1079:
42:
523:(FTU) was responsible for organising formal demonstrations against the colonial government. To consolidate the movement, the FTU established the Committee of Hong Kong–Kowloon Workers of All Industries for the Struggle Against Persecution by the British Authorities in Hong Kong on 12 May. Four days later, on 16 May, the FTU and a number of other pro-CCP groups founded the Committee of Hong Kong–Kowloon Chinese Compatriots of All Circles for the Struggle Against Persecution by the British Authorities in Hong Kong, or Struggle Committee for short. The goal of creating the Struggle Committee was to establish a central command to lead the anti-colonial demonstrations.
145:
834:, p. 153: "Although many accounts of the 1967 disturbances portray them as being instigated almost solely by local Communists and Red Guards from Guangdong, the Anti-British Struggle Committee enjoyed strong support in China, both – at least in the early stages – from the central government and from the population at large."
650:
618:
The regulations put stringent restrictions on public assemblies. Under the circumstances, the committee could not meet at all, let alone take command of the struggle. Consequentially, everybody proceeded with the struggle in his own way without a centralised command and it did no good for the
British
510:
and posters condemning the colonial government. They chanted communist slogans and sang
Chinese revolutionary songs. In the afternoon, demonstrators attempted to breach into a number of factories, prompting a significant police response. In the evening, the demonstrations devolved into riots, as mobs
477:
Street upon street of tall dilapidated buildings vied with each other for the limited space available, hundreds upon hundreds of hostile citizens lived out their lives in human rabbit warrens, plenty of workers were available to start a riot, plenty of workers' organisations existed to support it,
436:
Although the
British Hong Kong government blamed the Struggle Committee for a series of bombings during the 1967 riots, the group was dysfunctional and failed to unite the anti-colonial movement in Hong Kong. Before being banned by the colonial authorities in September 1967, the Struggle Committee
1005:
607:
However, former members of the
Struggle Committee denied the charges and asserted that the group was non-violent and ultimately an operational failure. Wong Kin-lap, a member of the executive committee, stated that the Struggle Committee followed the principle of acting "on just grounds, to our
627:
Some people thought the
Struggle Committee directed the actions of the anti-British struggle, and even ordered the planting of bombs. It was a misunderstanding. People outside the leftist camp thought the struggle committee was a leading group for the riots, but it was only a nominal leading
453:
report broadcast on 27 May 1967 gave the name "Hong Kong and
Kowloon All Circles Struggle Committee to Oppose Persecution by the Hong Kong British Authorities". Other translations include the "Hong Kong and Kowloon Struggle Committee of Chinese Compatriots from All Circles Against British
584:
During the 1967 riots, the
Struggle Committee led strikes in a number of industries, notably transportation, which reportedly involved up to 60,000 workers. It also organised protest marches on the Hong Kong governor's residence. To fund the group's activities, the PRC government gave
449:, under the full name Committee of Hong Kong–Kowloon Chinese Compatriots of All Circles for the Struggle Against Persecution by the British Authorities in Hong Kong. However, the group's full name in its original Chinese has been translated variously. An English translation of a
486:
workers clashed with management at Hong Kong
Artificial Flower Works, and police were subsequently brought in to forcefully end the unrest. Leftist newspapers in Hong Kong published scathing editorials about the incident the following morning. For example, an editorial by
473:. Locals in the neighbourhood had long endured poor living conditions and neglect from the British colonial government. John Cooper, a British writer who was living in Hong Kong at the time, spoke to San Po Kong's susceptibility to civil unrest:
628:
organisation or a 'united front' tool which did not even discuss the strategy for the struggle. The committee only held two meetings during the riots and had no grasp of what happened in the later stages of the disturbances.
457:"Struggle Committee" is the most common English-language abbreviation for the group. Other abbreviations include the "Anti-British Struggle Committee" and the "All-Circles Anti-Persecution Struggle Committee".
640:
embassy in the colony, were actually responsible for orchestrating the escalation in violence. The leadership of the
Struggle Committee claimed that they had no knowledge of Xinhua's covert activities.
568:, became increasingly concerned that the demonstrations were a preliminary attempt by the PRC to take control of the colony. At a press conference he stated, " aim is to Macau us", a reference to the
1391:
534:. The PRC government condemned what it called the "sanguinary brutality and fascist atrocities of the British imperialists" and listed five demands of the colonial government in Hong Kong:
604:
designated the group as a terrorist organisation on 8 September. The colonial government officially banned the
Struggle Committee and ordered the arrests of its members on 12 September.
1020:
614:), which he understood to mean non-violence. He also commented on the group's inability to function due to the colonial authorities' strict enforcement of its ban on public assemblies:
1275:
755:
1415:
1143:
1282:
1358:
530:(PRC) announced its support for the Struggle Committee on 15 May, following a series of protests at colonial government buildings in Hong Kong and neighbouring
1383:
1239:
1281:. Committee of Hong Kong-Kowloon Chinese Compatriots of All Circles for the Struggle Against Persecution by the British Authorities in Hong Kong. 1967.
