Anuradhapura kingdom

1684:(Buddhist priesthood) since the introduction of Buddhism to the country. This relationship was further strengthened during Dutthagamani's reign. The monks often advised and even guided the king on decisions. This association was initially with the Mahavihara sect, but by the middle of the 1st century BC, the Abhayagiri sect had also begun to have a close link to the ruling of the country. By the end of the 3rd century AD, the Jetavana sect had also become close to the ruler. Estrangements between the ruler and the priesthood often weakened the government, as happened during the reign of Lanjatissa. Even Valagamba's resistance movement was initially hampered because of a rift with the Mahavihara, and he succeeded only after a reconciliation was affected. Some rulers patronized only one sect, but this often led to unrest in the country and most rulers equally supported all sects. Despite this, religious establishments were often plundered during times of internal strife by the rulers themselves, such as during the reigns of Dathopatissa I (639–650) and Kashyapa II (650–659). 1933: 2571: 1244: 2625: 1361: 1516:, the conquest of Anuradhapura was completed in the 36th year of the reign of the Sinhalese monarch Mahinda V, i.e. about 1017–18. But the south of the island, which lacked large and prosperous settlements to tempt long-term Chola occupation, was never really consolidated by the Chola. Thus, under Rajendra, Chola expansion in Ceylon began to reach a point of diminishing returns. According to the Culavamsa and Karandai plates, Rajendra Chola led a large army into Anuradhapura and captured Mahinda's crown, queen, daughter, a vast amount of wealth and the king himself whom he took as a prisoner to India, where he eventually died in exile in 1029. 2558:(god of Minneriya) for this construction and is still referred to as such by the people in that area. The Kavudulu reservoir, Pabbatanta canal and Hurulu reservoir were among the large irrigation constructions carried out during this period. These constructions contributed immensely to the improvement of agriculture in the northern and eastern parts of the dry zone. Reservoirs were also constructed using tributaries of the Daduru Oya during this period, thereby supplying water to the southwestern part of the dry zone. This conservation and distribution of water resources ensured that the water supply was sufficient throughout the dry zone. 2334: 284: 1551: 1712:, was responsible for upholding justice in that area. The laws and legal measures to be followed by them were proclaimed by the king. Several rock inscriptions that record these proclamations have been found in archaeological excavations. Punishments differed from ruler to ruler. Some kings, such as Sanghabodhi (247–249) and Voharika Tissa (209–231) were lenient in this aspect, while rulers like Ilanaga (33–43) and Jettha Tissa I (263–273) were harsher. However, crimes such as treason, murder, and slaughter of cattle were generally punishable by death. 2084: 2535: 959: 1833: 2241: 1704:. Apart from them, village headmen and provincial governors were also given the power to issue judgments. The king was the final judge in legal disputes, and all cases against members of the royal family and high dignitaries of the state were judged by him. However, the king had to exercise this power with care and after consulting with his advisers. Udaya I recorded judgments that were regarded as important precedents in the royal library in order to maintain uniformity in judicial decisions. 266: 9033: 7715: 5640: 2686: 894: 618: 9043: 5650: 2182:(249–262) expelled several monks from the order for supporting such views. A change in this occurred when Mahasena embraced Mahayana teachings and acted against Theravada institutions. However, he too accommodated Theravada teachings after the population rebelled against him. As the kingdom and the authority of kings declined, Mahayana and Tantric doctrines again began to spread, however, Theravada remained the main and most widespread doctrine. 135: 1881:, writes that “The Greeks whom King Pandukabhaya settled in the West Gate of Anuradhapura were not the second or third generation of Greeks who arrived in NW India but were men who, just two decades ago at the most, left Greek homelands as Alexander’s camp followers and come to Sri Lanka with or in the wake of Alexander’s troops. When their fellow Greeks showed reluctance to push further south, these Greeks apparently had done so.” 2550:. The Alahara canal, constructed by damming the Amban river to divert water to the west for 30 miles (48 km), was constructed during this period. Among the reservoirs constructed during the reign of Vasabha, Mahavilacchiya and Nocchipotana reservoirs both have circumferences of about 2 miles (3.2 km). During the reign of Mahasen, the Alahara canal was widened and lengthened to supply water to the newly constructed 6336: 36: 77: 5660: 2459: 1223:(455–473), Aggabodhi I (571–604) and Aggabodhi II (604–614) were among the rulers who held sway over the entire country after Dutthagamani and Valagamba. Rulers from Kutakanna Tissa (44–22 BC) to Amandagamani (29–19 BC) also managed to keep the whole country under the rule of the Anuradhapura kingdom. Other rulers could not maintain their rule over the whole island, and independent regions often existed in 1122:(543–505 BC) arrived in Sri Lanka, having been banished from his homeland in India. He eventually brought the island under his control and established himself as king. After this, his retinue established villages and colonies throughout the country. One of these was established by Anuradha, a minister of King Vijaya, on the banks of a stream called Kolon and was named Anuradhagama after himself and the 1510:

1014 Rajaraja I died and was succeeded by his son the Rajendra Chola I, perhaps the most aggressive king of his line. Chola raids were launched southward from Rajarata into Rohana. By his fifth year, Rajendra claimed to have completely conquered the island. The whole of Anuradhapura including the south-eastern province of Rohana was incorporated into the Chola Empire. As per the Sinhalese chronicle

2186: 1161:, King Pandukabhaya, the founder and first ruler of Anuradhapura, fixed village boundaries in the country and established an administration system by appointing village headmen. He constructed hermitages, houses for the poor, cemeteries, and irrigation tanks. He brought a large portion of the country under the control of the Anuradhapura kingdom. However, it was not until the reign of 1329:. He ordered this procession to be held annually which is still taking place in the country. The tooth relic of the Buddha soon became one of the most sacred objects in the country and a symbol of kingship. The person who was in possession of the tooth relic was identified to be the rightful ruler of the country. Therefore, it was often enshrined within the royal palace itself. 2645:

interconnected by an intricate network, so that excess water from one will flow into the other. The locations of these constructions indicate that the ancient engineers were aware of geological formations in the sites as well, and made effective use of them. Underground conduits have also been constructed to supply water to and from artificial ponds, such as in the

1305:. on his kingdom. Prince Aritta along with other men was ordained by Arahat Madinda, thus establishing the order of the monks in Sri Lanka. Similarly Lady Anula, a member of the royal family was ordained along with 400 other women. This was the origin of the order of the nuns. Subsequently Buddhism was established as the main religion of Sri Lanka. 2275:. Poems written from the 6th century to the end of the Anuradhapura kingdom are found among the graffiti on the mirror wall at Sigiriya. Most of these verses are describing or even addressed the female figures depicted in the frescoes of Sigiriya. The majority of these poems have been written between the 8th and 10th centuries. 2074:

Women appear to have enjoyed considerable freedom and independence during this period. Dutthagamani frequently sought his mother's advice during his military campaign. Rock inscriptions show that women donated caves and temples for the use of the sangha. However, there are no records of women holding

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often took the place of the reservoir. Inland fishing was widespread during the Anuradhapura kingdom period because of the numerous reservoirs. Although not entirely absent, sea fishing was not common during this period mainly because of the rudimentary nature of transporting sea fish to cities which

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Villages were usually concentrated around irrigation reservoirs to enable easy access to water for agriculture. Houses stood immediately below the reservoir embankment, between the water and the paddy fields below. This facilitated easy control of the water supply to the fields and also supported the

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in the north, but the Cholas were bent on control of the whole island. There is practically no trace of Chola rule in Anuradhapura. When Sinhalese sovereignty was restored under Vijayabahu I, he crowned himself at Anuradhapura but continued to have his capital at Polonnaruwa for it being more central

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had succeeded the initial season of plunder. With the intention to transform Chola encampments into more permanent military enclaves, Saivite temples were constructed in Polonnaruva and in the emporium of Mahatittha. Taxation was also instituted, especially on merchants and artisans by the Cholas. In

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stupa, constructed by Mahasen, is the largest in the country. Stupas had deep and well-constructed foundations, and the builders were clearly aware of the attributes of the materials used for construction. Suitable methods for each type of material have been used to lay foundations on a firm basis.

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with only a minor loss of influence. After this, the rulers were expected to be the protectors of Buddhism in the country and it became a legitimizing factor of royal authority. Three fraternities of Buddhism had come into existence by the end of the Anuradhapura kingdom; Mahavihara, Abhayagiri and

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was an important functionality in the city. Trade was limited in villages since they were mostly self-sufficient, but essential commodities such as salt and metal had to be obtained from outside. The country's position in the Indian Ocean and its natural bays made it a centre of international trade

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The kingdom was under the rule of a king. The consecration ceremonies and rituals associated with kingship began during the reign of Devanampiya Tissa, under the influence of Ashoka of India. The whole country was brought under the rule of a single monarch by Dutthagamani for the first time. Before

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king. Gajabahu I also launched an invasion against South India to rescue 12,000 captives, and brought back 12,000 prisoners as well as the freed captives. Surprisingly, however, a navy was not considered important during the Anuradhapura kingdom, and one was rarely maintained. This would have been

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date back to the late Anuradhapura period, and may even belong to the same period as the Sigiriya paintings. The paintings of Sigiriya and Hindagala are the only surviving specimens of the art of the Anuradhapura kingdom. However, remnants of paintings indicate that the walls and ceilings of some

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During the early stages, the Anuradhapura kingdom did not have a strong regular army except for a small body of soldiers. These were assigned to guarding the capital and the royal palace. The King had the right to demand an able-bodied son for military service from every family in his kingdom. In

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in the dry zone of Sri Lanka is limited to 50-75 inches. Under these conditions, rain-fed cultivation was difficult, forcing early settlers to develop means to store water in order to maintain a constant supply of water for their cultivations. Small irrigation tanks were constructed at the

1203:(274–301) and Dhatusena, the construction of large irrigation tanks and canals was given priority. Vasabha constructed 11 tanks and 12 canals, Mahasen constructed 16 tanks and a large canal, and Dhatusena built 18 tanks. Most of the other kings have also built irrigation tanks throughout 2644:

watercourses. Two different techniques were used in construction; one method involved making an embankment using natural rock formations across a valley and the other involved diverting water courses through constructed canals to reservoirs. All the reservoirs and canals in an area were

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describes his reign with much praise, and devotes 11 chapters out of 37 for his reign. He is described as both a warrior king and a devout Buddhist. After unifying the country, he helped establish Buddhism on a firm and secure base and built several monasteries and shrines including the

2271:, but this was not complete by the end of the Anuradhapura kingdom. The first reference in historical sources to any written work is about 80 BC, but both Sinhala and Pali literature existed even two centuries before this, if not earlier. The oldest Sinhala literature is found at 2095:

Before the adoption of Buddhism by the royalty, there was no single organized religion or proper state religion but a wide variety of different belief systems were practiced some of which received royal patronage. These include worship of yakśas and yakśanis (female yakśas),

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were also present to some extent during the Anuradhapura kingdom. There were a number of them in Rajarata during Elara's reign. Mahasen destroyed several Hindu temples during his reign in the 2nd century. Particularly Indian merchant communities living near ports such as

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The kingdom was largely based on agriculture, hence the construction of irrigation works was a major achievement of the Anuradhapura kingdom, ensuring water supply in the dry zone and helping the country grow mostly self-sufficient. Several kings, most notably

2661:, a cistern sluice used to control the outward flow of water in reservoirs, indicates a major advancement in irrigation technology. Since the 3rd century, these sluices, made of brick and stone, were placed at various levels in the embankments of reservoirs. 2598:

and feeds a network of smaller canals. The construction of this network is also attributed to Dhatusena. The Jayaganga supplied water to 180 square kilometres of paddy fields. By the end of the 5th century, two major irrigation networks, one supported by the

2566:... there seems every reason to believe that from their own subsequent experience and the prodigious extent to which they occupied themselves in the formulation of works of this kind, they attained a facility unsurpassed by the people of any other country. 2515:(twin pond). Hospital complexes have also been found close to monasteries. Buildings were constructed using timber, bricks and stones. Stones were used for foundations and columns, while brick was used for walls. Lime mortar was used for plastering walls. 2482:

The Anuradhapura dagabas which date from the early centuries of the Anuradhapura period, are of such colossal proportions that they constitute the largest structures of their type anywhere in the Buddhist World, even rivalling the Pyramids of Egypt in

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Initially, the administration of justice at the village level was the responsibility of village assemblies, which usually consisted of the elders of the village. However, towards the end of the Anuradhapura kingdom a group of ten villages, known as

