulus 6 in Shtoj and the Appearance of the Violin Idols in Burial Complexes of the South Adriatic Region" 9064: 2982: 8584: 3759: 3491: 3386: 3323: 3130: 3094: 3074: 2589: 1836: 8619: 3178:, p. 12:Its small capacity strengthens the impression of oligarchic institutions which were preserved under the Empire. 9069: 4810: 66: 1785: 1456: 8456: 7967: 6752: 6731: 3815: 1252:

In 2006, archaeologists discovered a Greek temple which dates back to the 6th century BC just outside of the Apollonia.

1059:, the road permitted overland travel elsewhere in the region, and it was the principal land route from Rome to the east. 9114: 9104: 8699: 8507: 8314: 5432: 5122: 4815: 4749: 1010: 17: 8569: 3193:

Bereti, Vasil; Quantin, François; Cabanes, Pierre (2011). "Histoire et épigraphie dans la région de Vlora (Albanie)".

2823:

Education in Northern Epirus during the late Ottoman Empire: the founding, organisation and operation of greek schools

9129: 9074: 8451: 8424: 4820: 4795: 3738: 3713: 3681: 3616: 3470: 3428: 3407: 3344: 3242: 3217: 2859: 2844: 2799: 2274: 2153: 1737: 1229: 1159:-ridden swamp. The city became increasingly uninhabitable as the inland swamp expanded, and the nearby settlement of 3723:

Wilkes, J. J.; Fischer-Hansen, Tobias (2004). "The Adriatic". In Mogens Herman Hansen; Thomas Heine Nielsen (eds.).

3046: 1492: 8726: 6629: 5378: 4805: 4800: 1148: 445:

they established good relations with the local Illyrians founding a joint settlement with a riverine harbor on the

55:" was built in the 2nd century BC and functioned as Apollonia's municipal council meeting building in the Roman era 3480:

Malkin, Irad (2001). "Greek Ambiguities: Between "Ancient Hellas" and "Barbarian Epirus"". In Malkin, Irad (ed.).

9084: 7735: 5272: 5132: 5127: 4404: 2558: 8609: 8589: 8465: 8438: 8116: 7997: 7972: 7884: 7358: 7206: 6656: 5297: 4711: 3808: 1540: 951:

S o u t h e r n I l l y r i a

826: 581:

In c. 450 BC the territory of Apollonia was expanded towards the south after the victory of the Apollonians in

8554: 8188: 7654: 6651: 6208: 5701: 5217: 5137: 4835: 4545: 3662:

Isotopic Study of Migration: Differentiating Locals and Non-Locals in Tumulus Burials from Apollonia, Albania

3118: 1353:

which it defeated and gained control of its territory. The victory was commemorated by a monument erected in

46: 9119: 9099: 8564: 8478: 8266: 7126: 6624: 5153: 4607: 1420: 1079:

was based in Apollonia with Roman troops and 2,000 infantry and 200 cavalry from the Illyrian tribe of the

8741: 8719: 8604: 8128: 8111: 7529: 7066: 5679: 5287: 5163: 4825: 4779: 4734: 4510: 4199: 6218: 361:. Before the foundation of Apollonia, the Greek goods that moved inland along this route were very few. 9033: 9012: 8344: 8339: 8080: 7041: 6340: 6213: 5346: 5341: 5317: 5227: 4744: 3842: 1444: 1177: 1085: 602: 219: 7491: 3790: 953:

i n t h e 3rd – 2nd

230:, who established a trading settlement on a largely abandoned coastal site by invitation of the local 9124: 9007: 8329: 8324: 7071: 6698: 6641: 5597: 5400: 5385: 5307: 5242: 4562: 4457: 3931: 3865: 1271:

A bishopric was founded there circa 400 AD but suppressed around 599. One of the participants in the

1018: 5209: 5189: 4387: 4045: 2256: 8178: 5395: 5358: 5292: 4958: 4845: 2233:: "Apollonia grew following colonisation but remained modest in size until the Hellenistic period." 1134: 8942: 1520: 8407: 8334: 8151: 6724: 6678: 5802: 5602: 5587: 5390: 5373: 5353: 5322: 5222: 5158: 4774: 4759: 4729: 4690: 4567: 4419: 3921: 3730: 3609:

Making, Using and Resisting the Law in European History, 2008, ISBN 978-88-8492-549-7, págs. 1-18

2927: 2712: 2577: 1280: 8937: 8824: 1047:

Apollonia was strategically located at the beginning of one of the two starting branches of the

955:

c e n t u r i e s B C E

8594: 8419: 8133: 8018: 6636: 5639: 5410: 5368: 5302: 5267: 4719: 4703: 4399: 4340: 4189: 4184: 3554: 3253: 2142:

Hammond, N.G.L. (1997). "The Greek Heroes and the Greek Colonies". In M. V. Sakellariou (ed.).

1358: 313: 7914: 3604: 3518:

McIlvaine, Britney Kyle; Schepartz, Lynne A.; Larsen, Clark Spencer; Sciulli, Paul W. (2013).

3004: 2581: 1591:

both in the urban sense (Hdt. 9.93.1, 94.2; Ps.-Skylax 26) and in the political sense (Arist.

1009:, the expulsion of foreigners deemed injurious to the public welfare, similar to that used in 8972: 8844: 8579: 8559: 8183: 8036: 7909: 7876: 7141: 7111: 7076: 6688: 5917: 5907: 5897: 5882: 5572: 5312: 5282: 5237: 5232: 4863: 4830: 4632: 4537: 4523: 4179: 4050: 4014: 3676:. KLIO / Beihefte. Neue Folge (in German). Vol. 15. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. 3673:

Korinth und seine Kolonien: Die Stadt am Isthmus im Mächtegefüge des klassischen Griechenland

3228: 2787: 2342: 1369:

heroes who faced each other and were observed by Zeus who stood at the center, surrounded by

1097: 1072: 1068: 382: 297: 2903:"UNESCO Office in Venice: Apollonia Archaeological Museum reopens after 20 years of closure" 2312:

One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

699:

P A R T H I N I

691:

T A U L A N T I

8987: 8967: 8599: 8304: 8205: 6986: 6160: 6154: 6140: 5624: 5582: 5554: 5439: 5252: 4482: 4278: 2838: 2551: 1291:

in 451, Eusebius subscribed simply as Bishop of Apollonia. In the letter of the bishops of

1288: 1246: 1138: 1112:

later known as Augustus studied in Apollonia in 44 BC under the tutelage of Athenodorus of

1105: 625: 386: 1486:

Tombstone with the Illyrian name Tritos, Platoros (Tritos, son of Plator), 2nd century BCE

8: 8638: 8299: 8156: 7321: 7216: 7166: 7101: 7081: 7036: 6291: 5649: 5544: 5539: 4976: 4291: 4204: 4174: 4128: 3891: 2573:

Caves and the Ancient Greek Mind: Descending Underground in the Search for Ultimate Truth

1305: 915: 3354:

Davis, J. L.; Korkuti, M.; Bejko, L.; Galaty, M. L.; Muçaj, S.; Stocker, Sh. R. (2007).

1904: 927: 594: 421: 8977: 8488: 8171: 7899: 7807: 7161: 7096: 6717: 6508: 6405: 6311: 5955: 5872: 5760: 5262: 5086: 4602: 4582: 4439: 4310: 4194: 3989: 3916: 3506: 3144: 2960: 2280: 1545: 1350: 1341: 1272: 1189: 1027: 964: 582: 566: 508: 485: 481: 441:

reports that Corinth is said to have responded to an Illyrian invitation. According to

9017: 8962: 8834: 7984: 7787: 3634: 3119:

Angelos Prof. Dr. Chaniotis, Thomas Dr. Corsten, R.S. Stroud, Rolf Dr. Tybout (2002).