564:, praised the demonstrators' "dauntless mettle" and warned the colonial authorities of "going against the historical trend". Hong Kong's then governor,
781:
756:
Committee of Hong Kong-Kowloon Chinese Compatriots of All Circles for the Struggle Against Persecution by the British Authorities in Hong Kong 1967
555:
520:
430:
41:
527:
119:
17:
1443:
808:
993:
983:
926:
865:
816:
771:
763:
407:
Committee of Hong Kong–Kowloon Chinese Compatriots of All Circles for the Struggle Against Persecution by the British Authorities in Hong Kong
35:
Committee of Hong Kong–Kowloon Chinese Compatriots of All Circles for the Struggle Against Persecution by the British Authorities in Hong Kong
916:
660:
The Struggle Committee had 104 members who elected a 17-member executive committee. The executive committee was chaired by FTU chairman
791:
493:
criticised ethnic Chinese policemen for "beating compatriots", describing them as "disgraceful" and urging them to "quickly repent".
849:: "Yeung's unionist career was marked by the 1967 riots, during which he served as director of the Anti-British Struggle Committee."
1366:
1266:
1233:
1212:
1191:
1170:
1137:
1116:
590:
496:
The original labour disputes had morphed into city-wide political riots by 11 May. On the morning of that day, several pro-
506:
136:
600:
The colonial authorities blamed the Struggle Committee for the bombings which took place during the 1967 riots, and the
1469:
362:
297:
258:
170:
547:
All those responsible for the sanguinary atrocities must apologise to the victims and offer them compensation.
1474:
466:
311:
207:
538:
All the just demands put forward by Chinese residents and workers in Hong Kong must be immediately accepted.
445:
Following the May 1967 riots in Hong Kong, the Struggle Committee published an English-language book titled
730:
550:
A guarantee must be given that there will be no repetition of similar incidents (i.e. the police response).
541:
All arrested individuals, including workers, cameramen, and journalists, must be set free immediately.
1431:
601:
497:
469:), including one at Hong Kong Artificial Flower Works, a factory producing artificial flowers in
418:
1183:
Unsettling Exiles: Chinese Migrants in Hong Kong and the Southern Periphery During the Cold War
593:. The Struggle Committee received support not only from the PRC government, but also from the
1309:"Maoist Revolutionary Strategy and Modern Colonialism: The Cultural Revolution in Hong Kong"
586:
422:
129:
454:
Persecution" and the "Hong Kong–Kowloon All Sectors Anti-Persecution Struggle Committee".
198:
8:
483:
1336:
633:
511:
of local youth joined the demonstrators in throwing stones and bottles at the police.
1328:
1262:
1229:
1208:
1187:
1166:
1133:
1112:
560:
414:
150:
1320:
531:
334:
230:
1407:
1276:
1258:
Keeping Democracy at Bay: Hong Kong and the Challenge of Chinese Political Reform
1256:
1223:
1202:
1181:
1160:
1127:
1106:
649:
450:
433:, led the Struggle Committee as the chairman of a 17-member executive committee.
1204:
Sovereignty And The Status Quo: The Historical Roots Of China's Hong Kong Policy
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
594:
99:
1384:"Veteran unionist Yeung Kwong, ringleader in 1967 Hong Kong riots, dies at 89"
1463:
1332:
569:
1108:
East Asian Social Movements: Power, Protest, and Change in a Dynamic Region
565:
341:
237:
661:
653:
489:
470:
426:
63:
265:
Góng Gáu Gokgaai Tùhngbāau Fáandeui Góng Yīng Bīkhoih Daujāng Wáiyùhnwúi
1340:
1308:
501:
280:
Gong Gau Gokgaai Tungbaau Faandeoi Gong Jing Bikhoi Dauzang Waijyunwui
672:
478:
and plenty of students would come along to give it political backing.
355:
251:
1324:
632:
The colonial authorities later discovered that radicals within the
589:
3.3 million to the Struggle Committee through the state-controlled
376:
272:
623:
Liu Yat-yuen, another member of the executive committee, stated:
244:
Gǎng Jiǔ Gèjiè Tóngbāo Fǎnduì Gǎng Yīng Pòhài Dòuzhēng Wěiyuánhuì
500:(CCP) demonstrators marched around the city, carrying copies of
1408:"News from Chinese Provincial Radio Stations 23 to 29 May 1967"
1438:
1225:
Underground Front: The Chinese Communist Party in Hong Kong
1359:"Strike! A Reminder of Past Labour Militancy in Hong Kong"
27:
Anti-colonial group active during the 1967 Hong Kong riots
381:
367:
277:
263:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
1051:
1049:
1036:
1034:
1032:
971:
947:
937:
935:
465:
Three labour strikes began in Hong Kong on 1 May 1967 (
1105:
Broadbent, Jeffrey; Brockman, Vicky (7 January 2011).
