509:
or pregnancy related) manifestation and persistent presence of one or more APS antibody. In the 2023 American
College of Rheumatology and European League Against Rheumatism joint criteria they added heart related symptoms and low platelet levels as clinical criteria and changed some thresholds and specifics for antibody testing. However, all previously proposed research criteria are meant to create a standardized group of individuals with APS in order to increase accuracy in statistical analysis, so the criteria are not be representative of all individuals with APS. Thus, people who do not meet all of the criteria could still have APS.
51:
305:. Recurrent miscarriages associated with APS typically occur prior to 10th week of gestation, but miscarriage associated with APS can also occur after the 10th week of gestation. Certain causes must be excluded prior to attributing these complications to APS. Also, in pregnant individuals with lupus and antiphospholipid syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome is responsible for most of the miscarriages in later trimesters.
639:). Lupus anticoagulant will also rarely cause a factor assay to give a result lower than 35 iu/dl (35%) whereas a specific factor antibody will rarely give a result higher than 10 iu/dl (10%). Monitoring IV anticoagulant therapy by the PTT ratio is compromised due to the effects of the lupus anticoagulant and in these situations is generally best performed using a chromogenic assay based on the inhibition of
368:. Anticardiolipin antibodies, β2glycoprotein 1, and lupus anticoagulant are antiphospholipid antibodies that are thought to clinically cause disease. These antibodies lead to blood clots and vascular disease in the presence (secondary APS) or absence (primary APS) of other diseases. While the exact functions of the antibodies are not known, the activation of the coagulation system is evident.
244:-related complications. While blood clots and pregnancy complications are the most common and diagnostic symptoms associated with APS, other organs and body parts may be affected like platelet levels, heart, kidneys, brain, and skin. Also, people with APS may have symptoms associated with other autoimmune diseases like
276:
Blood clots in patients with APS are often considered unprovoked, which means they occur in the absence of conditions that typically cause blood clots (i.e. prolonged sedentary behavior, immoblization, infection, cancer). However, a person can develop a provoked blood clot while having APS due to APS
508:
Because there are no agreed upon diagnostic criteria for APS, research classification criteria are sometimes used to aid in diagnosis. The
Sapporo APS classification criteria (1998, published in 1999) were replaced by the Sydney criteria in 2006. The Sydney criteria requires one clinical (thrombosis
430:
have a greater association with thrombosis than those that target prothrombin. Anticardiolipin antibodies are associated with thrombosis at moderate to high titres (over 40 GPLU or MPLU). Patients with both lupus anticoagulant antibodies and moderate or high titre anticardiolipin antibodies show a
418:
forms a shield around negatively charged phospholipid molecules, which reduces the membrane's ability to participate in clotting. Thus, antibodies against protein S and anti-annexin A5 decrease protein C efficiency and increase phospholipid-dependent coagulation steps respectively, which leads to
799:
may be used as an alternative to warfarin, but not in people with APS who had a previous arterial blood clot or are "triple positive" with all types of antiphospholipid antibody (lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibody and anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibody). In people with arterial blood clot
730:
It is recommended to generally re-test people 12 weeks after the first positive test to confirm that it was correct, except for those who test positive during pregnancy. For that group, it is recommend to wait 3 months to re-test if possible. Re-testing is more nuanced if the person is taking an
694:
The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies may not indicate APS, which is why considering the symptoms present and retesting antibody levels is essential. People may be transiently positive, incorrectly positive, or incorrectly negative if they are tested when the following is occurring:
861:
Also, a history of previous blood clots in someone with APS increases the risk for certain pregnancy complications, such as death of the child, smaller sized baby, and blood clots during and after pregnancy. Outside of people with APS having an increase risk of blood clots and pregnancy
472:
Diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome is often made through the combination of symptoms and testing. Repeat antibody testing 12 weeks after discovering the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) is needed to establish a diagnosis because false positives can occur.
2406:
Karakasis P, Lefkou E, Pamporis K, Nevras V, Bougioukas KI, Haidich AB, Fragakis N (June 2023). "Risk of
Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Patients with Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Subjects With Antiphospholipid Antibody Positivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
778:
Treatment depends on a person's APS symptoms. Typically a medication that decreases the body's ability to form blood clots is given to prevent future clots. Low dose aspirin can be given to people who have APS antibodies but no symptoms, high risk individuals with
476:
While APS was previously categorized into primary and secondary APS based on the absence or presence of concurrent autoimmune disease respectively, the 16th
International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies Task Force categorizes APS into 6 categories:
1859:"Guidance from the Scientific and Standardization Committee for lupus anticoagulant/antiphospholipid antibodies of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis: Update of the guidelines for lupus anticoagulant detection and interpretation"
268:
can experience a variety of symptoms depending on what blood vessel in the brain is affected. Symptoms include but are not limited to trouble speaking, loss of sensation, or weakness in one side of the face or body. Blood clots can also occur in the
169:
Diagnosis is made based on symptoms and testing, but sometimes research criteria are used to aid in diagnosis. The research criteria for definite APS requires one clinical event (i.e. thrombosis or pregnancy complication) and two positive
623:) is normally achieved by differentiating the effects of a lupus anticoagulant on factor assays from the effects of a specific coagulation factor antibody. The lupus anticoagulant will inhibit all the contact activation pathway factors (
2005:
Asherson RA, Cervera R, de Groot PG, Erkan D, Boffa MC, Piette JC, et al. (July 2003). "Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: international consensus statement on classification criteria and treatment guidelines".
1403:
Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, Branch DW, Brey RL, Cervera R, et al. (February 2006). "International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)".
2775:
2760:
2740:
2725:
865:
Other risk stratification criteria for predicting blood clots and pregnancy complications have been proposed, such as the aPL Score and the Global APS score, but further data is needed to validate these tools.
1169:
Sciascia S, Radin M, Cecchi I, Levy RA, Erkan D (July 2021). "16th
International congress on antiphospholipid antibodies task force report on clinical manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome".
