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The climate is cloudy and humid all year round, and very strong westerly winds blow at all seasons. Some of the sunniest weather is associated with outbreaks of very cold weather from the south in late winter and spring. Mean summer temperatures are only about 1.5 °C (34.7 °F) and those in
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were conducted on the islands during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The sealing era lasted from 1820 to 1908 during which time 197 vessels are recorded as having visiting the islands. Twelve of those vessels were wrecked. Relics of the sealing era include iron try pots, hut ruins, and
2001:
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off
Livingston Island, where its British crew landed on Christmas Day 1819, and claimed the islands for King George III. A narrative of the events was published by the brig's master, Joseph Herring, in the July 1820 edition of the
429:
before Smith, historical evidence is insufficient to sustain such assertions. Smith's discovery, by contrast, was well documented and had wider historical implications beyond its geographic significance.
2005:
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winter are about −5 °C (23 °F). The effect of the ocean tends to keep summer temperatures low and prevent winter temperatures from falling as low as they do inland to the south.
150:
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The South
Shetlands consist of 11 major islands and several minor ones, totalling 3,687 km (1,424 sq mi) of land area. Between 80 and 90% of the land area is permanently
660:, but they have only been permanently occupied by humans since the establishment of a scientific research station in 1944. The archipelago, together with the nearby
2137:
I.M. Howat, C. Porter, B.E. Smith, M.-J. Noh and P. Morin. Reference
Elevation Model of Antarctica (REMA). Polar Geospatial Center. University of Minnesota, 2022 (
362:
of 1959, the islands' sovereignty is neither recognized nor disputed by the signatories and they are free for use by any signatory for non-military purposes.
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from early April to early
December, and the monthly average temperature is below 0 °C (32 °F) for eight months of the year (April to November).
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The first wintering over in
Antarctica took place on the South Shetlands, when at the end of the 1820–1821 summer season, 11 British men from the ship
1751:
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from the exploration of the sloop Dove in the years 1821 and 1822 by George Powell
Commander of the same. Scale ca. 1:200000. London: Laurie, 1822.
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ship to explore the islands, where "new sources of wealth, power, and happiness would be disclosed and science itself be benefited thereby".
1822:
Scale 1:250000 topographic map of
Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
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arrived at the South
Shetlands in January 1821. The Russians surveyed the islands and named them, landing on both King George Island and
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480:. Thus, Livingston Island became the first land ever discovered farther than 60° south. Smith revisited the South Shetlands, landed on
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634:). The name South Shetland Islands is now established in international usage. The two island groups lie at similar distances from the
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The
Discovery of the South Shetland Islands: The Voyage of the Brig Williams 1819–1820 and the Journal of Midshipman C. W. Poynter
723:. They are within the region 61° 00'–63° 37' South, 53° 83'–62° 83' West. The islands lie 940 km (510 nmi) south of the
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with a total area of 3,687 km (1,424 sq mi). They lie about 120 kilometres (65 nautical miles) north of the
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497:. Parts of her presumed wreckage were found months later by sealers on the north coast of Livingston Island. The crew of
883:, but their proximity to Antarctica means that they have a much colder climate. The sea around the islands is closed by
72:
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2092:
Martinez-Bahamonde, Rafael (2019). "El navio San Telmo: Los
Primeros en pisar la Antartida. Una reparación histórica".
2054:
1767:(from English Strait to Morton Strait, with illustrations and ice-cover distribution). Scale 1:100000 topographic map.
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retreat during recent years, but despite this, they remain more than 80% snow- and ice-covered throughout the summer.
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Quaternary volcanic products of the islands tend to have less potassium and sodium at a given silica range, and lower
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Sixteen research stations are in different parts of the islands, with Chilean stations being the greatest in number.
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The name "New South Britain" was used briefly, but was soon changed to South Shetland Islands (in reference to the
527:
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failed to leave King George Island, and survived the winter to be rescued at the beginning of the next season.
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2071:"Dirección Nacional del Antártico | Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Internacional y Culto"
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in 1603 might have sighted the South Shetlands, or North or South American sealers might have visited the
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authorities to establish a base for sealing on "some of the uninhabited islands near the South Pole".
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79:
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El hito austral del confín de América. El cabo de Hornos. (Siglo XIX, 1800–1855.) (Segunda parte.)
623:, who informed him of the activities of dozens of American and British sealing ships in the area.
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1941:. Eds. C. Pimpirev and N. Chipev. Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2015, pp. 17–28,
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32:
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on Smith Island at 2,025 m (6,644 ft) above sea level at 2-meter spatial resolution.
