234:
will generally remain abnormal. However, if the clotting time of the mixed plasma corrects towards normal, the presence of an inhibitor such as the lupus anticoagulant is less likely, instead indicating a deficient quantity of clotting factor (that is replenished by the normal plasma). In case of a corrected mixing test, a lower dose of normal pooled plasma is often used, such as a 4:1 mix (4 times as much patient plasma than normal pooled plasma), as some studies suggest that this method is more sensitive for the detection of a weak lupus anticoagulant that is not enough prevalent or potent to affect a 1:1 mix.
71:(aPTT). Investigators speculate that the antibodies interfere with phospholipids used to induce in vitro coagulation. In vivo, the antibodies are thought to interact with platelet membrane phospholipids, increasing adhesion and aggregation of platelets, which accounts for the in vivo prothrombotic characteristics.
285:, and the British Committee for Standards in Haematology. The result may be reported as a ratio used to identify the cutoff. A ratio of 1.2 is commonly used, such that a value <1.2 indicates the absence of a lupus anticoagulant, while a value >1.2 indicates the presence of a lupus anticoagulant.
233:
is generally in the initial workup of a prolonged aPTT. In a mixing test, patient plasma is mixed with normal pooled plasma and the clotting is reassessed. If a clotting inhibitor such as a lupus anticoagulant is present, the inhibitor will interact with the normal pooled plasma and the clotting time
954:
Devreese KMJ, de Groot PG, de Laat B, Erkan D, Favaloro EJ, Mackie I, Martinuzzo M, Ortel TL, Pengo V, Rand JH, Tripodi A, Wahl D, Cohen H. Guidance from the
Scientific and Standardization Committee for lupus anticoagulant/antiphospholipid antibodies of the International Society on Thrombosis and
237:
However, only about 60 per cent of patients with lupus anticoagulants have a both a prolonged APTT and APTT mix, making it unsuitable as the only test in case of a high suspicion of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Thus, one or more of the following tests are generally performed to detect lupus
979:
Keeling D, Mackie I, Moore GW, Greer IA, Greaves M; British
Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines on the investigation and management of antiphospholipid syndrome. Br J Haematol. 2012 Apr;157(1):47-58. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09037.x. Epub 2012 Feb 8. PMID:
989:
Favaloro EJ. Coagulation mixing studies: Utility, algorithmic strategies and limitations for lupus anticoagulant testing or follow up of abnormal coagulation tests. Am J Hematol. 2020 Jan;95(1):117-128. doi: 10.1002/ajh.25669. Epub 2019 Nov 20. PMID:
257:, or silica clotting time. As a further confirmation, a second test with the addition of excess phospholipid will correct the prolongation (conceptually known as "phospholipid neutralization"), confirming the diagnosis of a lupus anticoagulant.
187:, and diagnostic criteria require one clinical event (i.e. thrombosis or pregnancy complication) and two positive blood test results spaced at least three months apart that detect at least one of the three types of antibodies.
704:
Htet, S.; Hayes, L.; Leung, T. (2015). "Strong lupus anticoagulant (LA) as a cause for prolonged prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and abnormally low intrinsic factor (IF) levels".
1195:
999:
Favaloro EJ, Pasalic L, Selby R. Testing for the lupus anticoagulant: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Res Pract Thromb
Haemost. 2024 Mar 18;8(3):102385. doi: 10.1016/j.rpth.2024.102385. PMID: 38623474; PMCID:
224:
PT has been reported, likely by lupus anticoagulant interfering with the phospholipid component of the PT reagent, particularly when using recombinant tissue factor and purified phospholipids.
344:
be prevented with the administration of aspirin and unfractionated heparin. The
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews provide a deeper understanding on the subject. For refractory cases,
955:
Haemostasis: Update of the guidelines for lupus anticoagulant detection and interpretation. J Thromb
Haemost. 2020 Nov;18(11):2828-2839. doi: 10.1111/jth.15047. PMID: 33462974.
273:, wherein such phospholipids specifically neutralize lupus anticoagulant, so a normalization of aPTT after adding it specifically indicates the presence lupus anticoagulants.
309:, such as extremity phlebitis or dural sinus vein thrombosis. Patients with a well-documented (i.e., present at least twice) lupus anticoagulant and a history of
834:
Efthymiou M, Bertolaccini ML, Cohen H (February 2024). "Viewpoint: Lupus anticoagulant detection and interpretation in antiphospholipid syndrome".
1039:"Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss"
98:, amongst other complications). People with lupus erythematosus are more likely to develop a lupus anticoagulant than the general population.
