42:
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replaced by egg-laying workers. These worker ants can only lay haploid eggs producing sterile offspring. Despite the title of queen, she doesn't delegate the tasks to the worker ants; however, the ants choose their tasks based on individual preference. Ants as a colony also work as a collective "super mind". Ants can compare areas and solve complex problems by using information gained by each member of the colony to find the best nesting site or to find food. Some social-parasitic species of ants, known as the
192:(report published in 2002). Of 33 ant populations tested along the 6,004-kilometre (3,731 mi) stretch along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts in Southern Europe, 30 belonged to one supercolony with estimated millions of nests and billions of workers, interspersed with three populations of another supercolony. The researchers claim that this case of unicoloniality cannot be explained by loss of their genetic diversity due to the
59:
143:
non-colonial organisms; similarly, colony size is key in influencing how colonial organisms are collectively organized. Colonies have a significant range of sizes: some are just several ants living in a twig, while others are super-colonies with many millions of workers. Within a single ant colony, seasonal variation may be huge. For example, in the ant
315:
149:, one colony can shift from around 300 workers in the summer to over 2,000 workers per queen in the winter. Genetics and environmental factors can cause the variation among different colonies of a single species to be even bigger. Different ant species, even those in the same genus, may have enormous colony size disparities:
293:
are often used for research and education purposes but many are simply given or sold to natural history museums or sold as folk art or as souvenirs. Usually, the hills are chosen after the ants have abandoned so as to not kill any ants; however in the
Southeast United States, pouring into an active colony of
113:
The term "ant colony" refers to a population of workers, reproductive individuals, and brood that live together, cooperate, and treat one another non-aggressively. Often this comprises the genetically related progeny from a single queen, although this is not universal across ants. The name "ant farm"
292:
Ant hill art is a growing collecting hobby. It involves pouring molten metal (typically non-toxic zinc or aluminum), plaster or cement down an ant colony mound acting as a mold and upon hardening, one excavates the resulting structure. In some cases, this involves a great deal of digging. The casts
275:
Ant colonies have a complex social structure. Antsâ jobs are determined and can be changed by age. As ants grow older their jobs move them farther from the queen, or center of the colony. Younger ants work within the nest protecting the queen and young. Sometimes, a queen is not present and is
142:
Colony size (the number of individuals that make up the colony) is very important to ants: it can affect how they forage, how they defend their nests, how they mate, and even their physical appearances. Body size is often seen as the most important factor in shaping the natural history of
363:
and deposit them near the exit of the colony. They normally deposit the dirt or vegetation at the top of the hill to prevent it from sliding back into the colony, but in some species, they actively sculpt the materials into specific shapes and may create nest chambers within the mound.
134:. "Ant nests" are the physical spaces in which the ants live. These can be underground, in trees, under rocks, or even inside a single acorn. The name "anthill" (or "ant hill") applies to aboveground nests where the workers pile sand or soil outside the entrance, forming a large mound.
101:-laying queens, numerous sterile females (workers, soldiers) and, seasonally, many winged sexual males and females. In order to establish new colonies, ants undertake flights that occur at species-characteristic times of the day. Swarms of the winged sexuals (known as
175:
A supercolony occurs when many ant colonies over a large area unite. They still continue to recognize genetic differences in order to mate, but the different colonies within the super colony avoid aggression. Until 2000, the largest known ant supercolony was on the
316:
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184:, Japan. The colony was estimated to contain 306 million worker ants and one million queen ants living in 45,000 nests interconnected by underground passages over an area of 2.7 km (670 acres). In 2000, an enormous supercolony of
319:
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or a composite of these and other materials that build up at the entrances of the subterranean dwellings of ant colonies as they are excavated. A colony is built and maintained by legions of worker
787:
Steiner, Florian M.; Schlick-Steiner, Birgit C.; Moder, Karl; Stauffer, Christian; Arthofer, Wolfgang; Buschinger, Alfred; Espadaler, Xavier; Christian, Erhard; Einfinger, Katrin (2007).
200:
supercolonies were in fact part of a single global "megacolony". This intercontinental megacolony represents the most populous recorded animal society on earth, other than humans.
318:
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105:) depart the nest in search of other nests. The males die shortly thereafter, along with most of the females. A small percentage of the females survive to initiate new nests.
1155:
1994:
835:
Higashi, S. and K. Yamauchi. "Influence of a
Supercolonial Ant Formica (Formica) yessensis Forel on the Distribution of Other Ants in Ishikari Coast".