354:, and between 430 and 900 km (230 and 485 nmi) southwest of the nearest point of the
292:
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island of "Locket Island", but which the author states is based on the South Shetland Islands.
4148:
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449:; however, the artifacts – two arrowheads – were later found to have been planted. In 1818,
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1967:
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On 15 November 1819, the United States agent in Valparaíso, Jeremy Robinson, informed the
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Several countries maintain research stations on the islands. Most of them are situated on
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8:
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visited the islands, due to stone artifacts recovered from bottom-sampling operations in
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1971:
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1983:
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The Russian names above are historical, and no longer the official Russian names. (See
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of Smith's discovery and Bransfield's forthcoming mission, and suggested dispatching a
511:
From December 1819 to January 1820, the islands were surveyed and mapped by Lieutenant
508:(a total of 644 men), are believed to be the first known humans to land in Antarctica.
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Espacios protegidos y política territorial en las islas Shetland del Sur (Antártida).
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Despite the harsh conditions, the islands do support vegetation and are part of the
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1975:
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1644: – Authoritative international gazetteer containing all the Antarctic toponyms
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The islands have been claimed by the United Kingdom since 1908 and as part of the
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2176:"Geochemical signatures of tephras from Quaternary Antarctic Peninsula volcanoes"
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From north to south, the main and some minor islands of the South Shetlands are:
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A. G. E. Jones, Captain William Smith and the Discovery of New South Shetland,
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The discovery of the islands attracted British and American sealers. The first
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1979:
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1958:
G. Hattersley-Smith (June 1983). "Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands".
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Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands.
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Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands
800:. From west to east, the known volcanoes are Sail Rock, Deception Island,
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1884:
1786:
Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010.
1636:
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1006:
801:
736:
735:) northwest and north from the nearest point of the Antarctic continent,
639:
426:
1729:
Topographic map of Livingston, Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands
768:
The South Shetland Islands extend about 500 km (270 nmi) from
4002:
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1064:(the largest, called May 25 island by Argentina, or Vaterloo by Russia)
1002:
921:
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168:
149:
2110:, Scott Polar Research Institute (Cambridge University), 2018, p.168,
3558:
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2422:
Argentine Government Website with a map of the South Shetland Islands
1888:
1585:
1262:
1244:
1226:
998:
928:
502:
469:
122:
2002:"Authentication of aboriginal remains in the South Shetland Islands"
1142:(one of several in the Antarctic region; Maly Yaroslavets by Russia)
287:
21:
3905:
3738:
3613:
3463:
1809:. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017,
1772:
1733:
1602:
1280:
841:
631:
2094:
University of the Basque Country – Escuela de Ingeniería de Bilbao
1695: – Tectonic microplate off the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula
2343:
General Survey of Climatology V12, Landsberg ed., 1984, Elsevier.
2138:
2023:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1550:
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891:
884:
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856:
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As a group of islands, the South Shetland Islands are located at
649:
635:
308:
276:
1650: – Active volcanic island in the South Shetland archipelago
1076:(minor - one of several Penguin Islands in the Antarctic region)
2233:. Sutton, Surrey, UK: Severn House Publishers. pp. 1–224.
1514:
1496:
1298:
952:
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833:
829:
332:
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is in the background; she later sank after hitting an iceberg.
840:. An exception is the tephra of Deception Island, which is of
792:
exist in the islands. These volcanoes are associated with the
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2126:
1776:
1619:
1442:
1424:
1388:
1370:
1352:
1334:
1316:
956:
370:
2427:
Argentine Government website about the history of Antarctica
656:
Beginning in 1908, the islands were governed as part of the
638:; the Scottish Shetland Islands are 60°N, and warmed by the
303:
2318:
Below the Convergence: Voyages Toward Antarctica, 1699–1839
2206:
GHCN Climate data, GISS data publications, period 1978-2007
1738:
Route of plot sequence and geography of the thriller novel
1478:
1214:
Several nations maintain research stations on the Islands:
948:
1819:
875:
The islands are the same distance from the Equator as the
2215:
573:, commanded by Captain James Sheffield (with second mate
1656: – Island of the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica
484:
on 16 October 1819, and claimed possession for Britain.
369:
since 1962. They are also claimed by the governments of
318:
2174:
Kraus, Stefan; Kurbatov, Andrei; Yates, Martin (2013).
493:
sank in September 1819 whilst trying to go through the
2417:
United Kingdom, British Antarctic Territory Government
2353:
Jefferson, N.C. and London: McFarland, 2011. 1771 pp.
