Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946

1439:"On Abandoned Real Estate", a 6 May 1945 restitution law, allowed property owners who had been dispossessed or their relatives and heirs to reclaim private property under a simplified inheritance procedure. The law was in effect until the end of 1948. An expedited court process, with minimal costs, was put in place to handle claims. Applications had to be examined within 21 days, and many claims were processed the day they were filed. The Communist government enacted legislation on "abandoned property", placing severe limitations not present in pre-war inheritance law (which allowed inheritance by second-degree relatives) and limiting restitution to the original owners or direct heirs. The initial 1945 decrees were superseded by a 1946 law with a claim deadline of 31 December 1947 (later extended to 31 December 1948), after which property devolved to the Polish state. Even if Jews regained 2296:

act of violence to which they fell victim.1 But after all, Jews, like Poles, Americans, or Chinese, can be attacked, battered, or murdered for many reasons, not only because of their ethnicity. The second danger is acceptance of the opposite position—the explanation of anti-Jewish violence solely as postwar, ordinary criminality. Such an approach is disqualified by the simple finding that for some attackers the ethnicity of their victims did matter fundamentally. In the case of many attacks on Jews carried out immediately after the war in Poland, the Jewishness of the victims was unquestionably the chief, if not the sole, motive for the crime.

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the Soviet Union were not repatriated until after that date. Polish legislation in 1947 severely restricted intestate succession, limiting inheritance by distant family members. Jews who returned to Poland from the Soviet Union and settled in territories Poland acquired from Germany were entitled to material compensation on an equal footing with ethnic Poles who were displaced from eastern Poland. Although it is difficult to estimate how many Jews got their property back, the number was probably few.

7013: 1767:, cite the figures which originated in Dobroszycki's 1973 work. Dobroszycki wrote that "according to general estimates 1,500 Jews lost their lives in Poland from liberation until the summer of 1947", although Gross said that only a fraction of the deaths could be attributed to antisemitism and most were due to general postwar disorder, political violence and banditry. Engel wrote that Dobroszycki "offered no reference for such 'general estimates 199: 207: 1799:

supplemented by reports prepared by the United States embassy in Warsaw and by Jewish sources in Poland, as well as by bulletins published by the Central Committee of Polish Jews and the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, has lent credibility to Dobroszycki's claim: it has turned up more or less detailed descriptions of 130 incidents in 102 locations between September 1944 and September 1946, in which 327 Jews lost their lives.

5843: 1281: 5855: 1292: 1771:" which "have not been confirmed by any other investigator" and "no proof-text for this figure" exists, or for Yisrael Gutman's total of 1,000; "both estimates seem high." Other estimates include one by Anna Cichopek that more than 1,000 Jews were murdered in Poland between 1944 and 1947. According to Stefan Grajek, around 1,000 Jews died in the first half of 1946. Historian 1783:, 1,074 to 1,121 Jews died as a result of individual and collective violence between 1944 and 1947. They were killed in at least 365 localities, with the vast majority of victims defenseless people (including women and children), and the violence originated in a climate of indifference, aversion and hostility towards the Jews on the part of the local population. 1496:, head of State Security Services, who was considered Joseph Stalin's right-hand man in Poland between 1944 and 1953. Jewish representation in Bierut's apparatus of political oppression was higher than their proportion of the general Polish population. It was hypothesized that Stalin had intentionally employed some in positions of repressive authority (such as 2837:»ludność Polski zmniejszyła się z 35,1 mln osób w 1939 roku do 23,7 mln w 1946 roku, tj. o prawie jedną trzecią. Społeczeństwo polskie pozbawione zostało w zasadzie elity przywódczej: z wszystkich jego grup społecznych największe straty poniosła inteligencja i po zakończeniu wojny liczba ludzi z wyższym wykształceniem wynosiła niecałe 40 tys.« 1804:

killings of Jews for which no official reports survived, concluding that the figures have "obvious weaknesses"; the records used to compile them are deficient, and lack data from the Białystok region. He cited one source with 108 Jewish deaths during March 1945, and another source showing 351 deaths between November 1944 and December 1945.

1426:" and anti-Jewish violence caused panic among Jews not so much because of its intensity and spread, but because of the "atmosphere of widespread anti-Semitism" they experienced after the end of the war. Resentment of returning Jews by some local Poles included concerns that they would reclaim their property. 1862:

The most intense battles took place in the east but the fighting was not limited to this region; all over the country, partisans clashed with communist security forces. Repressions increased in the winter of 1945/46 and spring of 1946, when entire villages were burnt. The fighting lasted with varying

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The broader issue of antiJewish violence has been studied many times in recent years, yet it remains highly politicized. One must be aware of at least two serious risks in analyzing its post-Holocaust occurrence. The first is extreme reductionism, the attempt to ascribe to Jews' ethnic origins every

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to the USSR "irrespective of their personal wishes". The former Polish citizens, the second-largest refugee group in the West, did not began to return until late 1946. Polish–Jewish DPs (25 percent of their total at the beginning of 1947) were declared non-repatriable (due, in part, to US pressure),

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did not report the results of that analysis except in the most general terms, nor did he indicate the specific sources from which he had compiled his list of cases. Nevertheless, a separate, systematic examination of the relevant files in the archive of the Polish Ministry of Public Administration,

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published the first scientific register of incidents and victims of anti-Jewish violence in Poland from 1944 to 1947; according to Kwiek's calculations, the number of victims was 1,074 to 1,121. Jews constituted between two and three percent of the total number of victims of postwar violence in the

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on 4 July 1946. It had been rumoured that a Polish boy was kidnapped by Jews but escaped, and other Polish children were ritually murdered by Jews. According to Robert B. Pynsent, this ignited a violent public reaction directed at the Jewish Center. Attacks on the city's Jewish residents were also

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ambassador to Poland, was troubled by the mass arrests of Polish non-Communists and their intimidation by security police. The wave of state-sponsored terror and large-scale deportations was followed by the January 1946 nationalization decree. In response to his protests, Bierut told Lane to "mind

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Jewish property was unclaimed because some Jews were murdered when they sought to reclaim family property and most Jews left postwar Poland. The murders intimidated Jews against filing claims. Unclaimed Jewish property devolved to the Polish state on 31 December 1948, but many Jews who had fled to

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of Jews was motivated by civil war in Poland and the efforts of a strong Polish-Jewish lobby at the Jewish Agency working towards a higher standard of living and special privileges for immigrants from Poland. Yitzhak Raphael, director of the Immigration Department (who lobbied on behalf of Polish

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The author, , repeats the stereotype found in literature, about the resurgence of anti-Semitic rhetoric in times of crisis, but curiously enough, does not explain how it would have been possible in postwar Kraków with no evidence of the blood libel propaganda in the 1930s... And, in spite of all

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signed a decree soon afterwards which allowed Jews to leave Poland without visas or exit permits, and Jewish emigration from Poland increased substantially. Almost 20,000 Jews left Poland in July 1946, and there were approximately 12,000 Jews left by September of that year. Britain demanded that

156: 1531:(which employed a number of Jewish functionaries; up to 80 percent of the officers and 50 percent of the militiamen in Lublin and up to 75 percent of the officers in Silesia were Jewish. According to Eisenstein's estimates, 90 percent of the Jewish functionaries at the state security office in 1803:

Studying case records, Engel wrote that the compilation of cases is not exhaustive. He suggested that cases of anti-Jewish violence were selectively reported and recorded, and that there was no centralized, systematic effort to record these cases. Engel cited a number of incidental reports of

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The violence and its causes have been politicized. Polish historian Lukasz Krzyzanowski says that the attribution of antisemitic motives to all attackers, or ascribing all anti-Jewish violence to ordinary criminality, is reductionist; in many cases, however, "the Jewishness of the victims was

1402:(CKŻP). By the end of summer, the number had risen to 205,000 to 210,000 (with 240,000 registrations and over 30,000 duplicates). About 180,000 Jewish refugees came from the Soviet Union after the repatriation agreement. Most left without visas or exit permits, thanks to a decree from General 1635:

The prewar Polish intelligentsia ceased to exist. Of a 1946 population of 23.7 million, only 40,000 university graduates (less than 0.2 percent of the general population) survived the war. Between 1944 and 1956, 350,000 to 400,000 Poles were held in Stalinist prisons. Sporadic anti-Jewish

2377:Żydzi byli zabijani nie tylko przez niektóre organizacje prawicowego podziemia, ale też przez pospolitych bandytów jako funkcjonariusze komunistycznego państwa, bez dodatkowego motywu rasistowskiego. Wedle Aliny Całej, liczba Żydów zabitych w latach 1944−1947 przekracza tysiąc osób 1610:

which forced the British government to open the borders of Palestine. By the spring of 1947, the number of Jews in Poland (largely from the Soviet Union) declined from 240,000 to 90,000 due to mass migration and the post-Holocaust absence of Jewish life in Poland. The

1734:

Forty-two people were killed in the Kielce pogrom, and about 50 were seriously injured. According to Michael R. Marrus, it was a turning point for the postwar history of Polish Jews as the Zionist underground concluded that there was no future for Jews in Europe.