2133:"Management of thrombotic and obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic literature review informing the EULAR recommendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome in adults"
1956:
Wilson, W. A.; Gharavi, A. E.; Koike, T.; Lockshin, M. D.; Branch, D. W.; Piette, J. C.; Brey, R.; Derksen, R.; Harris, E. N.; Hughes, G. R.; Triplett, D. A.; Khamashta, M. A. (July 1999).
608:. The Scientific and Standardization Committee for lupus anticoagulant/antiphospholipid antibodies of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis no longer recommends the
2318:"Comparing the efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants versus Vitamin K antagonists in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1743:
Islam MA, Alam F, Sasongko TH, Gan SH (2016). "Antiphospholipid
Antibody-Mediated Thrombotic Mechanisms in Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Towards Pathophysiology-Based Treatment".
823:
less likely in pregnant women with APS. Women with recurrent miscarriages are often advised to take aspirin and to start low molecular weight heparin treatment after missing a
1481:
Islam MA, Alam F, Kamal MA, Wong KK, Sasongko TH, Gan SH (2016). "'Non-Criteria' Neurologic
Manifestations of Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Hidden Kingdom to be Discovered".
783:
and APS antibodies but no symptoms of APS, and non-pregnant people who had APS during pregnancy. For those people with APS who have had a blood clot (venous or arterial),
3208:
1103:
Barbhaiya M, Zuily S, Naden R, Hendry A, Manneville F, Amigo MC, et al. (October 2023). "The 2023 ACR/EULAR Antiphospholipid
Syndrome Classification Criteria".
341:
although more research is needed to prove that these symptoms are indicative of APS. Cancer is also observed to occur at the same time in some patients with APS.
1215:
Cheng C, Cheng GY, Denas G, Pengo V (July 2021). "Arterial thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS): Clinical approach and treatment. A systematic review".
512:
In terms of catastropic APS, the
International Consensus Statement is commonly used for diagnosis. Based on this statement, Definite CAPS diagnosis requires:
925:
Antiphospholipid syndrome was described in full in the 1980s, by E. Nigel Harris and Aziz
Gharavi. They published the first papers in 1983. The syndrome was
1958:"International consensus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome: report of an international workshop"
2295:
221:
and improve the prognosis of pregnancy. The anticoagulant medication used for treatment may differ depending on the circumstance, such as pregnancy.
3853:
1559:
Islam MA, Alam F, Wong KK (May 2017). "Comorbid association of antiphospholipid antibodies and migraine: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
754:
For people with blood clot related APS, other conditions that can cause blood clots should be considered including but not limited to acquired
3201:
456:
viability, syncytialization and invasion, deranged production of hormones and signalling molecules by trophoblasts, as well as activation of
956:
According to a 2006 Sydney consensus statement, it is advisable to classify APS into one of the following categories for research purposes:
742:
infection. This occurs because the aPL bind to the lipids in the test and make it come out positive. A more specific test for syphilis,
3086:
2059:
2496:
1008:
2185:"Direct Oral Anticoagulants vs Vitamin K Antagonists in Patients With Antiphospholipid Syndromes: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials"
264:. People with a blot clot in their extremities may experience swelling, pain, or redness in the affected area. People experiencing a
3194:
2883:
1700:
Islam MA (August 2020). "Antiphospholipid antibodies and antiphospholipid syndrome in cancer: Uninvited guests in troubled times".
584:
antibodies. A patient with lupus anticoagulant antibodies on initial screening will typically have been found to have a prolonged
3152:
612:, dilute thromboplastin time, and Taipan/Ecarin snake venom based assays due to implementation issues from a variety of factors.
3325:
207:
2684:
2660:
2641:
1974:
1957:
1457:
3036:
593:
1516:
Islam MA, Alam F, Gan SH, Cavestro C, Wong KK (March 2018). "Coexistence of antiphospholipid antibodies and cephalalgia".
580:
This is tested for by using two coagulation tests that are phospholipid-sensitive, due to the heterogeneous nature of the
3500:
3483:
2787:
1355:"Antiphospholipid antibodies and the placenta: a systematic review of their in vitro effects and modulation by treatment"
1258:
Kruger PC, Eikelboom JW, Douketis JD, Hankey GJ (June 2019). "Deep vein thrombosis: update on diagnosis and management".
763:
731:
anticoagulant, which may require not taking the medication for a certain period of time or specifically timing the test.
44:
Hughes syndrome, aCL syndrome, anticardiolipin antibody syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome, lupus anticoagulant syndrome
273:, which may cause trouble breathing or chest pain, and they can occur in the heart, which could lead to a heart attack.
3848:
3091:
1050:"Genetic risk factors in thrombotic primary antiphospholipid syndrome: A systematic review with bioinformatic analyses"
908:
766:. Genetic thrombophilia can coexist in some patients with APS. For people with pregnancy related APS, other causes of
2450:
Iuliano A, Galeazzi M, Sebastiani GD (September 2019). "Antiphospholipid syndrome's genetic and epigenetic aspects".
1002:
325:. There are also associations between antiphospholipid antibodies and different neurologic manifestations including
3562:
3514:
3125:
3065:
2916:
1595:
994:
839:
Factors that increase likelihood of developing APS related future blood clots and pregnancy complications include:
592:(50:50 mixes with normal plasma are insensitive to all but the highest antibody levels). The PTT (plus 80:20 mix),
17:
500:
In their report, they acknowledge that some individuals may qualify for more than one category based on symptoms.
422:
The lupus anticoagulant antibodies are those that show the closest association with thrombosis; those that target
3838:
892:
801:
796:
439:
294:
3281:
3175:
2953:
933:
179:
3568:
3554:
2943:
2058:
Tektonidou MG, Andreoli L, Limper M, Amoura Z, Cervera R, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, et al. (October 2019).