1527:, a military outpost of the Sinhalese kingdom, was renamed Jananathamangalam, after a title assumed by Rajaraja I, and became the new centre of administration for the Cholas. This was because earlier Tamil invaders had only aimed at overlordship of 2018:

and cattle, was uncommon. Elephants and horses were prestige symbols, and could only be afforded by the nobility. The skills needed to train and care for these animals were highly regarded . Cattle and buffalo were used for ploughing and preparing

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We all agree with Deraniyagala when he considers that the defacing of the lion depicted upon Dutugemunu's flag in the famous Dambulla frescoes as a national loss. This, so far as we know, is the only ancient representation of the lion-flag of the

1486:. The Mahavamsa describes the rule of Mahinda V as weak, and the country was suffering from poverty by this time. It further mentions that his army rose against him due to lack of wages. Taking advantage of this internal strife Chola Emperor 1133:, grandson of King Panduvasudeva (437–367 BC) made it his capital and developed the city. Anuradhapura (Anurapura) was named after the minister who first established the village. The name was also derived from the city's establishment on the 2656:

The 54 miles (87 km) long Jayaganga has a gradient of six inches to the mile, which indicates that the builders had expert knowledge and accurate measuring devices to achieve the minimum gradient in the water flow. The construction of

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and payments for goods or services. However, remuneration for services to the king, officials and temples were often made in the form of land revenue. The oldest coins found at Anuradhapura date up to 200 BC. These earliest coins were

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was established immediately after the introduction of Buddhism to the country. Representing the Theravada teachings, it remained strictly conventional throughout the Anuradhapura kingdom. The Abhayagiri fraternity, established after

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was built, represented several schools of Buddhist thought. It did not restrict itself to Theravada and accepted Mahayana and Tantric ideas as well. Little evidence exists on the Jetavana fraternity which was established after the

2353:(ruled 477 — 495 AD). Depicting female figures carrying flowers, they are the oldest surviving paintings of the Anuradhapura period. Various theories exist as to who are shown in these paintings. Some suggest that they are 1278:

poya day. After this meeting, king Devanampiya Tissa embraced Buddhism and the order of monks was established in the country. The king, guided by Arahat Mahinda, took steps to firmly establish Buddhism in the country.

2474:, built by Devanampiya Tissa, is one of the earliest built and was constructed immediately after the arrival of Buddhism. The construction of large stupas was begun by King Dutthagamani with the construction of the 1872:

were imported from other countries. The city of Anuradhapura itself became an important commercial centre as the residence of many foreign merchants from around the world. From very early times was a settlement of

1301:. The king sent his cousin, Prince Aritta to Dambakolapatuna to escort the delegation back to Anuradhapura. The bo sapling was then planted at the Mahamevna Gardens in Anuradhapura and bestowed the newly planted 2007: 1568:, or if otherwise, inherited by the brother of the previous king. The king of Anuradhapura was recognized as the supreme ruler throughout the island, even at times when he did not have absolute control over it. 1604:

Royal officials were divided into three categories; officials attached to the palace, officials of central administration and officials of provincial administration. One of the most important positions was the

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played a major role in the Anuradhapura period, influencing its culture, laws, and methods of governance. The society and the culture were revolutionized when the faith was introduced during the reign of King

2386:, was an art perfected by the Sri Lankan sculptors during the Anuradhapura kingdom. The earliest Buddha statues belonging to the Anuradhapura period date back to the 1st century AD. Standard postures such as 2615:

had come into existence, further expanding the irrigation network. However, from the 8th century to the end of the Anuradhapura kingdom, there wasn't much activity in the construction of irrigation works.

2590:, covering an area of 6,380 acres (25.8 km) with an embankment 3.75 miles (6.04 km) long and 40 feet (12 m) high, was done during Dhatusena's reign. A 54 miles (87 km) canal named the 1579:

of the Lambakarana clan seized power in 66 AD. His ascension to the throne saw the start of the first Lambakarana dynasty, which ruled the country for more than three centuries. A new dynasty began with

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during succession disputes to secure the throne. However, the Anuradhapura kingdom appears to have had strong armies during some periods, such as when Sena II sent his armies to South India against the

8419: 5086: 1357:(205–161 BC). Elara ruled for 44 years before being defeated by Dutthagamani (Duttugamunu) However, the Mahavamsa records that these kings from the mainland ruled the country fairly and lawfully. 8206: 6182: 5603: 1463:, the southern part of the country, and Sri Lankan rulers and their heirs always organized their armies from this area and managed to regain their throne. Throughout the history of Sri Lanka, 2014:

Culture in the Anuradhapura kingdom was largely based on Buddhism with the slaughter of animals for food considered low and unclean. As a result, animal husbandry, except for the rearing of

1207:, the area around Anuradhapura. By the end of the Anuradhapura kingdom, a large and intricate irrigation network was available throughout Rajarata to support the agriculture of the country. 2148:. It spread rapidly throughout the country under his patronage becoming the official religion of the kingdom. Despite this status, the tolerance of Buddhist society ensured the survival of 1086:

area throughout the Anuradhapura period. These constructions are an indication of the advanced technical and engineering skills used to create them. The famous paintings and structures at

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and hoes were widely used. Weapons and tools of iron and steel were produced on a large scale for the military. A good indication of the development of metalwork of this period is the

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in these imports and exports. By the ninth century these Muslim traders had established themselves around the ports of the Anuradhapura kingdom, they would soon form the still extant

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invaded Anuradhapura sometime in 993 AD and conquered the northern part of the country and incorporated it into his kingdom as a province named "Mummudi-sola-mandalam" after himself.

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were also imposed in ports. Those unable to pay these taxes in cash were expected to take part in services such as repairing reservoirs. The administration of taxes was the duty of

1454:(935–938). The final invasion during the Anuradhapura kingdom, which ended the kingdom and left the country under the rule of the Cholas, took place during the reign of Mahinda V. 1165:(161–137 BC) that the whole country was unified under the Anuradhapura kingdom. He defeated 32 rulers in different parts of the country before he defeated the South Indian invader 2499:

All buildings have been adorned with elaborate carvings and sculptures and were supported by large stone columns. These stone columns can be seen in several buildings such as the

1748:, often lasting several months, were common during warfare. Single combat between the opposing kings or commanders, mounted on elephants, often decided the outcome of the battle. 1721:

times of war, a larger army was formed using this method. An army consisted of four main divisions; an elephant corps, cavalry, chariots and infantry. This combination was called

1575:(60–67) are generally considered as the Vijayan dynasty. Pandukabhaya was the first ruler of the Anuradhapura kingdom belonging to this dynasty. The Vijayan dynasty existed until 8026: 2607:

area. The Mahavamsa records that many other rulers constructed a number of irrigation tanks, some of which have not yet been identified. By the 8th century, large tanks such as

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village level, to support the cultivations of that village. The earliest medium-scale irrigation tank is the Basawakkulama reservoir built by King Pandukabhaya. Nuwara wewa and

2359:(celestial nymphs), others suggest that they are the ladies of the king's court or even a representation of lightning and rain clouds. Although they bear some similarity to the 1231:(hill country) for limited periods. During the final years of the Anuradhapura kingdom, rebellions sprang up and the authority of the kings gradually declined. By the time of 7632: 5901: 2437:

art of the Anuradhapura kingdom. Skill in arts was a respected and valued trait during this period and artists were well rewarded by the rulers. The Mahavamsa records that

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beliefs. Rulers such as Aggabodhi I, Kashyapa V (914–923) and Mahinda IV (956–972) promulgated disciplinary rules for the proper conduct of the Sangha. Voharika Tissa and

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while goddess named pachchimarājinī meaning “western queen” is also mentioned. Buddhism while not prevalent was brought by traders from India who built places of worship.

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maintenance of domestic gardens for fruit and vegetable production. A village typically consisted of a cluster of dwellings, paddy fields, a reservoir, a grazing ground,

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is similar to this, and dates to the later stages of the Anuradhapura kingdom. Notable standing Buddha statues dating from the Anuradhapura period include the ones at

572: 547: 8325: 6230: 7578: 6387: 6177: 6172: 5976: 5934: 5876: 5326: 1345:(247–237 BC), where he was overthrown by two horse dealers from South India named Sena and Guththika. After ruling the country for 22 years, they were defeated by 8911: 8891: 8625: 5992: 2470:

was noticeable not only during the Anuradhapura kingdom but throughout the history of Sri Lanka. Stupas were built enshrining an object of worship. The stupa of

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in Anuradhapura, considered one of the finest examples of ancient Sri Lankan art, shows the Buddha in a seated position in deep meditation, and is sculpted from

2132:. Known yakśas that received royal patronage during the reign of King Pandukabhaya include Chitrarāja, Kālavēla and yakśani Valavāmukhī. Named gods to include 1235:(982–1017), the last king of the Anuradhapura kingdom, the power of the king had deteriorated that he could not even properly organize the collection of taxes. 9082: 8881: 7192: 1199:

from South India. He regained his throne after defeating these invaders one by one and unified the country again under his rule. During the times of Vasabha,

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were often employed in the armies of the Anuradhapura kingdom during its latter stages. Manavanna and Moggallana I (491–508) obtained the assistance of the

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stupa in the Abhayagiriya monastic complex is another large stupa of the Anuradhapura period the original height of which was 350 feet (110 m). The

7219: 5886: 1617:(Commander-in-Chief of the Army) was a second position only to the king and held by a member of the nobility. This position, and also the positions of 942: 2636:

Advanced technology was required for the planning and construction of large reservoirs and canals. When constructing reservoirs, the gaps between low

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This flag was known as the only ancient representation of the lion flag of the Sinhalese but in 1957, the lion figure on it was defaced by a vandal.

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were also painted. Saddhatissa had employed painters to decorate the Ruwanweli Seya when his brother Duttugemunu wanted to see it on his death bed.

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in India, there are significant differences in style and composition suggesting that these are examples of a distinctive Sri Lankan school of art.

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any administrative posts. It is not clear if women were given equal footing with men, but they did have complete freedom in religious matters.

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Customs, traditions and moral principles based on Buddhism were used as the bases of law. Specific laws were eventually developed and adopted.

8308: 7198: 6259: 6223: 5924: 7180: 5696: 324: 2554:, which covered 4,670 acres (18.9 km) and had a 1.25 miles (2.01 km) long and 44 feet (13 m) high embankment. He was named 1829:

was grown as a substitute for rice, particularly in the dry zone of the country. Surpluses of these products, mainly rice, were exported.

8248: 5722: 2304:, a set of disciplinary rules for Buddhist monks. Both these have been written during the last two centuries of the Anuradhapura period. 1623:(sub king), administrative positions in the country's provinces and major ports and provinces, were often held by relatives of the king. 1106:; and religious works (like the numerous Buddha statues) are landmarks demonstrating the Anuradhapura period's advancement in sculpting. 1137:

called Anura. Anuradhapura was the capital of all the monarchs who ruled the country in the Anuradhapura kingdom, with the exception of

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King Dutthagamani constructed Ruwanweli Seya, the first large stupa, beginning a practice which would be followed by subsequent rulers.

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of the army was usually a member of the nobility. The King and his generals led the army from the front during battles, mounted on

9097: 7864: 851: 4063: 2578:, believed to have been constructed during the latter stage of the kingdom, is one of many tanks that form an intricate network. 1325:

to Sri Lanka because of unrest in their country. Kithsirimevan carried it in procession and placed the relic in a mansion named

8402: 8298: 8201: 8194: 4558: 1696:, a 5th-century commentary, gives details of complex regulations on the theft of fish. The chief judicial officer was known as 935: 2325:

have been written during the Anuradhapura kingdom, and are still useful as resources for studying the history of the country.

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the first line of defence for the island nation and would also have been helpful in dealing with invasions from South India.

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and Hindu temples were constructed in these areas. By the end of the Anuradhapura kingdom, large Hindu temples such as the

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was built, later than the other two. However, it too was receptive to new and more liberal views regarding Buddhism.

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reservoirs were constructed a century later. These reservoirs were enlarged in subsequent years by various rulers.

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Nestorian Christians held some influence and power in the Anuradhapura kingdom, particularly during the reign of

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in 455. Named the Maurya dynasty, the origins of this line are uncertain although some historians trace them to

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says that the capital at Anuradhapura was "utterly destroyed in every way by the Chola army. The capital was at

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this, it had several principalities independent of the Anuradhapura kingdom. The succession of the throne was

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A community of Christians are believed to have migrated and settled in the Kingdom likely introduced by Saint

94: 8906: 8725: 8690: 8675: 8338: 8211: 8016: 5494: 2725:, p.196 asserts, "The island of Lanka belonged to the Buddha himself; it was like a treasury filled with the 1725:(fourfold army). However, the majority of the army was infantry composed of swordsmen, spearmen and archers. 593: 2511:

pipes were used to carry water to drainage pits. Large ponds were attached to some monasteries, such as the

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are notable for dispatching forces to the South Indian mainland, and gaining several victories such as the

2783:, the use of coins in transactions involving the purchasing of items had become common by the 5th century. 1825:

were also grown and there are frequent references in classical literature to these agricultural products.