947:. These areas support tundra vegetation consisting of
943:. All of these islands lie in the cold seas below the
2394:
Generis Publishing, 2022. pp. 23–24, 78–83, 108–110.
2313:, vol. 141, no. 3 (November 1975), pp. 445–461.
748:, lying about 120 km (75 mi) north of the
642:, but the South Shetlands at 62°S are much colder.
392:, benefitting from the airfield of the Chilean base
377:
province), and by Argentina (since 1943, as part of
295:'s 1822 chart of the South Shetland Islands, with a
2443:
1957:
1935:
General Geography and History of Livingston Island.
1752:
Chart of South Shetland including Coronation Island
468:, Chile, in 1819, deviated from his route south of
460:Captain William Smith in the British merchant brig
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2501:
2173:
2091:
2038:
118:Group of islands north of the Antarctic Peninsula
4125:
2434:Argentine Antarctic Sector: Historical Documents
2296:is a pseudonym Riffenburgh and she use jointly.)
1887:(2020) is set in a penguin research base on the
1758:King George Island Geographic Information System
1136:(minor - one of several in the Antarctic region)
2412:Commonwealth Secretariat Website describing BAT
577:), the first US sealer in the South Shetlands.
407:The islands were discovered by British mariner
1807:Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island
121:For the southernmost of Shetland Islands, see
2648:
2464:
2384:Boletín de la A.G.E. N.º 31, 2001, págs. 5–21
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2444:Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria
2253:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1966:(135). Cambridge University Press: 605–606.
1662: – Island of the South Shetland Islands
963:, and seals feed in the surrounding waters.
933:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2041:Slicing the Silence: Voyaging to Antarctica
780:and Clarence Island in the east-northeast.
761:. The highest point on the island chain is
299:on the bottom-right called "Middle Island".
2886:Desolation Island (South Shetland Islands)
2662:
2655:
2641:
2471:
2457:
2160:
1677:Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
1666:List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands
744:The South Shetland Islands are a group of
2479:Places adjacent to South Shetland Islands
2191:
2036:
1939:Bulgarian Antarctic Research: A Synthesis
1501:Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station
544:ship to operate in the area was the brig
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
2030:
1732:
1724:
1565:
1202:
1186:
997:
970:
905:
890:The islands have experienced measurable
727:, and between 93 km (50 nmi) (
679:
672:destination during the southern summer.
331:
317:
302:
286:
275:
2004:. NASA. 15 October 2012. Archived from
863:ratios, than those associated with the
788:Various volcanoes with activity in the
615:Islands, Bellingshausen was visited by
4126:
1907:
1905:
2636:
2452:
2108:Historical Antarctic sealing industry
2045:. Harvard University Press. pp.
1571:Camp Byers (International Field Camp)
433:Chilean scientists have claimed that
215:3,687 km (1,424 sq mi)
2486:
2370:New York: Routledge, 2006. 1272 pp.
2327:, the Hakluyt Society, London, 2000.
2131:
1182:
1130:(second largest, Smolensk by Russia)
548:, chartered by British merchants in
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
4144:Archipelagoes of the Southern Ocean
1902:
1303:Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station
13:
2303:
2120:
1994:
901:
731:) and 269 km (145 nmi) (
519:, which had been chartered by the
472:, and on 19 February 1819 sighted
417:, in 1819. Although Dutch mariner
14:
4160:
2439:Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica
2405:
1642:Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica
1179:for a complete list of islands.)
487:Meanwhile, the Spanish Navy ship
142:Map of the South Shetland Islands
4139:Falkland Islands in World War II
2588:
2571:
2563:
2544:
2523:
2503:
2320:, Penguin Books, New York, 1998.
2018:
1820:Antarctic Digital Database (ADD)
1769:Antarctic Place-names Commission
1688:Territorial claims in Antarctica
1612:
1595:
1578:
1543:
1525:
1507:
1489:
1471:
1453:
1435:
1417:
1399:
1381:
1363:
1345:
1327:
1309:
1291:
1273:
1255:
1237:
1219:
994:seen on the horizon on the right
528:United States Secretary of State
283:, discovered on 19 February 1819
148:
136:
20:
2261:
2209:
2200:
2157:Generis Publishing, 2022. p. 23
2144:
1915:. North Dakota State University
501:and the troops onboard, led by
154:Location of the South Shetlands
31:needs additional citations for
2100:
2085:
2063:
1951:
1927:
1857:), with action spreading from
1561:
619:, master of the American brig
1:
2589:
2545:
2366:Encyclopedia of the Antarctic
2127:Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer
1895:
1832:The archipelago provides the
1826:
1483:Machu Picchu Research Station
1176:
867:on the Antarctic Peninisula.