3833:
3542:
3505:
3375:
2876:
2236:
808:
200:
1049:
3695:
3271:
3081:
3053:
3016:
3008:
2936:
1643:"Presence of Anticardiolipin Antibodies in Patients with Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
663:
585:
557:
183:
2237:"Direct oral anticoagulants in antiphospholipid syndrome: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
770:
should be considered before the diagnosis of APS, such as genetic, structural, or immune abnormalities.
3650:
3495:
2984:
2968:
143:
62:
1813:
Rand JH (August 1998). "Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: new insights on thrombogenic mechanisms".
3858:
3766:
3318:
2909:
2702:
3736:
3479:
3308:
3107:
2798:
1301:
Ali M, van Os HJ, van der Weerd N, Schoones JW, Heymans MW, Kruyt ND, et al. (February 2022).
2973:
2521:
Ruiz-Irastorza G, Crowther M, Branch W, Khamashta MA (October 2010). "Antiphospholipid syndrome".
2367:"Pregnancy outcome predictors in antiphospholipid syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
2183:
Khairani CD, Bejjani A, Piazza G, Jimenez D, Monreal M, Chatterjee S, et al. (January 2023).
1857:
Devreese KM, de Groot PG, de Laat B, Erkan D, Favaloro EJ, Mackie I, et al. (November 2020).
3823:
3726:
3519:
3130:
2998:
2869:
2633:
937:
407:
969:
IIc: anti-β2 glycoprotein I IgG and/or IgM present alone in a titer greater than 99th percentile
248:
that are not caused by APS because APS can occur at the same time as other autoimmune diseases.
3640:
3615:
3573:
1022:
318:
206:
In rare cases, APS leads to rapid organ failure due to generalised thrombosis; this is termed "
2734:
3828:
3635:
3625:
3443:
3058:
2926:
2900:
767:
435:
286:
50:
988:
3391:
3286:
3276:
3141:
2365:
Walter IJ, Klein Haneveld MJ, Lely AT, Bloemenkamp KW, Limper M, Kooiman J (October 2021).
1911:"Laboratory criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome: communication from the SSC of the ISTH"
1910:
1055:
609:
257:
2769:
402:
Other antibodies associated with APS include antibodies against protein S and annexin A5.
8:
3843:
3630:
3620:
3416:
3296:
3112:
2921:
2779:
2676:
780:
709:
605:
581:
549:
388:
245:
192:• Primary antiphospholipid syndrome occurs in the absence of any other related disease.
175:
2849:
2089:
862:
complications, people with APS generally have increase risk of atherosclerotic disease.
807:
In pregnant people with only pregnancy related APS or only past blood clot related APS,
3756:
3438:
3396:
3370:
3243:
2600:
2575:
2556:
2475:
2432:
2342:
2317:
2269:
2209:
2184:
2157:
2132:
2102:
2031:
1938:
1888:
1725:
1682:
1669:
1642:
1623:
1541:
1439:
1327:
1302:
1283:
1240:
1194:
1128:
683:
569:
350:
322:
270:
196:
2534:
1756:
1494:
804:
has shown to increase the risk of future arterial blood clots and should not be used.
3645:
3421:
3330:
3186:
3147:
2809:
2680:
2656:
2637:
2605:
2548:
2479:
2467:
2436:
2424:
2388:
2347:
2273:
2261:
2214:
2162:
2106:
2094:
2023:
1987:
1979:
1930:
1892:
1880:
1830:
1826:
1795:
1760:
1729:
1717:
1674:
1615:
1576:
1533:
1498:
1431:
1417:
1376:
1332:
1287:
1275:
1244:
1232:
1198:
1186:
1132:
1120:
1072:
998:
461:
78:
2560:
2420:
2079:
2035:
1713:
1627:
1594:
Islam MA, Alam F, Cavestro C, Calcii C, Sasongko TH, Levy RA, Gan SH (August 2018).
734:
Also, patients who have certain antiphospholipid antibodies may have false positive
3471:
3411:
3406:
3266:
2838:
2595:
2587:
2538:
2530:
2459:
2416:
2378:
2337:
2329:
2251:
2204:
2196:
2152:
2144:
2084:
2074:
2015:
1969:
1942:
1922:
1870:
1822:
1787:
1752:
1709:
1686:
1664:
1654:
1607:
1568:
1545:
1525:
1490:
1443:
1421:
1413:
1366:
1322:
1314:
1267:
1224:
1178:
1112:
1064:
844:
792:
679:
597:
568:. The use of testing for antibodies specific for individual targets of aPL such as
561:
423:
314:
1303:"Sex Differences in Presentation of Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
371:
Anti-ApoH and a subset of anti-cardiolipin antibodies bind to ApoH. ApoH inhibits
3751:
3585:
3426:
3291:
3119:
2803:
2463:
2383:
2366:
2333:
2288:"Venous thromboembolic diseases: diagnosis, management and thrombophilia testing"
2256:
2060:"EULAR recommendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome in adults"
1611:
1572:
1318:
1068:
824:
715:
365:
2148:
1596:"Antiphospholipid antibodies in epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
3776:
3488:
3431:
3313:
2200:
1228:
945:
828:
601:
147:
2749:
2591:
2019:
1182:
3817:
3786:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3355:
2814:
2630:
Positive Options for Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS): Self-Help and Treatment
1983:
1791:
1659:
1529:
1080:
784:
759:
443:
298:
290:
214:
151:
119:
66:
3529:
1371:
1354:
3796:
3238:
2892:
2552:
2471:
2428:
2392:
2351:
2265:
2218:
2166:
2098:
2027:
1991:
1934:
1884:
1799:
1764:
1721:
1678:
1619:
1580:
1537:
1502:
1435:
1380:
1336:
1279:
1236:
1190:
1124:
1076:
966:
IIb: anti-cardiolipin IgG and/or IgM present alone in medium or high titers
930:
896:
644:
589:
376:
361:
210:" (CAPS or Asherson syndrome) and is associated with a high risk of death.