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was prevalent among the ruling elite until the introduction of Buddhism to Sri Lanka during the reign of

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The Sigiriya frescoes are the oldest and best preserved paintings belonging to the Anuradhapura period.

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to Sri Lanka. The last dynasty of the Anuradhapura period, the second Lambakanna dynasty, started with

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During the Anuradhapura era, the country was invaded by South Indians several times. Rulers such as

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who regained power in 459. More invasions and raids from South India occurred during the reigns of

1337:

Several invasions have been made against the Anuradhapura kingdom, all of which were launched from

1596:(684–718) seizing the throne in 684 and continued till the last ruler of Anuradhapura, Mahinda V. 8974: 8943: 8816: 8762: 8516: 8511: 8407: 8183: 8045: 7834: 7829: 7592: 6281: 5771: 5379: 5197: 5142: 2624: 1571:

Four dynasties have ruled the kingdom from its founding to its ending. The rulers from Vijaya to

1267: 1138: 1063: 406: 5015:

Spencer, George W. (May 1976). "The Politics of Plunder:The Cholas in Eleventh-Century Ceylon".

2875:. Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, New Series (Vol XIII). p. 36. 2006: 1082:, built large reservoirs and canals, which created a vast and complex irrigation network in the 9014: 8794: 8784: 8655: 8640: 8447: 8442: 8429: 8392: 8268: 8126: 8084: 7915: 7905: 7385: 6987: 6607: 6559: 6547: 5891: 5814: 5802: 5422: 5394: 4900: 2101: 1888:

in addition to Tamil and Arab merchants. These foreign merchants, mainly Arabs, often acted as

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The water resources of the dry zone were further exploited during the times of Upatissa I and

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are noted for defeating South Indian invaders and unifying the country. Other rulers such as

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Ancient coins belonging to the Anuradhapura period on display at the museum of Anuradhapura.

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Typical layout of the tank, settlements, and paddy fields in a traditional dry-zone village

1794: 1123: 910: 905: 392: 273: 5449: 4550: 2546:

Construction of large scale reservoirs began in the 1st century AD under the direction of

1630:, the area around the capital, was under the direct administration of the king, while the 1550: 159: 8: 8866: 8789: 8273: 7935: 7839: 7683: 7671: 7560: 7552: 6729: 6589: 6577: 6365: 6344: 5829: 5775: 5499: 5464: 5192: 5089: 2575: 2237:

indicated a possibility of a strong Christian population during the Anuradhapura period.

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have also been written during the reign of Mahanama (406–428). Pali chronicles such as

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One of the most notable events during the Anuradhapura kingdom was the introduction of

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This is disputed by some historians however since there is no mention of this in the

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The Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi today, to which the Kingdom was offered by Devanampiya Tissa

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used in this article refer to the ancient texts on the history of Sri Lanka, mainly

1797:

was also done during the rainy seasons. Rice was produced in two main seasons named

9046: 8799: 8630: 8353: 8315: 8054: 7970: 7940: 7925: 7627: 7598: 7534: 7504: 7480: 7444: 7418: 7406: 7363: 6975: 6945: 6855: 6595: 6433: 5841: 5824: 5653: 5024: 4770: 4113: 2690: 2478:, standing 300 feet (91 m) high with a circumference of 298 feet (91 m). 2083: 2067: 2050:

Metalwork was an important and well-developed craft, and metal tools such as axes,

1991: 1950: 1893: 1491: 1341:. The first invasion recorded in the history of the country is during the reign of 1021: 989: 898: 779: 709: 225: 7880: 6208: 2282:, was written in the 9th or 10th century on the art of poetry and is based on the 1626:

The kingdom was often divided into sections or provinces and governed separately.

1115: 1025: 155: 9077: 8457: 8166: 7637: 7610: 7474: 7468: 7273: 7234: 6957: 6921: 6759: 6571: 6349: 6286: 6243: 6002: 5906: 5861: 5714: 5587: 5311: 5212: 5052: 4424:"Periodic Reporting Exercise on the Application of the World Heritage Convention" 2779: 2675: 2411: 2407: 2105: 2088: 1806: 1761: 1737: 966: 627: 6030: 2263:

From the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD, inscriptions are recorded in the

8804: 8543: 8538: 8501: 8283: 8278: 7955: 7910: 7854: 7540: 7400: 7357: 7345: 7315: 7303: 7291: 7047: 6933: 6927: 6813: 6753: 6741: 6723: 6699: 6675: 6663: 6136: 5836: 2831:

from 1845 to 1850. He has written several books on the country and its history.

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in AD 52-72. Most Christians at that time were either St.Thomas Christians or

1877:

known as Yavanas. Professor Merlin Peris, former Professor of Classics at the

1414:. Another invasion occurred in 433, and the country fell under the control of 1293:(order of nuns) in the country. She brought along with her a sapling from the 9061: 7885: 7412: 7369: 7321: 7279: 7261: 7023: 6951: 6939: 6891: 6885: 6777: 6717: 6669: 6475: 6354: 6296: 6141: 6121: 5516: 5202: 4127: 2646: 2629: 2612: 2512: 2442: 2434: 2133: 2044: 1826: 1373: 1091: 339: 326: 4931: 2278:

Only three Sinhala books survive from the Anuradhapura period. One of them,

2244:

The Anuradhapura Cross: the most ancient symbol of Christianity in Sri Lanka

2240: 1646:. These administrative units were further divided into smaller units called 8548: 7960: 7950: 7659: 7486: 7456: 7249: 7059: 7017: 6981: 6915: 6849: 6711: 6457: 6397: 6323: 6310: 6040: 5944: 5114: 2738:

This is also known as the Anuradhapura dynasty, starting from Pandukabhaya.

2726: 2500: 2423: 2360: 2159: 2125: 2055: 2020: 1959:. These eventually became circular in shape, which was in turn followed by 1857: 1733: 1520: 1208: 1185: 1162: 1103: 1051: 1029: 1009: 803: 565: 464: 400: 318: 1986:(grain tax) and charged for land used for cultivation. A water tax, named 1728:

When such an army was prepared, it was commanded by several generals. The

1195:(103, 89–77 BC), also known as Vatthagamani Abhaya, who was overthrown by 7777: 7616: 7572: 7510: 7327: 7297: 7267: 7053: 7041: 7005: 6999: 6909: 6873: 6783: 6705: 6693: 6627: 6505: 6469: 6463: 6060: 6055: 6035: 5511: 5459: 5434: 5407: 5384: 4118: 4101: 2508: 2471: 2430: 2300:, providing Sinhala words and synonyms for Pali words. The third book is 1976: 1926: 1774: 1752: 1609:, the advisor of the king. The king also had a board of ministers called 1565: 1524: 1499: 1403: 1338: 1286: 8553: 7333: 7285: 7255: 7162: 7131: 7095: 7083: 7035: 7029: 6963: 6843: 6771: 6735: 6657: 6601: 6535: 6529: 6499: 6451: 6070: 5752: 5546: 5036: 2810: 2419: 2383: 2313:

was written in palm leaves. Several commentaries on Buddhism, known as

2218:

had been constructed. Historical sources indicate that there were also

2179: 2154: 2036: 1897: 1832: 1786: 1487: 1443: 1399: 1216: 2931:"The downfall of the Anuradhapura kingdom and South Indian influences" 1349:(215–205 BC), who was in turn overthrown by another invasion led by a 1043:; this cultural change was further strengthened by the arrival of the 8936: 8931: 8558: 7762: 7566: 7351: 7143: 7119: 7101: 7089: 7011: 6969: 6861: 6837: 6795: 6687: 6681: 6639: 6517: 6487: 6481: 6427: 6192: 6167: 6162: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5674: 5623: 5412: 5248: 5222: 2804: 2798: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2367: 2346: 2322: 2318: 2309: 2230: 2171: 1937: 1905: 1818: 1581: 1512: 1495: 1411: 1391: 1378: 1365: 1283: 1271: 1232: 1220: 1175: 1158: 1134: 1059: 1055: 1017: 873: 608: 476: 299: 5028: 2333: 2255:

There was also a presence of Muslim Traders from Arabia and Persia.

617: 7731: 7339: 7113: 7107: 6819: 6421: 6403: 6095: 6080: 6065: 6045: 5526: 5439: 5417: 5253: 2650: 2608: 2523: 2342: 2283: 2272: 2211: 2198: 2175: 2149: 2129: 2121: 2091:, dated to the 8th century, found in the eastern coast of Sri Lanka 1972: 1955: 1889: 1853: 1841: 1619: 1528: 1519:

The Chola conquest had one permanent result in that the capital of

1506: 1431: 1252: 1142: 1087: 1035: 1013: 976: 438: 382: 4106:

International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science

2023:. Dairy products formed an important part of people's diets while 1805:. Due to the extensive production of rice, the country was mostly 1658:

were in charge of these. The smallest administrative unit was the

979:, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text. 7653: 7125: 7077: 7071: 6867: 6831: 6825: 6807: 6645: 6621: 6511: 6445: 6075: 5175: 2641: 2547: 2534: 2415: 2219: 2137: 2117: 2051: 2015: 1865: 1756: 1576: 1439: 1435: 1423: 1407: 1354: 1212: 1166: 1075: 428: 419: 6335: 4923: 2458: 2097: 1971:, were used for trading as well. Patterns of elephants, horses, 7137: 7065: 6541: 6493: 6415: 6126: 6050: 5374: 3476:

as noted by its native name of Kandavura Nuvara (the camp city)

2828: 2637: 2504: 2467: 2354: 1968: 1909: 1822: 1810: 1745: 1680: 1585: 1395: 1264: 1260: 1929:) were used as trading ports during the Anuradhapura kingdom. 1840:

The primary goods exported during the Anuradhapura period are

6131: 6100: 4883:

Commentary on Sinhala Kingship — Vijaya to Kalinga Magha

2603:

and the other by Malvatu Oya and Kala Oya, were covering the

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and there were several judicial officers under him, known as

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reserves and a village forest. In areas of high rainfall, a

1773:

The economy of the Anuradhapura kingdom was based mainly on

1032:

in 437 BC, whose authority extended throughout the country.

4753:

The Mistique of Sigiriya — Whispers of the Mirror Wall

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and made the task of controlling the turbulent province of

1457:

However, none of these invaders could extend their rule to

272:

Flag of King Dutugamunu (161-137 B.C.), as depicted in the

4509: 4507: 4311: 4309: 3657: 3655: 3335: 3333: 2721:

Buddhism was such an important factor in this period that

2031:

often refer to five products obtained from the cow: milk,

1494:

son of Rajaraja I, launched a large invasion in 1017. The

4102:"The Pre Buddhist Religious Beliefs in Ancient Sri Lanka" 3771: 3769: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3393: 3182: 3180: 2858:

Golden Rock Temple of Dambulla: Caves of infinite Buddhas

9068:

States and territories established in the 4th century BC

4866:. Vol. 1. International Centre for Ethnic Studies. 4852: 3709: 3673: 3505: 3503: 3484: 3482: 3386: 3384: 3356: 3354: 3219: 3203: 3201: 2913: 2911: 4960:

A Study of the Economic History of Pre Modern Sri Lanka

4741: 4504: 4306: 3652: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3330: 2983:"The Muslims of Sri Lanka: From harmony to persecution" 1047:

in Sri Lanka and the patronage extended by her rulers.

3828: 3816: 3766: 3458: 3426: 3414: 3177: 3015:"The Consecrating of Pandukabhaya - King Pandukabhaya" 1270:, and a novice. They encountered Devanampiya Tissa at 3500: 3479: 3381: 3351: 3198: 2908: 1990:

was also charged for the water used from reservoirs.

1979:

were commonly imprinted on the coins of this period.