8446: 8412: 8379: 8359: 8286: 8261: 8195: 8138: 8103: 8026: 7947: 7942: 7466: 7261: 7221: 7196: 7031: 6991: 6684: 6583: 6170: 5719: 5567: 5519: 5363: 5332: 5277: 5194: 5071: 4943: 4764: 4597: 4550: 4490: 4364: 4346: 4322: 4304: 4259: 4214: 4209: 3860: 3795: 3755: 3734: 3709: 3677: 3612: 3541: 3510: 3487: 3466: 3424: 3403: 3382: 3355: 3340: 3319: 3300: 3238: 3213: 3126: 3090: 3070: 2795: 2585: 2284: 2270: 2149: 1912: 1832: 1829:

Greek colonisation : an account of Greek colonies and other settlements overseas

1743: 1733: 1181: 1113: 1032: 262: 8927: 8854: 7823: 2986: 8887: 8879: 8758: 8653: 8374: 8294: 8166: 8099: 7959: 7904: 7889: 7777: 7694: 7519: 7498: 7338: 7176: 6981: 6938: 6513: 6045: 6010: 5827: 5684: 5562: 5449: 5444: 4769: 4724: 4555: 4462: 4078: 3911: 3896: 3886: 3754:. New York, New York and Oxford, United Kingdom: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). 3640: 3566: 3531: 3447: 3290: 3265: 2464:"The Actors of Cultural Contact in Ancient Epirus: Colonists, Traders and Pilgrims" 2262: 2258:

Marginalised Populations in the Ancient Greek World The Bioarchaeology of the Other

1366: 1221: 751: 682: 637: 425:

Apollonia and approximate Illyrian tribal distribution in the 7th-4th centuries BC.

393: 369: 254: 8947: 8902: 8776: 3605:"Making Colonial Institutions: The Example of Corinthian Apoikiai in the Adriatic" 3295: 3278: 3023: 882: 9059: 9002: 8982: 8849: 8816: 8766: 8349: 8243: 8238: 8161: 8143: 8121: 7932: 7723: 7706: 7700: 7659: 7593: 7576: 6765: 6528: 6286: 6074: 5887: 5629: 5495: 5427: 4754: 4352: 4334: 4328: 4242: 4219: 4093: 4004: 3964: 3901: 3749: 3724: 3703: 3692: 3671: 3481: 3460: 3418: 3397: 3376: 3334: 3313: 3232: 3207: 3120: 3011: 2792:

Tumulus as Sema: Space, Politics, Culture and Religion in the First Millennium BC

2571: 2143: 1721: 1511: 1354: 1296: 1160: 724: 610: 586: 512: 458: 401: 227: 223: 8992: 8864: 8791: 8786: 8781: 6553: 6266: 3584:

Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni Italiane in Oriente

1432: 1283:). One of the participants at a council held in Constantinople in 448 signed as 249:, which maintained a military base there for a time. The city flourished in the 8997: 8957: 8952: 8839: 8369: 8364: 7919: 7540: 7534: 7417: 7286: 7086: 6881: 6410: 6350: 6345: 6301: 6082: 6030: 6020: 6000: 5990: 5734: 5729: 5724: 4577: 4376: 4370: 4358: 4158: 4133: 3906: 3831: 3694:

Illyrian Apollonia: Toward a New Ktisis and Developmental History of the Colony

3234:

Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas

1326: 1064: 666:

D A R D A N I

524: 477: 476:

apparently were the only Greek colonies founded in the Adriatic Sea during the

454: 442: 378: 246: 181: 173: 7989: 2928:"Researchers Discover Greek Temple In Albania Dating Back To 6th Century B.C." 2816: 2713:"Researchers Discover Greek Temple In Albania Dating Back To 6th Century B.C." 2671:

them by indigenous potters, but in general they were classified as Greek type.

1722:"Sustainable development and territorial regeneration in archaeological areas" 1241:

Haxhimihali. It replaced an older museum dating from 1985, and was funded by

9048: 8869: 8806: 8801: 8771: 8668: 8530: 8233: 7894: 7281: 7241: 6802: 6646: 6563: 6538: 6228: 6150: 5832: 5775: 5674: 5664: 5634: 5616: 5490: 4642: 4424: 4316: 4272: 4234: 4073: 3994: 3304: 3038: 2880:"Αλβανία: Βανδαλισμός στο Νυμφαίο της αρχαιοελληνικής Απολλωνίας | ΣΚΑΪ" 2318: 2313: 1916: 1747: 1361:

who visited it many centuries later. The monument was an arrangement of five

1093: 274: 161: 131: 118: 8499: 7979: 3570: 3269: 1287:, but it is uncertain whether he was associated with this Apollonia. At the 1285:

Paulus Episcopus Apolloniada al. Apolloniatarum, civitatis sanctae ecclesiae

1249:

Joint Programme "Culture and Heritage for Social and Economic Development".

1208: 8912: 8907: 8859: 8829: 8278: 8046: 7924: 7829: 7674: 7251: 7236: 6463: 6415: 6281: 6135: 6005: 5644: 5480: 4986: 4948: 4647: 3545: 1330: 937: 590: 543: 438: 266: 250: 204: 189: 7860: 3318:. BAR International Series. Vol. 2419. Archaeopress. pp. 59–64. 2266: 649: 8796: 7865: 7471: 7397: 7382: 7231: 7186: 7061: 7026: 6832: 6792: 6483: 6375: 6355: 6183: 5691: 5669: 5659: 5654: 5577: 5534: 5081: 4991: 4981: 4868: 4858: 4622: 3999: 3974: 2864: 1386: 1310: 1292: 1125: 1089: 1048: 974: 657:

A R D I A E I

539: 358: 289: 208: 165: 93: 52: 6188: 3580:"The Roman Agora of Apollonia in Illyria: A space for the Imperial Cult" 1051:

in Illyria. Retracing a prehistoric trade route that linked the eastern

606: 8402: 8053: 8041: 7954: 7792: 7377: 7328: 7311: 7106: 7056: 6928: 6911: 6906: 6871: 6812: 6797: 6420: 6390: 6385: 6370: 6256: 6223: 5892: 5862: 5529: 5257: 5091: 4933: 4928: 4918: 4903: 4888: 4878: 4853: 4229: 3984: 3939: 3644: 3536: 3519: 2331:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 186. 1378: 1322: 1232:(opened in 1958) and other artifacts from Apollonia are in the capital 1143: 535: 354: 222:

of the same name. It was founded around 600 BC by Greek colonists from

192: 8063: 7802: 1236:. Unfortunately, during the anarchy that followed the collapse of the 769: 7752: 7711: 7546: 7503: 7481: 7392: 7343: 7201: 7151: 7016: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6896: 6827: 6780: 6740: 6395: 6321: 6306: 6276: 6271: 6203: 6127: 6112: 6097: 6040: 5940: 5592: 5524: 5096: 5076: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5001: 4996: 4966: 4913: 4873: 4652: 4518: 4472: 4452: 4083: 3954: 2537: 2433: 2431: 1403: 1382: 1318: 1237: 1197: 1005: 987: 983: 817: 715: 706: 690: 621: 615: 601:(modern Vjosa), and consolidated their control over the sanctuary of 547: 520: 473: 466: 450: 365: 333: 321: 280:

The name of the city is mentioned among the modern bishoprics of the

239: 231: 7762: 7550: 3579: 3451: 805: 8663: 8354: 8085: 8058: 7854: 7812: 7717: 7684: 7566: 7561: 7524: 7476: 7449: 7432: 7427: 7306: 7271: 7246: 7191: 7181: 7146: 7131: 7046: 7021: 7011: 7006: 6943: 6933: 6901: 6864: 6842: 6837: 6817: 6807: 6785: 6770: 6445: 6435: 6425: 6400: 6178: 6145: 6107: 6050: 5965: 5950: 5807: 5797: 5714: 5709: 5106: 5101: 5061: 5056: 5031: 5011: 4938: 4893: 4883: 4739: 4637: 4572: 4500: 4108: 2788:"The Complex of Tumuli 9, 10 and 11 in the Necropolis of Apollonia" 1257: 1109: 1080: 1052: 893: 698: 674: 462: 409: 397: 350: 270: 258: 7614: 7610: 7422: 6198: 2428: 1164: 986:

considers (Aristotle:4.3.8) the Apollonian government as a narrow

787: 8917: 8892: 8750: 8744: 8633: 8534: 8384: 8215: 8031: 8002: 7844: 7797: 7782: 7740: 7689: 7649: 7598: 7486: 7387: 7353: 7333: 7316: 7302: 7211: 7156: 7136: 6923: 6891: 6886: 6876: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6775: 6760: 6588: 6578: 6523: 6518: 6503: 6493: 6478: 6473: 6360: 6248: 6238: 6117: 6092: 6087: 6060: 6055: 6035: 6025: 6015: 5980: 5970: 5960: 5912: 5902: 5877: 5842: 5837: 5812: 5465: 5247: 4908: 4898: 4657: 4627: 4617: 4612: 4592: 4587: 4467: 4414: 4123: 4113: 4103: 4098: 4088: 3800: 3772:

Greek Colonial Expansion: Impacts on Illyrian Physical Activities

3227:

Cabanes, Pierre (2008). "Greek Colonisation in the Adriatic". In

2825:] (Thesis). Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. p. 251 1314: 1217: 1156: 1155:, causing the harbour to silt up and the inland area to become a 1076: 1043: 1022: 865: 665: 656: 629: 528: 500: 430: 373: 212: 196: 104: 6533: 5847: 1782:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

1152: 632:

or Peithenius, who was tasked with guarding the sheep sacred to

8932: 8922: 8658: 8648: 8220: 8210: 8200: 8073: 8068: 7937: 7849: 7839: 7834: 7817: 7772: 7757: 7679: 7644: 7604: 7571: 7514: 7508: 7461: 7455: 7407: 7276: 7256: 7226: 7171: 7116: 7091: 7051: 7001: 6996: 6918: 6822: 6558: 6488: 6468: 6430: 6296: 6102: 5995: 5932: 5922: 5867: 5485: 5470: 5066: 5051: 5026: 5021: 5006: 4667: 4662: 4429: 4409: 4153: 4143: 4138: 4009: 3969: 3959: 3944: 3517: 2631: 2069: 2054: 1678: 1648: 1616: 1374: 1325:, It grants no such recognition to Byllis. Metropolitan of the 1276: 1242: 1233: 1120: 1101: 1056: 969: 905: 874: 856: 847: 796: 778: 733: 633: 571: 555: 551: 453:, cooperating in the establishment of the colony. According to 434: 325: 3315:

I processi formativi ed evolutividella città in area adriatica

1710:

B.C., he learned that Julius Caesar had died, naming him heir"

1275:

in 431 was a Felix who signed once as Bishop of Apollonia and

203:

river, approximately 10 km from the eastern coast of the

7767: 7669: 7639: 7627: 7587: 7581: 7444: 7438: 7367: 7266: 7121: 6963: 6568: 6543: 6440: 6380: 6365: 6233: 6193: 5945: 5857: 5852: 5822: 5817: 5792: 5475: 5016: 4971: 4923: 4495: 4447: 4148: 4118: 4065: 4040: 3979: 3949: 3791:

Official Site of the National Archeological Park of Apollonia

1390: 979: 760: 742: 598: 578:

Apollonia began to mint its own coins in the 5th century BC.

496: 235: 200: 185: 6709: 1720:

Bellone, Cinzia; Geropanta, Vasiliki; Kushi, Merita (2018).

1389:

monument was built in the 2nd century BC. It had a ten-tier

353:

coast with the interior, and the northern Adriatic with the

245:

From the second century BC Apollonia allied itself with the

8225: 7730: 6573: 6548: 6498: 5985: 5975: 3254:"Disa çështje mbi Amantët / Interrogations sur les Amantes" 1402:

Isocrates of Apollonia, rhetorician and pupil of the elder

1362: 491: 446: 2443: 2343:"Illyria, Apollonia - Ancient Greek Coins - WildWinds.com" 3100: 1370: 707:

D A S S A R E T I

437:

Gylax to an already existing trading post around 600 BC.

3209:

Epirus Vetus: The Archaeology of a Late Antique Province

2734: 2710: 1939: 1937: 1075:

who led the Roman campaign to defeat the Illyrian ruler

3353: 2953:"In Apollonia the bust of a Roman athlete is unearthed" 2416: 2016: 1862: 1860: 1119:

Apollonia flourished under Roman rule and was noted by

978:

describes Apollonia as a well-governed, self-governing

3636:

Shipping sheep: a zooarchaeology of Greek colonisation

994:

and therefore the magistracy. Aristotle uses the term

585:

on the borders of the land of the indigenous tribe of

429:

The colony at Apollonia was founded by a group of 200

3417:

Hansen, Mogens Herman; Nielsen, Thomas Heine (2004).

3399:

Migrations and Invasions in Greece and Adjacent Areas

1934: 1719: 1474:

Stele of Hermes accompanied by Hades, 3rd century BCE

499:

was located on a significant cultural border between

292:

of the Latin Church. The ruins were designated as an

3722: 3192: 3025:

Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus

2437: 2145:

Eprius: 4000 Years of Greek Culture and Civilization

1872: 1857: 1564: 396:

Greek mariners and traders in the Adriatic were the

3465:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 3437: 3423:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2860:"The damaged columns in Apollonia are put in place" 2604: 2230: 2084: 1943: 1760: 1667: 1652: 1620: 2461: 1313:, thus recognizing that it was once a residential 683:P E N E S T A E 675:L A B E A T A E 1822: 1820: 1818: 605:and the area of the bitumen mines of present-day 184:trade colony which developed into an independent 9046: 3708:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. 3339:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. 416: 4036: 2509: 2507: 2505: 503:(the northernmost part of Epirus) and Illyria. 3169: 2758: 2627: 2625: 2080: 2078: 1815: 9080:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Albania 8727: 8529: 8515: 6725: 3816: 3446:(6). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: 1067–1077. 3416: 3396:Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1976). 2065: 2063: 1866: 3726:An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis 3555:"Ilirët, kolonitë greke, monedhat dhe lufta" 3420:An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis 3149:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2615: 2613: 2502: 2123: 2029: 2027: 2025: 1909:Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja 1845: 1803: 1705: 1703: 1196:archeologists and the President of Albania, 1063:In 229 BC, it came under the control of the 574:from Apollonia bearing the inscription ΑΠΟΛ. 218:Apollonia was perhaps the most important of 3276: 2711:University of Cincinnati (6 January 2006). 2622: 2449: 2261:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 210. 2075: 1826: 1663: 1661: 1141:(451). It was mentioned in the 6th century 168:: Ἀπολλωνία, ἡ; city-ethnic: Ἀπολλωνιάτης, 73: 8734: 8720: 8522: 8508: 6732: 6718: 4702: 3823: 3809: 2794:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG: 58. 2474:. Deutsches Archeologisches Institut: 234. 2200: 2060: 1949: 1902: 1349:Around 450 BC, Apollonia expanded towards 628:relate an anecdote concerning a man named 199:. It was located on the right bank of the 3577: 3535: 3524:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3500: 3440:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 3378:Illyricum in Roman Politics, 229 BC–AD 68 3362:. Collection de l’École Française de Rome 3294: 3163: 2655: 2646: 2610: 2519: 2300: 2298: 2242: 2218: 2022: 1700: 1694: 1624: 265:which attracted students from across the 3669: 3237:. Vol. 2. Brill. pp. 155–186. 2814: 2569: 2422: 2317: 1658: 1587:II 4.I.18 (360)). Apollonia is called a 1340: 1207: 1042: 565: 420: 344: 332:reference to the nearby Greek colony of 282:Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania 9090:Buildings and structures in Fier County 3796:GCatholic - bishopric & titular see 3690: 3632: 3602: 3402:. Park Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Press. 3395: 3332: 3251: 3226: 3175: 3106: 2857: 2764: 2410: 2398: 2194: 2182: 2141: 2000: 1972: 1955: 1890: 1851: 1809: 1612: 1067:, to which it was firmly loyal. In the 372:. The presence of the Early Bronze Age 14: 9047: 5756: 3768: 3747: 3701: 3658: 3552: 3483:Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity 3479: 3458: 3205: 2950: 2944: 2752: 2740: 2525: 2513: 2462:Domínguez Monedero, Adolfo J. (2020). 2378: 2366: 2295: 2254: 2206: 2129: 2117: 2105: 2033: 1988: 1878: 1682: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1608: 1604: 308:The settlement was initially known as 8715: 8503: 6713: 6613: 5755: 5184: 4688: 4035: 3855: 3804: 3374: 3212:. London, United Kingdom: Duckworth. 3028:, Parigi 1740, Vol. II, coll. 248-249 2786:Amore, Maria Grazia (11 April 2016). 2785: 2695: 2484: 643: 253:period, housing a renowned school of 8683: 6224:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus 3856: 3778:(Thesis). Colorado State University. 3311: 2496: 2148:. Ekdotike Athenon. pp. 46–54. 1266: 211:, close to the village of Pojan, in 3665:(Thesis). University of Cincinnati. 3639:(Thesis). University of Cambridge. 1784:(UNESCO). p. 8. Archived from 561: 24: 9135:Tourist attractions in Fier County 9110:Former populated places in Albania 5185: 3830: 2951:Murati, Violeta (15 August 2010). 2680: 2438:Bereti, Quantin & Cabanes 2011 1345:Capital of Monument of Agonothetes 25: 9146: 8425:Prehistory of Southeastern Europe 3784: 3590:. All'Insegna del Giglio: 223–232 3530:(2). Wiley Periodicals: 236–248. 3505:(Thesis). Ohio State University. 3277:Castiglioni, Maria Paola (2018). 3089:(Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 3069:(Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 2983:"DAI Research Projects Apollonia" 2722:from the original on 24 July 2008 2605:Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016 2468:Menschen - Kulturen - Traditionen 2231:Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016 2085:Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016 1944:Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016 1761:Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016 1668:Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016 1653:Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016 1621:Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016 1396: 1230:Archaeological Museum of Apolonia 8743: 8695: 8694: 8682: 8484: 8483: 6693: 6683: 6674: 6673: 3501:McIlvaine, Britney Kyle (2012). 3097:), "Sedi titolari", pp. 819-1013 2305: 1772: 1565:Wilkes & Fischer-Hansen 2004 1519: 1503: 1491: 1479: 1467: 1455: 1443: 1431: 1419: 648: 207:. Its ruins are situated in the 72: 65: 45: 9095:Catholic titular sees in Europe 9055:Archaeological sites in Albania 6694: 3157: 3112: 3080: 3060: 3049:from the original on 2014-09-29 3031: 3016: 2999:Daniele Farlati-Jacopo Coleti, 2993: 2975: 2933:from the original on 2018-06-22 2920: 2909:from the original on 2014-04-21 2895: 2886: 2872: 2851: 2808: 2779: 2770: 2746: 2704: 2698:De mirabilibus auscultationibus 2689: 2674: 2664: 2637: 2598: 2563: 2531: 2490: 2478: 2455: 2404: 2392: 2372: 2360: 2349:from the original on 2014-02-09 2335: 2248: 2236: 2224: 2212: 2188: 2176: 2166: 2135: 2111: 2099: 2090: 2048: 2039: 2010: 1994: 1982: 1966: 1896: 1884: 1766: 1579:309 (C5m)). The city-ethnic is 1038: 982:presumably from its inception. 7998:Albanian traditional tattooing 7885:Central Bosnian cultural group 3751:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece 3462:Greek Nymphs: Myth, Cult, Lore 3459:Larson, Jennifer Lynn (2001). 3381:. Cambridge University Press. 3356:"The Hinterlands of Apollonia" 1831:. Leiden: Brill. p. 169. 1827:Tsetskladze, Gocha R. (2006). 1754: 1713: 1688: 1672: 1630: 1598: 1558: 1541:List of settlements in Illyria 1203: 27:Archaeological park in Albania 13: 1: 9065:6th-century BC establishments 8189:Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC) 6739: 4295: 4282: 4263: 4246: 3296:10.15210/lepaarq.v15i29.11495 3185: 2959:(in Albanian). Archived from 2843:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 589:, in the coastal area of the 417:Foundation and Archaic period 5423:Funeral and burial practices 4608:Military of Mycenaean Greece 2858:Mehmeti, Col (2 July 2020). 1903:Govedarica, Blagoje (2016). 1551: 1385:. The building known as the 1104:, but fell to Pompey's ally 570:A 4th-3rd century BC silver 238:under an oligarchic system. 7: 9070:Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast 8117:Alexander's Balkan campaign 8112:Illyrian invasion of Epirus 3691:Stocker, Sharon R. (2009). 3578:Piccinini, Jessica (2019). 1534: 1086:Roman province of Macedonia 364:The presence of indigenous 220:the several classical towns 10: 9151: 9034:List of castles in Albania 5347:Greek Revival architecture 4689: 3748:Wilson, Nigel Guy (2006). 3333:Chamoux, François (2003). 3039:"Louis Petit, "Byllis" in 3003:, vol. VII, Venezia 1817, 1409: 1336: 1178:Dormition of the Theotokos 968:c. 10 km in length. 