91:
2609:
1834:
3593:
3401:
3233:
3222:
2287:
820:
624:
620:
457:
453:
392:
384:
127:
2543:
496:
non-blood clot (i.e. kidney, low platelets, heart valve disease) related
3781:
3746:
3721:
3365:
3347:
2991:
2844:
1426:
1271:
755:
671:
636:
415:
237:
218:
171:
131:
123:
115:
87:
83:
58:
2717:
1926:
1875:
1858:
1116:
874:
Factors associated with developing antiphospholipid syndrome include:
321:, high blood pressure in the lungs, kidney disease, and a rash called
3771:
3716:
3303:
3027:
2963:
2833:
2764:
2576:"Thrombosis, abortion, cerebral disease, and the lupus anticoagulant"
2520:
900:
816:
640:
632:
628:
403:
372:
302:
241:
70:
544:
Antiphospholipid antibody tests are either liquid-phase coagulation
529:
Evidence of small vessel blood clot in at least one organ or tissue
523:
Development of manifestations simultaneously or in less than a week
3685:
3680:
3670:
3360:
3218:
2948:
2491:
2489:
2364:
1975:
10.1002/1529-0131(199907)42:7<1309::AID-ANR1>3.0.CO;2-F
887:
788:
739:
719:
448:
396:
380:
338:
334:
330:
326:
166:
is believed to play a key role in the development of the disease.
163:
159:
654:
588:(PTT) that does not correct in an 80:20 mixture with normal human
3731:
3690:
2861:
1641:
Islam MA, Alam F, Kamal MA, Gan SH, Sasongko TH, Wong KK (2017).
960:
I: more than one laboratory criterion present in any combination;
883:
879:
812:
743:
723:
648:
358:
354:
285:
In pregnant women affected by APS, there is an increased risk of
2792:
2486:
2131:
Tektonidou MG, Andreoli L, Limper M, Tincani A, Ward MM (2019).
746:, will not have a false-positive result in the presence of aPL.
260:
of the lower extremities, and the most common arterial event is
3675:
3046:
3041:
2744:
2729:
2130:
941:
926:
904:
379:
with important regulatory function of coagulation (inactivates
265:
261:
230:
135:
2057:
1300:
2405:
1257:
667:
619:
antibody from a specific coagulation factor inhibitor (e.g.:
553:
545:
2182:
2004:
1856:
1778:
Triplett DA (November 2002). "Antiphospholipid antibodies".
2753:
1402:
791:
are used to prevent future clots. If warfarin is used, the
735:
234:
155:
139:
1955:
481:
no symptoms in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies
2958:
2691:
50 case studies to help you work out whether you have it.
2449:
1908:
1102:
2673:
Understanding Hughes Syndrome: Case Studies for Patients
1909:
Devreese KM, Ortel TL, Pengo V, de Laat B (April 2018).
213:
Antiphospholipid syndrome often requires treatment with
195:• Secondary antiphospholipid syndrome occurs with other
189:
Antiphospholipid syndrome can be primary or secondary.
27:
Immune disorder leading to increased risk of blood clots
1593:
1168:
678:
glycoprotein 1 dependent anticardiolipin antibodies. A
353:, in which "antiphospholipid antibodies" react against
174:
results spaced at least three months apart that detect
3216:
414:
which is one of the body's own anti-clotting factors.
277:
causing an increased risk of blood clot development.
217:
medication to reduce the risk of further episodes of
2707:
1742:
1515:
1214:
604:) are the principal tests used for the detection of
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
815:are used instead of warfarin because of warfarin's
1480:
1048:
280:
2667:A personal account of dealing with the condition.
2296:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
1640:
256:In APS patients, the most common venous event is
3815:
2703:Antiphospholipid Syndrome Explained - Genome.gov
2514:
2234:
2178:
2176:
2113:
2042:
1904:
1902:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1164:
1162:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
929:as "Hughes syndrome" among colleagues after the
446:by antiphospholipid antibodies, as supported by
431:greater risk of thrombosis than with one alone.
2230:
2228:
1780:Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
986:
819:. Heparin and aspirin together appears to make
535:Laboratory confirmation of the presence of aPL.
229:Antiphospholipid syndrome is known for causing
1210:
1208:
686:may also be observed in a positive diagnosis.
556:(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) to detect
516:Blood clot in three or more organs or tissues
3202:
2877:
2189:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
2173:
1899:
1841:
1558:
1483:CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets
1343:
1087:
2225:
1815:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
1771:
1387:
1139:
2235:Dufrost V, Wahl D, Zuily S (January 2021).
1205:
851:, lupus anticoagulant, and anticardiolipin)
313:Other common findings that suggest APS are
3209:
3195:
2884:
2870:
854:moderate to high levels of an APS antibody
49:
2599:
2542:
2382:
2341:
2315:
2280:
2255:
2208:
2156:
2088:
2078:
1973:
1874:
1668:
1658:
1425:
1370:
1326:
749:
146:, and other symptoms like low platelets,
2650:
2316:Wu X, Cao S, Yu B, He T (October 2022).
1806:
1777:
3463:
487:blood clot (venous or arterial) related
14:
3854:Syndromes affecting the nervous system
3816:
2670:
2627:
2573:
2567:
963:IIa: lupus anticoagulant present alone
682:and positivity for antibodies against
575:
208:catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome
3190:
2865:
1915:Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
1863:Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
1699:
1406:Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
1353:Tong M, Viall CA, Chamley LW (2014).
1046:
995:Springer Science & Business Media
987:Hughes G, Khamashta MA (2013-07-01).
674:, which screens for the presence of β
224:
2322:Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis
1812:
990:Hughes Syndrome: Highways and Byways
503:
764:paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
65:, as may be seen in APLA syndrome.
24:
2891:
2620:
948:), who brought together the team.