1944:

Currency was often used for settling judicial fines,

1736:. The major cities of the kingdom were defended with 1263:

of India, who sent a missionary of 5 monks including

97:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 4864:

The Institutions of Ancient Ceylon from Inscriptions

4047: 3575: 1308: 1191:

Another notable king of the Anuradhapura kingdom is

6238: 1896:of the island. Luxury cloth was also imported from 1410:, who ruled until 89 BC when they were defeated by 5082: 4631: 2518: 1813:was grown extensively to meet the requirements of 1255:to the country. A strong alliance existed between 4615:( ed.). Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publications. 3812:Did Anuradhapura Greeks come east with Alexander? 1638:(hill country) were governed by officials called 9059: 4727:] (in Sinhala). M. D. Gunasena and Company. 2751:by the later period of the Anuradhapura kingdom. 2193:was constructed in the Anuradhapura kingdom era. 2124:, various ascetic groups such as Paribbrājakas, 27:Ancient Sinhalese kingdom from 437 BC to 1017 CE 2448: 2222:in Anuradhapura during the reign of Valagamba. 1678:A close link existed between the ruler and the 4228:"Did Christianity exist in ancient Sri Lanka?" 4214:"A Brief History of Christianity in Sri Lanka" 2969:"A Brief History of Christianity in Sri Lanka" 2955:"A Brief History of Christianity in Sri Lanka" 2507:of these buildings are also well planned, and 2410:marble and is datable to the 4th century. The 2174:and often took steps to stop the spreading of 2058:, which had been roofed entirely with copper. 1478:(981-1017), distracted by a revolt of his own 1145:to be his capital. The city is also marked on 9083:States and territories disestablished in 1017 7747: 6224: 5690: 5068: 4629: 2562:described the ancient irrigation network as: 1289:arrived from India in order to establish the 1211:(137–119 BC), Mahaculi Mahatissa (77–63 BC), 993: 936: 217: 5293: 4995: 4829: 1173:, and ascended to the throne. The chronicle 9103:11th-century disestablishments in Sri Lanka 4976: 4913: 4880: 4750: 2870: 2855: 2632:was obtained through underground conduits. 2441:(328–337) was himself skilled in stone and 2267:. This gradually developed into the modern 1908:in Anuradhapura implies that the market or 1588:princes who accompanied the sapling of the 1467:served as a base for resistance movements. 1386:The country was invaded again in 103 BC by 1297:, the tree under which the Buddha attained 1109: 1003: 235: 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 9073:4th-century BC establishments in Sri Lanka 7754: 7740: 6231: 6217: 5697: 5683: 5075: 5061: 4853:Nicholas, C. W.; Paranavitana, S. (1961). 4690: 4551:"The beautiful twin ponds of Anuradhapura" 2233:Christians. In 1912, the discovery of the 1662:(village), under a village chief known as 1539: 1505:A partial consolidation of Chola power in 943: 929: 308: Principality of Ruhuna (Ruhunu Rata) 282: 158:. Please do not remove this message until 8207:Deputy speaker and chairman of committees 4957: 4938: 4652: 4117: 4056:"Unsurpassed heroism: Women in Mahavamsa" 4053: 2402:were used when making these statues. The 1982:The primary tax of this period was named 196:Learn how and when to remove this message 178:Learn how and when to remove this message 117:Learn how and when to remove this message 4918:. Navrang Booksellers & Publishers. 4777:. Navrang Booksellers & Publishers. 4718: 4709: 4610: 3834: 3822: 3554:Nicholas and Paranavitana (1961), p. 143 3545:Nicholas and Paranavitana (1961), p. 123 2917: 2889: 2623: 2594:carries water from the Kala wewa to the 2569: 2533: 2457: 2332: 2307:During the reign of Valagamba, the Pali 2239: 2184: 2087:Gilded bronze statue of the Bodhisattva 2082: 2005: 1931: 1831: 1549: 1482:, fled to the south-eastern province of 1359: 1242: 154:Relevant discussion may be found on the 93:Relevant discussion may be found on the 5014: 4838:] (in Sinhala). Rathna Publishers. 4769: 4744:Irrigation and Water Management in Asia 3754:Goonaratne and Hirashima (1990), p. 153 3536:Nicholas and Paranavitana (1961), p. 77 3527:Nicholas and Paranavitana (1961), p. 54 3464: 3435: 3420: 1634:(southern part of the country) and the 1502:which was renamed "Jananathamangalam". 1470: 14: 9060: 5704: 4899: 4861: 4810: 4791: 4742:Gooneratne, W.; Hirashima, S. (1990). 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4054:Wettimuny, Samangie (17 August 2008). 3452: 3408: 2722: 2293:is another, and is a glossary for the 1953:rectangular pieces of silver known as 1673: 1238: 998:, translit: Anurādhapura Rājadhāniya, 7735: 6212: 5678: 5056: 4671: 3044: 3042: 2640:in the dry zone plains were used for 2433:are some of the best examples of the 1963:coins. Uncoined metals, particularly 8304:Directorate of Military Intelligence 7761: 4998:A Comprehensive History of Sri Lanka 4943:. Dayawansa Jayakody & Company. 2894:. Penguin Books India. p. 100. 1777:. The main agricultural product was 1768: 1554:Subdivisions of Anuradhapura Kingdom 1317:(301–328), Sudatta, the sub king of 128: 70: 29: 5659: 4981:. Participatory Development Forum. 4916:The Springs of Sinhala Civilization 4755:. Godage International Publishers. 4087: 2860:. Central Cultural Fund. p. 9. 1793:and spread throughout the country. 24: 4832:සිංහල ථුපවංසය—Sinhala Thupavansaya 4066:from the original on 3 August 2009 3039: 2823:Sir James Emerson Tennent was the 2371:buildings and the inside walls of 1936:Bronze imitation of a Roman coin, 25: 9124: 8309:Criminal Investigation Department 4792:Mendis, Ranjan Chinthaka (1999). 4714:. Department of Cultural Affairs. 2349:were painted during the reign of 1309:Arrival of the sacred tooth relic 45:This article has multiple issues. 9041: 9032: 9031: 7714: 7713: 7391:House of Senasammata Vikramabahu 6334: 6008:Relic of the tooth of the Buddha 5658: 5648: 5639: 5638: 5218:Relic of the tooth of the Buddha 4655:Sri Lankan Monastic Architecture 4591: 4582: 4573: 4561:from the original on 5 June 2011 4543: 4534: 4525: 4516: 4495: 4486: 4477: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4441: 4416: 4407: 4398: 4389: 4363: 4354: 4345: 4336: 4327: 4318: 4297: 4288: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4234: 4220: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4179: 4170: 4161: 4152: 4143: 4134: 4078: 4038: 4029: 4020: 4011: 4002: 3993: 3984: 3975: 3966: 3957: 3948: 3939: 3930: 3921: 3912: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3867: 3858: 2873:History of archaeology in Ceylon 2817: 2786: 2771: 2684: 957: 892: 616: 570: 545: 264: 133: 75: 34: 9113:Former monarchies of South Asia 7931:Crisis of the Sixteenth Century 7232:House of Vijayabahu (1211–1212) 7228:House of Vijayabahu (1209–1210) 7224:House of Vijayabahu (1197–1200) 5275:Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya 4909:. Madras: University of Madras. 4603: 3849: 3840: 3805: 3796: 3787: 3778: 3757: 3748: 3739: 3730: 3721: 3700: 3691: 3664: 3643: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3589: 3566: 3557: 3548: 3539: 3530: 3521: 3512: 3491: 3470: 3372: 3363: 3342: 3321: 3312: 3303: 3294: 3285: 3276: 3267: 3258: 3249: 3240: 3231: 3210: 3189: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3114: 3105: 3096: 3087: 3078: 3069: 3060: 3051: 3030: 3021: 3007: 2998: 2989: 2754: 2741: 2732: 2715: 2519:Irrigation and water management 2453: 2382:Statue making, most noticeably 2341:The Sigiriya Frescoes found at 53:or discuss these issues on the 9098:1017 disestablishments in Asia 7901:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura 6370:House of Vijaya (89 BCE–66 CE) 5280:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura 4914:Seneviratna, Anuradha (1989). 4751:Lokubandara, W. J. M. (2007). 4721:සිංහල සැරසිලි—Sinhala Sarasili 4712:Social History of Early Ceylon 4695:. Asian Educational Services. 4676:. Asian Educational Services. 4630:Bandaranayake, Senake (2007). 2975: 2961: 2947: 2923: 2883: 2864: 2856:Seneviratna, Anuradha (1983). 2849: 2768:describes the event in detail. 2706: 2047:were also used for transport. 298: Principality of Malaya ( 13: 1: 8212:Deputy Chairman of Committees 6363:House of Vijaya (161–103 BCE) 6359:House of Vijaya (215–205 BCE) 5608: 5333: 4811:Mendis, Vernon L. B. (2000). 4371:"Sacred city of Anuradhapura" 2838: 2619: 2258: 1613:. In central administration, 1523:was destroyed by the Cholas. 1012:, was the second established 292: Kingdom of Anuradhapura 7226:House of Kalinga (1200–1209) 5556: 5486: 5208:Gajabahu's invasion of Chola 5017:The Journal of Asian Studies 4862:Perera, Lakshman S. (2001). 4830:Moratuwagama, H. M. (1996). 4815:. S. Godage & Brothers. 4657:. Sri Satguru Publications. 2843: 2449:Architecture and engineering 1884:By the fifth century one of 1599: 1332: 7: 7633:House of Vimaladharmasuriya 6361:Chola dynasty (205–161 BCE) 5000:. Vijitha Yapa Publishers. 4996:Yogasundaram, Nath (2008). 4979:A Concise Sinhala Mahavamsa 4881:Rambukwelle, P. B. (1993). 4857:. Colombo University Press. 4855:A Concise History of Ceylon 4579:Bandaranayake (2007), p. 15 4342:Bandaranayake (2007), p. 12 4333:Bandaranayake (2007), p. 11 3147:Moratuwagama (1996), p. 238 3138:Moratuwagama (1996), p. 252 3111:Moratuwagama (1996), p. 225 2671:List of Sri Lankan monarchs 2664: 2078: 1715: 1416:six rulers from South India 1321:, and Hemamala brought the 1102:; large buildings like the 160:conditions to do so are met 10: 9129: 8299:State Intelligence Service 5455:Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya 4962:. Vikas Publishing House. 4324:Bandaranayake (2007), p. 8 3727:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 110 3718:Yogasundaram (2008), p. 67 3688:Yogasundaram (2008), p. 66 3378:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 112 3369:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 108 3228:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 114 3075:Bandaranayake (2007), p. 6 3066:Yogasundaram (2008), p. 41 2871:Godakumbura, C.E. (1969). 2586:. The construction of the 2302:Mula Sikha Ha Sikhavalanda 2001: 1558: 1543: 1152: 340:8.35000000°N 80.38361111°E 9027: 8957: 8847: 8755: 8746: 8579: 8458:Grama Niladhari divisions 8428: 8373: 8324: 8259: 8175: 8125: 8112:National Security Council 8076: 8053: 8044: 7994: 7873: 7822: 7813: 7770: 7705: 7626: 7379: 7208: 7153: 6343: 6332: 6280: 6250: 6155: 6109: 6086:Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte 6016: 5985: 5962:Sinhalese female monarchs 5915: 5852: 5762: 5721: 5712: 5634: 5555: 5485: 5393: 5359: 5292: 5262: 5236: 5158: 5151: 5113: 5103: 4958:Siriweera, W. I. (1994). 4939:Siriweera, W. I. (2004). 4794:The Story of Anuradhapura 4693:Ceylon Coins and Currency 4691:Codrington, H.W. (1994). 4653:Basnayake, H. T. (1986). 4638:. Central Cultural Fund. 4597:Seneviratna (1989), p. 76 4540:Seneviratna (1989), p. 89 4267:Lokubandara (2007), p. 29 4258:Lokubandara (2007), p. 37 4112:(6): 203–206. June 2019. 3793:Seneviratna (1989), p. 54 3661:Rambukwelle (1993), p. 38 3622:Rambukwelle (1993), p. 46 3613:Rambukwelle (1993), p. 45 3497:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 30 3348:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 49 3339:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 47 3327:Rambukwelle (1993), p. 51 3309:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 89 3282:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 41 3255:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 38 3246:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 34 3195:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 75 3174:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 93 3165:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 88 3156:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 81 3093:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 28 3048:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 27 3036:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 20 3004:>Mendis (1999), p. 104 2747:This position was called 2611:, Naccaduva, Kantale and 2366:Paintings from a cave at 2071:were located far inland. 