122:. These formicaria are formed so scientists can study by rearing or temporarily maintaining them. Another name is "formicary", which derives from the
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600:
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Establishment of a polygynous colony where the multiple egg-laying queens remain far apart from one another in the nest.
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Winged Ants, The Male, Dichotomous key to genera of winged male ants in the World, Behavioral ecology of mating flight
1984:
1979:
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1974:
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789:"Abandoning Aggression but Maintaining Self-Nonself Discrimination as a First Stage in Ant Supercolony Formation"
63:
1989:
1957:
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Burchill, A. T.; Moreau, C. S. (5 February 2016). "Colony size evolution in ants: macroevolutionary trends".
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of the imported ants. In 2009, it was demonstrated that the largest
Japanese, Californian and European
468:"Seasonal and nocturnal periodicities in ant nuptial flights in the Tropics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)"
1699:
81:, typically from a single species, capable of maintaining their complete lifecycle. Ant colonies are
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1937:
950:"Coevolution in host-parasite systems: Behavioural strategies of slave-making ants and their hosts"
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1029:
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373:
17:
1088:
Gordon, Deborah M. (JanuaryâFebruary 1995). "The
Development of Organization in an Ant Colony".
1043:
McCook, Henry C. (1877). "Mound-Making Ants of the
Alleghenies, Their Architecture and Habits".
913:
Peeters, Christian (1 October 1991). "The occurrence of sexual reproduction among ant workers".
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Another supercolony, measuring approximately 100 km (62 mi) wide, was found beneath
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Kennedy, C.H. (1951). "Myrmecological technique. IV. Collecting ants by rearing pupae".
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to describe the behaviors demonstrated by ants when founding and organizing colonies:
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405:"Convergent evolution, superefficient teams and tempo in Old and New World army ants"
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740:"The Seasonal Natural History of the Ant, Dolichoderus mariae, in Northern Florida"
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Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences (1999).
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93:, though the various groups of these developed sociality independently through
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Journal of Insect
Science: The nest architecture of the Florida harvester ant
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494:"The Organization of a Nuptial Flight of the Ant Pheidole Sttarches Wheeler"
2015:
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Foitzik, S.; DeHeer, C. J.; Hunjan, D. N.; Herbers, J. M. (7 June 2001).
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Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
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has colony sizes that are reported to be 306 million workers while
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Evolution of supercolonies: The
Argentine ants of southern Europe
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Establishment of an ant colony under multiple egg-laying queens.
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Establishment of an ant colony under a single egg-laying queen.
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Laskis, Kristina O.; Tschinkel, Walter R. (February 2009).
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from the original on 22 December 2021 – via YouTube.
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from the original on 22 December 2021 – via YouTube.
1007:"Largest Aluminum Fire Ant Colony Cast So Far (Cast #072)"
947:
356:
78:
954:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
266:
Establishment of a colony across multiple nest sites.
853:
Tatiana Giraud, Jes S. Pedersen, and Laurent Kelle.
27:
Underground lair where ants live, eat, and tend eggs
1995:
Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
359:, who carry tiny bits of dirt and pebbles in their
89:and are very much like those found in other social
1045:Transactions of the American Entomological Society
219:The following terminology is commonly used among
2127:
572:
260:Establishment of a colony at a single nest site.
114:is commonly given to ant nests that are kept in
737:
679:. Oxford, UK: Raintree Publishers. p. 12.
535:"Hymenoptera (Sawflies, Ants, Bees, and Wasps)"
702:
161:colonies sometimes comprise only 500 workers.
1156:
415:(1429). Royal Society Publishing: 1697â1701.
254:Establishment of a colony by multiple queens.
214:
97:. The typical colony consists of one or more
30:"Anthill" redirects here. For the novel, see
1131:Myrmedrome, a realistic ant colony simulator
573:Holldobler, Bert; Wilson, Edward O. (1990).
532:
248:Establishment of a colony by a single queen.
1970:Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
1004:
698:
696:
1943:History of hard rock miners' organizations
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894:. London: British Broadcasting Corporation
674:
1064:
1023:
981:
915:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
859:. The National Academy of Sciences, 2002.
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677:A Colony of Ants: and Other Insect Groups
605:United States Patent and Trademark Office
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331:, in its simplest form, is a pile of
873:BBC Wednesday, 1 July 2009 10:41 GMT
533:Loiácono, Marta; MargarÃa, Cecilia.