597:river, a tributary of the 339: 317: 9115:Greek colonies in Illyria 9105:Cities in ancient Illyria 9026: 8878: 8815: 8757: 8677: 8618: 8541: 8474: 8437: 8395: 8277: 8254: 8098: 8017: 7875: 7352: 7295: 6974: 6751: 6747: 6669: 6620: 6614: 6609: 6454: 6331: 6320: 6247: 6169: 6126: 6073: 5931: 5783: 5774: 5770: 5751: 5700: 5615: 5553: 5515: 5508: 5458: 5418: 5409: 5331: 5208: 5204: 5180: 5146: 5115: 4957: 4844: 4788: 4755:Attalid kings of Pergamon 4710: 4701: 4697: 4684: 4563:Antigonid Macedonian army 4536: 4509: 4481: 4438: 4395: 4386: 4228: 4167: 4064: 4060: 4031: 3930: 3879: 3875: 3851: 3838: 3769:Wright, Jennifer (2016). 3659:Stallo, Jennifer (2007). 3279:"Les Grecs en Adriatique" 2892:Stocker, 2009, p. 222-223 2815:Koltsida, Athina (2008). 1867:Hansen & Nielsen 2004 1295:to the Byzantine Emperor 1170: 647: 519:Compared to pre-colonial 147: 110: 100: 89: 60: 44: 35: 9130:Populated places in Fier 9075:Albania in the Roman era 3553:Picard, Olivier (2013). 3336:Hellenistic Civilization 3252:Cabanes, Pierre (2011). 3206:Bowden, William (2003). 3087:Annuario Pontificio 2013 3067:Annuario Pontificio 2013 2661:Reboton, 2008, p. 12, 20 2570:Ustinova, Yulia (2009). 1321:of the archbishopric of 1135:First Council of Ephesus 8408:Origin of the Albanians 8129:Dardanian–Bastarnic war 3731:Oxford University Press 3670:Stickler, Timo (2014). 3603:Reboton, Joany (2008). 3571:10.3406/iliri.2013.2428 3375:Dzino, Danijel (2010). 3270:10.3406/iliri.2011.1100 2578:Oxford University Press 2328:Encyclopædia Britannica 2255:Weaver, Carrie (2022). 1281:apostolic administrator 1176:hill the church of the 465:) to the north and the 303: 296:on 7 April 2003 by the 288:). Apollonia is also a 9085:Archaeology of Illyria 8575:Fir of Hotovë-Dangelli 8420:History of the Balkans 8134:Invasions of Epidamnus 8019:Religion and mythology 4789:Artists & scholars 4704:List of ancient Greeks 4341:Second Athenian League 4190:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 4015:Ancient Greek colonies 3633:Sanford, Jane (2012). 3229:Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. 1357:. It was described by 1346: 1213: 1185: 1060: 575: 426: 177: 8144:Roman-Macedonian wars 7910:Glasinac-Mati culture 7547:Dyrrhachium/Epidamnus 7142:Glaucias of Taulantii 7112:Eleutherius and Antia 7077:Constantine the Great 5908:Sybaris on the Traeis 4633:Sacred Band of Thebes 4373:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) 3887:Cycladic civilization 3702:Wilkes, John (1995). 3283:Cadernos do Lepaarque 3041:Catholic Encyclopedia 2632:McIlvaine et al. 2013 2267:10.1515/9781474415262 2070:McIlvaine et al. 2013 2055:McIlvaine et al. 2013 1679:McIlvaine et al. 2013 1649:McIlvaine et al. 2013 1617:McIlvaine et al. 2013 1344: 1309:lists Apollonia as a 1260:Professor Blavatski. 1211: 1073:Lucius Anicius Gallus 1069:Fourth Macedonian War 1046: 569: 424: 345:Pre-foundation period 298:government of Albania 132:40.72194°N 19.47250°E 8179:Roman–Dalmatian wars 7920:Monte Saraceno woman 6987:Anastasius I Dicorus 5433:mythological figures 5154:Ancient Greek tribes 4279:Peloponnesian League 3733:. pp. 321–337. 2776:Stocker, 2009, p. 82 2700:. pp. 842 b.27. 2652:Reboton, 2008, p. 11 2643:Reboton, 2008, p. 10 2619:Sanford, 2020, p. 27 1289:Council of Chalcedon 1139:Council of Chalcedon 1131:magna urbs et gravis 1106:Marcus Junius Brutus 9120:Hellenistic Albania 9100:Corinthian colonies 9013:Venetian Triangular 8898:Apollonia (Illyria) 8620:Archaeological park 8267:Proposed vocabulary 7915:Gradistë belt-plate 7217:Peter the Patrician 7167:Irenaeus of Sirmium 7102:Demetrius of Pharos 7082:Constantius Chlorus 7037:Bato the Daesitiate 5545:Tunnel of Eupalinos 5540:Theatre of Dionysus 5164:Ancient Macedonians 4780:Tyrants of Syracuse 4292:Amphictyonic League 3892:Minoan civilization 3360:Apollonia d'Illyrie 2685:. pp. VII.5.8. 1791:on 22 November 2020 1306:Annuario Pontificio 1167:) became dominant. 1055:coast with eastern 294:archaeological park 128: / 81:Location in Albania 32: 9008:Venetian Acropolis 8845:Justinian Fortress 8585:Lurë-Dejë Mountain 8184:Caesar's civil war 7818:Tragurion (Trogir) 7418:Aspalathos (Split) 7359:cities/settlements 7296:Political entities 7162:Gratianus Funarius 6219:Menestheus's Limin 5873:Pandosia (Lucania) 5761:Greek colonisation 5123:Athenian statesmen 4884:Diogenes of Sinope 4745:Kings of Macedonia 4735:Kings of Commagene 4603:Macedonian phalanx 4583:Hellenistic armies 4331:(c. 424–c. 395 BC) 4195:Indo-Greek Kingdom 3917:Hellenistic Greece 3645:10.17863/CAM.15970 3537:10.1002/ajpa.22425 3109:, pp. 171–72. 3010:2016-12-22 at the 2743:, pp. 174–75. 2323:Apollonia s.v. (1) 2197:, pp. 316–317 1773:Tusa, Sebastiano. 1546:Tourism in Albania 1347: 1273:Council of Ephesus 1214: 1190:Ardenica Monastery 1088:, specifically of 1061: 1028:Hellenistic period 808:Dyrrhachion • 644:Hellenistic period 576: 486:Straits of Otranto 427: 286:Apollonia and Fier 137:40.72194; 19.47250 30: 18:Apollonia, Illyria 9042: 9041: 8709: 8708: 8570:Divjakë-Karavasta 8497: 8496: 8433: 8432: 8413:Albanian paganism 8380:Pannonia Superior 8360:Pannonia Inferior 8287:Illyrian emperors 8139:Illyro-Roman Wars 7586:Iader or Idassa ( 7197:Marcellinus Comes 7032:Bato the Breucian 6992:Artas of Messapia 6707: 6706: 6665: 6664: 6605: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6171:Iberian Peninsula 6103:Lipara/Meligounis 6069: 6068: 5747: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5720:Cypriot syllabary 5611: 5610: 5520:Athenian Treasury 5504: 5503: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5171: 4765:Ptolemaic dynasty 4725:Archons of Athens 4680: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4551:Athenian military 4532: 4531: 4365:League of Corinth 4347:Thessalian League 4323:Chalcidian League 4305:Acarnanian League 4215:Ptolemaic Kingdom 4027: 4026: 4023: 4022: 3761:978-0-415-87396-3 3493:978-0-674-00662-1 3388:978-0-521-19419-8 3325:978-1-4073-1018-3 3132:978-90-04-15508-4 3095:978-88-209-9070-1 3075:978-88-209-9070-1 2963:on 17 August 2010 2591:978-0-19-954856-9 2017:Davis et al. 2007 1838:978-90-04-15576-3 1526:Saint Mary Church 1462:Ruins of a temple 1267:Episcopal history 1033:Pyrrhus of Epirus 1011:Lacedaemonian law 965:Hellenistic times 509:Hellenistic times 263:military training 155: 154: 51:The "Monument to 16:(Redirected from 9142: 9125:Illyrian Albania 8880:Southern Albania 8759:Northern Albania 8748: 8747: 8736: 8729: 8722: 8713: 8712: 8698: 8697: 8688:Commons category 8686: 8685: 8625:Park arkeologjik 8524: 8517: 8510: 8501: 8500: 8487: 8486: 8375:Pannonia Secunda 7980:Trebeništa masks 7960:Spectacle brooch 7803:Scodra (Shkodër) 7783:Scampa (Elbasan) 7499:Dardana Fortress 7368:Acruvium (Kotor) 7339:Illyrian kingdom 6749: 6748: 6734: 6727: 6720: 6711: 6710: 6697: 6696: 6687: 6677: 6676: 6611: 6610: 6329: 6328: 5828:Heraclea Lucania 5781: 5780: 5772: 5771: 5753: 5752: 5513: 5512: 5445:Twelve Olympians 5416: 5415: 5206: 5205: 5182: 5181: 4770:Seleucid dynasty 4750:Kings of Paionia 4699: 4698: 4686: 4685: 4556:Scythian archers 4463:Graphe paranomon 4393: 4392: 4300: 4297: 4287: 4284: 4268: 4265: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4062: 4061: 4033: 4032: 3912:Classical Greece 3897:Mycenaean Greece 3877: 3876: 3853: 3852: 3825: 3818: 3811: 3802: 3801: 3779: 3777: 3765: 3744: 3719: 3698: 3687: 3666: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3574: 3549: 3539: 3514: 3497: 3476: 3455: 3434: 3413: 3392: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3350: 3329: 3308: 3298: 3273: 3248: 3223: 3202: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3148: 3140: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3084: 3078: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3054: 3043:(New York 1908)" 3035: 3029: 3022:Michel Lequien, 3020: 3014: 3001:Illyricum Sacrum 2997: 2991: 2990: 2985:. Archived from 2979: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2938: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2914: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2842: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2678: 2672: 2668: 2662: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2644: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2620: 2617: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2567: 