2043:and butter. Bullocks and 1323:tooth relic of the Buddha 1068:sacking of Madurai in 862 1045:tooth relic of the Buddha 1028:, it was founded by King 1004: 994: 524: 520: 510: 500: 496: 486: 482: 470: 458: 454: 444: 434: 407:Saint Thomas Christianity 369: 355: 314: 281: 261: 256: 236: 218: 212: 8438:Administrative divisions 8316:Sri Lanka Police Service 8222:Leader of the Opposition 7865:Sri Lanka (1948–present) 7155:Anuradhapura from Rohana 5403:Administrative divisions 5345: 4977:Wijesooriya, S. (2006). 4725:Sinhala Decorational Art 4719:Fernando, G. S. (2001). 4611:De Silva, K. M. (2014). 4588:Siriweera (2004), p. 175 4531:Siriweera (2004), p. 174 4513:Siriweera (2004), p. 170 4492:Siriweera (2004), p. 169 4483:Siriweera (2004), p. 168 4474:Siriweera (2004), p. 281 4465:Siriweera (2004), p. 280 4456:Basnayake (1986), p. 109 4447:Siriweera (2004), p. 284 4413:Siriweera (2004), p. 283 4395:Siriweera (2004), p. 287 4360:Siriweera (2004), p. 286 4315:Siriweera (2004), p. 290 4294:Siriweera (2004), p. 271 4276:Siriweera (2004), p. 268 4249:Siriweera (2004), p. 267 4194:Siriweera (2004), p. 254 4185:Siriweera (2004), p. 250 4176:Siriweera (2004), p. 247 4167:Siriweera (2004), p. 246 4158:Siriweera (2004), p. 248 4149:Siriweera (2004), p. 245 4140:Siriweera (2004), p. 244 4026:Siriweera (2004), p. 201 4017:Siriweera (2004), p. 187 3990:Siriweera (2004), p. 195 3981:Siriweera (2004), p. 194 3972:Siriweera (2004), p. 193 3963:Siriweera (2004), p. 200 3954:Siriweera (1994), p. 170 3945:Siriweera (1994), p. 169 3936:Siriweera (1994), p. 168 3927:Siriweera (1994), p. 167 3918:Codrington (1994), p. 19 3909:Siriweera (2004), p. 215 3900:Siriweera (2004), p. 214 3891:Siriweera (2004), p. 213 3873:Siriweera (2004), p. 228 3864:Siriweera (2004), p. 218 3855:Siriweera (2004), p. 212 3846:Siriweera (2004), p. 207 3802:Siriweera (1994), p. 114 3784:Siriweera (2004), p. 192 3775:Siriweera (2004), p. 182 3763:Siriweera (2004), p. 190 3745:Siriweera (2004), p. 183 3186:Siriweera (2004), p. 171 2699: 2291:Dampiya Atuva Gatapadaya 1998:, the king's treasurer. 1879:University of Peradeniya 1114:According the chronicle 1110:The city of Anuradhapura 662:Anuradhapura from Rohana 232:Anurādhapura Rājadhāniya 9088:Kingdom of Anuradhapura 8517:Knuckles Mountain Range 8512:Hanthana Mountain Range 8453:Divisional Secretariats 8408:Sri Lanka Freedom Party 7835:Pre Anuradhapura period 7593:Senasammata Vikramabahu 6282:Pre-Anuradhapura period 5897:Senasammata Vikramabahu 5198:Fourth Buddhist council 5143:Pre Anuradhapura period 4813:The Rulers of Sri Lanka 4351:Ellawala (1969), p. 153 4035:Siriweera (1994), p. 39 4008:Ellawala (1969), p. 152 3999:Ellawala (1969), p. 151 3882:Siriweera (1994), p 120 3697:Siriweera (2004), p. 89 3670:Siriweera (2004), p. 93 3640:Siriweera (2004), p. 92 3595:Siriweera (2004), p. 91 3572:Siriweera (2004), p. 88 3563:Siriweera (2004), p. 90 3509:Siriweera (2004), p. 87 3488:Siriweera (2004), p. 86 3390:Siriweera (2004), p. 44 3360:Siriweera (2004), p. 42 3216:Siriweera (2004), p. 36 3207:Siriweera (2004), p. 35 3120:Siriweera (2004), p. 27 3102:Siriweera (2004), p. 25 2995:Siriweera (2004),p. 250 2540:ancient irrigation lake 2538:A small and now unused 2191:Koneswaram Hindu temple 1913:transit. Ports such as 1540:Government and military 1480:Indian mercenary troops 977:question marks or boxes 345:8.35000000; 80.38361111 214:Kingdom of Anuradhapura 9108:370s BC establishments 8995:International rankings 8636:Science and technology 8621:Information technology 8334:Provincial governments 8107:Administrative Service 8068:Constitutional Council 7386:House of Siri Sanga Bo 6988:Unhanagara Hatthadatha 6388:House of Lambakanna II 4746:. Sterling Publishers. 4613:A history of Sri Lanka 4285:Ellawala (1969), p. 86 4240:Ellawala (1969), p. 87 4084:Ellawala (1969), p. 83 4044:Ellawala (1969), p. 82 3706:Ellawala (1969), p.148 3631:Siriweera (1994), p. 7 3604:Siriweera (1994), p. 6 3586:Siriweera (1994), p. 8 2892:A History of Sri Lanka 2890:De Silva, K.M (2005). 2633: 2579: 2568: 2543: 2485: 2463: 2338: 2328: 2245: 2194: 2092: 2011: 1941: 1837: 1687: 1555: 1442:, who was defeated by 1383: 1248: 965:This article contains 686:Kingdom of Dambadeniya 674:Kingdom of Polonnaruwa 512:• Disestablished 422:(since 9th century AD) 417:(since 7th century AD) 409:(since 1st century AD) 403:(since 5th century AD) 9093:Kingdoms of Sri Lanka 8413:United National Party 8232:Chief Opposition Whip 8227:Chief Government Whip 7976:Independence movement 7860:British Ceylon period 7696:Sri Vikrama Rajasinha 7690:Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha 7666:Vimaladharmasuriya II 7240:Eastern Ganga dynasty 7230:Lokissara (1210–1211) 6880:Silakala Ambosamanera 6373:House of Lambakanna I 5186:Battle of Vijithapura 5162:(377 BC–463 AD) 4710:Ellawala, H. (1969). 4522:Mendis (2000), p. 248 4404:Fernando (2001), p. 3 4203:Mendis (1999), p. 104 3649:Mendis (1999), p. 144 3291:Ludowyk (1985), p. 55 3273:Ludowyk (1985), p. 49 3264:Ludowyk (1985), p. 46 3129:Ludowyk (1985), p. 61 2627: 2573: 2564: 2560:James Emerson Tennent 2537: 2480: 2461: 2384:statues of the Buddha 2336: 2243: 2188: 2086: 2068:perennial watercourse 2009: 1935: 1835: 1553: 1388:Five Dravidian chiefs 1363: 1282:Soon afterwards, the 1246: 1171:battle at Vijithapura 1141:(473–491), who chose 874:Republic of Sri Lanka 823:British Ceylon period 655:437 BCE–1017 CE 638:Kingdom of Tambapanni 553:Kingdom of Tambapanni 460:• 437 BC-367 BC 356:Common languages 250:Anurātapura irācciyam 8839:World Heritage Sites 7678:Sri Vijaya Rajasinha 7648:Vimaladharmasuriya I 7605:Karalliyadde Bandara 6898:Kittisiri Meghavanna 6584:Mahadathika Mahanaga 5106:Anuradhapura kingdom 4941:History of Sri Lanka 4885:. Sridevi Printers. 4672:Blaze, L. E (1995). 4501:Mendis (1999), p. 74 4216:. 20 September 2013. 4119:10.47772/ijriss.2021 3736:Mendis (1999), p. 57 3518:Perera (2001), p. 48 3237:Mendis (1999), p. 11 2971:. 20 September 2013. 2957:. 20 September 2013. 2691:Sri Lanka portal 2466:The construction of 1795:Shifting cultivation 1471:Fall of Anuradhapura 1313:During the reign of 1118:, In 543 BC, prince 1005:அனுராதபுர இராச்சியம் 986:Anuradhapura kingdom 899:Sri Lanka portal 852:Sri Lanka since 1948 650:Anuradhapura kingdom 393:Eastern Christianity 237:அனுராதபுர இராச்சியம் 86:factual accuracy is 18:Anuradhapura Kingdom 8388:Electoral districts 8237:Secretaries-General 8217:Leader of the House 8157:Magistrate's Courts 7850:Transitional period 7840:Anuradhapura period 7684:Kirti Sri Rajasinha 7672:Vira Narendra Sinha 7381:Transitional period 7215:House of Vijayabahu 6730:Siri Sangha Bodhi I 6590:Amandagamani Abhaya 6578:Bhatikabhaya Abhaya 6366:The Five Dravidians 6345:Anuradhapura period 5810:Transitional period 5776:Anuradhapura period 5557:Society and culture 5500:Tank cascade system 5470:Mahamevnāwa Gardens 5465:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 5193:The Five Dravidians 5181:Dutugamunu Campaign 5171:Arrival of Buddhism 5090:Anuradhapura period 4775:The Story of Ceylon 4557:. 2 November 2008. 4303:Mendis (1999), p. 1 3318:Blaze (1995), p. 59 3300:Blaze (1995), p. 58 3084:Mendis (1999), p. 7 3057:Blaze (1995), p. 19 3027:Perera (2001), p.45 2576:Kandalama Reservoir 2361:paintings of Ajanta 2298:Dhammapadatthakatha 2128:and forms of early 1674:Buddhist priesthood 1650:. Officials called 1382:(王会图), circa 650 CE 1303:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 1239:Arrival of Buddhism 1147:Ptolemy's world map 1135:auspicious asterism 1024:. According to the 751:Kingdom of Sitawaka 729:Transitional period 502:• Established 491:Anuradhapura period 336: / 147:of this article is 8965:Capital punishment 8344:Municipal councils 7981:Dominion of Ceylon 7845:Polonnaruwa period 7547:Bhuvanaikabahu VII 7529:Parakramabahu VIII 7451:Bhuvanaikabahu III 7210:Polonnaruwa period 6790:Chattagahaka Jantu 6524:Mahakuli Mahatissa 6378:The Six Dravidians 5902:Vimaladharmasuriya 5793:Polonnaruwa period 5706:Sinhalese monarchy 5542:Port of Mahatittha 5495:Irrigation network 5228:The Six Dravidians 4836:Sinhala Thupavamsa 4796:. Lakshmi Mendis. 4674:The Story of Lanka 3455:, p. 199–200. 3411:, p. 172–173. 2825:Colonial Secretary 2794:historical sources 2634: 2628:The water for the 2580: 2544: 2464: 2339: 2246: 2235:Anuradhapura cross 2227:Thomas the Apostle 2210:were followers of 2195: 2093: 2029:Sinhala literature 2012: 1942: 1838: 1730:Commander-in-Chief 1556: 1546:Sinhalese monarchy 1384: 1249: 1124:Anuradha Nakshatra 1098:, and other large 995:අනුරාධපුර රාජධානිය 879:1972–present 862:Dominion of Ceylon 698:Kingdom of Gampola 378:Theravada Buddhism 219:අනුරාධපුර රාජධානිය 9055: 9054: 9023: 9022: 8980:Gender inequality 8927:Traditional games 8778:Sexual Minorities 8507:Central Highlands 8398:Foreign relations 8369: 8368: 8339:Local governments 8261:National security 8040: 8039: 8032:Sexual Minorities 7946:Portuguese Ceylon 7729: 7728: 7710:indicate regent. 7641: 7523:Parakramabahu VII 7517:Bhuvanaikabahu VI 7499:Parakramabahu Epa 7463:Bhuvanaikabahu IV 7439:Bhuvanaikabahu II 7433:Parakramabahu III 7394: 7243: 6652:Vankanasika Tissa 6634:Yassalalaka Tissa 6554:Darubhatika Tissa 6410:Devanampiya Tissa 6391: 6327:(454 BCE–437 BCE) 6319:(474 BCE–454 BCE) 6313:(504 BCE–474 BCE) 6307:(505 BCE–504 BCE) 6299:(543 BCE–505 BCE) 6290: 6206: 6205: 6110:Related dynasties 5672: 5671: 5537:Port of Jambukola 5475:Mapagala fortress 5450:Abhayagiri vihāra 5370:Foreign relations 5339:Tamil mercenaries 5288: 5287: 5007:978-955-665-002-0 4988:978-955-9140-31-3 4969:978-0-7069-7621-2 4950:978-955-551-257-2 4892:978-955-95565-0-3 4873:978-955-580-055-6 4845:978-955-569-068-3 4822:978-955-20-4847-0 4803:978-955-96704-0-7 4784:978-81-7013-020-8 4771:Ludowyk, E. F. C. 4762:978-955-30-0610-3 4734:978-955-21-0525-8 4702:978-81-206-0913-6 4683:978-81-206-1074-3 4664:978-81-7030-009-0 4645:978-955-613-111-6 4622:978-955-8095-92-8 4377:. 9 December 2007 3017:. 8 October 2011. 2693: 2649:and the ponds at 2503:(brazen palace). 