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73:
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to form, which isolated
Antarctica climatically and caused it to become much colder. The Antarctic flora subsequently died out in Antarctica, but is still an important component of the flora of southern
398:
506:
494:
785:
550:
614:
518:
366:
1510:
562:
719:
Eric
Dinerstein, David Olson et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545,
574:
482:
446:
410:
470:
180:
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oceans. The continent of
Antarctica is so cold that it has supported only 2 vascular plants for millions of years, and its flora presently consists of around 250
434:
422:
116:
species, which live on the areas of exposed rock and soil around the shore of the continent. Antarctica's two flowering plant species, the
Antarctic hair grass (
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458:
386:
799:
1151:
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535:
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373:
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42:
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586:
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1156:
1436:
893:
1385:
1252:
1166:
1818:
1552:
1247:
1130:
908:
829:
793:– Deep Sea Foraminifera from 4400m depth, Weddell Sea – an image gallery of hundreds of specimens and description
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17:
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1110:
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883:
301:
1531:
1021:
951:
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871:
164:
1394:
187:. These islands have a somewhat milder climate than Antarctica proper, and support a greater diversity of
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1457:
1347:
1135:
1067:
956:
321:
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Several
Antarctic and sub-Antarctic island groups are considered part of the Antarctic realm, including
1777:
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1125:
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31:
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539:
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118:
35:
1911:
1767:
1262:
1212:
1207:
1102:
944:
888:
866:
595:
328:, and parts of Temperate South America where the Antarctic Flora is still a major component.
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124:
1880:
1860:
1802:
1762:
1757:
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8:
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772:
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129:
85:
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1701:
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Aliens in
Antarctica; Visitors carry unwelcome species into a once pristine environment
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57:
44:
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808:
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Millions of years ago, Antarctica was warmer and wetter, and supported the
249:
because water rises from the depths to the light-flooded surface, bringing
214:
97:
790:
764:
736:
Terauds, A; Chown, SL; Morgan, F; Peat, HJ; Watts, D; et al. (2012).
1609:
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1838:
1614:
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89:
1828:
1823:
1639:
1006:
786:
Biodiversity at Ardley Island, South
Shetland archipelago, Antarctica
340:
238:
72:
669:
642:
1660:
1604:
1567:
1031:
289:
250:
218:
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plants, although they are all too windy and cold to support trees.
137:
132:. Antarctica is also home to a diversity of animal life, including
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234:
133:
1536:
1426:
698:
353:
337:
188:
101:
1431:
1402:
814:
226:
206:
141:
288:. Antarctica was also part of the ancient supercontinent of
1589:
242:
113:
105:
260:
On August 20, 2014, scientists confirmed the existence of
776:
735:
128:), are found on the northern and western parts of the
694:"Life Confirmed Under Antarctic Ice; Is Space Next?"
300:
from
Antarctica 30–35 million years ago allowed the
1393:
1152:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
296:starting 110 million years ago. The separation of
643:"Lakes under the ice: Antarctica's secret garden"
1893:
264:living 800 metres (2,600 feet) below the ice of
1379:
830:
367:
738:"Conservation biogeography of the Antarctic"
536:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
317:, which were also former parts of Gondwana.
1527:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
685:
634:
1386:
1372:
837:
823:
374:
360:
92:and several island groups in the southern
763:
753:
668:
112:, and around 700 terrestrial and aquatic
27:One of Earth's eight biogeographic realms
399:Central South Antarctic Peninsula tundra
205:, and is an important food organism for
71:
782:series on life on and around Antarctica
336:The Antarctic realm is divided into 17
14:
1894:
1367:
818:
721:https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014
1511:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
1473:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
1343:
691:
587:Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra
507:Northwest Antarctic Peninsula tundra
495:Northeast Antarctic Peninsula tundra
640:
24:
25:
1928:
1437:Montane grasslands and shrublands
76:The Antarctic biogeographic realm
1342:
1333:
1332:
1092:
755:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00925.x
641:Fox, Douglas (August 20, 2014).
551:South Antarctic Peninsula tundra
245:. The ocean there is so full of
1553:Flooded grasslands and savannas
729:
615:Transantarctic Mountains tundra
519:Prince Charles Mountains tundra
311:Latin America and the Caribbean
1866:Ecological land classification
1395:Biogeographic regionalisations
844:
713:
692:Mack, Eric (August 20, 2014).