546:
912:
Triplett DA, Barna LK, Unger GA (1993). "A hexagonal (II) phase phospholipid neutralization assay for lupus anticoagulant identification".
1474:
869:
Denis-Magdelaine, A.; Flahault, A.; Verdy, E. (1995). "Sensitivity of
Sixteen APTT Reagents for the Presence of Lupus Anticoagulants".
1271:
1540:
965:
Clinical and
Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI) (2014). "Laboratory testing for the lupus anticoagulant: Approved Guideline".
516:
810:
393:
1424:
247:
115:. The "lupus anticoagulant paradox" may be explained by platelet activation as described above, as well as enhancement of
1210:
1479:
334:
238:
anticoagulant if a high suspicion remains, and/or specify lupus anticoagulant as the cause of an abnormal mixing test:
1513:
1453:
1304:
94:, and only a small proportion will proceed to develop this disease (which causes joint pains, skin problems and
1563:
1341:
180:
116:
469:"A hemorrhagic disorder caused by circulating anticoagulant in patients with disseminated lupus erythematosus"
330:
1331:
679:
321:
and a lupus anticoagulant should probably be observed. Current evidence suggests that the risk of recurrent
297:
can interfere with lupus anticoagulant assays and generate either false-positive or false-negative findings.
1264:
1088:"The effects of hydroxychloroquine and its promising use in refractory obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome"
356:
340:
Miscarriages may be more prevalent in patients with a lupus anticoagulant. Some of these miscarriages may
220:(PT), another non-specific coagulation test, is normally unaffected by lupus anticoagulant. Nevertheless,
1584:
1469:
1441:
1404:
1396:
1324:
264:
204:
191:
184:
68:
1372:
1356:
1137:"A randomized study of thromboprophylaxis in women with unexplained consecutive recurrent miscarriages"
286:
179:
In a suspected antiphospholipid syndrome, lupus anticoagulant is generally tested in conjunction with
1558:
1297:
326:
145:
1495:
1221:
1361:
1518:
1386:
1257:
550:
329:
is enhanced whether that antibody is measured on serological testing or functional testing. The
660:
209:
1086:
Fierro JJ, VelĂĄsquez-BerrĂo M, Ospina A, Henning S, de Leeuw K, Cadavid J ĂP (February 2024).
381:
1446:
1314:
1288:
290:
1529:
253:
67:, as these antibodies increase coagulation times in laboratory tests such as the activated
8:
1309:
1199:
91:
1112:
1087:
750:"Recent guidelines and recommendations for laboratory detection of lupus anticoagulants"
634:
607:
444:
417:
382:"21.3.1 Antiphospholipid Antibodies: Lupus Anticoagulant and Anticardiolipin Antibodies"
267:
of becoming prolonged in the presence of lupus anticoagulant compared to a regular aPTT.
1204:
1063:
1038:
937:
802:
730:
718:
345:
305:
Treatment for a lupus anticoagulant is usually undertaken in the context of documented
493:
468:
1535:
1232:
1158:
1153:
1136:
1117:
1068:
1019:
929:
894:
886:
851:
816:
806:
771:
722:
669:
Last reviewed on August 22, 2018. This article was last modified on
December 6, 2019.
639:
588:
498:
449:
389:
75:
941:
734:
571:
Molhoek JE, de Groot PG, Urbanus RT (July 2018). "The Lupus
Anticoagulant Paradox".
524:
333:
specify that both serological and functional tests must be positive to diagnose the
1148:
1107:
1099:
1058:
1054:
1050:
921:
878:
847:
843:
798:
790:
761:
714:
629:
619:
580:
488:
480:
439:
429:
217:
1507:
1226:
964:
169:
263:, of which many variants exist, but have the common feature of having a greater
1103:
624:
314:
221:
95:
40:
416:
Tohidi-Esfahani I, Mittal P, Isenberg D, Cohen H, Efthymiou M (January 2024).
1578:
1237:
890:
726:
352:
820:
1280:
1162:
1121:
1072:
925:
855:
775:
766:
749:
643:
592:
584:
502:
453:
242:
173:
111:
44:
1037:
HamulyĂĄk EN, Scheres LJ, Marijnen MC, Goddijn M, Middeldorp S (May 2020).