2216:Konesvaram temple 2170:Rulers sponsored 2146:Devanampiya Tissa 1940:, 4th-8th century 1906:stone inscription 1769:Trade and economy 1723:Chaturangani Sena 1259:(250–210 BC) and 1257:Devanampiya Tissa 1157:According to the 1041:Devanampiya Tissa 973:rendering support 953: 952: 883: 882: 842: 841: 813: 812: 792:Portuguese Ceylon 760: 759: 719: 718: 643:543–437 BCE 611: 586: 585: 582: 581: 578: 577: 558: 557: 425:Mahayana Buddhism 274:Dambulla Viharaya 206: 205: 198: 188: 187: 180: 127: 126: 119: 68: 16:(Redirected from 9120: 9045: 9035: 9034: 8907:National symbols 8753: 8752: 8354:Pradeshiya Sabha 8091:Executive Office 8051: 8050: 7971:Matale rebellion 7820: 7819: 7756: 7749: 7742: 7733: 7732: 7717: 7716: 7631: 7599:Jayavira Bandara 7535:Parakramabahu IX 7505:Parakramabahu VI 7481:Bhuvanaikabahu V 7445:Parakramabahu IV 7419:Bhuvanaikabahu I 7407:Parakramabahu II 7384: 7364:Parakrama Pandya 7220:House of Kalinga 7213: 6976:Dathopa Tissa II 6946:Jettha Tissa III 6856:Kumara Dhatusena 6596:Kanirajanu Tissa 6434:Sena and Guttika 6348: 6338: 6285: 6255:List of monarchs 6233: 6226: 6219: 6210: 6209: 6198:Vijayabā Kollaya 6018:Royal Residences 5998:Amātya Mandalaya 5967:Sinhalese Queens 5798:Chola occupation 5772:Pre Anuradhapura 5699: 5692: 5685: 5676: 5675: 5662: 5661: 5652: 5642: 5641: 5624:Tantric Buddhism 5267: 5266:(691–1017) 5241: 5163: 5156: 5155: 5108:377 BC – 1017 AD 5077: 5070: 5063: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5011: 4992: 4973: 4954: 4935: 4910: 4896: 4877: 4858: 4849: 4826: 4807: 4788: 4766: 4747: 4738: 4715: 4706: 4687: 4668: 4649: 4637: 4626: 4598: 4595: 4589: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4547: 4541: 4538: 4532: 4529: 4523: 4520: 4514: 4511: 4502: 4499: 4493: 4490: 4484: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4466: 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8424: 8365: 8320: 8255: 8244:15th Parliament 8171: 8167:Labour Tribunal 8152:District courts 8142:Court of appeal 8121: 8117:Law enforcement 8072: 8036: 7990: 7869: 7809: 7766: 7760: 7730: 7725: 7701: 7638:Nayaks of Kandy 7636: 7630: 7622: 7611:Kusumasana Devi 7475:Vikramabahu III 7469:Parakramabahu V 7389: 7383: 7375: 7274:Parakramabahu I 7238: 7235:Pandyan dynasty 7233: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7218: 7212: 7204: 7187:Parakrama Pandu 7149: 6958:Dathopa Tissa I 6922:Sangha Tissa II 6760:Jettha Tissa II 6572:Kutakanna Tissa 6386: 6383:House of Moriya 6381: 6376: 6371: 6369: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6353: 6350:House of Vijaya 6347: 6339: 6330: 6287:House of Vijaya 6284: 6276: 6246: 6244:Sinhala kingdom 6237: 6207: 6202: 6183:Royal Standards 6151: 6105: 6012: 5981: 5911: 5848: 5758: 5717: 5715:Sinhala kingdom 5708: 5703: 5673: 5668: 5630: 5604:Popular culture 5551: 5532:Port of Gokanna 5481: 5389: 5355: 5284: 5268: 5265: 5258: 5242: 5240:(463–691) 5239: 5232: 5213:Beminitiya Seya 5164: 5161: 5147: 5109: 5099: 5098: 5081: 5051: 5029:10.2307/2053272 5008: 4989: 4970: 4951: 4893: 4874: 4846: 4823: 4804: 4785: 4763: 4735: 4703: 4684: 4665: 4646: 4623: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4564: 4562: 4555:Sunday Observer 4549: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4432: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4100: 4099: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4060:Sunday Observer 4052: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3958: 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3119: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3013: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2909: 2902: 2888: 2884: 2869: 2865: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2835: 2822: 2818: 2791: 2787: 2780:Samantapasadika 2776: 2772: 2759: 2755: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2685: 2683: 2676:Beminitiya Seya 2667: 2622: 2521: 2456: 2451: 2439:Jettha Tissa II 2412:Toluvila statue 2351:King Kashyapa I 2331: 2261: 2106:worship of gods 2081: 2004: 1807:self-sufficient 1771: 1738:defensive walls 1718: 1694:Samantapasadika 1690: 1676: 1602: 1561: 1548: 1542: 1473: 1335: 1311: 1241: 1155: 1112: 1096:Jetavana stupas 1020:related to the 982: 981: 980: 971:Without proper 962: 958: 949: 920: 893: 891: 885: 884: 876: 867:1948–1972 864: 854: 844: 843: 838:1815–1948 835: 825: 815: 814: 809:1658–1796 806: 797:1597–1658 794: 785:1469–1815 782: 772: 762: 761: 756:1521–1594 753: 744:1232–1620 741: 731: 721: 720: 715:1371–1597 712: 703:1341–1371 700: 691:1232–1341 688: 679:1055–1232 676: 667:1017–1055 664: 652: 640: 630: 628:Sinhala kingdom 597: 571: 546: 513: 503: 473: 461: 427: 423: 418: 413: 412: 396: 391: 387: 386: 381: 376: 344: 342: 338: 335: 330: 327: 325: 323: 322: 321: 310: 309: 305: 303: 295: 293: 289: 277: 270: 269: 252: 248: 241: 234: 230: 223: 215: 202: 191: 190: 189: 184: 173: 167: 164: 153: 138: 134: 123: 112: 106: 103: 92: 84:This article's 80: 76: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9126: 9116: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9049: 9039: 9028: 9025: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8961: 8959: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8940: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8853: 8851: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8809: 8808: 8807: 8802: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8781: 8780: 8775: 8765: 8759: 8757: 8750: 8744: 8743: 8741: 8740: 8739: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8669: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8641:Stock Exchange 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8606:Communications 8603: 8602: 8601: 8591: 8585: 8583: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8562: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8531: 8526: 8524:National parks 8521: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8502:Pidurutalagala 8494: 8489: 8487:Extreme points 8484: 8479: 8473: 8472: 8471: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8434: 8432: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8422: 8417: 8416: 8415: 8410: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8379: 8377: 8371: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8363: 8358: 8357: 8356: 8351: 8349:Urban councils 8346: 8336: 8330: 8328: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8318: 8313: 8312: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8265: 8263: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8190:Prime Minister 8179: 8177: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8169: 8164: 8162:Primary Courts 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8131: 8129: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8095: 8094: 8093: 8080: 8078: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8070: 8065: 8059: 8057: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7998: 7996: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7956:British Ceylon 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7877: 7875: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7855:Kandyan period 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7826: 7824: 7817: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7807: 7806: 7805: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7774: 7772: 7768: 7767: 7759: 7758: 7751: 7744: 7736: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7723: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7699: 7693: 7687: 7681: 7675: 7669: 7663: 7657: 7651: 7644: 7642: 7628:Kandyan period 7624: 7623: 7621: 7620: 7614: 7608: 7602: 7596: 7590: 7583: 7582: 7576: 7570: 7564: 7557: 7556: 7550: 7544: 7541:Vijayabahu VII 7538: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7508: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7489:(1391/92–1397) 7484: 7478: 7472: 7466: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7401:Vijayabahu III 7397: 7395: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7373: 7367: 7361: 7355: 7349: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7325: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7304:Vikramabahu II 7301: 7295: 7292:Nissanka Malla 7289: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7265: 7259: 7253: 7246: 7244: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7202: 7196: 7190: 7184: 7178: 7172: 7169:Mahalana–Kitti 7166: 7159: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7147: 7141: 7135: 7129: 7123: 7117: 7111: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7069: 7063: 7057: 7051: 7048:Aggabodhi VIII 7045: 7039: 7033: 7027: 7021: 7015: 7009: 7003: 6997: 6991: 6985: 6979: 6973: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6949: 6943: 6937: 6934:Silameghavanna 6931: 6928:Moggallana III 6925: 6919: 6913: 6907: 6901: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6814:Khudda Parinda 6811: 6805: 6799: 6793: 6787: 6781: 6775: 6769: 6763: 6757: 6754:Sirimeghavanna 6751: 6745: 6742:Jettha Tissa I 6739: 6733: 6727: 6724:Sangha Tissa I 6721: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6700:Voharika Tissa 6697: 6691: 6685: 6679: 6676:Kanittha Tissa 6673: 6667: 6664:Mahallaka Naga 6661: 6655: 6649: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6611: 6605: 6599: 6593: 6587: 6581: 6575: 6569: 6563: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6394: 6392: 6341: 6340: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6300: 6293: 6291: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6236: 6235: 6228: 6221: 6213: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6159: 6157: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6022: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5932: 5927: 5921: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5858: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5837:Kandyan period 5834: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5807: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5768: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5727: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5702: 5701: 5694: 5687: 5679: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5656: 5646: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5561: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5491: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5427: 5426: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5399: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5366: 5364: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5304: 5298: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5271: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5245: 5243: 5238: 5237:Middle period 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5178: 5173: 5167: 5165: 5160: 5153: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5119: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5072: 5065: 5057: 5050: 5049: 5023:(3): 405–419. 5012: 5006: 4993: 4987: 4974: 4968: 4955: 4949: 4936: 4911: 4897: 4891: 4878: 4872: 4859: 4850: 4844: 4827: 4821: 4808: 4802: 4789: 4783: 4767: 4761: 4748: 4739: 4733: 4716: 4707: 4701: 4688: 4682: 4669: 4663: 4650: 4644: 4627: 4621: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4590: 4581: 4572: 4542: 4533: 4524: 4515: 4503: 4494: 4485: 4476: 4467: 4458: 4449: 4440: 4415: 4406: 4397: 4388: 4362: 4353: 4344: 4335: 4326: 4317: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4278: 4269: 4260: 4251: 4242: 4233: 4219: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4178: 4169: 4160: 4151: 4142: 4133: 4086: 4077: 4046: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4010: 4001: 3992: 3983: 3974: 3965: 3956: 3947: 3938: 3929: 3920: 3911: 3902: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3857: 3848: 3839: 3827: 3815: 3804: 3795: 3786: 3777: 3765: 3756: 3747: 3738: 3729: 3720: 3708: 3699: 3690: 3672: 3663: 3651: 3642: 3633: 3624: 3615: 3606: 3597: 3588: 3574: 3565: 3556: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3520: 3511: 3499: 3490: 3478: 3469: 3467:, p. 417. 3457: 3440: 3438:, p. 416. 3425: 3423:, p. 411. 