843:presence of all three antibodies (
490:microvascular (small blood vessel)
395:, thus increasing its cleavage to
104:antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
25:
3870:
2696:
1757:10.2174/1381612822666160527160029
1495:10.2174/1871527315666160920122750
1015:
802:direct-acting oral anticoagulants
797:Direct-acting oral anticoagulants
712:, bilirubin, or fats are elevated
668:enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
594:dilute Russell's viper venom time
308:
122:state caused by antiphospholipid
3563:platelet storage pool deficiency
3515:Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
2501:American College of Rheumatology
2067:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
1827:10.1097/00000441-199808000-00009
1418:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x
1260:The Medical Journal of Australia
1011:from the original on 2017-03-31.
689:
349:Antiphospholipid syndrome is an
2443:
2421:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101672
2399:
2358:
2309:
2080:10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215213
1998:
1949:
1736:
1714:10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.019
1693:
1647:Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
1634:
1587:
1552:
1509:
1474:
1450:
869:
440:intrauterine growth restriction
295:intrauterine growth restriction
281:Pregnancy-related complications
144:pregnancy-related complications
3282:Activated protein C resistance
2409:Current Problems in Cardiology
1294:
1251:
1040:
980:
857:presence of IgG APS antibodies
817:ability to cause birth defects
539:
419:increased clotting potential.
251:
180:anti-apolipoprotein antibodies
13:
1:
2535:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60709-X
1745:Current Pharmaceutical Design
973:
795:is kept between 2.0 and 3.0.
738:test, which aims to detect a
344:
3376:Trousseau sign of malignancy
2464:10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102352
2384:10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102901
2334:10.1097/mbc.0000000000001153
2257:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102711
1612:10.1016/j.autrev.2018.01.025
1573:10.1016/j.autrev.2017.03.005
1319:10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.034040
1105:Arthritis & Rheumatology
1069:10.1016/j.autrev.2017.10.014
834:
809:low molecular weight heparin
773:
467:
201:systemic lupus erythematosus
7:
3696:Nonthrombocytopenic purpura
3272:Antithrombin III deficiency
3037:Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic
3009:Anti-mitochondrial antibody
2497:"Antiphospholipid Syndrome"
2149:10.1136/rmdopen-2019-000924
1023:"Antiphospholipid syndrome"
951:
664:Anti-cardiolipin antibodies
596:, silica clotting time and
586:partial thromboplastin time
572:is currently under debate.
558:anti-cardiolipin antibodies
452:studies, include decreased
240:, in any organ system, and
184:anti-cardiolipin antibodies
162:of APS is still not clear,
10:
3875:
3651:Congenital afibrinogenemia
3555:Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
3153:Anti-citrullinated peptide
2574:Hughes GR (October 1983).
2201:10.1016/j.jacc.2022.10.008
1702:Seminars in Cancer Biology
1462:Johns Hopkins Lupus Center
1229:10.1016/j.blre.2020.100788
920:
63:thrombotic microangiopathy
3849:Syndromes affecting blood
3767:Gastrointestinal bleeding
3706:
3663:
3584:
3569:Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome
3528:
3470:
3456:
3384:
3346:
3338:Antiphospholipid syndrome
3319:Essential thrombocythemia
3259:
3252:
3229:
3163:
3100:
3074:
3025:
3007:
2944:Anti-topoisomerase/Scl-70
2899:
2850:Antiphospholipid syndrome
2824:
2711:
2592:10.1136/bmj.287.6399.1088
2020:10.1191/0961203303lu394oa
1359:Human Reproduction Update
1183:10.1177/09612033211020361
1047:Islam, Md Asiful (2018).
666:can be detected using an
659:glycoprotein 1 antibodies
600:(using a lupus-sensitive
100:Antiphospholipid syndrome
77:
57:
48:
40:
36:Antiphospholipid syndrome
35:
3737:Subconjunctival bleeding
3543:Bernard–Soulier syndrome
3506:Upshaw–Schulman syndrome
3480:Thrombocytopenic purpura
3309:Sticky platelet syndrome
1962:Arthritis and Rheumatism
1792:10.5858/2002-126-1424-AA
1660:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00250
1530:10.1177/0333102417694881
3727:Intracranial hemorrhage
3066:Anti-TPO/Antimicrosomal
2580:British Medical Journal
1027:Autoimmune Registry Inc
615:Distinguishing a lupus
434:The increased risks of
3839:Neurological disorders
3641:Factor XIII deficiency
3621:Hypoprothrombinemia/II
3616:von Willebrand disease
3574:Gray platelet syndrome
2653:Sticky Blood Explained
827:. In refractory cases
750:Differential diagnosis
3636:Factor XII deficiency
3626:Factor VII deficiency
3444:Renal vein thrombosis
3126:Anti-transglutaminase
2901:Anti-nuclear antibody
1458:"Lupus and Pregnancy"
1372:10.1093/humupd/dmu049
768:recurrent miscarriage
655:Anticardiolipin and β
436:recurrent miscarriage
287:recurrent miscarriage
158:. Although the exact
3392:Deep vein thrombosis
3287:Protein S deficiency
3277:Protein C deficiency
2452:Autoimmunity Reviews
2371:Autoimmunity Reviews
2244:Autoimmunity Reviews
1600:Autoimmunity Reviews
1561:Autoimmunity Reviews
1056:Autoimmunity Reviews
938:St. Thomas' Hospital
710:acute-phase proteins
610:kaolin clotting time
520:
258:deep vein thrombosis
61:showing an advanced
3834:Autoimmune diseases
3631:Factor X deficiency
3520:May–Hegglin anomaly
3297:Prothrombin G20210A
3176:Anti-apolipoprotein
3113:Lupus anticoagulant
2651:Thackray K (2003).
2586:(6399): 1088–1089.
2529:(9751): 1498–1509.
800:related APS, using
781:lupus erythematosus
647:in the presence of
606:lupus anticoagulant
582:lupus anticoagulant
576:Lupus anticoagulant
550:lupus anticoagulant
462:complement pathways
399:, its active form.
