122:
103:
86:
69:
57:
45:
29:
132:
96:
79:
396:
375:
As many
Christians had more settled lifestyles and many Muslims were nomadic, competing claims to the land were another dimension of the tensions. In November 2013, the UN warned that the country was at risk of spiraling into genocide, and was "descending into complete chaos". France described the
419:
In 2014, Amnesty
International reported several massacres committed by anti-balaka militias against Muslim civilians, forcing thousands of Muslims to flee the country. On 13 January more than 100 people were killed by Anti-balaka in
1233:
800:
349:
Some commentators have said that village militias formed in the 1990s to protect against highwaymen were a precursor to the
Antibalaka. Unable to provide security throughout the remote areas of the country, President
615:
976:
861:
1376:
774:
372:
Djotodia announced the dissolution of the Séléka in
September 2013, but most of the militias refused to disband. The Séléka and the anti-balaka engaged in a cycle of increasing violence.
380:
on the verge of genocide". On 2 December 2013, anti-balaka militiamen are suspected to have killed 12 people, including children, and wounded 30 others in an attack on the mostly-Muslim
389:
1350:
1327:
Letter dated 6 December 2019 from the Panel of
Experts on the Central African Republic extended pursuant to resolution 2454 (2019) addressed to the President of the Security Council
369:, became the first Muslim president of the country. With the disbanding of the army by Djotodia, many army members joined the militia, boosting their numbers and helping train them.
1002:
514:. Clashes were also reported later between Anti-balaka and ex-Séléka in the city. Seven people were killed (including three civilians and four militiamen) and more than 100 injured.
1226:
891:
792:
1275:
690:
636:
316:'s armed opposition, and who chased the Muslim 'anti-balles Ă ti laka' (anti ti laka bullets). The term 'laka' in the street language of the Central African Republic means an
1445:
1426:
479:
1464:
262:
to be composed primarily of
Christians, but also some Muslims. However, some church leaders have contested the claimed exclusively Christian character of such groups. The
1491:
1123:
592:
920:
1050:
1098:
865:
341:
Congolese peackeeping forces operating under the auspices of the UN, murdered a number of Anti-balaka, including a mass murder of 12 people, and tortured others.
1526:
558:
136:
1511:
1496:
1296:
569:
358:
209:
1156:
612:
507:
3 August: Anti-balaka attacked
Grimari blocking roads to Sibut and Bambari. FACA managed to recapture city the same day killing one Anti-balaka commander.
458:
killing more than 115 people including one peacekeeper. On 18 May heavy clashes erupted between Anti-balaka and ex-Seleka in Bria resulting in 26 deaths.
755:
1181:
1372:
771:
1486:
1346:
998:
300:
in public ceremonies, and Anti-balaka have been accused of extorting money with witchcraft accusation, according to an internal UN report.
658:
728:
1271:
887:
694:
632:
1442:
1423:
403:
Early 2014 marked a turning point; hardened by war and massacres, the anti-balaka committed multiple atrocities. In
December 2013,
1501:
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1115:
1028:
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916:
1329:
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847:
518:
186:
1402:
1303:
1145:
230:
354:
organized, self-protection groups in 2009 to combat crime on the village level; these took the name
Antibalaka.
1054:
454:
On 9 May 2017 Anti-balaka attacked UPC forces in
Alindao before withdrawing to Mingala. On 13 May Anti-balaka
752:
1399:"Centrafrique : 7 morts et une centaine de blessés, un bilan provisoire des violences au nord du pays"
968:
820:
See: "La République centrafricaine: le naufrage d'un Etat, l'agonie d'une Nation», Didier Niewiadowski",
263:
1516:
455:
220:
541:
Since 2021 large number of former Anti-balaka fighters were recruited by Wagner Group into so-called
421:
215:
126:
274:
253:
176:
308:
Though "anti-balaka" is often translated as "anti-machette", a different origin is also claimed:
467:
225:
90:
1297:"Summary of internal review on the October 31st events in Batangafo, Central African Republic"
720:
1152:
282:
662:
351:
321:
296:. Anti-balaka leaders have also been present at torture session of people accused of being
8:
470:
between anti-Balaka and ex-Séléka fighters in Batangafo resulting in at least 15 deaths.