1023:
933:
898:
608:"The role of the annexin A protein family at the maternal-fetal interface"
229:
213:
161:
132:
128:
1187:
434:
1379:
322:
318:
310:
306:
294:
165:
149:
144:
The main indication for testing for lupus anticoagulant is a suspected
123:α. Another proposed mechanism is the antibody-mediated destruction of
56:
882:
683:
484:
379:
1415:
1351:
190:
Testing for lupus anticoagulant can also be indicated by a prolonged
1336:
1085:
360:
277:
Guidelines for lupus anticoagulant testing have been issued by the
102:
52:
415:
1249:
1135:
Dolitzky M, Inbal A, Segal Y, Weiss A, Brenner B, Carp H (2006).
124:
106:
48:
1215:
86:
Both words in the term "lupus anticoagulant" can be misleading:
1434:
1429:
153:
1036:
313:
should be considered candidates for indefinite treatment with
90:
Most patients with a lupus anticoagulant do not actually have
868:
862:
282:
278:
157:
120:
101:
The term "anticoagulant" accurately describes its function
833:
1346:
795:
Measuring
Immunity: Basic biology and clinical assessment
51:
associated with the cell membrane. Its name is a partial
1134:
570:
1177:
1012:
Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série III
418:"Platelets and Thrombotic Antiphospholipid Syndrome"
245:-sensitive functional clotting testing, such as the
539:
380:Antonia Joussen; T.W. Gardner; B. Kirchhof (2007).
160:as well as pregnancy-related complications such as
911:
74:The condition was first described by hematologist
373:
212:in vague symptoms, and is a non-specific test of
119:and suppression of the anticoagulant activity of
1576:
655:
653:
271:Hexagonal (II) phase phospholipid neutralization
1009:
788:
703:
605:
1265:
871:Pathophysiology of Haemostasis and Thrombosis
782:
697:
650:
148:, whose main manifestations are blood clots (
789:McMahon, Maureen; Kalunian, Kenneth (2005).
1003:
905:
1272:
1258:
139:
1152:
1111:
1062:
765:
633:
623:
492:
443:
433:
63:. The name derives from their properties
30:Lupus antibody, LA, LAC, lupus inhibitors
1010:Viard JP, Amoura Z, Bach JF (1991). "".
1577:
466:
1253:
747:
606:Hu J, Chen L, Ruan J, Chen X (2024).
523:. SpringâSummer 2006. Archived from
517:"Lock Conley looks back and blushes"
682:. APS | Action. Archived from
509:
13:
1279:
719:10.1097/01.PAT.0000461585.89264.ae
335:antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
14:
1596:
1173:
473:Journal of Clinical Investigation
248:dilute Russell's viper venom time
1154:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.12.068
803:10.1016/B978-012455900-4/50279-8
317:. Patients with no history of
1128:
1079:
1030:
993:
983:
973:
958:
948:
827:
741:
1055:10.1002/14651858.CD012852.pub2
797:. Elsevier. pp. 210â220.
672:
599:
564:
460:
409:
181:anti-apolipoprotein antibodies
117:activated protein C resistance
81:
1:
661:"Lupus Anticoagulant Testing"
366:
848:10.1093/rheumatology/kead623
300:
7:
1425:Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic
1397:Anti-mitochondrial antibody
793:. In Lotze, Michael (ed.).
680:"Antiphospholipid Syndrome"
612:Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)
467:Conley, C. Lockard (1952).
388:. Springer. pp. 430â.
351:Thrombosis is treated with
208:is generally included in a
185:anti-cardiolipin antibodies
69:partial thromboplastin time
10:
1601:
1541:Anti-citrullinated peptide
1104:10.1007/s00296-023-05457-5
1043:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
791:"17. SLE-Associated Tests"
625:10.3389/fendo.2024.1314214
287:Direct oral anticoagulants
194:test that is unexplained.
1551:
1488:
1462:
1413:
1395:
1332:Anti-topoisomerase/Scl-70
1287:
1181:
327:antiphospholipid antibody
197:
146:antiphospholipid syndrome
26:
21:
386:Retinal Vascular Disease
1454:Anti-TPO/Antimicrosomal
748:Moore GW (March 2014).
140:Indications for testing
127:A5 on the membranes of
926:10.1055/s-0038-1649671
767:10.1055/s-0033-1364185
585:10.1055/s-0037-1606190
210:differential diagnosis
55:, as it is actually a
1514:Anti-transglutaminase
1289:Anti-nuclear antibody
836:Rheumatology (Oxford)
291:vitamin K antagonists
325:in patients with an
261:Lupus-sensitive aPTT
254:Kaolin clotting time
109:, it functions as a
1564:Anti-apolipoprotein
1501:Lupus anticoagulant
967:CLSI Document H60-A
754:Semin Thromb Hemost
573:Semin Thromb Hemost
435:10.3390/jcm13030741
348:may be considered.