391:antibodies bind to
389:Lupus anticoagulant
319:heart valve disease
246:lupus erythematosus
197:autoimmune diseases
176:lupus anticoagulant
3757:Pulmonary hematoma
3664:Signs and symptoms
3439:Pulmonary embolism
3244:Bleeding diathesis
3164:Multiple locations
3054:Anti-smooth muscle
2825:External resources
2671:Hughes GR (2009).
1272:10.5694/mja2.50201
934:Graham R.V. Hughes
684:phosphatidylserine
680:low platelet count
672:immunological test
570:phosphatidylserine
351:autoimmune disease
323:livedo reticularis
315:low platelet count
225:Signs and symptoms
126:. APS can lead to
3811:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3659:
3658:
3646:Dysfibrinogenemia
3530:Platelet function
3452:
3451:
3331:Purpura fulminans
3184:
3183:
3171:Anti-phospholipid
3148:Rheumatoid factor
2859:
2858:
2686:978-1-84800-375-0
2662:978-1-898030-77-5
2643:978-0-89793-409-1
2628:Holden T (2003).
2073:(10): 1296–1304.
1927:10.1111/jth.13976
1876:10.1111/jth.15047
1869:(11): 2828–2839.
1786:(11): 1424–1429.
1751:(28): 4451–4469.
1489:(10): 1253–1265.
1117:10.1002/art.42624
1111:(10): 1687–1702.
878:Genetic Markers:
504:Research criteria
484:pregnancy related
97:
96:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3866:
3859:1980s neologisms
3472:Thrombocytopenia
3468:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3417:Lowenberg's sign
3267:Clotting factors
3257:
3256:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3188:
3187:
3133:not autoantibody
3082:Anti-ganglioside
3017:Anti-cardiolipin
2886:
2879:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2709:
2708:
2690:
2666:
2647:
2614:
2613:
2603:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2546:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2386:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2259:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2160:
2128:
2111:
2110:
2092:
2082:
2064:
2055:
2040:
2039:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1977:
1968:(7): 1309–1311.
1953:
1947:
1946:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1878:
1854:
1839:
1838:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1672:
1662:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1429:
1400:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1330:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1177:(8): 1314–1326.
1166:
1137:
1136:
1100:
1085:
1084:
1052:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1019:
1013:
1012:
984:
909:Native Americans
708:states in which
598:prothrombin time
366:plasma membranes
53:
33:
32:
21:
18:Antiphospholipid
3874:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3803:
3752:Hemopericardium
3702:
3655:
3586:Clotting factor
3580:
3524:
3448:
3397:Bancroft's sign
3380:
3371:Virchow's triad
3342:
3292:Factor V Leiden
3248:
3225:
3215:
3185:
3180:
3159:
3120:Coeliac disease
3096:
3070:
3021:
3003:
2985:Anti-centromere
2895:
2890:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2820:
2819:
2720:
2699:
2694:
2687:
2663:
2644:
2623:
2621:Further reading
2618:
2617:
2572:
2568:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2448:
2444:
2404:
2400:
2363:
2359:
2314:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2292:www.nice.org.uk
2286:
2285:
2281:
2239:
2233:
2226:
2181:
2174:
2129:
2114:
2062:
2056:
2043:
2003:
1999:
1954:
1950:
1907:
1900:
1855:
1842:
1811:
1807:
1776:
1772:
1741:
1737:
1698:
1694:
1639:
1635:
1592:
1588:
1557:
1553:
1514:
1510:
1479:
1475:
1466:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1401:
1388:
1351:
1344:
1299:
1295:
1266:(11): 516–524.
1256:
1252:
1213:
1206:
1167:
1140:
1101:
1088:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1005:
985:
981:
976:
954:
923:
872:
848:
837:
825:menstrual cycle
776:
752:
716:anticoagulation
692:
677:
661:
658:
618:
578:
565:
552:or solid phase
542:
506:
470:
427:
413:
347:
311:
283:
254:
227:
120:hypercoagulable
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3872:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3824:Coagulopathies
3809:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3777:Hemoperitoneum
3774:
3769:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3590:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3534:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3489:Evans syndrome
3476:
3474:
3465:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3422:Peabody's sign
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3314:Thrombocytosis
3311:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3263:
3261:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3214:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3191:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3128:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3092:Anti-glutamate
3089:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3033:
3031:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2951:
2946:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2893:Autoantibodies
2889:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2841:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2806:
2795:
2784:
2772:
2757:
2737:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:Classification
2706:
2705:
2698:
2697:External links
2695:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2668:
2661:
2648:
2642:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2566:
2513:
2485:
2442:
2398:
2377:(10): 102901.
2357:
2328:(7): 389–401.
2308:
2279:
2224:
2172:
2143:(1): e000924.
2112:
2041:
2014:(7): 530–534.
1997:
1948:
1921:(4): 809–813.
1898:
1840:
1821:(2): 142–151.
1805:
1770:
1735:
1692:
1633:
1606:(8): 755–767.
1586:
1567:(5): 512–522.
1551:
1524:(3): 568–580.
1508:
1473:
1449:
1412:(2): 295–306.
1386:
1342:
1313:(2): 345–354.
1293:
1250:
1204:
1138:
1086:
1081:Science Direct
1063:(3): 226–243.