668:, is an increasingly popular
476:, the northeast extremity of
453:obtained permission from the
2572:
2564:
2217:Beaufort, Simon, (pseudonym)
1679: – British organization
1673: – Island in Antarctica
1429:Juan Carlos I Antarctic Base
1411:Pedro Vicente Maldonado Base
1339:Profesor Julio Escudero Base
1321:Presidente Eduardo Frei Base
783:
675:
593:Russian Antarctic Expedition
373:(since 1940, as part of the
7:
2349:Antarctica: An Encyclopedia
2330:Capt. Hernán Ferrer Fougá,
1629:
684:South Shetland Islands and
658:Falkland Islands Dependency
587:Having circumnavigated the
421:in 1599 or Spanish Admiral
367:British Antarctic Territory
223:2,025 m (6644 ft)
10:
4165:
2387:L. Ivanov and N. Ivanova.
2150:L. Ivanov and N. Ivanova.
966:
870:
402:
120:
4071:
3975:
3292:
2736:
2670:
2484:
2340:, Valparaíso, 2004, n° 1.
2243:– via Google Books.
1980:10.1017/S003224740002204X
1853:(under their joint alias
1539:(since 1996, Summer only)
1485:(since 1989, Summer only)
1449:(since 1989, Summer only)
1431:(since 1988, Summer only)
1413:(since 1990, Summer only)
1377:(since 1991, Summer only)
1287:(since 1988, Summer only)
1269:(since 1948, Summer only)
1233:(since 1953, Summer only)
776:in the west-southwest to
597:Fabian von Bellingshausen
383:Tierra del Fuego Province
263:
255:
250:
242:
237:
227:
219:
211:
174:
164:
159:
147:
135:
2288:is pseudonyms of author
1913:"South Shetland Islands"
1557:(since 1984, Year-round)
1521:(since 1968, Year-round)
1503:(since 1977, Year-round)
1467:(since 1988, Year-round)
1447:Gabriel de Castilla Base
1395:(since 1985, Year-round)
1393:Chang Cheng / Great Wall
1359:(since 1947, Year-round)
1357:Captain Arturo Prat Base
1341:(since 1994, Year-round)
1323:(since 1969, Year-round)
1305:(since 1984, Year-round)
1251:(since 1953, Year-round)
607:. While sailing between
55:"South Shetland Islands"
2390:The World of Antarctica
2193:10.5027/andgeoV40n1-a01
2153:The World of Antarctica
2037:Griffiths, Tom (2007).
1838:of the 2016 Antarctica
1720:
1375:Dr. Guillermo Mann Base
990:in the background, and
846:basaltic trachyandesite
688:, astronaut photo, 2011
245:Antarctic Treaty System
243:Administered under the
4134:South Shetland Islands
3821:Sewing-Machine Needles
2664:South Shetland Islands
2569:South Shetland Islands
2139:Antarctic REMA Exlorer
1881:Away with the Penguins
1747:
1730:
1573:
1519:Bellingshausen Station
1211:
1200:
1177:the end of the article
1034:(Mordvinova by Russia)
1018:
995:
917:
689:
565:was followed from the
552:. The ship arrived at
344:South Shetland Islands
339:
329:
315:
300:
284:
220:Highest elevation
131:South Shetland Islands
4103:South Shetland Trough
2106:R.K. Headland (ed.),
1736:
1728:
1569:
1206:
1190:
1040:(Shishkova by Russia)
1001:
974:
945:Antarctic Convergence
909:
683:
569:by the American brig
451:Juan Pedro de Aguirre
445:, and Discovery Bay,
335:
321:
306:
290:
279:
3294:Rocks, stacks, reefs
2580:South Orkney Islands
2363:B. Riffenburgh, ed.
2323:R. J. Campbell ed.,
2311:Geographical Journal
1794:(First edition 2009
1763:L. L. Ivanov et al.