2561: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2459: 2453: 2450:Castiglioni 2018 2447: 2441: 2435: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2354: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2311: 2309: 2308: 2302: 2293: 2292: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2073: 2067: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2020: 2014: 2008: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1970: 1964: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1932: 1931: 1925: 1923: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1824: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1790: 1779: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1717: 1711: 1707: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1676: 1670: 1665: 1656: 1634: 1628: 1602: 1596: 1562: 1523: 1514:, 2nd century CE 1507: 1495: 1483: 1471: 1459: 1447: 1435: 1423: 1222:Second World War 959: 958: 944: 940: 933: 932: 922: 918: 911: 910: 900: 896: 889: 887: 878: 877: 869: 868: 860: 859: 851: 850: 842: 841: 839:Apollonia • 833: 832: 821: 820: 818:• Lychnidos 812: 811: 800: 799: 791: 790: 782: 781: 773: 772: 764: 763: 755: 754: 746: 745: 737: 736: 728: 727: 719: 718: 710: 709: 701: 694: 693: 685: 678: 677: 669: 668: 660: 659: 652: 638:Oracle of Delphi 562:Classical period 542:leading east to 383:Early Cycladic I 370:Early Bronze Age 319: 255:Greek philosophy 143: 142: 140: 139: 138: 133: 129: 126: 125: 124: 121: 76: 75: 69: 49: 33: 29: 21: 9150: 9149: 9145: 9144: 9143: 9141: 9140: 9139: 9045: 9044: 9043: 9038: 9022: 8874: 8817:Central Albania 8811: 8753: 8742: 8740: 8710: 8705: 8673: 8622: 8614: 8605:Karaburun-Sazan 8555:Alps of Albania 8543: 8537: 8528: 8498: 8493: 8470: 8457:Illyrian tribes 8429: 8391: 8350:Moesia Superior 8273: 8250: 8201:Desilo shipyard 8122:Siege of Pelium 8094: 8013: 7985:Vače Belt-Plate 7973:Selca e Poshtme 7871: 7788:Selcë e Poshtme 7577:Hedum castellum 7511:(Lower Neretva) 7373:Ad Acroceraunia 7356: 7348: 7291: 7072:Cleitus Dardani 6970: 6743: 6738: 6708: 6703: 6661: 6616: 6593: 6456: 6450: 6333: 6324: 6316: 6287:Melaina Korkyra 6243: 6165: 6122: 6075:Aeolian Islands 6065: 5927: 5785: 5766: 5765: 5739: 5696: 5607: 5549: 5500: 5454: 5405: 5327: 5318:Wedding customs 5200: 5199: 5168: 5159:Thracian Greeks 5142: 5133:Olympic victors 5111: 4953: 4840: 4784: 4775:Kings of Sparta 4760:Kings of Pontus 4730:Kings of Athens 4706: 4693: 4672: 4568:Army of Macedon 4528: 4505: 4477: 4434: 4382: 4355:(370–c. 230 BC) 4353:Arcadian League 4337:(c. 400–188 BC) 4335:Aetolian League 4329:Boeotian League 4311:Hellenic League 4298: 4285: 4275:(c. 650–404 BC) 4266: 4260:Italiote League 4253: 4249: 4243:Doric Hexapolis 4233: 4224: 4220:Seleucid Empire 4163: 4056: 4055: 4019: 3926: 3902:Greek Dark Ages 3871: 3870: 3847: 3834: 3829: 3787: 3782: 3775: 3762: 3741: 3716: 3684: 3649: 3647: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3593: 3591: 3494: 3473: 3452:10.1002/oa.2519 3431: 3410: 3389: 3365: 3363: 3347: 3326: 3289:(29): 320–339. 3245: 3220: 3188: 3183: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3142: 3141: 3133: 3125:. J.C. Gieben. 3117: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3085: 3081: 3065: 3061: 3052: 3050: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3021: 3017: 3012:Wayback Machine 2998: 2994: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2949: 2945: 2936: 2934: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2912: 2910: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2882:. 14 June 2020. 2878: 2877: 2873: 2856: 2852: 2836: 2835: 2828: 2826: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2709: 2705: 2694: 2690: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2623: 2618: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2568: 2564: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2352: 2350: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2321:, ed. (1911). " 2306: 2304: 2303: 2296: 2277: 2253: 2249: 2241: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2217: 2213: 2205: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2181: 2177: 2171: 2167: 2156: 2140: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2083: 2076: 2068: 2061: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2032: 2023: 2015: 2011: 1999: 1995: 1987: 1983: 1971: 1967: 1954: 1950: 1942: 1935: 1921: 1919: 1901: 1897: 1889: 1885: 1877: 1873: 1865: 1858: 1850: 1846: 1839: 1825: 1816: 1808: 1804: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1780:(in Albanian). 1777: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1755: 1740: 1718: 1714: 1708: 1701: 1693: 1689: 1677: 1673: 1666: 1659: 1639:, p. 112; 1635: 1631: 1611:, p. 594; 1603: 1599: 1571:(Hdt. 9.92–93; 1563: 1559: 1554: 1537: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1515: 1512:Marcus Aurelius 1508: 1499: 1496: 1487: 1484: 1475: 1472: 1463: 1460: 1451: 1448: 1439: 1436: 1427: 1424: 1412: 1399: 1339: 1269: 1206: 1188:), part of the 1173: 1092:. It supported 1071:, the praetor 1041: 961: 960: 954: 952: 948: 947: 945: 941: 938: 936: 934: 929: 926: 925: 923: 919: 916: 914: 912: 907: 904: 903: 901: 897: 894: 892: 890: 885: 884: 881: 879: 873: 872: 870: 864: 863: 861: 855: 854: 852: 846: 845: 843: 837: 836: 834: 830: 828: 825: 824: 822: 816: 815: 813: 809: 807: 804: 803: 801: 795: 794: 792: 786: 785: 783: 779:Ulkinion • 777: 776: 774: 768: 767: 765: 759: 758: 756: 750: 749: 747: 741: 740: 738: 732: 731: 729: 723: 722: 720: 714: 713: 711: 705: 704: 702: 697: 695: 689: 688: 686: 681: 679: 673: 672: 670: 664: 663: 661: 655: 654: 646: 564: 419: 392:The first post- 347: 342: 306: 136: 134: 130: 127: 122: 119: 117: 115: 114: 85: 84: 83: 82: 79: 78: 77: 56: 40: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9148: 9138: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9036: 9031: 9027: 9024: 9023: 9021: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8884: 8882: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8821: 8819: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8763: 8761: 8755: 8754: 8739: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8716: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8703: 8691: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8630: 8628: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8551: 8549: 8539: 8538: 8531:National parks 8527: 8526: 8519: 8512: 8504: 8495: 8494: 8492: 8491: 8481: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8468: 8463: 8462: 8461: 8460: 8459: 8443: 8441: 8435: 8434: 8431: 8430: 8428: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8416: 8415: 8405: 8399: 8397: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8370:Pannonia Savia 8367: 8365:Pannonia Prima 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8319: 8318: 8317: 8309: 8308: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8289: 8283: 8281: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8258: 8256: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8181: 8176: 8175: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8114: 8108: 8106: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8077: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8050: 8049: 8039: 8034: 8023: 8021: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8006: 8005: 8000: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7970: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7951: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7881: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7869: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7645:Mursa (Osijek) 7642: 7637: 7630: 7625: 7618: 7608: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7544: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7495: 7494: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7364: 7362: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7314: 7309: 7299: 7297: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7287:Valentinian II 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7087:Constantius II 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6978: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6862: 