3413: 3392: 3380: 3371: 3362: 3350: 3341: 3329: 3320: 3311: 3302: 3293: 3284: 3275: 3266: 3257: 3248: 3239: 3230: 3218: 3209: 3197: 3188: 3176: 3167: 3158: 3149: 3140: 3131: 3122: 3113: 3104: 3095: 3086: 3077: 3068: 3059: 3050: 3038: 3029: 3020: 3006: 2997: 2988: 2974: 2960: 2946: 2922: 2907: 2900: 2882: 2863: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2816: 2785: 2770: 2753: 2740: 2731: 2714: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2678: 2673: 2666: 2663: 2621: 2618: 2601:Mahaweli river 2552:Minneriya tank 2520: 2517: 2476:Ruwanweli Seya 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2404:Samadhi statue 2330: 2327: 2269:Sinhala script 2260: 2257: 2250:King Dathusena 2165:Jetavanaramaya 2080: 2077: 2003: 2000: 1992:Customs duties 1791:Mahaweli Ganga 1770: 1767: 1717: 1714: 1698:viniccayamacca 1689: 1686: 1675: 1672: 1601: 1598: 1590:Sri Maha Bodhi 1560: 1557: 1541: 1538: 1472: 1469: 1450:(833–853) and 1428:Khudda Parinda 1334: 1331: 1327:Datadhatughara 1310: 1307: 1295:Sri Maha Bodhi 1240: 1237: 1182:Ruwanweli Seya 1154: 1151: 1111: 1108: 975:, you may see 963: 956: 955: 954: 951: 950: 948: 947: 940: 933: 925: 922: 921: 919: 918: 913: 908: 902: 887: 886: 881: 880: 877: 872: 869: 868: 865: 860: 855: 850: 849: 846: 845: 840: 839: 836: 833:British Ceylon 831: 826: 821: 820: 817: 816: 811: 810: 807: 802: 799: 798: 795: 790: 787: 786: 783: 778: 773: 770:Kandyan period 768: 767: 764: 763: 758: 757: 754: 749: 746: 745: 742: 739:Jaffna kingdom 737: 732: 727: 726: 723: 722: 717: 716: 713: 708: 705: 704: 701: 696: 693: 692: 689: 684: 681: 680: 677: 672: 669: 668: 665: 660: 657: 656: 653: 648: 645: 644: 641: 636: 631: 626: 625: 622: 621: 613: 612: 599: 598: 591: 584: 583: 580: 579: 576: 575: 568: 559: 556: 555: 550: 538: 537: 532: 522: 521: 518: 517: 514: 511: 508: 507: 504: 501: 498: 497: 494: 493: 488: 487:Historical era 484: 483: 480: 479: 474: 471: 468: 467: 462: 459: 456: 455: 452: 451: 448: 442: 441: 436: 432: 431: 411: 410: 404: 397: 371: 367: 366: 357: 353: 352: 316: 312: 311: 304: 294: 288: 287: 279: 278: 271: 263: 262: 259: 258: 257:437 BC–1017 AD 254: 253: 216: 213: 204: 203: 186: 185: 141: 139: 132: 125: 124: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9125: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9038: 9030: 9029: 9026: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8956: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8846: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8818: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8810: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8797: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8745: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8670: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8600: 8597: 8596: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8584: 8582: 8578: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8536: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8499: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8474: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8440: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8427: 8421: 8418: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8376: 8372: 8362: 8359: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8327: 8323: 8317: 8314: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8295:Intelligence 8294: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8262: 8258: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8242: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8186: 8185: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8174: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8137: 8136:Supreme Court 8133: 8132: 8130: 8128: 8124: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8096: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8087: 8086: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8075: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8043: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7993: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7966:Uva Rebellion 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7872: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7812: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7769: 7764: 7757: 7752: 7750: 7745: 7743: 7738: 7737: 7734: 7722: 7721: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7704: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7676: 7673: 7670: 7667: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7652: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7625: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7574: 7571: 7568: 7565: 7562: 7561:Sitawaka Line 7559: 7558: 7554: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7542: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7527: 7524: 7521: 7518: 7515: 7512: 7509: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7497: 7494: 7493:Vijayabahu VI 7491: 7488: 7485: 7482: 7479: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7467: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7446: 7443: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7417: 7414: 7413:Vijayabahu IV 7411: 7408: 7405: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7378: 7371: 7370:Kalinga Magha 7368: 7365: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7347: 7344: 7341: 7338: 7335: 7332: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7322:Sahassa Malla 7320: 7317: 7314: 7311: 7308: 7305: 7302: 7299: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7287: 7284: 7281: 7280:Vijayabahu II 7278: 7275: 7272: 7269: 7266: 7263: 7262:Vikramabahu I 7260: 7257: 7254: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7236: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7207: 7200: 7197: 7194: 7191: 7188: 7185: 7182: 7179: 7176: 7175:Vikrama Pandu 7173: 7170: 7167: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7145: 7142: 7139: 7136: 7133: 7130: 7127: 7124: 7121: 7118: 7115: 7112: 7109: 7106: 7103: 7100: 7097: 7094: 7091: 7088: 7085: 7082: 7079: 7076: 7073: 7070: 7067: 7064: 7061: 7058: 7055: 7052: 7049: 7046: 7043: 7040: 7037: 7034: 7031: 7028: 7025: 7024:Aggabodhi VII 7022: 7019: 7016: 7013: 7010: 7007: 7004: 7001: 6998: 6995: 6992: 6989: 6986: 6983: 6980: 6977: 6974: 6971: 6968: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6952:Aggabodhi III 6950: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6940:Aggabodhi III 6938: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6926: 6923: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6892:Moggallana II 6890: 6887: 6886:Dathappabhuti 6884: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6722: 6719: 6718:Vijaya Kumara 6716: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6670:Bhatika Tissa 6668: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6609: 6606: 6603: 6600: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6580:(20 BCE–9 CE) 6579: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6498: 6495: 6492: 6490:(103–100 BCE) 6489: 6486: 6484:(104–103 BCE) 6483: 6480: 6478:(109–104 BCE) 6477: 6476:Khallata Naga 6474: 6472:(119–109 BCE) 6471: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6460:(137–119 BCE) 6459: 6456: 6454:(161–137 BCE) 6453: 6450: 6448:(205–161 BCE) 6447: 6444: 6442:(215–205 BCE) 6441: 6438: 6436:(237–215 BCE) 6435: 6432: 6430:(247–237 BCE) 6429: 6426: 6424:(257–247 BCE) 6423: 6420: 6418:(267–257 BCE) 6417: 6414: 6412:(307–267 BCE) 6411: 6408: 6406:(367–307 BCE) 6405: 6402: 6400:(437–367 BCE) 6399: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6367: 6357:(237–215 BCE) 6356: 6355:Chola dynasty 6352:(543–237 BCE) 6351: 6346: 6342: 6337: 6326: 6325: 6321: 6318: 6315: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6297:Prince Vijaya 6295: 6294: 6292: 6289:(543–237 BCE) 6288: 6283: 6279: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6234: 6229: 6227: 6222: 6220: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6147:Madurai Nayak 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5892:Siri Sanga Bo 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5877:Lambakanna II 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5851: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5808: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5695: 5693: 5688: 5686: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5665: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5645: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5575:Constructions 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5328: 5327:Lambakanna II 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5261: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5235: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5159:Early period 5157: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5078: 5073: 5071: 5066: 5064: 5059: 5058: 5055: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4636: 4635: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4608: 4594: 4585: 4576: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4537: 4528: 4519: 4510: 4508: 4498: 4489: 4480: 4471: 4462: 4453: 4444: 4425: 4419: 4410: 4401: 4392: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4357: 4348: 4339: 4330: 4321: 4312: 4310: 4300: 4291: 4282: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4246: 4237: 4229: 4223: 4215: 4209: 4200: 4191: 4182: 4173: 4164: 4155: 4146: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4081: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4041: 4032: 4023: 4014: 4005: 3996: 3987: 3978: 3969: 3960: 3951: 3942: 3933: 3924: 3915: 3906: 3897: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3861: 3852: 3843: 3837:, p. 47. 3836: 3835:De Silva 2014 3831: 3825:, p. 46. 3824: 3823:De Silva 2014 3819: 3813: 3808: 3799: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3770: 3760: 3751: 3742: 3733: 3724: 3715: 3713: 3703: 3694: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3667: 3658: 3656: 3646: 3637: 3628: 3619: 3610: 3601: 3592: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3569: 3560: 3551: 3542: 3533: 3524: 3515: 3506: 3504: 3494: 3485: 3483: 3473: 3466: 3461: 3454: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3437: 3432: 3430: 3422: 3417: 3410: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3355: 3345: 3336: 3334: 3324: 3315: 3306: 3297: 3288: 3279: 3270: 3261: 3252: 3243: 3234: 3225: 3223: 3213: 3204: 3202: 3192: 3183: 3181: 3171: 3162: 3153: 3144: 3135: 3126: 3117: 3108: 3099: 3090: 3081: 3072: 3063: 3054: 3045: 3043: 3033: 3024: 3016: 3010: 3001: 2992: 2984: 2978: 2970: 2964: 2956: 2950: 2932: 2926: 2920:, p. 58. 2919: 2918:De Silva 2014 2914: 2912: 2903: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2879: 2874: 2867: 2859: 2852: 2848: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2813: 2812: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2800: 2795: 2789: 2782: 2781: 2777:According to 2774: 2767: 2764:although the 2763: 2757: 2750: 2744: 2735: 2728: 2724: 2723:Mendis (2000) 2718: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2662: 2660: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2647:Kuttam Pokuna 2643: 2639: 2631: 2630:Kuttam Pokuna 2626: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2556:Minneri Deiyo 2553: 2549: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2530: 2525: 2516: 2514: 2513:Kuttam Pokuna 2510: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2460: 2446: 2444: 2443:ivory carving 2440: 2436: 2435:stone carving 2432: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2396:Vitarka Mudra 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2335: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2280:Siyabaslakara 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2265:Brāhmī script 2256: 2253: 2251: 2242: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2197:Followers of 2192: 2187: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2090: 2085: 2076: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2045:bullock carts 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2008: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1898:Eastern India 1895: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1834: 1830: 1828: 1827:Finger millet 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1766: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1751:South Indian 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1713: 1711: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1685: 1683: 1682: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1552: 1547: 1537: 1536:much easier. 