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unquestionably the chief, if not the sole, motive for the crime". Tens of thousands of people were killed in Poland's two-year civil war, also due to indiscriminate postwar lawlessness and abject poverty. Among Jewish victims were functionaries of the

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estimated that between 1944 and 1947, there were 1,500–2,000 Jewish victims of general civil strife associated with the Soviet consolidation of power – two to three percent of the total number of victims of postwar violence in Poland.

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of the Nazi Holocaust who returned home were fearful of being physically assaulted, robbed and murdered. The situation was complicated by the fact that there were more Jewish survivors returning from the Soviet Union than those who survived in

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of 11 August 1945 was the first antisemitic riot in postwar Poland and resulted in the shooting death of Róża Berger, who was hiding from security forces. The riot was caused by a rumour that the bodies of Christian children were hidden in

1688:. Acts of anti-Jewish violence were also recorded in villages and small towns in central Poland, where the overwhelming majority of attacks occurred. According to Bozena Szaynok, the perpetrators of antisemitic acts were seldom punished. 3097: 2893:»Ogółem według szacunków IPN z 2007, w latach 1944–1956 w aresztach i więzieniach znalazło się z powodów politycznych ok. 350–400 tysięcy osób (wliczając w to ok. 100 tys. ofiar prześladowań za rządów Bieruta w okresie 1949-1956).« 1587:(28 May). Several hundred or more political prisoners were freed, many of whom were later recaptured and murdered. The human-rights violations and abuse of power by the ministry strengthened anti-Jewish sentiments, adding to the 1443:

control, additional lengthy proceedings were required when it was occupied by Poles. Most Jewish claimants could not afford the restitution process without financial help, due to filing costs, legal fees, and inheritance tax.

3162: 1756:, who wrote that he had "analyzed records, reports, cables, protocols and press-cuttings of the period pertaining to anti-Jewish assaults and murders in 115 localities" in which about 300 Jewish deaths had been documented. 2025: 149: 2614: 1418:" of the anti-communist underground due to their political loyalties. Their percentage was not large, however; among the victims recorded by Julian Kwiek were only 84 people identified with the new government. 1593:

stereotype with Poles who generally had anti-Communist and anti-Soviet attitudes. Accusations that Jews were supportive of the communist regime and were a threat to Poland also came from high officials of the

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back to the USSR by force. Uninterrupted traffic across the Polish borders intensified, with many Jews passing through on their way west or south. In January 1946, 86,000 survivors were registered with the

1508:

indicated that between 1944 and 1954, 37.1 percent of the ministry's 450 directors were Jewish. The underground anti-communist press held them responsible for the murder of Polish opponents of the regime.

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The population was reduced by one-third from 35.1 million in 1939 to 23.7 million people in 1946. The ruling elite was wiped out: there were less than 40,000 people with higher education.

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Weizman, Yechiel. "Unsettled possession: the question of ownership of Jewish sites in Poland after the Holocaust from a local perspective." Jewish Culture and History 18.1 (2017): 34-53.

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provoked by units of the communist militia and the Soviet-controlled Polish Army, who confirmed rumors of the kidnapping. Police and soldiers were the first to fire shots at Jews.

1708:

soldiers. In September and October 1945, about 25 of those arrested were charged and 10 were imprisoned. Shortly after the Kielce pogrom, violence against Jews in Poland ceased.

2518: 2611: 5757: 5001: 3621: 2603: 2330: 1365: 3188:»Autorka nie wyjaśnia zadziwiającego powrotu tego motywu w pierwszych latach powojennych, zadowalając się powtórzeniem poglądu zakorzenionego w literaturze przedmiotu...« 2697:. For background to a Decree issued on November 10, 1945, by the State National Council (Krajowa Rada Narodowa, KRN) about changing and adjusting names and surnames, see 2262: 17: 5358: 1130: 5393: 5348: 2650: 1535:

changed their names to Polish ones after 10 November 1945 for anonymity. In May 1945, public security offices were destroyed by the anti-communist underground in

5388: 5383: 5368: 2531: 1928: 2170: 5373: 2438: 5880: 5378: 5353: 5111: 4185: 234: 5832: 5611: 2223: 1472:(KPP) returned home from the Soviet Union as functionaries of the new regime. Among them were a number of Poles of Jewish origin, who became active in the 2427: 1704:

and other parts of the city's Old Town, and a fire was set in Kupa Synagogue. One hundred forty-five people were arrested including 40 militiamen and six

3247: 2240: 1518: 995: 5322: 2096: 6682: 2599:(Jews in the authorities of the Polish Secret Security. Stereotype or Reality?), Bulletin of the Institute of National Remembrance (11/2005), p. 37-42: 2066: 1748:

A statistical compendium of "Jewish deaths by violence for which specific record is extant, by month and province" was compiled by David Engel for the

811: 1348: 3662: 3614: 1361: 1344: 3299: 4178: 3752: 880: 5317: 6687: 2824: 1319: 816: 3114:»ciało zostało przebite na wylot nie tylko przez sam pocisk, ale także przez stalowe i mosiężne odłamki pochodzące z rozbitego strzałem zamka.« 1411: 5327: 2303: 6203: 5332: 7058: 6692: 5790: 5407: 3607: 2563: 1618:

Reports of political repression by Communist forces in Poland and political murders by security forces under Soviet control were mounting.

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Book review of Stefan Grajek, "Po wojnie i co dalej? Żydzi w Polsce, w latach 1945−1949", translated from Hebrew by Aleksander Klugman,

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In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed. Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press, 2003.

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In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed. Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press, 2003.

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In: David Bankier, ed. The Jews are Coming Back: The Return of the Jews to Their Countries of Origin After WW II. Berghahn Books, 2005.

249: 244: 239: 2850: 2758: 2548: 1956: 5795: 5363: 5104: 3846: 1752:

Shoah Resource Center's International School for Holocaust Studies. The study was the starting point for a 1973 report by historian

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documentary evidence confirming the death of one person, Cichopek claims five victims by looking at photographs from some funeral.

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Mniejszości narodowe w Polsce. Państwo i społeczeństwo polskie a mniejszości narodowe w okresach przełomów politycznych (1944−1989)

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As the victory over Nazi Germany was celebrated in the West in May 1945, Polish partisans attacked country offices of the PUBP,

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Gross, Jan T. (2005). "After Auschwitz: The Reality and Meaning of Postwar Antisemitism in Poland". In Jonathan Frankel (ed.).

482: 4951: 2415: 650: 5462: 4956: 2868: 2660: 2288: 2110: 2047: 1989: 5659: 5142: 5097: 3745: 3506:

Poland's holocaust : ethnic strife, collaboration with occupying forces and genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947

1481: 1462: 441: 401: 806: 7068: 7022: 7016: 5847: 5818: 5597: 1312: 277: 5951: 5926: 4157: 3906: 526: 501: 5946: 5780: 5137: 3836: 2807: 1999: 1855: 1261: 1210: 521: 6677: 5956: 3519: 3380: 3337: 3257: 3212: 3048: 2970: 2914: 2889:

According to IPN estimates (2007) there were 350,000–400,000 political prisoners held in Poland from 1944 till 1956.

2578: 2211: 2180: 2076: 2035: 1505: 580: 531: 214: 5198: 6667: 4688: 3499: 2950: 2646: 1772: 1399: 1222: 796: 267: 5941: 5931: 5916: 2350: 536: 516: 506: 491: 7098: 6783: 5742: 3738: 2355:(in Polish). Kwartalnik Historii Żydów, Recenzje (Jewish History Quarterly; Reviews). p. 240. Archived from 1477: 423: 6823: 3936: 2930:

Aleksiun, Natalia (2003). "Jewish Responses to Antisemitism in Poland 1944-1947". In Joshua D. Zimmerman (ed.).

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Searching for Justice After the Holocaust: Fulfilling the Terezin Declaration and Immovable Property Restitution

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Jewish emigration from Poland surged, partly as a result of this violence but also because Poland was the only

1305: 1017: 180: 6768: 5193: 1540: 1217: 955: 725: 595: 6798: 6153: 5936: 5921: 5863: 5737: 5547: 3100:[Deaths on the streets of Kraków in 1945-1947 at the archives of the Institute of Forensic Medicine] 1340: 1336: 551: 511: 188: 6773: 6738: 4066: 3789: 3098:"Śmierć na ulicach Krakowa w latach 1945-1947 w materiale archiwalnym krakowskiego Zakładu Medycyny Sądowej" 1863:

intensity until 1948 and ended with thousands killed, wounded, arrested, or transported to the Soviet Union.

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The coroners' report revealed: the body was pierced by a bullet and shrapnel from the locking mechanism.

1899: 1120: 1100: 1064: 1054: 1044: 1010: 831: 6818: 6559: 4783: 4285: 3901: 3480:, (translated from Hebrew by Aleksander Klugman), Żydowski Instytut Historyczny, Warszawa 2003, pg. 254 2761:

In: Robert Blobaum, ed. Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland. Cornell University Press, 2005.