1285:St. Kliment Ohridski
1148:(Borodino by Russia)
1112:(Berezina by Russia)
937:South Orkney Islands
850:potassium and sodium
666:South Georgia Island
379:Argentine Antarctica
356:South Orkney Islands
40:improve this article
4075:subglacial features
2607:Antarctic Peninsula
1972:1983PoRec..21..605H
1465:King Sejong Station
1088:(Polotsk by Russia)
1082:(Leipzig by Russia)
750:Antarctic Peninsula
707: /
686:Antarctic Peninsula
662:Antarctic Peninsula
589:Antarctic continent
464:, while sailing to
423:Gabriel de Castilla
352:Antarctic Peninsula
192: /
132:
2269:"The Killing Ship"
2075:cancilleria.gob.ar
1748:
1731:
1714:Wensleydale Beacon
1660:King George Island
1574:
1212:
1201:
1154:(Teylya by Russia)
1062:King George Island
1019:
1003:Warm volcanic bath
996:
959:, while seabirds,
918:
690:
535:United States Navy
482:King George Island
443:King George Island
390:King George Island
340:
330:
316:
301:
285:
228:Highest point
130:
4121:
4120:
4083:Bransfield Trough
2628:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2400:979-8-88676-403-1
2376:978-1-1358-7866-5
2359:978-0-7864-3590-6
2337:Revista de Marina
2240:978-0-7278-8639-2
2225:Riffenburgh, Beau
2221:Cruwys, Elizabeth
2116:978-0-901021-26-7
2008:on 2 January 2014
1947:978-954-07-3939-7
1815:978-619-90008-3-0
1800:978-954-92032-6-4
1792:978-954-92032-9-5
1671:Livingston Island
1183:Research stations
1128:Livingston Island
1122:Desolation Island
1026:Cornwallis Island
980:Livingston Island
838:basaltic andesite
746:Antarctic islands
711:62.000°S 58.000°W
559:Imperial Magazine
531:John Quincy Adams
513:Edward Bransfield
478:Livingston Island
375:Antártica Chilena
348:Antarctic islands
274:
273:
196:62.000°S 58.000°W
116:
115:
108:
90:
4156:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2592:
2591:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2566:
2548:
2547:
2528:
2527:
2513:
2511:Falkland Islands
2509:
2507:
2506:
2491:Tierra del Fuego
2487:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2297:
2290:Elizabeth Cruwys
2283:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2252:
2244:
2230:The Killing Ship
2213:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2171:
2158:
2148:
2142:
2135:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2081:on 18 June 2015.
2077:. Archived from
2067:
2061:
2060:
2044:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1955:
1949:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1909:
1851:Beau Riffenburgh
1847:Elizabeth Cruwys
1843:The Killing Ship
1740:The Killing Ship
1654:Greenwich Island
1648:Deception Island
1618:
1616:
1615:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1152:Deception Island
1116:Half Moon Island
1110:Greenwich Island
1068:Bridgeman Island
1011:Deception Island
822:Bridgeman Island
729:Deception Island
725:Falkland Islands
722:
721:
719:
718:
717:
716:-62.000; -58.000
712:
708:
705:
704:
703:
700:
630:in the north of
628:Shetland Islands
617:Nathaniel Palmer
575:Nathaniel Palmer
567:Falkland Islands
447:Greenwich Island
360:Antarctic Treaty
327:Tangra Mountains
313:Half Moon Island
207:
206:
204:
203:
202:
201:-62.000; -58.000
197:
193:
190:
189:
188:
185:
152:
140:
133:
129:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4113:Wordie Seamount
4088:Macheret Trench
4076:
4074:
4067:
4038:Neck or Nothing
3971:
3297:
3296:spits and banks
3295:
3288:
2732:
2666:
2661:
2629:
2624:
2616:
2576:
2532:
2522:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2493:
2480:
2477:
2408:
2306:
2304:Further reading
2301:
2300:
2286:Susanna Gregory
2274:Susanna Gregory
2267:
2266:
2262:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2172:
2161:
2149:
2145:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2105:
2101:
2090:
2086:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2035:
2031:
2019:
2011:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1956:
1952:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1877:in the process.