216:. In contrast, the
92:lupus erythematosus
37:Lupus anticoagulant
22:Lupus anticoagulant
1585:Coagulation system
1552:Multiple locations
1442:Anti-smooth muscle
667:. 6 December 2019.
346:hydroxychloroquine
1572:
1571:
1559:Anti-phospholipid
1536:Rheumatoid factor
1247:
1246:
883:10.1159/000217148
842:(SI): SI54âSI63.
812:978-0-12-455900-4
485:10.1172/JCI102648
395:978-3-540-29541-9
222:falsely increased
76:C. Lockard Conley
34:
33:
16:Medical condition
1592:
1521:not autoantibody
1470:Anti-ganglioside
1405:Anti-cardiolipin
1274:
1267:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1179:
1178:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1066:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1007:
1001:
997:
991:
987:
981:
977:
971:
970:
962:
956:
952:
946:
945:
909:
903:
902:
866:
860:
859:
831:
825:
824:
786:
780:
779:
769:
745:
739:
738:
701:
695:
694:
692:
691:
676:
670:
668:
665:Lab Tests Online
657:
648:
647:
637:
627:
603:
597:
596:
568:
562:
561:
559:
558:
549:. Archived from
543:
537:
536:
534:
532:
521:Hopkins Medicine
513:
507:
506:
496:
464:
458:
457:
447:
437:
413:
407:
406:
404:
402:
377:
331:Sapporo criteria
218:prothrombin time
170:preterm delivery
19:
18:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1547:
1508:Coeliac disease
1484:
1458:
1409:
1391:
1373:Anti-centromere
1283:
1278:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1190:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1133:
1129:
1084:
1080:
1049:(5): CD012852.
1035:
1031:
1008:
1004:
998:
994:
988:
984:
978:
974:
963:
959:
953:
949:
910:
906:
867:
863:
832:
828:
813:
787:
783:
746:
742:
702:
698:
689:
687:
678:
677:
673:
659:
658:
651:
604:
600:
569:
565:
556:
554:
545:
544:
540:
530:
528:
527:on 21 June 2013
515:
514:
510:
465:
461:
414:
410:
400:
398:
396:
378:
374:
369:
303:
200:
142:
84:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1598:
1588:
1587:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1480:Anti-glutamate
1477:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1421:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1339:
1334:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1293:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1281:Autoantibodies
1277:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1229:
1218:
1207:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:Classification
1175:
1174:External links
1172:
1169:
1168:
1127:
1098:(2): 223â234.
1078:
1029:
1018:(13): 607â12.
1002:
992:
982:
972:
957:
947:
914:Thromb Haemost
904:
861:
826:
811:
781:
740:
696:
671:
649:
598:
579:(5): 445â452.
563:
538:
508:
479:(6): 621â622.
459:
408:
394:
371:
370:
368:
365:
353:anticoagulants
315:anticoagulants
302:
299:
293:used to treat
275:
274:
268:
258:
199:
196:
141:
138:
137:
136:
99:
96:kidney failure
83:
80:
43:that binds to
41:immunoglobulin
32:
31:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1597:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1496:Anti-thrombin
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:Extracellular
1487:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:Cell membrane
1461:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:Fertil Steril
1138:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:Rheumatol Int
1089:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:(in French).
1013:
1006:
996:
986:
976:
968:
961:
951:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
920:(5): 787â93.
919:
915:
908:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
877:(3): 98â105.
876:
872:
865:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
830:
822:
818:
814:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
785:
777:
773:
768:
763:
760:(2): 163â71.
759:
755:
751:
744:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
700:
686:on 2013-07-25
685:
681:
675:
666:
662:
656:
654:
645:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
617:
613:
609:
602:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
567:
553:on 2008-08-21
552:
548:
542:
526:
522:
518:
512:
504:
500:
495:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
463:
455:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
427:
423:
419:
412:
397:
391:
387:
383:
376:
372:
364:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
272:
269:
266:
262:
259:
256:
255:
250:
249:
244:
241:
240:
239:
235:
232:
231:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:
195:
193:
188:
186:
182:
177:
175:
172:, and severe
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
88:
87:
79:
77:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
57:prothrombotic
54:
50:
46:
45:phospholipids
42:
38:
29:
25:
20:
1528:
1519:Anti-gliadin
1500:
1387:Anti-histone
1323:
1296:
1231:
1220:
1209:
1194:
1147:(2): 362â6.
1144:
1140:
1130:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1000:PMC11017341.