680: 655: 565: 6748: 6602: 5684: 5626: 5567: 5508: 5162: 5066: 5006: 4589: 4152: 3866: 3811: 3692: 2629:

Daniel Blatamn. "The Encounter between Jews and Poles in Lublin District after Liberation, 1944-1945."

1239: 1170: 1110: 1059: 575: 376: 51: 2699: 1576: 1560: 935: 615: 600: 6828: 6258: 5669: 5457: 5042: 4733: 4678: 4147: 3876: 3856: 3806: 3712: 3667: 3001: 1469: 1105: 1069: 1049: 314: 299: 6743: 3286:

Suggested reading: Arieh J. Kochavi, "Britain and the Jewish Exodus...," Polin 7 (1992): pp. 161–175

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Antisemitism, Anti-Judaism, and the Polish Catholic Clergy during the Second World War, 1939-1945.

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The Holocaust and Its Aftermath as Perceived in Poland: Voices of Polish Intellectuals, 1945-1947.

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responsible for orchestrating the Kielce pogrom the chief of the UB Soviet intelligence officer.

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Poland and other countries halt the Jewish exodus, but their pressure was largely unsuccessful.

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Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia.

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Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions in the 1950s and After

1972: 705: 6672: 6253: 6238: 6213: 5747: 5167: 2771: 1825: 1244: 801: 765: 760: 750: 635: 324: 126: 4021: 905: 7048: 6607: 6538: 6520: 6390: 6248: 5224: 4935: 4820: 4456: 4381: 4325: 3281: 2874: 2258: 1175: 6908: 6597: 6360: 6340: 5062: 4900: 3921: 3126:

Cichopek, Anna (2003). "The Cracow pogrom of August 1945: A Narrative Reconstruction". In

2345:"Central and Eastern European Online Library (CEEOL); page 11, note 7 of current document" 1165: 755: 620: 8: 7088: 7083: 7078: 6431: 6426: 6385: 6350: 6223: 6168: 5975: 5762: 5634: 5274: 5234: 4683: 4506: 4045: 3946: 3127: 2593: 2571: 1895: 1705: 1524: 1457: 1390: 570: 224: 6499: 5284: 4076: 4051: 4011: 940: 895: 6574: 6441: 6345: 6188: 6122: 6057: 5810: 5503: 5472: 5259: 5011: 4559: 4496: 4426: 4416: 4335: 4016: 3800: 3776: 3588: 3440:

The Jews in Poland after World War II (Hebrew), (Jerusalem: Merkaz Zalman Shazar, 1985)

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Post-Holocaust Politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish Refugees, 1945–1948

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Post-Holocaust politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish refugees, 1945-1948

1572: 1504:) to put non-Jewish and Jewish Poles "on a collision course." A study by the Polish 6992: 6718: 6612: 6405: 6400: 6299: 6198: 6117: 6107: 5689: 5294: 5244: 5034: 4855: 4713: 4501: 4491: 4466: 4350: 4340: 4315: 4265: 4106: 3978: 3941: 3926: 3578: 3158: 2793: 2754: 2245:

University Press of Kentucky 1989 - 201 pages. Page 13; also in Richard C. Lukas,

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The Plunder of Jewish Property during the Holocaust: Confronting European History

2021: 1760: 1595: 1497: 1415: 1150: 910: 730: 720: 715: 710: 660: 640: 610: 329: 6335: 5432: 4763: 4345: 4225: 4200: 4081: 6852: 6803: 6532: 6493: 6471: 6456: 6446: 6410: 6325: 6294: 6082: 6037: 5452: 5447: 5279: 5147: 5054: 4976: 4930: 4845: 4743: 4704: 4627: 4486: 4471: 4446: 4386: 4275: 4260: 4240: 4230: 4091: 3983: 2704: 1697: 1564: 1544: 1351:. The estimated number of Jewish victims varies, ranging up to 2,000. In 2021, 1284: 1280: 965: 915: 900: 630: 463: 413: 292: 81: 4668: 4476: 4436: 4041: 3911: 2304:"Historian: Polish society shunned Jewish survivors returning from Nazi camps" 1661: 1584: 7037: 6943: 6887: 6713: 6642: 6569: 6505: 6087: 5649: 5467: 5239: 4980: 4915: 4910: 4895: 4865: 4860: 4830: 4768: 4723: 4637: 4622: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4574: 4564: 4544: 4516: 4406: 4376: 4295: 4280: 4235: 4126: 4096: 4071: 4061: 4031: 4026: 3962: 3644: 3249:

The Unwanted: European Refugees from the First World War Through the Cold War

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allowed Stalin to forcibly return Jewish refugees and Soviet nationals from

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Nie chcemy Żydów u siebie: Przejawy wrogości wobec Żydów w latach 1944–1947

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The politics of retribution in Europe : World War II and its aftermath

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The politics of retribution in Europe : World War II and its aftermath

1780: 1764: 1493: 1423: 1419: 1380: 1352: 1022: 960: 391: 287: 4411: 2718:"Anti-Communist Armed Underground in Poland After 1944 - An Introduction." 2549:

Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present.

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Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath

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Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath

2228:

Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath

1637: 1556: 1536: 1485: 665: 456: 2532:"The Role of Antisemitism in Postwar Polish-Jewish Relations." Page 270. 5992: 4875: 4840: 4396: 4245: 3016: 2475:

false Beyond Violence: Jewish Survivors in Poland and Slovakia, 1944–48

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Poland's holocaust: ethnic strife, collaboration with occupying forces

1820:

Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland

1673: 6922: 6894: 5132: 4569: 4142: 3583: 3268:(flight), accelerated powerfully after the Kielce pogrom in July 1946 3207:. University of London School of Slavonic and East European Studies. 3108:. 4/2 (8), 143–157. Muzeum Historii Polski. p. 148 (7 of 16 in PDF). 2728: 2247:

The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939-1944

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Redrawing nations: ethnic cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944-1948

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Bitter Legacy: Polish-American Relations in the Wake of World War II

2499:

Robbery and Restitution: The Conflict Over Jewish Property in Europe

1685: 1641: 6999: 6936: 6289: 6002: 5572: 2561:"Jakub Berman's Papers Received at the Hoover Institution Archives" 1951: 1949: 1681: 1532: 408: 6971: 6915: 5854: 2863:. Lublin: LIBER Duo S.C. Publishing. p. 22, or 24 of 332 in PDF. 2439:

Beyond Violence: Jewish Survivors in Poland and Slovakia, 1944–48

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Beyond Violence: Jewish Survivors in Poland and Slovakia, 1944-48

1665: 1657: 1606: 1548: 1394: 349: 5842: 3375:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. pp. 106–107. 3355:

Lucjan Dobroszycki. "Restoring Jewish Life in Post-War Poland",

1946: 6901: 5644: 3760: 3571:"Violence as the Cause of Jewish Flight from Poland, 1945–1946" 2802:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 43–45, 47. 2727:"National Armed Forces. Polish Underground Soldiers 1944–1963." 2019: 1727: 1723: 1669: 1645: 1615:

refugees), insisted on their preferential treatment in Israel.

1611: 1385: 1373: 418: 3205:

The Phoney Peace: Power and Culture in Central Europe, 1945-49

1422:

noted that "only a fraction of deaths could be attributed to

7094:

Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1946

6929: 2202:

Albert Stankowski, with August Grabski and Grzegorz Berendt;

1649: 386: 339: 334: 4201:

Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators

2206:, Warszawa, Żydowski Instytut Historyczny 2000, pp.107-111. 2134:"Poland. Liberation, Reconstruction, and Flight (1944-1947)" 3043:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. p. 111. 2477:, Cambridge University Press, Anna Cichopek-Gajraj, page 82 2441:, Cambridge University Press, Anna Cichopek-Gajraj, page 72 2140: 1528: 1406:. By the spring of 1947, only 90,000 Jews lived in Poland. 354: 2723:

Polish Underground Soldiers 1944–1963 - The Untold Story.

3245: 2361: 1850:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 26, 47, 114, 143. 1393:. By contrast, the Soviet Union brought Soviet Jews from 5840: 5758:

International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz

3550:(in Polish). Wydawnictwo Nieoczywiste. pp. 209, 217 3478:

Po wojnie i co dalej? Żydzi w Polsce, w latach 1945−1949

2224:"Jewish Responses to Antisemitism in Poland, 1944–1947." 2168: 5619: 3629: 3332:. The University of North Carolina Press. pp. xi. 3002:"Patterns of Anti-Jewish Violence in Poland, 1944-1946" 2396: 3417:

Jewish Responses to Antisemitism in Poland, 1944-1947.

3344:

Britain exerted pressure on the governments of Poland.

2597:Żydzi w kierownictwie UB. Stereotyp czy rzeczywistość? 2416:

Jewish Responses to Antisemitism in Poland, 1944-1947.