1863:Byers Peninsula
1829:
1746:
1723:
1718:
1632:
1613:
1611:
1596:
1594:
1590:Camp Livingston
1579:
1577:
1564:
1544:
1542:
1526:
1524:
1508:
1506:
1490:
1488:
1472:
1470:
1454:
1452:
1436:
1434:
1418:
1416:
1400:
1398:
1382:
1380:
1364:
1362:
1346:
1344:
1328:
1326:
1310:
1308:
1292:
1290:
1274:
1272:
1256:
1254:
1238:
1236:
1220:
1218:
1207:Bulgarian base
1185:
1092:The Watchkeeper
1038:Clarence Island
1032:Elephant Island
969:
904:
902:Flora and fauna
873:
812:, Inott Point,
806:Gleaner Heights
798:Bransfield Rift
786:
778:Elephant Island
755:
754:
753:
733:Clarence Island
715:
713:
709:
706:
701:
698:
696:
694:
693:
678:
605:Elephant Island
601:Mikhail Lazarev
506:Rosendo Porlier
405:
346:are a group of
200:
198:
194:
191:
186:
183:
181:
179:
178:
155:
143:
126:
119:
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
4162:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4108:Vergilov Ridge
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3921:Twin Pinnacles
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
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3828:
3823:
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3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
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3773:
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3763:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3746:
3741:
3736:
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3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3639:Martello Tower
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
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3411:
3406:
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3396:
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3356:
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3336:
3331:
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3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
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3077:
3072:
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3005:
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2955:
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2798:
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2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2637:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2613:Southern Ocean
2609:
2604:
2601:Southern Ocean
2596:
2595:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2562:
2560:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2535:Atlantic Ocean
2520:
2499:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2407:
2406:External links
2404:
2403:
2402:
2385:
2378:
2361:
2344:
2341:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2294:Simon Beaufort
2280:Simon Beaufort
2260:
2239:
2208:
2199:
2180:Andean Geology
2159:
2143:
2130:
2119:
2099:
2084:
2062:
2056:978-0674026339
2055:
2029:
1993:
1950:
1926:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1878:
1871:Verila Glacier
1855:Simon Beaufort
1840:thriller novel
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1803:
1780:
1761:
1755:
1744:Simon Beaufort
1737:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1693:Shetland Plate
1690:
1685:
1680:
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1668:
1663:
1657:
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1645:
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1450:
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1414:
1396:
1378:
1360:
1342:
1324:
1306:
1288:
1270:
1267:Base Decepción
1252:
1234:
1199:(on the right)
1197:Bellingshausen
1184:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1104:Aitcho Islands
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1074:Penguin Island
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
968:
965:
911:Elephant seals
903:
900:
881:North Atlantic
872:
869:
824:. Most of the
814:Penguin Island
810:Edinburgh Hill
785:
782:
743:
742:
741:
677:
674:
653:inscriptions.
563:Espirito Santo
546:Espirito Santo
474:Williams Point
419:Dirck Gerritsz
404:
401:
297:phantom island
281:Williams Point
272:
271:
265:
261:
260:
257:
253:
252:
248:
247:
240:
239:
238:Administration
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4135:
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4131:
4129:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4098:Quiroga Ridge
4096:
4094:
4093:Orca Seamount
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
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4080:
4078:
4070:
4064:
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3965:
3962:
3961:Waldseemüller
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3410:
3407:
3405:
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3397:
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3210:
3208:
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3200:
3198:
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3115:
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3110:
3108:
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3101:
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3021:
3019:
3016:
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3011:
3009:
3006:
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2999:
2996:
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2991:
2989:
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2899:
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2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:Other islands
2735:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
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2631:
2619:
2615:
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2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2570:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2557:Pacific Ocean
2554:
2553:
2550:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2530:South Georgia
2526:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2517:Drake Passage
2512:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2496:Drake Passage
2492:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2316:Alan Gurney,
2315:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2256:
2250:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2096:(in Spanish).
2095:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2033:
2026:
2025:public domain
2007:
2003:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1835:mise-en-scène
1831:
1830:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1805:L.L. Ivanov.
1804:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1782:L.L. Ivanov.
1781:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1727:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:Stanley Patch
1702:
1700:
1699:Stancomb Cove
1697:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
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1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
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1635:
1634:
1625:
1621:
1610:
1608:
1607:Camp Academia
1604:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1556:
1552:
1541:
1538:
1537:Shirreff Base
1534:
1533:United States
1523:
1520:
1516:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1451:
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1426:
1415:
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1300:
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1268:
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1246:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1198:
1194:
1191:Chilean base
1189:
1180:
1178:
1170:
1169:Middle Island
1167:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1134:Rugged Island
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1086:Robert Island
1084:
1081:
1080:Nelson Island
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:Rowett Island
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
989:
985:
984:Morton Strait
981:
977:
973:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:Bouvet Island
938:
934:
931:, along with
930:
927:
923:
916:
912:
908:
899:
895:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
877:Faroe Islands
868:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
826:volcanic rock
823:
819:
818:Melville Peak
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
781:
779:
775:
771:
766:
764:
760:
751:
747:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
720:
687:
682:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
651:
647:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
582:Lord Melville
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
554:Rugged Island
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
529:
524:
522:
518:
515:on board the
514:
509:
507:
504:
500:
496:
495:Drake Passage
492:
491:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:Admiralty Bay
436:
431:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:
410:
409:William Smith
400:
397:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
338:
334:
328:
324:
320:
314:
310:
305:
298:
294:
293:George Powell
289:
282:
278:
269:
266:
264:Ethnic groups
262:
258:
254:
249:
246:
241:
236:
233:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
177:
173:
170:
167:
163:
158:
151:
146:
139:
134:
128:
124:
110:
107:
99:
96:February 2022
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
4149:Seal hunting
4073:Undersea and
3886:The Pointers
2671:Main islands
2663:
2630:
2611:
2599:
2568:
2555:
2533:
2515:
2494:
2389:
2380:E. Serrano.