450:"Ant Colony â ASU â Ask A Biologist"
842:
656:. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
386:, a Filipino belief about ant hills
270:
24:
1868:Journey to the Center of the Earth
1770:Naples underground geothermal zone
927:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1991.tb00612.x
888:"Ant mega-colony takes over world"
539:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
300:is a novel way to eliminate them.
25:
2167:
2156:Shelters built or used by animals
1985:Research Centre for Deep Drilling
1980:International Union of Speleology
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871:Ant mega-colony takes over world
164:
1975:Institution of Mining Engineers
1740:Underground Great Wall of China
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601:"Word Mark: ANT FARM (renewal)"
498:Psyche: A Journal of Entomology
64:Oxley Wild Rivers National Park
1990:Society of Economic Geologists
1958:National Speleological Society
1908:Wonderland (fictional country)
1024:KYLYKaHYT (24 December 2010).
646:
619:
593:
526:
485:
460:
396:
137:
118:, isolated from their natural
13:
1:
1415:Subterranean rivers of London
1005:Anthill Art (12 March 2015).
390:
287:
130:. The word also derives from
1948:National Mine Map Repository
1390:Jewel Cave National Monument
886:Walker, Matt (1 July 2009).
579:. Harvard University Press.
48:next to a plaster cast of a
7:
1953:National Mining Association
1780:Raven Rock Mountain Complex
837:Japanese Journal of Ecology
628:The Ohio Journal of Science
367:
303:
284:from neighboring colonies.
10:
2172:
1893:Tunnels in popular culture
1735:Underground City, Montreal
1730:Underground City (Beijing)
1675:816 Nuclear Military Plant
1405:Mammoth Cave National Park
1026:"Giant Ant Hill Excavated"
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215:Organizational terminology
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29:
2003:
1920:
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1700:Cheyenne Mountain Complex
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814:10.1016/j.cub.2007.09.061
744:Journal of Insect Science
717:10.1007/s00040-016-0465-3
323:Nest construction of ants
62:Ant hill and ant tracks,
2066:Underground construction
1938:Cave Research Foundation
380:inspired by ant colonies
108:
1552:Missile launch facility
1425:Wind Cave National Park
1066:2027/hvd.32044072277692
839:, No. 29, 257â64, 1979.
675:Claybourne, A. (2013).
374:Ant colony optimization
1705:Chicago Tunnel Company
1344:Subterranean waterfall
966:10.1098/rspb.2001.1627
492:Wilson, E. O. (1957).
421:10.1098/rspb.1999.0834
324:
70:
55:
1720:KÅbánya cellar system
1710:Houston tunnel system
1690:Almadén Mercury Mines
1685:The Caves of ÃgissÃða
454:askabiologist.asu.edu
322:
87:efficiently organized
61:
44:
2115:Subterranean warfare
1888:Subterranea (comics)
1873:Moria (Middle-earth)
1853:Allegory of the cave
1837:Subterranean fiction
756:10.1673/031.009.0201
95:convergent evolution
2071:Tunnel construction
1795:Subterranean Toledo
1790:Subterranean London
1680:Caves of Maastricht
1102:1995AmSci..83...50G
960:(1472): 1139â1146.
805:2007CBio...17.1903S
146:Dolichoderus mariae
77:is a population of
51:Pogonomyrmex badius
46:Walter R. Tschinkel
2093:Mining engineering
2078:Underground living
1903:Underland (Narnia)
1818:Fictional features
1597:Underground hangar
1339:Subterranean river
1334:Subterranean fauna
1090:American Scientist
511:10.1155/1957/68319
325:
194:genetic bottleneck
71:
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2011:Cave conservation
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1659:Ventilation shaft
1438:Man-made features
1433:
1432:
799:(21): 1903â1907.