2071:. Syracuse University Press; 325 pages. pp. 70–. 1991:

Warlords: An Extraordinary Re-Creation of World War II

1934: 3452:

Cichopek (2003), "The Cracow pogrom of August 1945"

1726:, the causes of which remain controversial, began in 1356:

country, including Polish Jews who managed to escape

3415:

Princeton University Press, 2002; Natalia Aleksiun.

3264:

This gigantic effort, known by the Hebrew code word

3246:

Marrus, Michael Robert; Aristide R. Zolberg (2002).

1451: 2827:[Summary of Poland's World War II Losses]. 2451:

The Plunder of Jewish Property during the Holocaust

3503: 3498: 3467: 3409:Because They Were Jews: A History of Antisemitism. 3325: 2954: 2822: 2645: 1512: 1434: 3369:István Deák; Jan Tomasz Gross; Tony Judt (2000). 3300:"Anti-Jewish Violence in Poland After Liberation" 3202: 3037:István Deák; Jan Tomasz Gross; Tony Judt (2000). 2230:. Rutgers University Press, 2003. Pages 249; 256. 1362:territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union 7035: 5120:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical 2945: 2943: 2941: 2739: 2301: 2249:, University Press of Kentucky 1986 - 300 pages. 2242:Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust 1333:Anti-Jewish violence in Poland from 1944 to 1946 27:Post-WW2 pogroms and massacres of Jews in Poland 3230:Antisemitism and its opponents in modern Poland 3198: 3196: 3074:Antisemitism and its opponents in modern Poland 3019:, Jerusalem. pp. 21 (§ 2), 32. PDF file, 198 KB 2641: 2639: 2633:. 2006, Vol. 20, No. 4, 598-621. Pages 601-602. 2536:Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland 2281:Ghost Citizens: Jewish Return to a Postwar City 1843: 1519:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) 1341:history of the Jews and Polish-Jewish relations 3362: 2577:, August 11, 2008 by the Board of Trustees of 2265:". In: David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig. 1372:. Incidents ranged from individual attacks to 5826: 5605: 5105: 4186: 3746: 3615: 2938: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2204:Studia z historii Żydów w Polsce po 1945 roku 2090: 2088: 1313: 157: 5791:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust 3193: 3106:Pamięć I Sprawiedliwość (Memory and Justice) 2825:"Bilans strat Polski po II wojnie światowej" 2636: 2278: 1987: 3761:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks 3492: 3446: 3349: 3273: 3165:Pogrom Żydów w Krakowie 11 sierpnia 1945 r. 3134:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 224–. 3030: 2744:. Northwestern University Press. p. 1. 2623: 2269:. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. 2162: 2124: 2122: 5833: 5819: 5612: 5598: 5112: 5098: 4193: 4179: 3753: 3739: 3622: 3608: 3568: 3553: 3437: 3317: 3221: 3153: 3151: 3080: 3065: 2949: 2779: 2764: 2748: 2541: 2524: 2489:, Palgrave, Laurence Weinbaum, pages 100-1 2402: 2196: 2085: 1940: 1894: 1349:Soviet-backed communist takeover of Poland 1320: 1306: 164: 150: 3582: 3411:Greenwood Press, 1986; Jan Tomasz Gross. 3241: 3239: 2842: 2589: 2587: 2175:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 138. 1923: 1921: 1383:country to allow free Jewish emigration ( 3359:3 (1973), pp. 68-70. Cited in Engel 1998 3252:. Temple University Press. p. 336. 3181:. 1/1, 179–182. Muzeum Historii Polski. 3157: 3125: 3119: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2934:. Rutgers University Press. p. 248. 2929: 2923: 2816: 2711: 2581:Library and Archives Recent Acquisitions 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2283:. Harvard University Press. p. 62. 2119: 1888: 6701: 5716:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission 3397: 3323: 3148: 3095: 3089: 2857:After the Jewish Genocide (1944 – 1948) 2848: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2503:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2128: 2094: 2064: 2015: 2013: 2011: 1955:David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig. 1837: 18:Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–46 14: 7036: 5699:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials 5059:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions 3431: 3236: 2631:East European Politics & Societies 2584: 2554: 1988:Berthon, Simon; Potts, Joanna (2007). 1967: 1965: 1918: 1636:disturbances or riots were sparked by 6688:Union of Jewish Religious Communities 5814: 5593: 5093: 4174: 3734: 3603: 3545: 3422: 2999: 2982: 2904: 2898: 2792: 2444: 2333:Princeton University Press - Page 277 2316: 2233: 2060: 2058: 2056: 1959:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. 817:Union of Jewish Religious Communities 3279: 3171:The Cracow pogrom of August 11, 1945 2733: 2680: 2669: 2501:, Berghan Books in association with 2336: 2008: 1981: 1814:Attack on the NKVD Camp in Rembertów 1743: 7059:Aftermath of World War II in Poland 5620:Aftermath, trials and commemoration 3631:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland 3297: 2831:. Wydawnictwo Pinnex, Kraków 2000. 2551:University of Nebraska Press, 2006. 2521:, Harvard University Press, page 52 2465:, Oxford University Press, page 325 2342: 2252: 2216: 1962: 1500:and director of the Special Bureau 24: 7074:Riots and civil disorder in Poland 5781:Polish Righteous Among the Nations 3510:. McFarland and Company. pp. 2796:(2015). "From Potsdam to Kielce". 2408: 2053: 1957:The World Reacts to the Holocaust. 1759:A number of historians, including 1211:Anti-Fascist Military Organisation 25: 7110: 7064:Polish war crimes in World War II 6678:Jewish Community Centre of Krakow 5463:Special Prosecution Book – Poland 3575:Sprawy Narodowościowe: Seria nowa 3407:Routledge, 1989; Meyer Weinberg. 2700:Powojenne prawo o zmianie nazwisk 2687:. BasicBooks. pp. 175, 183. 2579:Leland Stanford Junior University 2538:. Cornell University Press, 2005. 2302:JP O' Malley (19 December 2020). 2267:The World Reacts to the Holocaust 2169:Philipp Ther, Ana Siljak (2001). 2030:. Penn State Press. p. 375. 1527:(communist state police), UB and 1506:Institute of National Remembrance 1452:Holocaust survivors and returnees 1223:Resistance movements in Auschwitz 807:Jewish Community Centre of Kraków 7012: 7011: 6668:Central Committee of Polish Jews 5853: 5841: 5640:Population transfers (1944–1946) 4689:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg 3167:by Anna Cichopek, Warszawa 2000" 2852:Po Zagładzie Żydów (1944 – 1948) 1711: 1400:Central Committee of Polish Jews 1290: 1279: 797:Central Committee of Polish Jews 205: 197: 5743:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum 5655:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946 3562: 3539: 3291: 3203:Robert B. Pynsent, ed. (2000). 2512: 2492: 2480: 2468: 2456: 2432: 2421: 2272: 1513:Anti-communist armed resistance 1435:Property claims and restitution 424:Zionist Socialist Workers Party 6874:Der Beobachter an der Weichsel 5071:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118 5047:36th Estonian Police Battalion 3569:Semczyszyn, Magdalena (2022). 1994:. Da Capo Press. p. 285. 1844:Cichopek-Gajraj, Anna (2014). 13: 1: 6154:Chanokh Heynekh of Aleksander 5738:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes 5568:Human medical experimentation 3534:2,000 Jews between 1944 1947. 2907:Studies in Contemporary Jewry 2351:Żydowski Instytut Historyczny 2279:Krzyzanowski, Lukasz (2020). 2226:In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed. 1978:Published by McFarland, 1998. 1901:Civil War in Poland 1942–1948 1831: 1429: 1368:imposed by the Allies at the 1337:end of World War II in Europe 6264:Yaakov Yitzchak of Peshischa 3403:See, e.g., Antony Polanski. 3173:by Anna Cichopek, 2000] 2601:online article (PDF 1.10 MB) 2103:University of North Carolina 1779:According to a 2021 book by 1640:accusations against Jews in 1478:Polish United Workers' Party 37:Postwar anti-Jewish violence 7: 5773:Righteous Among the Nations 5660:Ministry of Public Security 5039:Belarusian Auxiliary Police 3649:Related articles by country 3232:By Robert Blobaum. Page 272 3076:By Robert Blobaum. Page 271 2909:. Oxford University Press. 2387:, Piotr Madajczyk (red.), 2027:From the Polish Underground 1807: 1790:paper, Holocaust historian 1492:'s political apparatus and 1482:Ministry of Public Security 1339:and influenced the postwar 1262:Righteous Among the Nations 1218:Częstochowa Ghetto uprising 10: 7115: 7069:Aftermath of the Holocaust 6603:Operation Harvest Festival 5849:Jews and Judaism in Poland 5685:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials 5067:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 3324:Kochavi, Arieh J. (2001). 2770:Kochavi, Arieh J. (2001), 2742:The Jews in Polish Culture 2655:. McFarland. p. 313. 2095:Kochavi, Arieh J. (2011). 1715: 1630: 1516: 1335:preceded and followed the 1240:Jewish Combat Organization 1171:Operation Harvest Festival 52:Aftermath of the Holocaust 7024:List of active synagogues 7021: . 