1039:
1014:
1003:
978:
977:
975:
972:
971:
970:
967:
964:
961:
953:
950:
931:rheumatologist
922:
919:
918:
917:
914:
911:
890:
871:
868:
859:
858:
855:
852:
849:glycoprotein 1
846:
836:
833:
829:plasmapheresis
785:anticoagulants
775:
772:
751:
748:
728:
727:
713:
706:
703:
700:
691:
688:
675:
660:
656:
653:
617:anticoagulant
616:
602:thromboplastin
577:
574:
566:glycoprotein 1
563:
541:
538:
537:
536:
533:
527:
521:
505:
502:
498:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
469:
466:
428:glycoprotein 1
425:
411:
346:
343:
310:
309:Other symptoms
307:
282:
279:
253:
250:
226:
223:
148:kidney disease
95:
94:
81:
75:
74:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3871:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3787:Hematosalpinx
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3412:Louvel's sign
3410:
3408:
3407:Lisker's sign
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:Thrombophilia
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3217:Disorders of
3212:
3207:
3205:
3200:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:Anti-thrombin
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:Extracellular
3099:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:Cell membrane
3073:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2989:
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2970:
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2962:
2960:
2957:
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2952:
2950:
2947:
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2928:
2925:
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2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2904:
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2894:
2887:
2882:
2880:
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2873:
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2867:
2864:
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2847:
2846:
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2823:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2783:: ICD9 289.81
2782:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2736:
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2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2688:
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2669:
2664:
2658:
2655:. Braiswick.
2654:
2649:
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2625:
2611:
2607:
2602:
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2477:
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2458:(9): 102352.
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2453:
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2426:
2422:
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2415:(6): 101672.
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2253:
2250:(1): 102711.
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2245:
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2229:
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2202:
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2177:
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2119:
2117:
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2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1903:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
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1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
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1797:
1793:
1789:
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1762:
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1750:
1746:
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1723:
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1715:
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1543:
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1500:
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1477:
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1441:
1437:
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1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1365:(1): 97–118.
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
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1285:
1281:
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1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:Blood Reviews
1211:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1161:
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1153:
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1126:
1122:
1118:
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1082:
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1062:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1043:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1010:
1006:
1004:9781447151616
1000:
996:
992:
991:
983:
979:
968:
965:
962:
959:
958:
957:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
932:
928:
915:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:
875:
867:
863:
856:
853:
850:
842:
841:
840:
832:
831:may be used.
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:and low-dose
810:
805:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
771:
769:
765:
761:
760:thrombophilia
757:
747:
745:
741:
737:
732:
725:
721:
717:
714:
711:
707:
704:
701:
698:
697:
696:
690:False results
687:
685:
681:
673:
669:
665:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
573:
571:
567:
559:
555:
551:
547:
534:
532:
528:
526:
522:
519:
515:
514:
513:
510:
501:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
479:
478:
474:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
450:
445:
444:preterm birth
441:
437:
432:
429:
420:
417:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
362:phospholipids
360:
357:that bind to
356:
352:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
306:
304:
300:
299:pre-eclampsia
296:
292:
291:preterm birth
288:
278:
274:
272:
267:
263:
259:
249:
247:
243:
239:
236:
232:
222:
220:
216:
215:anticoagulant
211:
209:
204:
202:
198:
193:
190:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:heart disease
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
93:
89:
85:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:Kidney biopsy
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
3829:Rheumatology
3797:Hemarthrosis
3561:
3549:
3537:
3427:Pratt's sign
3337:
3239:coagulopathy
3170:
3140:
3131:Anti-gliadin
2999:Anti-histone
2935:
2908:
2843:
2832:
2808:
2797:
2786:
2774:
2759:
2739:
2724:
2672:
2652:
2634:Hunter House
2629:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2544:2318/1609788
2526:
2522:
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2500:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2300:. Retrieved
2291:
2282:
2247:
2243:
2195:(1): 16–30.
2192:
2188:
2140:
2136:
2070:
2066:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1918:
1914:
1866:
1862:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1465:. Retrieved
1461:
1452:
1409:
1405:
1362:
1358:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1220:
1216:
1174:
1170:
1108:
1104:
1079:– via
1060:
1054:
1042:
1030:. Retrieved
1026:
1017:
989:
982:
955:
924:
916:Age: 30-40s
913:Sex: female
873:
870:Epidemiology
864:
860:
838:
806:
777:
753:
733:
729:
693:
662:
645:antithrombin
614:
579:
543:
530:
524:
517:
511:
507:
499:
493:catastrophic
475:
471:
447:
433:
421:
410:of protein C
401:
385:Factor VIIIa
377:glycoprotein
370:
348:
312:
284:
275:
255:
228:
212:
205:
194:
191:
188:
168:
111:
107:
103:
99:
98:
92:rheumatology
3550:aggregation
3432:Rose's sign
3402:Homans sign
3234:Coagulation
1708:: 108–113.
1518:Cephalalgia
1427:11379/21509
927:referred to
821:miscarriage
756:blood clots
625:factor VIII
621:factor VIII
540:Lab testing
458:coagulation
454:trophoblast
393:prothrombin
252:Blood clots
238:blood clots
128:blood clots
41:Other names
3844:Obstetrics
3818:Categories
3782:Hematocele
3747:Hemothorax
3722:Hemoptysis
3594:Hemophilia
3366:Thrombosis
3059:Anti-actin
2992:Anti-dsDNA
2927:Anti-sp100
2917:Anti-gp210
2845:Patient UK
2810:DiseasesDB
2506:7 February
2302:2020-08-31
1467:2023-11-14
1223:: 100788.