292:, which gradually broke up by
13:
1:
627:
331:
302:Antarctic Circumpolar Current
1532:Deserts and xeric shrublands
320:Some botanists recognize an
253:from all oceans back to the
84:is one of eight terrestrial
7:
1773:Temperate Northern Atlantic
1463:Broadleaf and mixed forests
742:Diversity and Distributions
563:South Orkney Islands tundra
322:Antarctic Floristic Kingdom
122:) and Antarctic pearlwort (
10:
1933:
1876:Vegetation classifications
1778:Temperate Northern Pacific
575:South Victoria Land tundra
483:North Victoria Land tundra
447:Ellsworth Mountains tundra
324:that includes Antarctica,
271:
29:
1853:
1811:
1788:Temperate Southern Africa
1740:
1684:
1673:
1653:
1580:
1545:
1519:
1481:
1450:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1328:
1281:
1180:
1144:
1101:
1090:
1045:
994:
917:
852:
531:Scotia Sea Islands tundra
411:Dronning Maud Land tundra
348:
88:. The ecosystem includes
1798:Tropical Eastern Pacific
1748:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1002:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
620:Transantarctic Mountains
524:Prince Charles Mountains
201:of the ecosystem of the
1819:Biogeographic provinces
1783:Temperate South America
1501:Moist broadleaf forests
280:, including forests of
32:Antarctic microorganism
540:South Shetland Islands
471:Marie Byrd Land tundra
185:South Shetland Islands
181:South Sandwich Islands
119:Deschampsia antarctica
77:
36:Wildlife of Antarctica
1881:Zoogeographic regions
1839:Global 200 ecoregions
1768:Temperate Australasia
1506:Dry broadleaf forests
791:Deep Sea Foraminifera
596:Prince Edward Islands
435:Ellsworth Land tundra
423:East Antarctic tundra
169:Prince Edward Islands
125:Colobanthus quitensis
75:
1907:Biogeographic realms
1861:Altitudinal zonation
1803:Western Indo-Pacific
1763:Eastern Indo-Pacific
1758:Central Indo-Pacific
568:South Orkney Islands
177:South Orkney Islands
86:biogeographic realms
1834:Lists of ecoregions
1491:Tropical rainforest
1315:Robert Falcon Scott
972:South magnetic pole
930:Antarctic Peninsula
925:Biogeographic realm
773:Life in the Freezer
661:2014Natur.512..244F
556:Antarctic Peninsula
512:Antarctic Peninsula
500:Antarctic Peninsula
459:Enderby Land tundra
452:Ellsworth Mountains
404:Antarctic Peninsula
315:Australasian realms
173:South Georgia Group
130:Antarctic Peninsula
54: /
1871:Floristic kingdoms
1635:Hydrothermal vents
1496:Coniferous forests
1458:Coniferous forests
1253:Telecommunications
1167:Territorial claims
802:2012-05-10 at the
428:Eastern Antarctica
387:Adelie Land tundra
78:
1889:
1888:
1849:
1848:
1793:Tropical Atlantic
1669:
1668:
1576:
1575:
1468:Deciduous forests
1361:
1360:
1320:Ernest Shackleton
1248:Research stations
1193:Antarctic English
1162:National programs
1157:Military activity
1131:COVID-19 pandemic
1088:
1087:
957:Floristic Kingdom
862:Antarctic sea ice
655:(7514): 244–246.
625:
624:
604:Kerguelen Islands
294:continental drift
161:Kerguelen Islands
58:90.000°S -0.000°E
16:(Redirected from
1924:
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1310:James Clark Ross
1282:Famous explorers
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682:
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638:
608:McDonald Islands
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199:keystone species
165:McDonald Islands
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21:
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1902:Antarctic realm
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1885:
1845:
1807:
1736:
1676:
1665:
1661:Endolithic zone
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1515:
1483:
1477:
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1412:
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1392:
1362:
1357:
1324:
1294:Richard E. Byrd
1277:
1238:Protected areas
1176:
1140:
1097:
1084:
1041:
995:Bodies of Water
990:
979:West Antarctica
935:East Antarctica
913:
848:
843:
804:Wayback Machine
732:
727:
726:
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714:
704:
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690:
686:
670:10.1038/512244a
639:
635:
630:
476:Marie Byrd Land
416:Queen Maud Land
381:
380:
334:
278:Antarctic flora
274:
241:and many other
223:crabeater seals
195:Antarctic krill
82:Antarctic realm
63:-90.000; -0.000
62:
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56:
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45:
43:
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23:
22:
15:
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11:
5:
1930:
1920:
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1917:Phytogeography
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1904:
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1679:
1675:Biogeographic
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1340:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1304:Ui-te-Rangiora
1301:
1299:Douglas Mawson
1296:
1291:
1289:Roald Amundsen
1285:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
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1235:
1230:
1228:Gateway cities
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1215:
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1200:
1195:
1190:
1188:Antarctica Day
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1080:
1075:
1070:
1060:
1058:Microorganisms
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1049:
1047:
1043:
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1034:
1029:
1024:
1022:List of rivers
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996:
992:
991:
989:
988:
987:
986:
976:
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964:
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954:
952:Extreme points
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927:
921:
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872:Climate change
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842:
841:
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827:
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813:
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765:10019.1/120035
748:(7): 726–741.