7009: 6837: 6731: 6660: 6631: 6548: 6484: 6419: 6313: 6282: 6259:Simcha Bunim of Peshischa 6146: 5985: 5974: 5909: 5873: 5862: 5771: 5728: 5698: 5677: 5668: 5625: 5589: 5540: 5520: 5481: 5458:Sobibor perpetrator album 5415: 5406: 5341: 5310: 5303: 5217: 5176: 5125: 5089: 5043:Estonian Auxiliary Police 5025: 4969: 4944: 4808: 4801: 4702: 4646: 4588: 4530: 4359: 4213: 4206: 4170: 4153:Human medical experiments 4135: 3997: 3955: 3894: 3827: 3775: 3766: 3730: 3726: 3637: 2812:– via Google Books. 2740:Aleksander Hertz (1988). 2391:, Warszawa 1998, s. 252). 2364:direct download, 1.03 MB) 2065:Hakohen, Devorah (2003). 1470:Communist Party of Poland 1364:, and returned after the 1345:anti-communist resistance 1206:Białystok Ghetto uprising 6958:Lodzer Naje Folkscajtung 6234:Menachem Mendel of Kotzk 6218:Saba Kadisha of Radzymin 6083:Shalom Shachna of Lublin 5706:Auschwitz trial (Poland) 5051:Latvian Auxiliary Police 4784:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth 4286:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger 3096:Konopka, Tomasz (2005). 2849:Grzesik, Julian (2010). 2823:Wielka Historia Polski. 2773:Post-Holocaust politics, 2534:In: Robert Blobaum, ed. 1904:. Springer. p. 11. 1700:. Jews were attacked in 681:Old Synagogue (Przemyśl) 656:New Synagogue (Przemyśl) 6709:Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva 6179:Yehuda Aryeh Leib Alter 6159:Avraham Mordechai Alter 6048:Aaron Samuel Kaidanover 5796:Garden of the Righteous 5548:Identification in camps 5541:Technical and logistics 4987:Order Police battalions 3179:Pamięć I Sprawiedliwość 2829:NowaHistoria.interia.pl 1414:, assassinated by the " 1257:Rescue of Jews by Poles 842:Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva 137:Partisan Congress riots 7099:Antisemitism in Poland 6789:Okopowa Street, Warsaw 6244:Mordechai Yosef Leiner 5209:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 4674:Heinrich Klaustermeyer 3546:Kwiek, Julian (2021). 2331:Revolution from Abroad 1801: 1601:The provisions of the 1488:, third in command in 1468:Members of the former 1235:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 1228:Auschwitz Combat Group 676:Old Synagogue (Kraków) 651:New Synagogue (Ostrów) 596:Great Synagogue (Łódź) 7054:Jewish Polish history 6673:Council of Four Lands 6254:Elimelech of Lizhensk 6239:Gershon Henoch Leiner 6214:Yaakov Aryeh Guterman 5748:Majdanek State Museum 4881:Karl-Friedrich Höcker 3785:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 3357:Soviet Jewish Affairs 3000:Engel, David (1998). 2961:. McFarland. p. 2353:, Warsaw 2003 (p. 95) 1826:National Armed Forces 1796: 1517:Further information: 1474:Polish Workers' Party 1245:Jewish Military Union 1082:and mass murder sites 802:Council of Four Lands 6693:Vaad Rosh Hashochtim 6391:Abraham Silberschein 6249:Shmuel Shlomo Leiner 5225:Mordechai Anielewicz 4936:Elisabeth Volkenrath 4821:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann 4457:Arthur Liebehenschel 4382:Hermine Braunsteiner 4326:Arthur Seyss-Inquart 3428:Cited in Engel, 1998 3405:My Brother's Keeper? 3128:Zimmerman, Joshua D. 2721:The Doomed Soldiers. 2453:, Palgrave, page 101 2259:Michael C. Steinlauf 1976:, page 130, (ibidem) 1971:Tadeusz Piotrowski, 1896:Prazmowska, Anita J. 1412:new Stalinist regime 822:Vaad Rosh Hashochtim 6432:Shmuel Yankev Imber 6427:Yechiel Granatstein 6386:Adam Daniel Rotfeld 6351:Maksymilian Horwitz 6224:Ben Zion Halberstam 6169:Yitzchak Meir Alter 5763:March of the Living 5635:Holocaust survivors 5499:Vrba–Wetzler report 5275:Alexander Pechersky 5235:Mordechai Tenenbaum 4684:Alexander Palfinger 4507:Johann Schwarzhuber 4067:Międzyrzec Podlaski 4046:Lviv pogroms (1941) 3947:Sonderaktion Krakau 3280:Aleksiun, Natalia. 2951:Piotrowski, Tadeusz 2730:DoomedSoldiers.com. 2681:Sack, John (1993). 2594:Krzysztof Szwagrzyk 2572:Stanford University 2547:Joanna B. Michlic. 2385:Mniejszość żydowska 2308:The Times of Israel 2150:on December 3, 2013 2105:Press. p. 15. 1927:Joanna B. Michlic. 1706:Polish Armed Forces 1627:his own business." 1585:Kotki (Busko-Zdrój) 1391:Mandatory Palestine 996:Concentration camps 215:Historical Timeline 189:History of Jews and 6683:Judaica Foundation 6346:Apolinary Hartglas 6189:Avrohom Bornsztain 6123:David HaLevi Segal 6098:Moses ha-Levi Minz 6058:Yitzhak-Meir Levin 5678:West German trials 5473:Wannsee Conference 5260:Itzhak Katzenelson 5012:General Government 4497:Franz Reichleitner 4427:Fritz Hartjenstein 4417:Maximilian Grabner 4336:Bruno Streckenbach 4148:Grossaktion Warsaw 3801:Operation Reinhard 3500:Tadeusz Piotrowski 3486:2012-07-29 at the 3454:Contested Memories 3009:Yad Vashem Studies 2957:Poland's Holocaust 2647:Tadeusz Piotrowski 2617:2011-05-22 at the 2606:2009-02-06 at the 2575:Hoover Institution 2566:2010-11-30 at the 2414:Natalia Aleksiun. 2329:Jan Tomasz Gross, 2239:Richard C. Lukas, 2222:Natalia Aleksiun. 2020:Michael Bernhard; 1974:Poland's Holocaust 1788:Yad Vashem Studies 1773:Tadeusz Piotrowski 1754:Lucjan Dobroszycki 1091:Auschwitz-Birkenau 812:Judaica Foundation 626:Kowea Itim le-Tora 7031: 7030: 6986:Włocławker Sztyme 6727: 6726: 6656: 6655: 6634:Post-World War II 6480: 6479: 6437:Julian Kornhauser 6396:Stefan Staszewski 6361:Józef Lewartowski 6341:Bronisław Geremek 6204:Shmuel Bornsztain 6063:Yaakov Lorberbaum 6023:Aryeh Tzvi Frumer 5970: 5969: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5724: 5723: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5536: 5535: 5528:Sonderaktion 1005 5402: 5401: 5085: 5084: 5063:Ypatingasis būrys 4965: 4964: 4906:Johanna Langefeld 4901:Hildegard Lächert 4797: 4796: 4633:Alfred Trzebinski 4598:Franz von Bodmann 4550:Lorenz Hackenholt 4392:Theodor van Eupen 4331:Jakob Sporrenberg 4166: 4165: 3890: 3889: 3552:, as reported by 3298:Ochayon, Sheryl. 3159:Libionka, Dariusz 2870:978-83-61301-91-2 2794:Lukas, Richard C. 2684:An eye for an eye 2662:978-0-7864-2913-4 2343:Grabski, August. 2290:978-0-674-98466-0 2112:978-0-8078-2620-1 2048:978-0-271-02565-0 1744:Number of victims 1737:Marian Spychalski 1620:Arthur Bliss Lane 1581:Białowieża Forest 1575:(21 and 24 May), 1404:Marian Spychalski 1330: 1329: 1272: 1271: 860: 859: 472: 471: 452:Jewish Autonomism 288:Polish-Ashkenazim 191:Judaism in Poland 174: 173: 132:Kolbasov massacre 77:Kunmadaras pogrom 40: 39:in central Europe 16:(Redirected from 7106: 7025: 7019: 7015: 7014: 6993:Wloclawker Weker 6719:Novardok Yeshiva 6699: 6698: 6635: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6506:Cossack riots - 6406:Szmul Zygielbojm 6401:Roman Zambrowski 6300:Herman Lieberman 6199:Dovid Bornsztain 6118:Moshe Rosenstain 6108:Meir Dan Plotzky 5983: 5982: 5978: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5857: 5850: 5845: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5812: 5811: 5690:Treblinka trials 5675: 5674: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5591: 5590: 5489:Graebe affidavit 5482:Witness accounts 5428:Frank memorandum 5413: 5412: 5308: 5307: 5295:Szmul Zygielbojm 5285:Frumka Płotnicka 5245:Leon Feldhendler 5230:Icchak Cukierman 5184:Ghetto uprisings 5114: 5107: 5100: 5091: 5090: 5035:Schutzmannschaft 4856:Feodor Fedorenko 4806: 4805: 4714:Wolfgang Birkner 4502:Heinrich Schwarz 4492:Josef Oberhauser 4467:Heinrich Matthes 4351:Dieter Wisliceny 4341:Richard Thomalla 4316:Heinz Reinefarth 4266:Heinrich Himmler 4211: 4210: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4172: 4171: 4136:Other atrocities 3773: 3772: 3755: 3748: 3741: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3624: 3617: 3610: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3584:10.11649/sn.2812 3557: 3551: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3509: 3496: 3490: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3438:Yisrael Gutman. 3435: 3429: 3426: 3420: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3366: 3360: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3331: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3311: 3302:. Archived from 3295: 3289: 3288: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3243: 3234: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3200: 3191: 3190: 3176: 3155: 3146: 3145: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3103: 3093: 3087: 3086:Michlic, p. 347. 3084: 3078: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3024: 3006: 2997: 2980: 2979: 2960: 2947: 2936: 2935: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2886: 2885: 2879: 2873:. Archived from 2862: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2790: 2777: 2768: 2762: 2755:Dariusz Libionka 2752: 2746: 2745: 2737: 2731: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2678: 2667: 2666: 2643: 2634: 2627: 2621: 2591: 2582: 2558: 2552: 2545: 2539: 2530:Bozena Szaynok. 2528: 2522: 2519:Shattered Spaces 2516: 2510: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2425: 2419: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2373: 2371: 2366:on July 29, 2012 2365: 2340: 2334: 2327: 2314: 2311: 2298: 2276: 2270: 2256: 2250: 2237: 2231: 2220: 2214: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2149: 2143:. 