822:
Revue d'Ă©tude et de recherche sur le droit et l'administration dans les pays d'Afrique,
546:
532:
killing three Burundian peacekeepers. Three militiamen were arrested by MINUSCA forces.
338:
825:
325:
286:
1373:"Centrafrique : Deux factions des antibalaka font couler des sangs Ă Batangafo"
721:"'A Question of Humanity': Witness to the Turning Point In Central African Republic"
1076:
1024:
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111:
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In March 2013, President Bozizé (a Christian) was overthrown by a coup during the
131:
95:
78:
1468:
1449:
1430:
1333:
1213:
835:
778:
759:
659:"There are no Christian militias killing Muslims in the Central African Republic"
619:
495:
436:
366:
278:
1424:
Centrafrique : DĂ©claration de la Coalition des Patriotes pour le Changement
1207:
Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in the Central African Republic
613:
François Bozizé et d'autres chefs rebelles centrafricains se trouvent à Ndjamena
332:
633:"Christian militias take bloody revenge on Muslims in Central African Republic"
542:
432:
1326:
1206:
1480:
1347:"RCA : vive tension à Grimari, un général Anti-Balaka tué par les FACA"
848:"Central African Republic: Murder by Peacekeepers | Human Rights Watch"
525:
293:
258:
161:
73:
1182:"French photojournalist Camille Lepage killed in Central African Republic"
1099:
Children 'beheaded and mutilated' in Central African Republic, says Unicef
381:
362:
313:
197:
107:
827:
Blood Timber, How Europe Helped Fund War in the Central African Republic
772:
Central African Republic: Unprotected Muslims forced to abandon religion
1398:
439:, was found by French soldiers in a truck used by Anti-Balaka members.
297:
411:, at least two children were beheaded and one of them was mutilated.
28:
589:"How to prevent a return to violence in the Central African Republic"
511:
156:
33:
Anti-Balaka militia in Gbaguili, a village located 340 km from Bangui
1146:"Central African Republic: Ethnic cleansing and sectarian killings"
559:
List of warlords in the Central African Republic § Anti-balaka
510:
23 October: Clashes erupted between two factions of Anti-balaka in
390:
Central African Republic conflict under the Djotodia administration
1116:"Christian threats force Muslim convoy to turn back in CAR exodus"
1025:"BBC News - Central African Republic 'descending into chaos' - UN"
1443:
Centrafrique : Résumé d’actualité de la semaine en 10 points
443:
267:
249:
491:
483:
428:
408:
404:
289:
793:"Witch burning rebels stoke Central African Republic violence"
285:
reported in 2015 that some members of anti-balaka groups have
529:
385:
333:
UN Congolese peace-keepers' murder and torture of Anti-balaka
317:
1462:
L’incroyable constellation des groupes armés en Centrafrique
1051:"France says Central African Republic on verge of genocide"
917:"Unspeakable horrors in a country on the verge of genocide"
545:. They were responsible for numerous war crimes, including
478:
165:
395:
943:"CAR's death toll much higher than thought, says Amnesty"
16:
Christian militias formed in the Central African Republic
999:"UN warning over Central African Republic genocide risk"
753:
C.Africa militia is an enemy of peace: French commander
312:
from the language of the young illiterates, who formed
1272:"CAR: Clashes break out in Bria (northeast) May 18-19"
1077:"Central African Republic militia 'killed' children"
388:, according to the government. This was amidst the
1492:Factions of the Central African Republic Civil War
570:Central African Republic Civil War (2012–present)
210:Central African Republic Civil War (2012–present)
1478:
1258:"Red Cross: 115 bodies found in CAR's Bangassou"
911:
909:
862:"Religious tensions rise in C.Africa after coup"
399:Territories under control of Anti-balaka in 2014
320:. The anti-balakas are therefore the bearers of
1527:Discrimination in the Central African Republic
1227:"Central African Republic. Operational Update"
552:
906:
888:"CAR's Djotodia dissolves Seleka rebel group"
442:On 24 June 100 Anti-balaka fighters attacked
1512:Christianity in the Central African Republic
1497:Rebel groups in the Central African Republic
714:
712:
361:by a mostly Muslim rebel coalition known as
1053:. Reuters. 21 November 2013. Archived from
1017:
781:, Amnesty International UK (July 31, 2015).