1535: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1514: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1418:. These were 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1374:Liang dynasty 1371: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1353:prince named 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1315:Kithsirimevan 1306: 1304: 1300: 1299:enlightenment 1296: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1245: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1197:five invaders 1194: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1092:Ruwanwelisaya 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1008:), named for 1001: 991: 987: 978: 974: 970: 968: 946: 941: 939: 934: 932: 927: 926: 924: 923: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 903: 901: 900: 889: 888: 878: 875: 871: 870: 866: 863: 859: 858: 853: 848: 847: 837: 834: 830: 829: 824: 819: 818: 808: 805: 801: 800: 796: 793: 789: 788: 784: 781: 777: 776: 771: 766: 765: 755: 752: 748: 747: 743: 740: 736: 735: 730: 725: 724: 714: 711: 707: 706: 702: 699: 695: 694: 690: 687: 683: 682: 678: 675: 671: 670: 666: 663: 659: 658: 654: 651: 647: 646: 642: 639: 635: 634: 629: 624: 623: 619: 615: 614: 610: 606: 601: 600: 595: 590: 589: 569: 567: 564: 563: 560: 554: 551: 544: 543: 540: 539: 536: 533: 531: 528: 527: 523: 519: 515: 509: 505: 499: 495: 492: 489: 485: 481: 478: 475: 469: 466: 463: 457: 453: 449: 447: 443: 440: 437: 433: 430: 426: 421: 416: 408: 405: 402: 399: 398: 394: 390: 384: 380:(from 267 BC) 379: 375: 372: 368: 365: 361: 358: 354: 349: 331:80°23′1.000″E 320: 317: 313: 301: 285: 280: 275: 267: 260: 255: 251: 245: 233: 227: 211: 208: 200: 197: 182: 179: 171: 161: 157: 151: 150: 146: 140: 131: 130: 121: 118: 110: 100: 96: 90: 89: 82: 73: 72: 67: 65: 58: 57: 52: 51: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 9000:LGBT history 8985:Human rights 8857:Architecture 8834:Social class 8768:Demographics 8661:Unemployment 8599:Central Bank 8383:Capital city 8269:Armed Forces 8182: 8134: 8100: / 8083: 8063:Constitution 7961:Kandyan Wars 7951:Dutch Ceylon 7896:Anuradhapura 7895: 7788:Bibliography 7718: 7707: 7660:Rajasinha II 7595:(1469– 1511) 7587:Kandyan Line 7487:Vira Bahu II 7457:Vijayabahu V 7424: 7250:Vijayabahu I 7060:Aggabodhi IX 7018:Aggabodhi VI 6982:Aggabodhi IV 6916:Aggabodhi II 6850:Moggallana I 6712:Siri Naga II 6613: 6496:(100–98 BCE) 6458:Saddha Tissa 6398:Pandukabhaya 6368:(103–89 BCE) 6322: 6311:Panduvasdeva 6302: 6178:Crown Jewels 6041:Anuradhapura 6031:Upatissagāma 5986:Institutions 5935:Interregnums 5867:Lambakanna I 5786:Anuradhapura 5785: 5751: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5592:in Sinhalese 5570:Caste system 5565:Architecture 5351:Capital city 5317:Lambakanna I 5263:Late period 5128:Bibliography 5105: 5020: 5016: 4997: 4978: 4959: 4940: 4915: 4905: 4901:Sastri, K. A 4882: 4863: 4854: 4835: 4831: 4812: 4793: 4774: 4752: 4743: 4724: 4720: 4711: 4692: 4673: 4654: 4633: 4612: 4604:Bibliography 4593: 4584: 4575: 4565:17 September 4563:. Retrieved 4554: 4545: 4536: 4527: 4518: 4497: 4488: 4479: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4431:. Retrieved 4418: 4409: 4400: 4391: 4381:17 September 4379:. Retrieved 4374: 4365: 4356: 4347: 4338: 4329: 4320: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4222: 4208: 4199: 4190: 4181: 4172: 4163: 4154: 4145: 4136: 4109: 4105: 4080: 4068:. 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1753:mercenaries 1636:Malaya Rata 1566:patrilineal 1525:Polonnaruwa 1500:Polonnaruwa 1404:Pilaya Mara 1339:South India 1287:Sanghamitta 1219:(114–136), 1016:in ancient 603:Historical 530:Preceded by 343: / 9062:Categories 8975:Disability 8944:Television 8912:Philosophy 8897:Literature 8817:Mass media 8566:Waterfalls 8477:Ecoregions 8326:Devolution 8184:Parliament 8102:Ministries 8046:Government 8002:Chronicles 7891:Tambapanni 7830:Prehistory 7579:Rajasuriya 7553:Dharmapala 7334:Dharmasoka 7310:Chodaganga 7286:Mahinda VI 7256:Jayabahu I 7181:Jagatipala 7163:Kassapa VI 7140:(991–1001) 7132:Mahinda IV 7096:Dappula IV 7084:Kassapa IV 7036:Dappula II 7030:Mahinda II 6964:Kassapa II 6844:Kashyapa I 6772:Upatissa I 6766:Buddhadasa 6736:Gothabhaya 6658:Gajabahu I 6602:Chulabhaya 6536:Kuda Tissa 6530:Chora Naga 6500:Panya Mara 6452:Dutugamunu 6390:(691–1017) 6188:Pretenders 6071:Kurunegala 6026:Tambapaṇṇī 6003:Rājākariya 5882:Vijayabahu 5781:Tambapanni 5753:Rajavaliya 5619:Brahmanism 5547:Rajakariya 5363:and people 5294:Government 5115:Background 2901:9558095923 2878:Sinhalese. 2839:References 2811:Rajavaliya 2766:Rajavaliya 2727:three gems 2659:Bisokotuva 2620:Technology 2596:Tissa Wewa 2529:Tissa Wewa 2489:Abhayagiri 2420:Maligavila 2377:vahalkadas 2315:Atthakatha 2259:Literature 2204:Mahatittha 2180:Gothabhaya 2155:Mahavihara 2153:Jetavana. 2142:Brahmanism 2114:Brahmanism 2064:shift crop 2037:buttermilk 1996:Badagarika 1984:bojakapati 1961:die struck 1915:Mahatittha 1787:Deduru Oya 1544:See also: 1488:Rajaraja I 1444:Dhathusena 1400:Panya Mara 1229:Malayarata 1217:Gajabahu I 1215:(67–111), 1139:Kashyapa I 967:Indic text 435:Government 145:neutrality 50:improve it 9015:Terrorism 8937:Cheena di 8932:Angampora 8795:Languages 8785:Education 8656:Transport 8611:Companies 8497:Mountains 8448:Districts 8443:Provinces 8430:Geography 8393:Elections 8274:Air Force 8127:Judiciary 8085:President 8077:Executive 8022:Education 7986:Civil War 7881:Mahāvaṃsa 7771:Overviews 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2118:Nigaṇthas 2052:mammoties 1938:Sri Lanka 1890:middlemen 1854:elephants 1842:gemstones 1819:Sugarcane 1734:elephants 1600:Officials 1594:Manavanna 1582:Dhatusena 1573:Subharaja 1513:Mahavamsa 1496:Culavamsa 1476:Mahinda V 1452:Udaya III 1412:Valagamba 1392:Pulahatta 1379:Wanghuitu 1366:Sri Lanka 1343:Suratissa 1333:Invasions 1284:bhikkhuni 1272:Mihintale 1233:Mahinda V 1221:Dhatusena 1193:Valagamba 1176:Mahavamsa 1159:Mahavamsa 1116:Mahavamsa 1060:Dhatusena 1056:Valagamba 1026:Mahāvaṃsa 1018:Sri Lanka 609:Sri Lanka 477:Mahinda V 389:Minority: 385:(~267 BC) 370:Religion 300:Maya Rata 276:cave no.2 156:talk page 95:talk page 56:talk page 9037:Category 8892:Folklore 8829:Religion 8711:Graphite 8686:Cinnamon 8646:Taxation 8571:Wildlife 8544:Malvathu 8539:Mahaweli 8420:Scandals 8375:Politics 8027:Military 8017:Economic 8007:Monarchs 7936:Sitawaka 7793:Timeline 7720:Category 7358:Lilavati 7346:Lilavati 7340:Anikanga 7316:Lilavati 7114:Sena III 7108:Udaya II 6820:Tiritara 6778:Mahanama 6748:Mahasena 6648:(66–110) 6568:(47 BCE) 6562:(47 BCE) 6556:(47 BCE) 6550:(47 BCE) 6544:(47 BCE) 6422:Mahasiva 6404:Mutasiva 6375:(66–436) 6304:Upatissa 6260:by reign 6240:Monarchs 6096:Sitawaka 6091:Rayigama 6081:Dedigama 6066:Yapahuwa 6046:Sigiriya 5972:Usurpers 5925:By reign 5917:Monarchs 5830:Sitawaka 5723:Timeline 5644:Category 5614:Buddhism 5609:Religion 5599:Perahera 5527:Kahavanu 5522:Kahapana 5440:Sigiriya 5418:Rajarata 5361:Politics 5334:Military 5307:Monarchs 5302:Monarchy 5254:Sigiriya 5133:Timeline 4932:21524601 4924:89906331 4773:(1985). 4634:Sigiriya 4559:Archived 4429:. UNESCO 4064:Archived 2665:See also 2651:Sigiriya 2613:Giritale 2609:Padaviya 2605:Rajarata 2524:Rainfall 2493:Jetavana 2343:Sigiriya 2284:Sanskrit 2273:Sigiriya 2212:Hinduism 2199:Hinduism 2176:Mahayana 2150:Hinduism 2130:Buddhism 2126:Ᾱjīvakas 2122:Śaivisam 2079:Religion 1988:dakapati 1973:swastika 1956:kahavanu 1886:Persians 1866:perfumes 1856:, while 1757:Pallavas 1716:Military 1668:gamladda 1628:Rajarata 1620:yuvaraja 1615:senapati 1607:purohita 1529:Rajarata 1507:Rajarata 1432:Tiritara 1370:Shiziguo 1253:Buddhism 1205:Rajarata 1201:Mahasena 1143:Sigiriya 1088:Sigiriya 1084:Rajarata 1080:Mahasena 1036:Buddhism 916:Timeline 594:a series 592:Part of 439:Monarchy 383:Hinduism 374:Majority 149:disputed 88:disputed 9010:Poverty 8949:Theatre 8882:Fashion 8872:Cuisine 8849:Culture 8800:Sinhala 8748:Society 8736:Tourism 8696:Coconut 8676:Apparel 8666:Welfare 8594:Banking 8581:Economy 8492:Islands 8403:Parties 8249:Members 8202:Speaker 8098:Cabinet 7921:Gampola 7823:Periods 7815:History 7783:Outline 7708:Italics 7654:Senarat 7126:Sena IV 7078:Udaya I 7072:Sena II 6868:Siva II 6832:Pithiya 6826:Dathiya 6808:Parindu 6646:Vasabha 6642:(60–66) 6636:(52–60) 6630:(44–52) 6624:(38–44) 6622:Ilanaga 6618:(35–38) 6610:(35–35) 6604:(33–35) 6598:(30–33) 6592:(21–30) 6512:Dathika 6242:of the 6142:Mauryan 6137:Pandyan 6117:Kalinga 6076:Gampola 5887:Kalinga 5820:Gampola 5764:Periods 5588:in Pali 5487:Economy 5380:Mahinda 5152:History 5123:Outline 5092:topics 5037:2053272 4433:18 July 4070:17 July 2642:damming 2548:Vasabha 2416:Avukana 2356:apsaras 2208:Gokanna 2138:Upulvan 2016:buffalo 2002:Culture 1923:Gokanna 1762:Pandyan 1710:dasagam 1577:Vasabha 1559:Monarch 1440:Pithiya 1436:Dathiya 1424:Parinda 1408:Dathika 1319:Kalinga 1268:Mahinda 1213:Vasabha 1169:at the 1153:History 1076:Vasabha 1064:Sena II 1014:kingdom 990:Sinhala 911:History 906:Capital 516:1017 AD 429:Jainism 420:Judaism 360:Sinhala 315:Capital 226:Sinhala 9078:377 BC 9047:Portal 8958:Issues 8867:Cinema 8790:Health 8756:Topics 8721:Rubber 8701:Coffee 8616:Energy 8549:Kelani 8534:Rivers 8463:Cities 8195:Office 7995:Topics 7911:Jaffna 7886:Vijaya 7874:Epochs 7765:topics 7525:(1477) 7342:(1209) 7306:(1196) 7300:(1196) 7288:(1187) 7138:Sena V 7066:Sena I 6608:Sivali 6586:(9–21) 6560:Niliya 6548:Vatuka 6542:Siva I 6494:Bahiya 6416:Uttiya 6317:Abhaya 6267:Queens 6173:Titles 6127:Shakya 6051:Rohana 5907:Nayaks 5872:Moriya 5862:Vijaya 5774:& 5654:Portal 5517:Pearls 5446:Sites 5430:Cities 5423:Ruhuna 5375:Ashoka 5322:Moriya 5312:Vijaya 5043: 5035: 5004: 4985: 4966: 4947: 4930: 4922: 4889: 4870: 4842: 4819: 4800: 4781: 4759: 4731: 4699: 4680: 4661: 4642: 4619: 4126: 2898: 2829:Ceylon 2638:ridges 2468:stupas 2373:stupas 2134:Sumana 2108:, the 2104:, the 1969:silver 1921:) and 1919:Mannar 1910:bazaar 1875:Greeks 1850:pearls 1846:spices 1823:Sesame 1811:Cotton 1746:Sieges 1681:Sangha 1664:gamika 1656:ratika 1652:ratiya 1632:Ruhuna 1586:Shakya 1534:Rohana 1484:Rohana 1465:Ruhuna 1460:Ruhuna 1448:Sena I 1396:Bahiya 1265:Arahat 1261:Ashoka 1225:Ruhuna 1120:Vijaya 1100:stupas 1090:; the 1058:, and 605:states 596:on the 506:437 BC 450: 306: 296: 290: 240: 222: 8970:Crime 8922:Sport 8917:Radio 8902:Music 8877:Dance 8812:Media 8805:Tamil 8773:Women 8763:Birth 8726:Sugar 8691:Cocoa 8651:Trade 8631:Rupee 8468:Towns 8361:Wards 7941:Kandy 7926:Kotte 7798:Years 6990:(691) 6942:(623) 6924:(608) 6864:(524) 6822:(447) 6810:(441) 6802:Pandu 6786:(434) 6566:Anula 6446:Elara 6440:Asela 6324:Tissa 6156:Other 6132:Vedda 6122:Vanga 6101:Kandy 5842:Kandy 5825:Kotte 5512:Ivory 5176:Elara 5138:Years 5041:S2CID 5033:JSTOR 4834:[ 4723:[ 4427:(PDF) 2934:(PDF) 2700:Notes 2483:size. 2220:Jains 2098:Nāgās 1946:taxes 1902:China 1870:wines 1862:silks 1815:cloth 1742:moats 1420:Pandu 1368:(獅子國 1355:Elara 1351:Chola 1347:Asela 1276:Poson 1274:on a 1167:Elara 1000:Tamil 415:Islam 364:Tamil 244:Tamil 8887:Flag 8716:Rice 8706:Gems 8681:Beer 8554:Kalu 8284:Navy 8279:Army 7803:2024 7193:Loka 5507:Gems 5002:ISBN 4983:ISBN 4964:ISBN 4945:ISBN 4928:OCLC 4920:LCCN 4887:ISBN 4868:ISBN 4840:ISBN 4817:ISBN 4798:ISBN 4779:ISBN 4757:ISBN 4729:ISBN 4697:ISBN 4678:ISBN 4659:ISBN 4640:ISBN 4617:ISBN 4567:2009 4435:2009 4383:2009 4124:ISSN 4072:2009 2941:2018 2896:ISBN 2808:and 2802:and 2574:The 2487:The 2422:and 2398:and 2375:and 2321:and 2295:Pali 2206:and 2189:The 2136:and 2089:Tara 2041:ghee 2033:curd 2027:and 2025:Pali 1975:and 1967:and 1965:gold 1904:. 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Anuradhapura kingdom

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