842:
840:
827:
825:
572:
in Macau, which saw the colony being placed under the
871:
857:
855:
460:
346:
242:
1046:
1029:
959:
932:
904:
892:
837:
822:
1061:
852:
1104:
767:
1461:
521:Hong Kong and Kowloon Federation of Trade Unions
431:Hong Kong and Kowloon Federation of Trade Unions
1406:
787:
636:'s Hong Kong branch, which acted as the PRC's
413:, was a political committee which opposed the
609:
316:
302:
212:
175:
1228:(2nd ed.). Hong Kong University Press.
528:government of the People's Republic of China
415:British colonial administration in Hong Kong
120:government of the People's Republic of China
664:. The executive committee's members were:
46:Struggle Committee meeting, 30 August 1967
1111:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1381:
846:
648:
1382:Cheung, Gary; So, Peter (16 May 2015).
1125:
886:
831:
14:
1462:
1306:
1254:
1159:Cheung, Gary Ka-wai (1 October 2009).
1158:
1055:
1040:
977:
965:
953:
941:
910:
898:
861:
804:
775:
1357:Chan, Chris King Chi (14 June 2013).
1242:from the original on 24 November 2022
1162:Hong Kong's Watershed: The 1967 Riots
1446:from the original on 7 February 2008
1356:
1200:
1179:
1132:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
989:
759:
591:All-China Federation of Trade Unions
1299:
1221:
1067:
922:
812:
24:
1418:from the original on 20 March 2024
1285:from the original on 20 March 2024
1222:Loh, Christine (1 November 2018).
461:Background and prelude to founding
25:
1486:
1436:[1967 Hong Kong riots].
1394:from the original on 1 July 2022
1349:
1180:Chin, Angelina (25 April 2023).
1146:from the original on 18 May 2023
608:advantage, and with restraint" (
544:All fascist measures must cease.
143:
40:
1201:Lane, Kevin P. (11 July 2019).
1073:
1014:
999:
644:
382:
368:
278:
264:
137:Designated as a terrorist group
18:Anti-British Struggle Committee
1165:. Hong Kong University Press.
1129:A Concise History of Hong Kong
797:
748:
347:
317:
303:
243:
213:
176:
13:
1:
1278:The May Upheaval in Hong Kong
1186:. Columbia University Press.
768:Broadbent & Brockman 2011
736:
579:
447:The May Upheaval in Hong Kong
1261:. Rowman & Littlefield.
758:. This name is also used by
754:For the book mentioned, see
741:
731:Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)
610:
417:. It was established by pro-
7:
1126:Carroll, John Mark (2007).
724:
656:at a rally in November 1967
514:
429:, the then chairman of the
421:(CCP) activists during the
118:Financial support from the
10:
1491:
1442:(in Chinese (Hong Kong)).
1414:. Guangzhou. 29 May 1967.
1092:
467:International Workers' Day
90:16 May – 12 September 1967
1085:(in Chinese (Hong Kong)).
1026:(in Chinese (Hong Kong)).
1011:(in Chinese (Hong Kong)).
602:Hong Kong Bar Association
409:, often shortened to the
399:
395:
375:
361:
354:
340:
333:
328:
324:
310:
296:
291:
271:
257:
250:
236:
229:
224:
220:
206:
169:
164:
160:
156:
135:
125:
114:
106:
95:
69:
59:
51:
39:
34:
1432:
1388:South China Morning Post
1307:Heaton, William (1970).
1255:Pepper, Suzanne (2008).
1097:
437:only held two meetings.
298:Traditional Chinese
171:Traditional Chinese
498:Chinese Communist Party
440:
419:Chinese Communist Party
312:Simplified Chinese
208:Simplified Chinese
1007:Kung Sheung Daily News
811:. For the latter, see
657:
630:
621:
619:Hong Kong authorities.
480:
1470:Politics of Hong Kong
652:
625:
616:
597:population at large.
556:CCP Central Committee
475:
1475:1967 Hong Kong riots
847:Cheung & So 2015
803:For the former, see
788:Radio Guangdong 1967
576:control of the PRC.
423:1967 Hong Kong riots
130:1967 Hong Kong riots
1024:, 12 September 1967
1369:on 13 October 2013
1009:, 8 September 1967
704:Wong Fu-wing, Dick
658:
634:Xinhua News Agency
558:'s newspaper, the
411:Struggle Committee
71:Dates of operation
55:Struggle Committee
1268:978-0-7425-0877-4
1235:978-988-8455-73-7
1214:978-1-000-31238-6
1193:978-0-231-55821-1
1172:978-962-209-089-7
1139:978-0-7425-3422-3
1118:978-0-387-09626-1
980:, pp. 35–36.