748:
746:
718:
661:. Aid to the Church in Need. Archived from
266:and journalist Andrew Katz have noted that
693:. tonyblairfaithfoundation. Archived from
688:
709:
743:
477:
446:. 46 people were killed and 28 wounded.
394:
270:also participate in Anti-balaka groups.
731:from the original on September 20, 2018
524:26 December: Anti-balaka fighters from
407:reported that in sectarian violence in
1479:
1353:from the original on 18 September 2020
969:"'We Live and Die Here Like Animals'"
949:from the original on 19 December 2013
894:from the original on 3 September 2014
864:. AFP. March 31, 2013. Archived from
790:
684:
682:
680:
1487:2013 in the Central African Republic
1405:from the original on 30 October 2020
1379:from the original on 5 December 2020
1126:from the original on 2 February 2017
1031:from the original on 5 December 2013
979:from the original on 2 December 2014
923:from the original on 2 December 2016
854:
13:
1162:from the original on 16 April 2021
1005:from the original on 16 March 2018
677:
490:In 2019, an Anti-balaka leader in
359:Central African Republic Civil War
256:in the early 21st century said by
14:
1538:
829:(Report), End Notes n. 21, p. 48
762:, apa.az, accessed 14 March 2014
519:Coalition of Patriots for Change
517:17 December: Anti-balaka joined
200:and splinter groups (until 2020)
187:Coalition of Patriots for Change
130:
120:
101:
94:
84:
77:
67:
55:
43:
27:
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1302:. February 2019. Archived from
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1278:from the original on 2021-04-15
1264:
1250:
1239:from the original on 2021-04-19
1219:
1200:
1174:
1138:
1108:
1091:
1069:
1043:
991:
961:
935:
880:
840:
814:
803:from the original on 2019-02-04
639:from the original on 2 May 2019
595:from the original on 2020-11-24
498:to increase profit from mines.
494:killed a 14-year-old girl in a
1502:Anti-Islam sentiment in Africa
1027:. BBC News. 26 November 2013.
945:. BBC News. 19 December 2013.
784:
765:
651:
625:
606:
581:
303:
1:
1507:Christian terrorism in Africa
1001:. BBC News. 4 November 2013.
575:
719:Andrew Katz (May 29, 2014).
365:. The leader of the Séléka,
7:
1079:. BBC News. 4 December 2013
635:. Guardian. 10 March 2014.
563:
553:List of Anti-balaka leaders
277:after the rise to power of
273:This militia formed in the
264:Tony Blair Faith Foundation
231:Battle of Bakouma (2018–19)
10:
1543:
1097:Mark Tran & agencies,
890:. AFP. 13 September 2013.
556:
344:
221:May 2017 Bangassou clashes
919:. AFP. 22 November 2013.
691:"What is the Antibalaka?"
204:
193:
182:
172:
152:
142:
127:Patrice Edouard Ngaissona
38:
26:
21:
1522:Violence against Muslims
275:Central African Republic
254:Central African Republic
177:Central African Republic
536:
501:
482:Anti-balaka fighter in
473:
461:
449:
414:
487:
400:
330:
226:2018 Batangafo clashes
1153:Amnesty International
481:
398:
310:
283:Amnesty International
1332:5 April 2023 at the
1155:. 12 February 2014.