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They included 1370:Yalta Conference 1322: 1315: 1308: 1294: 1289: 1283: 877: 876: 852:Novardok Yeshiva 790: 789: 576:Chabad-Lubavitch 274: 273: 223: 219: 209: 204: 201: 176: 175: 166: 159: 152: 127:Topoľčany pogrom 36: 32: 31: 21: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7044:1940s in Poland 7034: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7023: 7017: 7005: 6979:The Jewish Word 6951:Lubliner Sztyme 6846:Arbeiter Fragen 6833: 6723: 6697: 6652: 6633: 6627: 6618:Valley of Death 6588:Kielce Cemetery 6550: 6544: 6486: 6476: 6452:Yosef Rosenthal 6415: 6381:Roman Romkowski 6309: 6278: 6173:Chidushei Harim 6142: 6013:Meir Eisenstadt 5976: 5966: 5932:Gdańsk (Danzig) 5905: 5864: 5858: 5848: 5839: 5809: 5800: 5767: 5720: 5711:Stutthof trials 5694: 5664: 5621: 5618: 5577: 5563:Holocaust train 5532: 5516: 5504:Witold's Report 5494:Gerstein Report 5477: 5443:Katzmann Report 5423:Auschwitz Album 5398: 5337: 5299: 5265:Michał Klepfisz 5213: 5172: 5121: 5118: 5081: 5021: 4991:Ordnungspolizei 4961: 4940: 4921:Erich Muhsfeldt 4851:Margot Dreschel 4836:Alexander Bülow 4793: 4789:Udo von Woyrsch 4779:Hermann Schaper 4774:Emanuel Schäfer 4759:Josef Meisinger 4719:Helmut Bischoff 4698: 4654:Heinz Auerswald 4642: 4584: 4532: 4526: 4522:Christian Wirth 4432:Gottlieb Hering 4355: 4321:Julian Scherner 4306:Georg Michalsen 4291:Franz Kutschera 4251:Odilo Globocnik 4202: 4199: 4162: 4131: 3993: 3951: 3932:Kielce cemetery 3886: 3823: 3762: 3759: 3722: 3633: 3628: 3565: 3560: 3554:Semczyszyn 2022 3544: 3540: 3522: 3497: 3493: 3488:Wayback Machine 3476:Stefan Grajek, 3473: 3472: 3468: 3451: 3447: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3402: 3398: 3383: 3367: 3363: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3322: 3318: 3309: 3307: 3296: 3292: 3278: 3274: 3260: 3244: 3237: 3227:B. Szaynok, in 3226: 3222: 3215: 3201: 3194: 3174: 3169:[Review of 3156: 3149: 3142: 3124: 3120: 3101: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3071:B. Szaynok, in 3070: 3066: 3051: 3035: 3031: 3022: 3020: 3004: 2998: 2983: 2973: 2948: 2939: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2903: 2899: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2860: 2847: 2843: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2791: 2780: 2769: 2765: 2753: 2749: 2738: 2734: 2716: 2712: 2695: 2679: 2670: 2663: 2644: 2637: 2628: 2624: 2619:Wayback Machine 2608:Wayback Machine 2592: 2585: 2568:Wayback Machine 2559: 2555: 2546: 2542: 2529: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2509:, pages 244-248 2497: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2422: 2413: 2409: 2403:Semczyszyn 2022 2401: 2397: 2369: 2367: 2359: 2341: 2337: 2328: 2317: 2291: 2277: 2273: 2257: 2253: 2238: 2234: 2221: 2217: 2201: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2167: 2163: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2136: 2127: 2120: 2113: 2093: 2086: 2079: 2063: 2054: 2038: 2022:Henryk Szlajfer 2018: 2009: 2002: 1986: 1982: 1970: 1963: 1954: 1947: 1941:Semczyszyn 2022 1939: 1935: 1926: 1919: 1912: 1893: 1889: 1877: 1876: 1867: 1866: 1858: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1810: 1768: 1761:Antony Polonsky 1746: 1720: 1714: 1633: 1596:Catholic Church 1583:, 28 May), and 1521: 1515: 1498:Roman Romkowski 1490:Bolesław Bierut 1463:occupied Poland 1454: 1437: 1432: 1416:cursed soldiers 1326: 1287: 1274: 1273: 1268: 1190: 1156:Kielce Cemetery 1125: 1121:Valley of Death 1074: 990: 874: 873: 862: 861: 856: 826: 787: 786: 777: 776: 775: 581:Chachmei Lublin 555: 554: 543: 542: 541: 486: 485: 474: 473: 468: 428: 371: 330:Izhbitza-Radzin 271: 270: 259: 221: 217: 202: 190: 170: 141: 111: 86: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7112: 7102: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7029: 7028: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7003: 6996: 6989: 6982: 6975: 6968: 6961: 6954: 6947: 6940: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6891: 6884: 6877: 6870: 6863: 6860:Chełmer Sztyme 6856: 6853:Arbeiterstimme 6849: 6841: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6705: 6703: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6650: 6645: 6639: 6637: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6543: 6542: 6536: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6503: 6497: 6494:Alfonse Pogrom 6490: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6472:Lidia Zamenhof 6469: 6464: 6459: 6457:Artur Sandauer 6454: 6449: 6447:Roman Polanski 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6411:Jakub Wygodzki 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6376:Noach Pryłucki 6373: 6371:Roza Pomerantz 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6326:Jerzy Borejsza 6323: 6317: 6315: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6305:Noach Pryłucki 6302: 6297: 6295:Herman Diamand 6292: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6271: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6221: 6211: 6201: 6196: 6186: 6176: 6166: 6156: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6130: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6095: 6085: 6080: 6077:Maharam Lublin 6070: 6060: 6055: 6045: 6038:Moses Isserles 6035: 6025: 6020: 6010: 6000: 5995: 5989: 5987: 5980: 5972: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5877: 5875: 5868: 5860: 5859: 5838: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5815: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5777: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5753:Sobibór Museum 5750: 5745: 5740: 5734: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5681: 5679: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5631: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5617: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5594: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5510:Sonderkommando 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5453:Posen speeches 5450: 5448:Korherr Report 5445: 5440: 5438:Höfle telegram 5435: 5430: 5425: 5419: 5417: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5314: 5312: 5305: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5280:Witold Pilecki 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5255:Henryk Iwański 5252: 5250:Paweł Frenkiel 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5094: 5087: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5055:Arajs Kommando 5031: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4984: 4977:Einsatzgruppen 4973: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4931:Alice Orlowski 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4846:John Demjanjuk 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4812: 4810: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4744:Gerhard Flesch 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4710: 4708: 4705:Einsatzgruppen 4700: 4699: 4697: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4650: 4648: 4647:Ghetto command 4644: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4628:Horst Schumann 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4594: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4536: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4487:Johann Niemann 4484: 4479: 4474: 4472:Hermann Michel 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4447:Karl-Otto Koch 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4387:Irmfried Eberl 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4276:Fritz Katzmann 4273: 4268: 4263: 4261:Arthur Greiser 4258: 4256:Richard Glücks 4253: 4248: 4243: 4241:Ludwig Fischer 4238: 4233: 4231:Adolf Eichmann 4228: 4223: 4217: 4215: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4197: 4190: 4183: 4175: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4003: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3898: 3896: 3895:Mass shootings 3892: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3884: 3882:Danzig-Matzkau 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3847:Kraków-Płaszów 3844: 3839: 3833: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3781: 3779: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3758: 3757: 3750: 3743: 3735: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3627: 3626: 3619: 3612: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3558: 3556:, pp. 3–4 3538: 3520: 3491: 3466: 3445: 3430: 3421: 3396: 3381: 3361: 3348: 3338: 3316: 3290: 3272: 3258: 3235: 3220: 3213: 3192: 3147: 3140: 3118: 3088: 3079: 3064: 3049: 3029: 2981: 2971: 2937: 2922: 2915: 2897: 2869: 2841: 2815: 2809:978-0813150437 2808: 2778: 2763: 2747: 2732: 2710: 2705:Virtual Shtetl 2693: 2668: 2661: 2635: 2622: 2583: 2553: 2540: 2523: 2511: 2491: 2479: 2467: 2455: 2443: 2431: 2420: 2407: 2395: 2335: 2315: 2313: 2312: 2289: 2271: 2251: 2232: 2215: 2195: 2181: 2161: 2118: 2111: 2084: 2077: 2052: 2036: 2007: 2001:978-0306816505 2000: 1980: 1961: 1945: 1933: 1917: 1910: 1887: 1857:978-1107036666 1856: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1816: 1809: 1806: 1745: 1742: 1716:Main article: 1713: 1710: 1698:Kupa