995:
985:
975:
966:
960:
950:
917:
913:
907:
874:
870:
864:
839:
835:
829:
794:
784:
757:
753:
743:
710:
706:
699:
688:. Retrieved
684:the original
674:
664:
615:
611:
601:
576:
572:
566:
555:. Retrieved
551:the original
541:
529:. Retrieved
525:the original
520:
511:
476:
472:
462:
425:
421:
411:
399:. Retrieved
385:
375:
350:
341:
339:
304:
276:
270:
260:
252:
246:
243:Phospholipid
236:
228:
226:
203:
201:
189:
178:
174:preeclampsia
143:
112:procoagulant
110:
85:
73:
64:
60:
36:
35:
618:: 1314214.
547:"wustl.edu"
342:potentially
265:sensitivity
230:mixing test
214:coagulation
162:miscarriage
133:trophoblast
129:endothelial
82:Terminology
27:Other names
1447:Anti-actin
1380:Anti-dsDNA
1315:Anti-sp100
1305:Anti-gp210
1233:DiseasesDB
690:2013-11-06
557:2009-02-17
531:5 December
428:(3): 741.
422:J Clin Med
367:References
323:thrombosis
319:thrombosis
311:thrombosis
307:thrombosis
295:thrombosis
166:stillbirth
152:) in both
150:thrombosis
131:cells and
105:. However
1416:cytoplasm
1352:Anti-nRNP
990:31674066.
980:22313321.
891:1424-8832
727:0031-3025
707:Pathology
301:Treatment
78:in 1952.
59:antibody
1579:Category
1475:Anti-GBM
1418:antibody
1337:Anti-Jo1
1310:Anti-p62
1163:16769056
1122:37741812
1113:10796698
1073:32358837
942:35046350
856:38320587
821:64401294
776:24500573
735:74865864
644:38495790
635:10940358
593:28898901
503:14938435
454:38337435
445:10856779
361:warfarin
154:arteries
103:in vitro
65:in vitro
53:misnomer
49:proteins
1362:Anti-La
1357:Anti-Ro
1347:Anti-Sm
1227:D016682
1064:7195627
1024:1782567
934:8128436
899:7607585
713:: S90.
401:29 June
125:Annexin
107:in vivo
61:in vivo
1435:P-ANCA
1430:C-ANCA
1216:107320
1205:289.81
1161:
1120:
1110:
1071:
1061:
1022:
940:
932:
897:
889:
854:
819:
809:
774:
733:
725:
642:
632:
591:
501:
494:436459
491:
452:
442:
392:
198:Workup
135:cells.
39:is an
1414:Anti-
938:S2CID
731:S2CID
357:LMWHs
158:veins
1342:ENA4
1222:MeSH
1211:OMIM
1200:9-CM
1159:PMID
1118:PMID
1069:PMID
1047:2020
1020:PMID
930:PMID
895:PMID
887:ISSN
852:PMID
817:OCLC
807:ISBN
772:PMID
723:ISSN
640:PMID
589:PMID
533:2013
499:PMID
450:PMID
403:2010
390:ISBN
359:and
289:and
283:CLSI
279:ISTH
205:aPTT
192:aPTT
183:and
156:and
121:TFPI
47:and
1325:ENA
1298:PBC
1238:775
1196:ICD
1149:doi
1108:PMC
1100:doi
1059:PMC
1051:doi
1016:313
922:doi
879:doi
844:doi
799:doi
762:doi
715:doi
630:PMC
620:doi
581:doi
489:PMC
481:doi
440:PMC
430:doi
363:).
202:An
1581::
1530:RA
1510::
1236::
1225::
1214::
1203::
1157:.
1145:86
1143:.
1139:.
1116:.
1106:.
1096:44
1094:.
1090:.
1067:.
1057:.
1045:.
1041:.
936:.
928:.
918:70
916:.
893:.
885:.
875:25
873:.
850:.
840:63
838:.
815:.
805:.
770:.
758:40
756:.
752:.
729:.
721:.
711:47
709:.
663:.
652:^
638:.
628:.
616:15
614:.
610:.
587:.
577:44
575:.
519:.
497:.
487:.
477:31
475:.
471:.
448:.
438:.
426:13
424:.
420:.
384:.
337:.
281:,
251:,
227:A
176:.
168:,
164:,
1327::
1300::
1273:e
1266:t
1259:v
1198:-
1188:D
1165:.
1151::
1124:.
1102::
1075:.
1053::
1026:.
969:.
944:.
924::
901:.
881::
858:.
846::
823:.
801::
778:.
764::
737:.
717::
693:.
646:.
622::
595:.
583::
560:.
535:.
505:.
483::
456:.
432::
405:.
355:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.