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728:
725:
724:
712:
684:
632:
631:
629:
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592:Crozet Islands
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440:Ellsworth Land
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286:southern beech
273:
270:
262:microorganisms
203:Southern Ocean
153:Crozet Islands
26:
18:Antarctic Zone
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1687:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1672:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1645:Demersal zone
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
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1603:
1601:
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1502:
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1492:
1489:
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1480:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1442:Alpine tundra
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:Polar/montane
1418:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1377:
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1236:
1234:
1233:Midwinter Day
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1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1172:Treaty System
1170:
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1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1027:McMurdo Sound
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
997:
993:
985:
982:
981:
980:
977:
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965:
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902:
900:
897:
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890:
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870:
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857:
855:
851:
847:
840:
835:
833:
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580:Victoria Land
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544:Bouvet Island
541:
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298:South America
295:
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258:
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248:
247:phytoplankton
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215:leopard seals
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149:Bouvet Island
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37:
33:
19:
1912:Biogeography
1812:Subdivisions
1702:Australasian
1696:
1692:Afrotropical
1654:Other biomes
1630:Benthic zone
1625:Pelagic zone
1620:Neritic zone
1610:Kelp forests
1482:Tropical and
1218:Firefighting
1203:Demographics
1126:Colonization
1121:World War II
924:
809:Science News
807:
806:May 5, 2012
745:
741:
730:Bibliography
715:
703:. Retrieved
697:
687:
652:
646:
636:
600:Heard Island
464:Enderby Land
350:
335:
319:
290:Gondwanaland
275:
259:
193:
157:Heard Island
146:
123:
117:
81:
79:
39:
1722:Neotropical
1712:Indomalayan
1685:Terrestrial
1615:Coral reefs
1484:subtropical
1411:Terrestrial
1306:(legendary)
1213:Field camps
1111:Expeditions
1037:Weddell Sea
1017:Lake Vostok
1012:Lake Mercer
884:Ice shelves
392:Adélie Land
326:New Zealand
307:Neotropical
255:photic zone
239:albatrosses
61: /
1896:Categories
1829:Ecoregions
1824:Bioregions
1732:Palearctic
1640:Cold seeps
1600:Intertidal
1116:Heroic Age
967:South Pole
877:Heat waves
846:Antarctica
780:television
705:August 21,
628:References
341:ecoregions
332:Ecoregions
266:Antarctica
183:, and the
110:liverworts
90:Antarctica
30:See also:
1707:Holarctic
1697:Antarctic
1605:Mangroves
1451:Temperate
1268:Transport
1007:Lake CECs
984:ice sheet
940:ice sheet
909:Volcanoes
899:Mountains
854:Geography
351:Antarctic
282:podocarps
251:nutrients
219:fur seals
1854:See also
1727:Oceanian
1717:Nearctic
1595:Littoral
1568:Mangrove
1558:Riparian
1338:Category
1243:Religion
1145:Politics
1063:Wildlife
1032:Ross Sea
894:Glaciers
800:Archived
679:25143097
235:penguins
134:penguins
108:, 25–30
94:Atlantic
1581:Aquatic
1563:Wetland
1348:Commons
1263:Tourism
1208:Economy
1181:Society
1103:History
1073:Mammals
962:Islands
918:Regions
889:Geology
867:Climate
657:Bibcode
272:History
231:icefish
197:is the
102:lichens
46:90°00′S
1753:Arctic
1741:Marine
1677:realms
1583:biomes
1537:Steppe
1427:Tundra
1413:biomes
1403:Biomes
945:shield
904:Tundra
699:Forbes
677:
648:Nature
354:tundra
338:tundra
313:) and
207:whales
189:tundra
179:, the
175:, the
171:, the
167:, the
163:, the
159:, the
151:, the
142:whales
140:, and
106:mosses
104:, 100
98:Indian
49:0°00′W
1432:Taiga
1353:Index
1273:Women
1223:Flags
1198:Crime
1136:Years
1078:Krill
1068:Birds
1053:Flora
243:birds
227:squid
211:seals
138:seals
114:algal
1590:Pond
1258:Time
1046:Life
775:, a
707:2014
675:PMID
284:and
96:and
80:The
34:and
1546:Wet
1520:Dry
777:BBC
760:hdl
750:doi
665:doi
653:512
1898::
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136:,
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762::
752::
709:.
681:.
667::
659::
375:e
368:t
361:v
309:(
20:)
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