Synagogue 1632: 1629: 1573:Biała Podlaska 1514: 1511: 1456:Polish Jewish 1453: 1450: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1366:border changes 1328: 1327: 1325: 1324: 1317: 1310: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1285:Judaism portal 1276: 1275: 1270: 1269: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1192: 1191: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1076: 1075: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1030:Kraków-Płaszów 1027: 1026: 1025: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1002: 999: 998: 992: 991: 989: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 887: 884: 883: 875: 869: 868: 867: 864: 863: 858: 857: 855: 854: 849: 844: 838: 835: 834: 828: 827: 825: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 793: 788: 784: 783: 782: 779: 778: 774: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 601:High Synagogue 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 557: 556: 550: 549: 548: 545: 544: 540: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 488: 487: 481: 480: 479: 476: 475: 470: 469: 467: 466: 464:Reform Judaism 461: 460: 459: 449: 444: 438: 435: 434: 430: 429: 427: 426: 421: 416: 414:Lovers of Zion 411: 406: 405: 404: 394: 389: 383: 380: 379: 373: 372: 370: 369: 368: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 297: 296: 295: 293:Musar movement 284: 281: 280: 272: 266: 265: 264: 261: 260: 258: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 231: 228: 227: 211: 210: 194: 193: 185: 184: 172: 171: 169: 168: 161: 154: 146: 143: 142: 140: 139: 134: 129: 123: 120: 119: 113: 112: 110: 109: 104: 98: 95: 94: 88: 87: 85: 84: 82:Miskolc pogrom 79: 73: 70: 69: 65: 64: 60: 59: 55: 54: 48: 47: 43: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7111: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7026: 7020: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6983: 6981: 6980: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6962: 6960: 6959: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6944:Kaliszer Woch 6941: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6932: 6931: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6888:Folkstsaytung 6885: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6864: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6855: 6854: 6850: 6848: 6847: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6714:Lomza Yeshiva 6712: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6661:Organizations 6659: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6571: 6570:Easter Pogrom 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6551:The Holocaust 6547: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6504: 6501: 6498: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6483: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6281: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6229: 6228:Kedushas Zion 6225: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6208:Shem MiShmuel 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6103: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6088:Solomon Luria 6086: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6043: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6004: 6003:Shmuel Eidels 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5973: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5881:Early history 5879: 5878: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5844: 5836: 5831: 5829: 5824: 5822: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5770: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5650:Kielce pogrom 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5615: 5610: 5608: 5603: 5601: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5519: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5468:Stroop Report 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5408:Documentation 5405: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5240:Marek Edelman 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126:Organizations 5124: 5115: 5110: 5108: 5103: 5101: 5096: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5027:Collaboration 5024: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970:Organizations 4968: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4916:Eduard Lorenz 4914: 4912: 4911:Anton Lechner 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4896:Josef Kollmer 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4866:Kurt Gerstein 4864: 4862: 4861:Hans Hoffmann 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4831:Juana Bormann 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4769:Erich Naumann 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4724:Lothar Beutel 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4695: 4694:Jürgen Stroop 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4664:Josef Blösche 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4638:Eduard Wirths 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4623:Josef Mengele 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4613:Horst Fischer 4611: 4609: 4608:Karl Gebhardt 4606: 4604: 4603:Carl Clauberg 4601: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4575:Ludwig Plagge 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4565:Herbert Lange 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4545:Kurt Bolender 4543: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4517:Gustav Wagner 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4442:Franz Hössler 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4407:Karl Fritzsch 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4377:Wilhelm Boger 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4296:Erwin Lambert 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4281:Wilhelm Koppe 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4271:Hermann Höfle 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4236:Theodor Eicke 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4196: 4191: 4189: 4184: 4182: 4177: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3937:Aktion Krakau 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3907:Bloody Sunday 3905: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3829:Concentration 3826: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3777:Extermination 3774: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3756: 3751: 3749: 3744: 3742: 3737: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3645:The Holocaust 3643: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3620: 3618: 3613: 3611: 3606: 3605: 3602: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3566: 3555: 3549: 3542: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3521:0-7864-0371-3 3517: 3513: 3508: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3470: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3441: 3434: 3425: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3382:0-691-00953-8 3378: 3374: 3373: 3365: 3358: 3352: 3345: 3341: 3339:0-8078-2620-0 3335: 3330: 3329: 3320: 3306:on 2018-06-24 3305: 3301: 3294: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3269: 3267: 3261: 3259:1-56639-955-6 3255: 3251: 3250: 3242: 3240: 3233: 3231: 3224: 3216: 3214:0-903425-01-7 3210: 3206: 3199: 3197: 3189: 3187: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3152: 3143: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3115: 3113: 3107: 3099: 3092: 3083: 3077: 3075: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3050:0-691-00953-8 3046: 3042: 3041: 3033: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2972:9780786403714 2968: 2964: 2959: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2933: 2926: 2918: 2916:0-19-518224-3 2912: 2908: 2901: 2894: 2892: 2880:on 2016-04-04 2876: 2872: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2845: 2838: 2836: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2811: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2795: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2776: 2774: 2767: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2743: 2736: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2696: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2664: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2648: 2642: 2640: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2616: 2613: 2612:entire issue. 