6852: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6757: 6755: 6745: 6744: 6737: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6714: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6701: 6691: 6681: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6607: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6460: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6337: 6335: 6326: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6253: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6175: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6132: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6079: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6021:Megara Hyblaea 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 6001:Hybla Gereatis 5998: 5993: 5991:Heraclea Minoa 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5937: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5789: 5787: 5778: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5757: 5749: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5737: 5735:Attic numerals 5732: 5730:Greek numerals 5727: 5725:Greek alphabet 5722: 5717: 5712: 5706: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5621: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5559: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5379:Musical system 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5338: 5336: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5214: 5212: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5186: 5178: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4850: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4811:Mathematicians 4808: 4803: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4720:Kings of Argos 4716: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4695: 4694: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4578:Cretan archers 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4548: 4542: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4515: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4487: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4444: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4377:Achaean League 4374: 4371:Euboean League 4368: 4362: 4359:Epirote League 4356: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4307:(c. 500–31 BC) 4302: 4289: 4276: 4270: 4257: 4239: 4237: 4235:Confederations 4226: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4159:Lissus (Crete) 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4070: 4068: 4058: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4037: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3936: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3907:Archaic Greece 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3883: 3881: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3857: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3832:Ancient Greece 3828: 3827: 3820: 3813: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3786: 3785:External links 3783: 3781: 3780: 3766: 3760: 3745: 3739: 3720: 3714: 3699: 3688: 3682: 3667: 3656: 3630: 3617: 3600: 3575: 3550: 3515: 3498: 3492: 3477: 3471: 3456: 3435: 3429: 3414: 3408: 3393: 3387: 3372: 3351: 3345: 3330: 3324: 3309: 3274: 3249: 3243: 3224: 3218: 3203: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3168: 3164:Piccinini 2019 3156: 3131: 3111: 3099: 3079: 3059: 3030: 3015: 2992: 2989:on 2011-08-05. 2974: 2943: 2919: 2894: 2885: 2871: 2850: 2807: 2800: 2778: 2769: 2757: 2745: 2733: 2703: 2688: 2673: 2663: 2654: 2645: 2636: 2621: 2609: 2597: 2590: 2562: 2530: 2518: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2454: 2452:, p. 327. 2442: 2427: 2425:, p. 128. 2415: 2403: 2391: 2371: 2359: 2334: 2319:Chisholm, Hugh 2294: 2275: 2247: 2243:McIlvaine 2012 2235: 2223: 2219:McIlvaine 2012 2211: 2199: 2187: 2175: 2165: 2154: 2134: 2122: 2110: 2098: 2089: 2074: 2059: 2047: 2038: 2021: 2009: 1993: 1981: 1965: 1948: 1933: 1895: 1883: 1871: 1869:, p. 328. 1856: 1844: 1837: 1814: 1802: 1765: 1763:, p. 1071 1753: 1738: 1712: 1699: 1697:, p. 224. 1695:Piccinini 2019 1687: 1671: 1657: 1647:, p. 19; 1643:, p. 80; 1629: 1627:, p. 224. 1625:Piccinini 2019 1615:, p. 97; 1607:, p. 96; 1597: 1583:(Hdt. 9.92.2; 1556: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1543: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1518: 1516: 1510:Dedication to 1509: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1398: 1397:Notable people 1395: 1338: 1335: 1327:Roman province 1268: 1265: 1205: 1202: 1172: 1169: 1137:(431) and the 1110:Gaius Octavius 1065:Roman Republic 1040: 1037: 946: 935: 924: 913: 902: 891: 880: 871: 866:Amantia • 862: 853: 844: 835: 823: 814: 802: 793: 784: 775: 766: 757: 748: 739: 730: 721: 712: 703: 696: 687: 680: 671: 662: 653: 645: 642: 563: 560: 525:ancient Greeks 472:Apollonia and 443:N.G.L. Hammond 418: 415: 379:Cetina culture 346: 343: 341: 338: 305: 302: 247:Roman Republic 209:county of Fier 195:, in southern 188:, and later a 153: 152: 149: 145: 144: 112: 108: 107: 102: 98: 97: 91: 87: 86: 80: 71: 70: 64: 63: 62: 61: 58: 57: 50: 42: 41: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9147: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9035: 9032: 9029: 9028: 9025: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8988:Porto Palermo 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8881: 8877: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8814: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8746: 8737: 8732: 8730: 8725: 8723: 8718: 8717: 8714: 8702: 8701: 8692: 8690: 8689: 8680: 8679: 8676: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8621: 8617: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8546:Park kombëtar 8542:National park 8540: 8536: 8532: 8525: 8520: 8518: 8513: 8511: 8506: 8505: 8502: 8490: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8476: 8473: 8467: 8464: 8458: 8455: 8454: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8448: 8445: 8444: 8442: 8440: 8436: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8414: 8411: 8410: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8394: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8280: 8276: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8253: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8152:Erigon Valley 8150: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8091: 8090: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8020: 8016: 8010: 8009: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7895:Daunian stele 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7874: 7867: 7863: 7862: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7825: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7748: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7719: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7702: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7606: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7589: 7585: 7583: 7582:Hija e Korbit 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7542: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7493: 7492:Lower Neretva 7490: 7489: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7355: 7351: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7282:Valentinian I 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7242:Pleuratus III 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 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6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6612: 6608: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6330: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6199:Hemeroscopion 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6159: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5776:Magna Graecia 5773: 5769: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5650:Arcadocypriot 5648: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5604: 5603:Zeus, Olympia 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5588:Hera, Olympia 