1122:. 14 February 2014.
1105:(December 30, 2013).
975:. 13 November 2013.
868:on February 27, 2014
824:May 2014, quoted in
697:on 27 September 2016
422:Bossemptélé massacre
252:groups based in the
248:) is an alliance of
216:Bossemptélé massacre
1401:. 27 October 2020.
1375:. 25 October 2020.
1057:on 23 November 2013
466:On 31 October 2018
435:, a missing French
173:Active regions
1467:2023-07-29 at the
1448:2021-01-09 at the
1433:, 18 December 2020
1429:2022-12-07 at the
1212:2021-09-29 at the
834:2015-08-12 at the
777:2018-07-24 at the
758:2016-03-14 at the
618:2021-11-16 at the
547:2021 Boyo killings
488:
456:attacked Bangassou
401:
339:Human Rights Watch
287:forcibly converted
144:Dates of operation
64:(NgaĂŻssona branch)
1517:Animism in Africa
1349:. 3 August 2020.
622:, 7 November 2021
468:clashes broke out
238:
237:
91:Dieudonné Ndomaté
1534:
1472:
1459:
1453:
1452:, 9 January 2021
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791:Esslemont, Tom.
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689:Emily Mellgard.
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591:. October 2020.
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611:
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566:
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539:
504:
496:ritualistic way
476:
464:
452:
437:photojournalist
417:
377:
376:country as "...
367:Michel Djotodia
352:François Bozizé
347:
335:
306:
279:Michel Djotodia
160:
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1473:
1471:, 27 July 2023
1454:
1435:
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1390:
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1319:
1288:
1263:
1260:. 17 May 2017.
1249:
1218:
1199:
1188:. May 13, 2014
1173:
1137:
1107:
1090:
1068:
1042:
1016:
990:
973:Foreign Policy
960:
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853:
850:. 7 June 2016.
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557:Main article:
554:
551:
543:Black Russians
538:
535:
534:
533:
522:
515:
508:
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500:
475:
472:
463:
460:
451:
448:
433:Camille Lepage
416:
413:
346:
343:
334:
331:
324:meant to stop
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52:(Mokom branch)
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
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1400:
1394:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1309:on 2020-03-24
1305:
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754:
749:
747:
730:
726:
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715:
713:
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692:
685:
683:
681:
665:on 7 May 2019
664:
660:
654:
638:
634:
628:
621:
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609:
594:
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584:
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531:
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499:
497:
493:
485:
480:
471:
469:
459:
457:
447:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
427:In 2014, the
425:
423:
412:
410:
406:
397:
393:
391:
387:
383:
373:
370:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
342:
340:
337:According to
329:
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301:
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188:
185:
181:
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147:
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138:
137:See full list
133:
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109:
97:
92:
80:
75:
63:
51:
50:Bernard Bonda
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
1457:
1438:
1419:
1407:. Retrieved
1393:
1381:. Retrieved
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1341:
1322:
1311:. Retrieved
1304:the original
1291:
1280:. Retrieved
1266:
1252:
1241:. Retrieved
1232:. May 2017.
1221:
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153:Headquarters
148:2013–present
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983:25 November
953:19 December
872:December 4,
326:Kalashnikov
304:Terminology
242:Anti-balaka
108:Levy Yakete
62:Igor Lamaka
22:Anti-balaka
1481:Categories
1336:, page 153
1313:2021-08-27
1282:2021-08-27
1243:2021-08-27
1083:5 December
1061:4 December
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807:2018-04-11
643:29 January
599:2020-12-18
576:References
281:in 2013.
1409:27 August
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1357:27 August
1166:27 August
528:attacked
512:Batangafo
194:Opponents
162:N'Djamena
157:Bossangoa
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268:animists
1192:Feb 16,
735:June 4,
444:Bambari
345:History
322:grigris
298:witches
290:Muslims
250:militia
183:Part of
114:†
39:Leaders
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318:AK-47
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