2365:
2348:
2346:J. Stewart.
2335:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2272:
2263:
2229:
2211:
2202:
2183:
2179:
2152:
2146:
2133:
2122:
2107:
2102:
2093:
2087:
2079:the original
2074:
2065:
2040:
2032:
2010:. Retrieved
2006:the original
1996:
1963:
1960:Polar Record
1959:
1953:
1938:
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1880:
1867:Ivanov Beach
1859:Hannah Point
1845:authored by
1842:
1833:
1739:
1683:Sherratt Bay
1555:Artigas Base
1213:
1195:and Russian
1174:
1163:Seal Islands
1146:Smith Island
1098:Table Island
1056:Eadie Island
1050:Gibbs Island
1020:
992:Smith Island
976:Devils Point
919:
915:Hannah Point
896:
889:
874:
854:
848:, richer in
787:
770:Smith Island
767:
763:Mount Foster
756:
691:
655:
646:Seal hunting
644:
625:
620:
586:
581:
579:
570:
562:
558:
550:Buenos Aires
545:
539:
525:
516:
510:
498:
488:
486:
461:
459:
455:Buenos Aires
432:
413:
406:
398:
394:Eduardo Frei
387:
364:
343:
341:
337:Renier Point
291:Fragment of
251:Demographics
232:Mount Foster
127:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
3719:Parry Patch
3469:Enchantress
3324:Ballestilla
2698:King George
2186:(1): 1–40.
1933:Ivanov, L.
1885:Hazel Prior
1869:, skirting
1637:Cape Plenty
1562:Field camps
1461:South Korea
1140:Snow Island
1015:MV Explorer
1007:Port Foster
988:Snow Island
865:Larsen Rift
802:Rezen Knoll
737:Graham Land
714: /
640:Gulf Stream
427:archipelago
259:around 500
199: /
175:Coordinates
4128:Categories
4003:Hell Gates
3801:Rusokastro
3754:Asses Ears
3409:Chorobates
3282:Phanagoria
3232:Valchedram
3227:Two Summit
3187:Square End
3060:Churicheni
3035:Miladinovi
2871:Cornwallis
2861:Chiprovtsi
2779:Kilifarevo
2754:Barrientos
2703:Livingston
2618:Antarctica
1896:References
1875:Rotch Dome
1827:In fiction
1709:Stump Rock
1624:Camp Byers
1158:Low Island
922:Scotia Sea
790:Quaternary
774:Low Island
613:Livingston
521:Royal Navy
466:Valparaíso
323:Ongal Peak
307:Norwegian
256:Population
169:Antarctica
66:newspapers
4023:McFarlane
3916:Tvarditsa
3901:Troughton
3896:Triznatsi
3851:Stackpole
3806:Sail Rock
3624:Lyutibrod
3519:Habermehl
3479:Frederick
3449:Eddystone
3419:Cosmolabe
3319:Baktriana
3304:Aim Rocks
3267:Esperanto
3222:Treklyano
3197:Sugarloaf
3172:San Telmo
3132:Prosechen
3122:Presnakov
3085:Osenovlag
3023:Pisanitsa
2978:Half Moon
2926:Pogledets
2851:Bridgeman
2693:Greenwich
2683:Deception
2249:cite book
2012:2 January
1988:129083566
1919:21 August
1889:fictional
1586:Argentina
1263:Argentina
1245:Argentina
1227:Argentina
1171:(phantom)
929:ecoregion
794:tectonics
784:Volcanoes
759:glaciated
676:Geography
609:Deception
503:Brigadier
499:San Telmo
490:San Telmo
470:Cape Horn
358:. By the
160:Geography
123:Fair Isle
4063:Villalón
4058:Smolensk
3936:Vergilov
3776:Raquelia
3689:Odometer
3584:Letelier
3529:Henfield
3489:Glozhene
3404:Cheshire
3384:Chabrier
3379:Caraquet
3277:Lesidren
3112:Pindarev
3095:Svetulka
3040:Montufar
3008:Låvebrua
2973:González
2866:Cornwall
2846:Borceguí
2688:Elephant
2678:Clarence
2227:(2016).