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5507: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5491:Mount Olympus 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459:Sacred places 5457: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5283:Olympic Games 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5273:Homosexuality 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4683: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4643:Seleucid army 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4317:Delian League 4315: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4293: 4290: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4273:Ionian League 4271: 4261: 4258: 4254: 560 BC 4244: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3995:Magna Graecia 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3821: 3819: 3814: 3812: 3807: 3806: 3803: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3774: 3773: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3752: 3746: 3742: 3740:0-19-814099-1 3736: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3721: 3717: 3715:0-631-19807-5 3711: 3707: 3706: 3705:The Illyrians 3700: 3696: 3695: 3689: 3685: 3683:9783050089133 3679: 3675: 3674: 3668: 3664: 3663: 3657: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3631: 3620: 3618:9788884925497 3614: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3478: 3474: 3472:0-19-514465-1 3468: 3464: 3463: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3430:0-19-814099-1 3426: 3422: 3421: 3415: 3411: 3409:0-8155-5047-2 3405: 3401: 3400: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3380: 3379: 3373: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3346:0-631-22242-1 3342: 3338: 3337: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3244:9789047442448 3240: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3219:0-7156-3116-0 3215: 3211: 3210: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3190: 3177: 3172: 3166:, p. 224 3165: 3160: 3152: 3146: 3139: 3134: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3115: 3108: 3103: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3048: 3044: 3042: 3034: 3027: 3026: 3019: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2932: 2929: 2923: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2889: 2881: 2875: 2867: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2846: 2840: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2811: 2803: 2801:9783110267501 2797: 2793: 2789: 2782: 2773: 2766: 2761: 2755:, p. 14. 2754: 2749: 2742: 2737: 2721: 2717: 2716:Science Daily 2714: 2707: 2699: 2692: 2684: 2677: 2667: 2658: 2649: 2640: 2633: 2628: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2606: 2601: 2593: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2574: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2527: 2522: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2498: 2493: 2486: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2451: 2446: 2440:, p. 11. 2439: 2434: 2432: 2424: 2423:Stickler 2014 2419: 2412: 2407: 2400: 2395: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2368: 2363: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2330: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2314:public domain 2301: 2299: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2276:9781474415262 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2259: 2251: 2245:, p. 224 2244: 2239: 2232: 2227: 2220: 2215: 2208: 2203: 2196: 2191: 2184: 2179: 2169: 2162: 2157: 2155:9789602133712 2151: 2147: 2146: 2138: 2131: 2126: 2119: 2114: 2107: 2102: 2093: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2056: 2051: 2042: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2018: 2013: 2007:was founded." 2006: 2002: 1997: 1990: 1985: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1930: 1918: 1914: 1911:(45): 22–25. 1910: 1906: 1899: 1892: 1887: 1881:, p. 24. 1880: 1875: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1853: 1848: 1840: 1834: 1830: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1811: 1806: 1787: 1783: 1776: 1769: 1762: 1757: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1739:9788849287301 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1696: 1691: 1684: 1681:, p. 2; 1680: 1675: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1654: 1651:, p. 2; 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1626: 1622: 1619:, p. 2; 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1506: 1501: 1498:Roman library 1494: 1489: 1482: 1477: 1470: 1465: 1458: 1453: 1446: 1441: 1434: 1429: 1422: 1417: 1416: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1343: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1212:Official Logo 1210: 1201: 1199: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1145: 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276: 275:Roman emperor 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 226:and possibly 225: 221: 216: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 191: 187: 183: 182:Ancient Greek 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 162:Ancient Greek 159: 150: 146: 141: 113: 109: 106: 103: 99: 95: 92: 88: 68: 59: 54: 48: 43: 39: 34: 19: 8897: 8693: 8681: 8643: 8624: 8545: 8311:Prefectures 8279:Roman period 8196:Batonian War 7968:Boka-Përçeva 7859: 7822: 7745: 7722: 7716: 7699: 7632: 7620: 7603: 7539: 7454: 7437: 7402: 7252:Scerdilaidas 7237:Pleuratus II 7042:Bato Dardani 6494:Dionysopolis 6464:Abonoteichos 6416:Pantikapaion 6261: 6006:Hybla Heraea 5342:Architecture 5298:Prostitution 4987:Aristophanes 4846:Philosophers 4816:Philosophers 4648:Spartan army 4379:(280–146 BC) 4367:(338–322 BC) 4361:(370–168 BC) 4349:(374–196 BC) 4343:(378–355 BC) 4325:(430–348 BC) 4319:(478–404 BC) 4313:(499–449 BC) 4000:Peloponnesus 3922:Roman Greece 3771: 3750: 3725: 3704: 3693: 3672: 3661: 3648:. 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Retrieved 2337: 2326: 2288: 2257: 2250: 2238: 2226: 2221:, p. 50 2214: 2209:, p. 27 2202: 2195:Stocker 2009 2190: 2185:, p. 63 2183:Stocker 2009 2178: 2168: 2159: 2144: 2137: 2125: 2113: 2101: 2092: 2050: 2041: 2019:, p. 18 2012: 2004: 2001:Stocker 2009 1996: 1984: 1976: 1973:Stocker 2009 1968: 1959: 1956:Stocker 2009 1951: 1927: 1920:. Retrieved 1908: 1898: 1891:Stocker 2009 1886: 1874: 1852:Reboton 2008 1847: 1828: 1810:Reboton 2008 1805: 1793:. Retrieved 1786:the original 1768: 1756: 1729: 1725: 1715: 1690: 1685:, p. 26 1674: 1632: 1613:Chamoux 2003 1600: 1595:129011–12)." 1592: 1588: 1584: 1581:Ἀπολλωνιάτης 1580: 1576: 1572: 1569:Ἀπολλωνία, ἡ 1568: 1560: 1348: 1331:Epirus Novus 1304: 1302: 1284: 1270: 1262: 1254: 1251: 1226: 1215: 1194: 1174: 1163:(modern-day 1142: 1130: 1124: 1118: 1062: 1039:Roman period 1015: 1004: 999: 995: 991: 973: 962: 950: 949: 838: 827:Royal • 797:Scupi • 620: 591:Bay of Aulon 580: 577: 544:Thessaloniki 533: 518: 505: 490: 482:colonization 471: 439:J. J. 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3594:18 December 3366:24 December 3005:pp. 395-396 2865:Koha Ditore 2839:cite thesis 2829:18 December 2753:Bowden 2003 2741:Wilkes 1995 2696:Aristotle. 2683:Geographica 2526:Stallo 2007 2514:Stallo 2007 2379:Malkin 2001 2367:Wilkes 1995 2207:Stallo 2007 2130:Wilkes 1995 2118:Picard 2013 2106:Stallo 2007 2034:Wilkes 1995 1989:Stallo 2007 1963:ancestors." 1879:Wright 2016 1795:14 December 1732:(1–2): 56. 1683:Wright 2016 1645:Stallo 2007 1641:Picard 2013 1637:Wilkes 1995 1609:Wilson 2006 1605:Wilkes 1995 1387:Agonothetes 1311:titular see 1293:Epirus Nova 1204:Archaeology 1126:Philippicae 1090:Epirus Nova 1049:Via Egnatia 1019:slave trade 975:Geographica 540:Via Egnatia 478:Archaic era 433:led by the 431:Corinthians 359:Via Egnatia 290:titular see 166:Koine Greek 135: / 111:Coordinates 94:Fier County 53:Agonothetes 9049:Categories 8403:Illyrology 8321:Provinces 8042:Deipaturos 7994:Tattooing 7955:Soleto Map 7793:Sesarethus 7450:Brundisium 7378:Ad Quintum 7344:Taulantian 7329:Dassaretan 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Apollonia (Illyria)

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