974:References
758:, genetic
705:blood clot
637:factor XII
548:to detect
416:Annexin A5
345:Mechanisms
219:thrombosis
199:, such as
172:blood test
134:) in both
132:thrombosis
124:antibodies
116:autoimmune
88:hematology
84:Immunology
59:Micrograph
3772:Hemobilia
3717:Epistaxis
3304:Platelets
3028:cytoplasm
2964:Anti-nRNP
2834:eMedicine
2480:198132495
2437:257197368
2274:226989043
2107:155101935
1984:0004-3591
1893:225955504
1730:198952872
1288:173995098
1245:229343584
1199:235215484
1133:263166505
901:Hispanics
888:HLA-DRw53
835:Prognosis
774:Treatment
702:pregnancy
699:infection
641:factor Xa
633:factor XI
629:factor IX
468:Diagnosis
408:co-factor
404:Protein S
381:Factor Va
373:protein C
303:eclampsia
242:pregnancy
182:, and/or
114:), is an
79:Specialty
71:PAS stain
3763:abdomen
3686:Petechia
3681:Hematoma
3671:Bleeding
3538:adhesion
3464:By cause
3457:Bleeding
3361:Thrombus
3260:By cause
3253:Clotting
3223:clotting
3219:bleeding
3087:Anti-GBM
3030:antibody
2949:Anti-Jo1
2922:Anti-p62
2839:med/2923
2756:D68.810)
2677:Springer
2561:25554663
2553:20822807
2472:31323355
2429:36841314
2393:34280554
2352:35867933
2266:33197580
2219:36328154
2167:31168416
2137:RMD Open
2099:31092409
2090:11034817
2036:29222615
2028:12892393
1992:10403256
1935:29532986
1885:33462974
1800:12421152
1765:27229722
1722:31351197
1679:28824414
1628:47014367
1620:29885542
1581:28279839
1538:28952322
1503:27658514
1436:16420554
1381:25228006
1337:34903037
1280:31155730
1237:33341301
1191:34039107
1125:37635643
1077:29355608
1009:Archived
952:Research
789:warfarin
787:such as
740:syphilis
720:warfarin
670:(ELISA)
449:in vitro
397:thrombin
355:proteins
339:dementia
335:epilepsy
331:migraine
327:headache
231:arterial
164:genetics
160:etiology
136:arteries
3732:Hyphema
3707:By site
3691:Purpura
3385:By site
2974:Anti-La
2969:Anti-Ro
2959:Anti-Sm
2804:D016736
2610:6414579
2601:1549319
2343:9594143
2210:9812926
2158:6525610
1943:3855310
1835:9704667
1687:8364684
1670:5539075
1653:: 250.
1546:3954437
1444:9752817
1328:8785516
1032:14 June
921:History
884:HLA-DR7
880:HLA-DR4
813:aspirin
744:FTA-Abs
724:heparin
649:heparin
359:anionic
3793:joint
3743:torso
3676:Bruise
3599:A/VIII
3047:P-ANCA
3042:C-ANCA
2793:107320
2770:D68.61
2683:
2659:
2640:
2636:(CA).
2608:
2598:
2559:
2551:
2523:Lancet
2478:
2470:
2435:
2427:
2391:
2350:
2340:
2298:. 2020
2272:
2264:
2217:
2207:
2165:
2155:
2105:
2097:
2087:
2034:
2026:
1990:
1982:
1941:
1933:
1891:
1883:
1833:
1798:
1763:
1728:
1720:
1685:
1677:
1667:
1626:
1618:
1579:
1544:
1536:
1501:
1442:
1434:
1379:
1335:
1325:
1307:Stroke
1286:
1278:
1243:
1235:
1197:
1189:
1131:
1123:
1075:
1001:
942:London
907:, and
905:Asians
897:Blacks
886:, and
762:, and
718:(i.e.
590:plasma
546:assays
337:, and
266:stroke
262:stroke
235:venous
154:, and
3713:head
3348:Clots
3026:Anti-
2765:10-CM
2750:D68.6
2557:S2CID
2476:S2CID
2433:S2CID
2270:S2CID
2240:(PDF)
2103:S2CID
2063:(PDF)
2032:S2CID
2008:Lupus
1939:S2CID
1889:S2CID
1726:S2CID
1683:S2CID
1624:S2CID
1542:S2CID
1440:S2CID
1284:S2CID
1241:S2CID
1195:S2CID
1171:Lupus
1129:S2CID
554:ELISA
406:is a
271:lungs
140:veins
102:, or
3609:C/XI
3604:B/IX
3221:and
2954:ENA4
2799:MeSH
2788:OMIM
2780:9-CM
2754:ILDS
2735:4A45
2681:ISBN
2657:ISBN
2638:ISBN
2606:PMID
2549:PMID
2508:2023
2468:PMID
2425:PMID
2389:PMID
2348:PMID
2262:PMID
2215:PMID
2163:PMID
2095:PMID
2024:PMID
1988:PMID
1980:ISSN
1931:PMID
1881:PMID
1831:PMID
1796:PMID
1761:PMID
1718:PMID
1675:PMID
1616:PMID
1577:PMID
1534:PMID
1499:PMID
1432:PMID
1377:PMID
1333:PMID
1276:PMID
1233:PMID
1187:PMID
1121:PMID
1073:PMID
1034:2022
999:ISBN
893:Race
736:VDRL
635:and
560:and
460:and
442:and
383:and
375:, a
156:rash
138:and
112:APLS
3501:TTP
3484:ITP
3326:DIC
2937:ENA
2910:PBC
2815:775
2776:ICD
2761:ICD
2741:ICD
2726:ICD
2596:PMC
2588:doi
2584:287
2539:hdl
2531:doi
2527:376
2460:doi
2417:doi
2379:doi
2338:PMC
2330:doi
2252:doi
2205:PMC
2197:doi
2153:PMC
2145:doi
2085:PMC
2075:doi
2016:doi
1970:doi
1923:doi
1871:doi
1823:doi
1819:316
1788:doi
1784:126
1753:doi
1710:doi
1665:PMC
1655:doi
1608:doi
1569:doi
1526:doi
1491:doi
1422:hdl
1414:doi
1367:doi
1323:PMC
1315:doi
1268:doi
1264:210
1225:doi
1179:doi
1113:doi
1065:doi
793:INR
643:by
531:and
525:and
518:and
387:).
364:on
233:or
203:.
110:or
108:APS
3820::
3496:TM
3482::
3142:RA
3122::
2848::
2837::
2813::
2802::
2791::
2768::
2748::
2745:10
2733::
2730:11
2679:.
2675:.
2632:.
2604:.
2594:.
2582:.
2578:.
2555:.
2547:.
2537:.
2525:.
2499:.
2488:^
2474:.
2466:.
2456:18
2454:.
2431:.
2423:.
2413:48
2411:.
2387:.
2375:20
2373:.
2369:.
2346:.
2336:.
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