956:, pp. 34–35.
403:
402:
391:
390:
363:Yale Romanization
335:Standard Mandarin
287:
286:
259:Yale Romanization
231:Standard Mandarin
214:港九各界同胞反对港英迫害斗争委员会
151:British Hong Kong
16:(Redirected from
1482:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1365:. Archived from
1344:
1300:Journal articles
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1249:
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1218:
1197:
1176:
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835:
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795:
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752:
613:
612:
595:mainland Chinese
532:Portuguese Macau
387:
386:
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371:
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350:
349:
326:
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305:
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149:
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126:Battles and wars
115:Means of revenue
91:
88:
86:
81:
79:
72:
44:
32:
31:
21:
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1489:
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1460:
1459:
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1412:Radio Guangdong
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1352:
1347:
1325:10.2307/2643033
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507:Little Red Book
463:
451:Radio Guangdong
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84:
82:
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47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1457:
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1428:
1404:
1379:
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1346:
1345:
1319:(9): 840–857.
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1234:
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1213:
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1117:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1072:
1070:, p. 107.
1060:
1045:
1028:
1022:Wah Kiu Yat Po
1013:
998:
982:
970:
958:
946:
931:
915:
903:
891:
889:, p. 151.
870:
851:
836:
821:
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780:
778:, p. 851.
746:
745:
743:
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735:
734:
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723:
721:
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699:
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693:
690:
687:
684:
683:Wang Kuancheng
681:
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643:
581:
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561:People's Daily
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551:
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365:
359:
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356:Yue: Cantonese
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329:Transcriptions
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225:Transcriptions
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100:Decolonisation
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1363:Harbour Times
1360:
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1350:News articles
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1207:. Routledge.
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1102:
1084:
1083:, 24 May 1967
1082:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1058:, p. 39.
1057:
1052:
1050:
1043:, p. 38.
1042:
1037:
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1033:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1002:
995:
991:
986:
979:
974:
968:, p. 36.
967:
962:
955:
950:
944:, p. 91.
943:
938:
936:
928:
924:
919:
913:, p. 33.
912:
907:
901:, p. 30.
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863:
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689:Huang Yanfang
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570:12-3 incident
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1448:. Retrieved
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1371:. Retrieved
1367:the original
1362:
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1313:Asian Survey
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710:Liu Yat-yuen
680:Wong Kin-lap
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342:Hanyu Pinyin
292:Abbreviation
238:Hanyu Pinyin
165:Chinese name
102:of Hong Kong
29:
1450:19 December
1081:Ta Kung Pao
1056:Cheung 2009
1041:Cheung 2009
978:Cheung 2009
966:Cheung 2009
954:Cheung 2009
942:Cheung 2009
911:Cheung 2009
899:Cheung 2009
862:Cheung 2009
805:Pepper 2008
776:Heaton 1970
707:Pan Desheng
698:Guo Tianhai
677:Xie Honghui
669:Yeung Kwong
662:Yeung Kwong
654:Yeung Kwong
490:Ta Kung Pao
471:San Po Kong
427:Yeung Kwong
384:Dau Wai Wui
369:Dau Wái Wúi
348:Dòu Wěi Huì
110:104 members
64:Yeung Kwong
1464:Categories
1373:4 December
992:, p.
925:, p.
864:, p.
815:, p.
807:, p.
790:, p.
770:, p.
762:, p.
737:References
701:Deng Chuan
580:Operations
502:Mao Zedong
482:On 6 May,
85:1967-09-12
78:1967-05-16
1333:0004-4687
990:Lane 2019
760:Lane 2019
742:Citations
716:Chen Hong
713:Ren Yizhi
673:Fei Yimin
484:picketing
1444:Archived
1422:20 March
1416:Archived
1398:13 March
1392:Archived
1289:20 March
1283:Archived
1246:20 March
1240:Archived
1150:20 March
1144:Archived
1068:Loh 2018
923:Loh 2018
813:Loh 2018
725:See also
695:Liu Xian
638:de facto
611:有理，有利，有節
574:de facto
515:Founding
377:Jyutping
273:Jyutping
1433:六七年香港暴動
1341:2643033
1093:Sources
96:Motives
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774:, and
686:Hu Jiu
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60:Leader
1337:JSTOR
1098:Books
692:Wu Yi
1452:2007
1439:RTHK
1424:2024
1400:2022
1375:2021
1329:ISSN
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587:US$
554:The
526:The
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107:Size
1321:doi
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927:107
866:188
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792:M–3
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318:斗委会
304:鬥委會
199:委員會
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196:鬥爭
193:迫害
190:港英
187:反對
184:同胞
181:各界
178:港九
139:by
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