686:978-1-4062-5563-8
376:, a technique in
320:
280:, raid and steal
152:Formica yessensis
16:(Redirected from
2163:
2088:Mine exploration
1863:Greek Underworld
1822:
1821:
1800:Turda Salt Mines
1785:Shanghai tunnels
1649:Smuggling tunnel
1592:Underground base
1587:Underground city
1502:Dugout (shelter)
1452:Air raid shelter
1442:
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1400:Lechuguilla Cave
1380:Castellana Caves
1349:Underground lake
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271:Colony structure
85:, communal, and
33:Anthill: A Novel
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1492:Crypt Mausoleum
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1410:Reed Flute Cave
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1218:Communal burrow
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186:Argentine ants
169:Main article:
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124:Medieval Latin
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1582:Utility vault
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1567:Rock-cut tomb
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1557:Passage grave
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1512:Earth shelter
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1395:Kazumura Cave
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245:Haplometrosis
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198:Argentine ant
195:
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188:was found in
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165:Supercolonies
162:
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158:Formica fusca
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2016:Cave dweller
1878:Nome Kingdom
1832:Hollow Earth
1745:Maginot Line
1644:Storm cellar
1462:Burial vault
1324:Rock shelter
1235:Glacier cave
1197:
1096:(1): 50â57.
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896:. Retrieved
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658:. Retrieved
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634:(1): 17â20.
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609:. Retrieved
604:
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547:. Retrieved
545:(2): 405â425
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475:. Retrieved
472:ResearchGate
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251:Pleometrosis
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38:
32:
2136:Myrmecology
2098:Mole people
2083:Mine rescue
2031:Cave rescue
2021:Cave diving
1765:Mogao Caves
1695:Coober Pedy
1654:Spider hole
1632:Septic tank
1572:Root cellar
1223:Paleoburrow
1172:Subterranea
1051:: 253â296.
898:1 September
654:"Formicary"
138:Colony size
128:formÄ«cÄrium
91:Hymenoptera
2130:Categories
2110:Speleology
2103:in fiction
1883:Pellucidar
1725:Kome Caves
1375:Balve Cave
1319:Pit crater
1275:Talus cave
1198:Ant colony
611:18 January
549:8 December
477:12 October
391:References
308:See also:
288:Excavation
116:formicaria
75:ant colony
2026:Cave gate
1898:Underdark
1846:Exemplars
1668:Exemplars
1607:Wine cave
1482:Catacombs
1368:Exemplars
1265:Show cave
1255:Lava tube
1250:Lava cave
974:0962-8452
935:0024-4066
640:1811/3802
520:0033-2615
361:mandibles
343:needles,
298:fire ants
239:Oligogyny
211:in 2004.
209:Australia
205:Melbourne
180:coast of
1639:Stepwell
1627:Sewerage
1537:Hypogeum
1517:Erdstall
1507:Dry well
1487:Casemate
1467:Borehole
1457:Basement
1329:Sinkhole
1260:Pit Cave
1245:Ice cave
1110:29775362
1075:25076323
1030:Archived
1011:Archived
992:11375101
823:17964165
774:19611227
750:(2): 2.
660:19 March
576:The Ants
368:See also
304:Ant-beds
295:invasive
263:Polydomy
257:Monodomy
233:Polygyny
227:Monogyny
182:HokkaidÅ
178:Ishikari
83:eusocial
1933:Bergamt
1858:Batcave
1805:Yaodong
1542:Manhole
1532:Foxhole
1497:Dungeon
1203:Aquifer
1098:Bibcode
983:1088719
801:Bibcode
765:3011848
725:4817407
430:1690180
329:ant-bed
132:formica
120:habitat
18:Anthill
2041:Caving
1963:Grotto
1577:Tunnel
1562:Quarry
1472:Bunker
1359:Warren
1282:Cenote
1240:Grotto
1208:Burrow
1193:Alcove
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345:manure
282:larvae
103:alates
1825:Types
1527:Fogou
1445:Types
1287:Karst
1186:Types
1106:JSTOR
1071:JSTOR
721:S2CID
351:, or
349:urine
126:word
109:Names
2151:Ants
1602:Well
1547:Mine
1307:Nest
1230:Cave
988:PMID
970:ISSN
931:ISSN
900:2024
819:PMID
770:PMID
681:ISBN
662:2015
613:2014
581:ISBN
551:2018
516:ISSN
479:2017
357:ants
353:clay
341:pine
337:sand
333:soil
79:ants
54:nest
1312:Bee
1061:hdl
1053:doi
978:PMC
962:doi
958:268
923:doi
809:doi
760:PMC
752:doi
713:doi
636:hdl
506:doi
425:PMC
417:doi
413:266
327:An
99:egg
73:An
2132::
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890:.
844:^
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709:63
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695:^
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559:^
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439:^
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994:.
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748:9
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715::
689:.
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638::
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589:.
553:.
543:3
522:.
508::
481:.
433:.
419::
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