2609: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2557: 2550: 2544: 2537: 2533: 2527: 2520: 2515: 2508: 2507:Dariusz Stola 2504: 2500: 2495: 2488: 2483: 2476: 2471: 2464: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2440: 2435: 2429: 2424: 2417: 2411: 2404: 2399: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2352: 2346: 2339: 2332: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2292: 2286: 2282: 2275: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2236: 2229: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2212:83-85888-36-5 2209: 2205: 2199: 2184: 2182:0-7425-1094-8 2178: 2174: 2173: 2165: 2146: 2142: 2135: 2131: 2125: 2123: 2114: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2099: 2091: 2089: 2080: 2078:0-8156-2969-9 2074: 2070: 2069: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2049: 2045: 2039: 2037:0-271-02565-4 2033: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2003: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1984: 1977: 1975: 1968: 1966: 1958: 1952: 1950: 1942: 1937: 1930: 1924: 1922: 1913: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1891: 1883: 1871: 1864: 1859: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1840: 1836: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1777: 1774: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1741: 1738: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1719: 1718:Kielce pogrom 1712:Kielce pogrom 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1693:Kraków pogrom 1689: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1628: 1625: 1624:United States 1621: 1616: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1577:Majdan-Topiło 1574: 1571:(18–21 May), 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1520: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1502:Anatol Fejgin 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1459: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1358:the Holocaust 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1304: 1303: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1296:Poland portal 1293: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1250:Oyneg Shabbos 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1146:Easter Pogrom 1144: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1086: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1001: 1000: 997: 994: 993: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 888: 886: 885: 882: 879: 878: 872: 871:The Holocaust 866: 865: 853: 850: 848: 847:Lomza Yeshiva 845: 843: 840: 839: 837: 836: 833: 830: 829: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 794: 792: 791: 785:Organizations 781: 780: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 558: 553: 547: 546: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 489: 484: 478: 477: 465: 462: 458: 455: 454: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 439: 437: 436: 432: 431: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 403: 400: 399: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 384: 382: 381: 378: 375: 374: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 302: 301: 298: 294: 291: 290: 289: 286: 285: 283: 282: 279: 276: 275: 269: 263: 262: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 235:Early history 233: 232: 230: 229: 226: 216: 213: 212: 208: 200: 196: 195: 192: 187: 186: 182: 178: 177: 167: 162: 160: 155: 153: 148: 147: 145: 144: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 124: 122: 121: 118: 115: 114: 108: 107:Kielce pogrom 105: 103: 102:Kraków pogrom 100: 99: 97: 96: 93: 90: 89: 83: 80: 78: 75: 74: 72: 71: 67: 66: 62: 61: 57: 56: 53: 50: 49: 45: 44: 41: 34: 33: 30: 19: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6965:Lodzer Veker 6963: 6956: 6949: 6942: 6935: 6928: 6921: 6914: 6907: 6900: 6893: 6886: 6881:Folks-Sztyme 6879: 6872: 6867:Der Arbeyter 6865: 6858: 6851: 6844: 6838:Publications 6749:Chełm-Gdańsk 6632: 6575: 6507: 6462:Julian Tuwim 6356:Alfred Lampe 6336:Paweł Finder 6321:Jakub Berman 6274:Meir Shapiro 6268:Yid HaKadosh 6267: 6227: 6217: 6207: 6192: 6182: 6172: 6162: 6136: 6126: 6113:Jacob Pollak 6102:Maharam Minz 6101: 6091: 6076: 6066: 6051: 6041: 6031: 6016: 6006: 5998:Solomon Eger 5901:1989–present 5896:20th century 5891:19th century 5886:18th century 5852: 5846: 5654: 5509: 5433:Höcker Album 5416:Nazi sources 5304:Victim lists 5270:Miles Lerman 5077:Trawniki men 5017:Hotel Polski 4926:Detlef Nebbe 4891:Oswald Kaduk 4886:Karl Jeschke 4764:Bruno Müller 4754:Felix Landau 4739:Ernst Damzog 4734:Karl Brunner 4703: 4679:Franz Konrad 4580:Adolf Theuer 4533:executioners 4512:Franz Stangl 4482:Robert Mulka 4452:Josef Kramer 4402:Karl Frenzel 4372:Richard Baer 4367:Hans Aumeier 4360:Camp command 4346:Otto Wächter 4226:Josef Bühler 4221:Viktor Brack 4207:Perpetrators 3799: 3641:Main article 3574: 3563:Bibliography 3547: 3541: 3533: 3505: 3494: 3477: 3469: 3453: 3448: 3439: 3433: 3424: 3399: 3371: 3364: 3356: 3351: 3343: 3327: 3319: 3308:. Retrieved 3304:the original 3293: 3285: 3275: 3265: 3263: 3248: 3229: 3223: 3204: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3164: 3131: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3091: 3082: 3073: 3067: 3039: 3032: 3021:. Retrieved 3012: 3008: 2976: 2956: 2931: 2925: 2906: 2900: 2890: 2888: 2882:. Retrieved 2875:the original 2856: 2851: 2844: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2818: 2798: 2772: 2766: 2750: 2741: 2735: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2698: 2683: 2651: 2630: 2625: 2596: 2556: 2543: 2535: 2526: 2514: 2494: 2482: 2470: 2458: 2446: 2434: 2423: 2410: 2405:, p. 7. 2398: 2388: 2384: 2376: 2375: 2368:. Retrieved 2357:the original 2348: 2338: 2307: 2294: 2280: 2274: 2266: 2254: 2246: 2241: 2235: 2227: 2218: 2203: 2198: 2186:. Retrieved 2171: 2164: 2152:. Retrieved 2145:the original 2097: 2067: 2050:, 500 pages. 2026: 1990: 1983: 1973: 1943:, p. 3. 1936: 1900: 1890: 1861: 1846: 1839: 1818: 1802: 1797: 1787: 1785: 1781:Julian Kwiek 1778: 1765:Jan T. Gross 1758: 1747: 1733: 1721: 1690: 1634: 1617: 1600: 1588: 1522: 1494:Jakub Berman 1467: 1455: 1446: 1440: 1438: 1424:antisemitism 1420:Jan T. Gross 1408: 1384: 1381:Eastern Bloc 1378: 1353:Julian Kwiek 1347:against the 1332: 1331: 1023:Mittelsteine 591:Ezras Israel 392:Brit HaHayal 255:1989–present 250:20th century 245:19th century 240:18th century 225:List of Jews 91: 29: 7049:Blood libel 6576:Grossaktion 6565:Częstochowa 6515:Częstochowa 6487:and Pogroms 6467:Jerzy Urban 6442:Louis Meyer 6366:Hilary Minc 6331:Ludwik Dorn 6314:Politicians 6193:Avnei Nezer 6133:Joel Sirkis 6073:Meir Lublin 6028:Joshua Falk 6017:Maharam Ash 5553:Gas chamber 5521:Concealment 5512:photographs 5359:Gross-Rosen 5328:Lviv (Lwów) 5290:Roza Robota 5194:Częstochowa 4826:Herta Bothe 4816:Hans Anhalt 4809:Camp guards 4749:Ludwig Hahn 4729:Paul Blobel 4669:Franz Bürkl 4659:Hans Biebow 4618:Fritz Klein 4555:Josef Klehr 4540:Erich Bauer 4531:Gas chamber 4477:Karl Möckel 4462:Maria Mandl 4437:Rudolf Höss 4422:Otto Hantke 4311:Oswald Pohl 4301:Ernst Lerch 4112:Stanisławów 4022:Częstochowa 3912:Bronna Góra 3842:Gross-Rosen 3837:Auschwitz I 3474:(in Polish) 3163:"Recenzja: 2130:David Engel 1878:|work= 1792:David Engel 1662:Częstochowa 1638:blood libel 1557:Siemiatycze 1537:Krasnosielc 1486:Hilary Minc 1141:Częstochowa 1080:Death camps 1018:Gross-Rosen 976:Stanisławów 906:Częstochowa 761:Wolf Popper 751:White Stork 666:Nomer Tamid 457:Folkspartei 7089:1946 riots 7084:1945 riots 7079:1944 riots 7038:Categories 6909:Głos Bundu 6809:Tarnobrzeg 6732:Cemeteries 6508:Tach VeTat 6163:Imrei Emes 6092:Maharashal 5993:Akiva Eger 4876:Irma Grese 4871:Paul Götze 4841:Luise Danz 4590:Physicians 4397:Kurt Franz 4246:Hans Frank 4214:Organizers 4158:Heidelager 3462:0813531586 3456:, p. 221. 3310:2016-12-05 3141:0813531586 3023:2007-04-01 3017:Yad Vashem 2884:2018-01-04 2694:0465042147 2381:Alina Cała 1911:0230504884 1832:References 1750:Yad Vashem 1590:Żydokomuna 1563:(11 May), 1430:Background 1196:Resistance 606:Inowrocław 552:Synagogues 402:Komverband 397:Poale Zion 360:Sochatchov 305:Aleksander 6923:Ha-Tsfira 6895:Folkswort 6739:Białystok 6613:Szczuczyn 6560:Białystok 6500:Białystok 6485:Massacres 6183:Sfas Emes 6052:Maharshak 5927:Białystok 5730:Memorials 5627:Aftermath 5394:Treblinka 5349:Auschwitz 5204:Treblinka 5189:Białystok 5177:Uprisings 4957:Treblinka 4802:Personnel 4570:Otto Moll 4560:Hans Koch 4412:Amon Göth 4143:Action T4 4107:Sosnowiec 4077:Nowy Sącz 4012:Białystok 3979:Szczuczyn 3927:Erntefest 3917:Bydgoszcz 3902:Białystok 3817:Treblinka 3693:Lithuania 3593:260229118 3282:"Beriḥah" 3186:Original: 3112:Original: 2891:Original: 2835:Original: 2725:See also: 2707:, Warsaw. 1880:ignored ( 1870:cite book 1702:Kazimierz 1678:Sosnowiec 1654:Białystok 1569:Rembertów 1565:Ostrołęka 1555:(9 May), 1553:Białystok 1547:(7 May), 1545:Kuryłówka 1543:(1 May), 1458:survivors 1181:Szczuczyn 1131:Massacres 1116:Treblinka 1040:Poniatowa 1006:Auschwitz 971:Sosnowiec 941:Nowy Sącz 896:Białystok 706:Przedbórz 691:Piaskower 571:Bydgoszcz 502:Białystok 345:Peshischa 63:1944–1948 7018:Category 7000:Zibn teg 6937:In Kampf 6829:Wrzeszcz 6799:Oświęcim 6784:Obrzycko 6754:Chrzanów 6702:Yeshivas 6608:Radziłów 6583:Jedwabne 6527:Naliboki 6290:Emil Byk 6007:Maharsha 5573:Zyklon B 5389:Trawniki 5384:Stutthof 5369:Majdanek 4117:Tarnopol 4057:Lubartów 3969:Jedwabne 3872:Trawniki 3862:Stutthof 3852:Potulice 3795:Majdanek 3713:Slovakia 3530:37195289 3502:(1998). 3484:Archived 3464:. Essay. 3391:43840165 3284:. YIVO. 3161:(2002). 3144:. 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Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946

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