1773:Bulgaria
1630:See also
1603:Bulgaria
1281:Bulgaria
1209:Ohridski
961:penguins
924:Islands
842:trachyte
632:Scotland
571:Hersilia
517:Williams
462:Williams
435:Amerinds
270:, others
165:Location
4018:Klimash
3998:Glogovo
3988:English
3976:Straits
3956:Voluyak
3951:Vodoley
3911:Turmoil
3881:Tenorio
3871:Telefon
3866:Syrezol
3861:Suhache
3856:Stewart
3836:Simpson
3826:Shearer
3811:Salient
3796:Rosales
3786:Ritchie
3771:Ramsden
3766:Rabisha
3749:Potmess
3744:Pingvin
3734:Perivol
3729:Patresh
3724:Passage
3684:Nikudin
3649:Mellona
3634:Makresh
3629:Maglizh
3604:Livonia
3594:Lientur
3589:Liberty
3574:Koynare
3564:Kianida
3514:Growler
3494:Goritsa
3484:Galiche
3444:Dzhegov
3439:Dovizio
3434:Dlagnya
3399:Chapman
3389:Channel
3374:Buchino
3334:Belchin
3272:Koshava
3212:Tirizis
3152:Rotalia
3142:Rogozen
3137:Pyramid
3107:Penguin
3028:Zverino
2993:Kaliman
2983:Heywood
2963:Glumche
2953:Gergini
2948:Fregata
2943:Express
2921:Melyane
2901:Dufayel
2896:Dioptra
2816:Aurelia
2806:Araguez
2784:Pasarel
2769:Emeline
2764:Cecilia
2759:Bilyana
2282:. 2019.
2276:website
2047:344–345
1968:Bibcode
1779:, 2005.
1551:Uruguay
1407:Ecuador
1249:Carlini
1165:(minor)
1124:(minor)
1118:(minor)
1106:(minor)
1100:(minor)
1094:(minor)
1070:(minor)
1058:(minor)
1052:(minor)
1046:(minor)
1028:(minor)
982:, with
967:Islands
953:lichens
892:glacier
879:in the
871:Climate
670:tourist
650:whaling
636:Equator
542:sealing
414:William
403:History
309:whaling
80:scholar
4043:Nelson
4028:Morton
4013:Izgrev
4008:Iglika
3993:Fildes
3946:Vietor
3931:Vardim
3876:Telish
3846:Skrino
3841:Sinbad
3791:Rongel
3761:Priboy
3714:Orsoya
3709:Orsini
3679:Nessie
3674:Napier
3664:Morris
3659:Mónica
3644:Meldia
3579:Lenoir
3569:Knight
3554:Indian
3544:Holmes
3524:Hauken
3504:Graovo
3474:Folger
3454:Elemag
3429:Cutler
3359:Bowler
3349:Bonert
3344:Bizone
3339:Besson
3252:Yrvind
3242:Withem
3237:Window
3217:Toledo
3192:Stoker
3182:Sierra
3167:Saffar
3162:Rugged
3157:Rowett
3127:Prisad
3117:Pordim
3100:Vilare
3090:Redina
3080:Oescus
3070:Kovach
3055:Onogur
3050:Ongley
3045:Ogygia
3003:Korsis
2998:Kondor
2988:Kabile
2968:Gnomon
2931:Zavala
2916:Balsha
2906:Dunbar
2876:Craggy
2841:Boatin
2836:Biruni
2831:Beslen
2821:Barlow
2801:Alfeus
2749:Aitcho
2718:Robert
2713:Nelson
2508:
2398:
2374:
2357:
2292:, and
2237:
2114:
2053:
1986:
1945:
1813:
1798:
1790:
1617:
1600:
1583:
1548:
1530:
1515:Russia
1512:
1497:Poland
1494:
1476:
1458:
1440:
1422:
1404:
1386:
1368:
1350:
1332:
1314:
1299:Brazil
1296:
1278:
1260:
1242:
1231:Cámara
1224:
955:, and
949:mosses
939:, and
935:, the
926:tundra
834:basalt
832:is of
830:tephra
820:, and
702:58°0′W
699:62°0′S
591:, the
561:. The
311:boat,
187:58°0′W
184:62°0′S
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
4053:Osmar
4048:Orión
4033:Mugla
3967:Weeks
3941:Vidal
3926:Upton
3891:Tooth
3831:Simms
3816:Sally
3781:Reyes
3704:Ørnen
3699:Opaka
3669:Nancy
3654:Milev
3599:Limit
3534:Hetty
3509:Groma
3499:Grace
3459:Eliza
3394:Chaos
3364:Brahe
3354:Borda
3329:Bekas
3314:Avren
3309:Alepu
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