2878:
2918:
708:
615:
2749:
2678:
2583:
2512:
2413:
2318:
2240:
2138:
2036:
1934:
1839:
1759:
1664:
1593:
1507:
1412:
1334:
1239:
1164:
186:
problems on the main routes into London. As trade increased, the growing numbers of heavy carts and carriages led to serious deterioration in the state of these roads and this could not be remedied by the use of parish statute labour. A parliamentary bill was tabled in 1621/22 to relieve the parishes responsible for part of the Great North Road by imposing a scale of tolls on various sorts of traffic. The toll revenue was to be used in repairing the road, however, the bill was defeated. During the following forty years, the idea of making travellers contribute to the repair of roads was raised on several occasions.
339:
211:
117:
2934:
792:
894:
571:
40:
2906:
546:
538:
the right to collect tolls from those using the road was particularly important. Local gentlemen, clergy and merchants were nominated as trustees and they appointed a clerk, a treasurer and a surveyor to actually administer and maintain the highway. These officers were paid by the trust. Trustees were not paid, though they derived indirect benefits from the better transport, which improved access to markets and led to increases in rental income and trade.
2890:
988:
507:
157:
534:. The basic principle was that the trustees would manage resources from the several parishes through which the highway passed, augment this with tolls from users from outside the parishes and apply the whole to the maintenance of the main highway. This became the pattern for the turnpiking of a growing number of highways, sought by those who wished to improve flow of commerce through their part of a county.
542:
of 20 cows. The trustees could call on a portion of the statute duty from the parishes, either as labour or by a cash payment. The trust applied the income to pay for labour and materials to maintain the road. They were also able to mortgage future tolls to raise loans for new structures and for more substantial improvements to the existing highway.
907:
The quality of early turnpike roads was varied. Although turnpiking did result in some improvement to each highway, the technologies used to deal with geological features, drainage, and the effects of weather, were all in their infancy. Road construction improved slowly, initially through the efforts
541:
The first action of a new trust was to erect turnpike gates at which a fixed toll was charged. The Act gave a maximum toll allowable for each class of vehicle or animal – for instance one shilling and six pence for a coach pulled by four horses, a penny for an unladen horse and ten pence for a drove
2861:
councils. When a trust was ended, there were often great celebrations as the gates were thrown open. The assets of the trust, such as tollhouses, gates and sections of surplus land beside the road were auctioned off to reduce the debt, and mortgagees were paid at whatever rate in the pound the funds
835:
along the turnpike roads indicating the distance between the main towns on the road. Users of the road were obliged to follow what were to become rules of the road, such as driving on the left and not damaging the road surface. Trusts could take additional tolls during the summer to pay for watering
582:
During the first three decades of the 18th century, sections of the main radial roads into London were put under the control of individual turnpike trusts. The pace at which new turnpikes were created picked up in the 1750s as trusts were formed to maintain the cross-routes between the Great Roads
537:
The proposal to turnpike a particular section of road was normally a local initiative and a separate Act of
Parliament was required to create each trust. The Act gave the trustees responsibility for maintaining a specified part of the existing highway. It provided them with powers to achieve this;
561:
The powers of a trust were limited, normally to 21 years, after which it was assumed that the responsibility for the now-improved road would be handed back to the parishes. However, trusts routinely sought new powers before this time limit, usually citing the need to pay off the debts incurred in
185:
to maintain all its roads. This arrangement was adequate for roads that the parishioners used themselves but proved unsatisfactory for the principal highways that were used by long-distance travellers and waggoners. During the 17th century, the piecemeal approach to road maintenance caused acute
587:
were turnpiked. In South Wales, the roads of complete counties were put under single turnpike trusts in the 1760s. A further surge of trust formation occurred in the 1770s, with the turnpiking of subsidiary connecting roads, routes over new bridges, new routes in the growing industrial areas and
2844:
The debts of many trusts became significant; forced mergers of solvent and debt-laden trusts became frequent, and by the 1870s it was feasible for
Parliament to close the trusts progressively without leaving an unacceptable financial burden on local communities. From 1871, all applications for
935:
from 45 hours to just 27 hours, and the best mail coach speeds rose from 5-6 mph (8–10 km/h) to 9-10 mph (14–16 km/h). McAdam and his sons were employed as general surveyors (consultant engineers) to many of the main turnpike trusts in southern
England. They recommended the
859:
By 1838 the turnpike trusts in
England were collecting £1.5 million per year from leasing the collection of tolls but had a cumulative debt of £7 million, mainly as mortgages. Even at its greatest extent, the turnpike system only administered a fifth of the roads in Britain; the majority being
557:
that accommodated the pikeman or toll-collector beside the turnpike gate. Although trusts initially organised the collection of tolls directly, it became common for them to auction a lease to collect tolls. Specialist toll-farmers would make a fixed payment to the trust for the lease and then
958:
The introduction of toll gates had been resented by local communities which had freely used the routes for centuries. Early Acts had given magistrates powers to punish anyone damaging turnpike property, such as defacing milestones, breaking turnpike gates or avoiding tolls. Opposition was
836:
the road in order to lay the dust thrown up by fast-moving vehicles. Parliament also passed a few general
Turnpike Acts dealing with the administration of the trusts and restrictions on the width of wheels – narrow wheels were said to cause a disproportionate amount of damage to the road.
2865:
The legacy of the turnpike trust is the network of roads that still form the framework of the main road system in
Britain. In addition, many roadside features such as milestones and tollhouses have survived, despite no longer having any function in the modern road management system.
839:
The rate at which new trusts were created slowed in the early 19th century but the existing trusts were making major investments in highway improvement. The government had been directly involved in the building of military roads in
Scotland following a
2824:
By the early
Victorian period toll gates were perceived as an impediment to free trade. The multitude of small trusts were frequently charged with being inefficient in use of resources and potentially suffered from petty corruption.
592:. About 150 trusts were established by 1750; by 1772 a further 400 were established and, in 1800, there were over 700 trusts. In 1825 about 1,000 trusts controlled 18,000 miles (29,000 km) of road in England and Wales.
2917:
967:. There were sporadic outbursts of vandalism and violent confrontation by gangs of 50 to 100 or more local men, and gatekeepers were told that if they resisted they would be killed. In 1844, the ringleaders were caught and
470:. c. 1). The toll-gate erected at Wadesmill was the prototype in England. Parliament then gave similar powers to the justices in other counties in England and Wales. An example is the first Turnpike Act for Surrey, the
2845:
renewal were sent to the
Turnpike Trust Commission. This arranged for existing acts to continue, but with the objective of discharging the debt, and returning the roads to local administration, which was by then by
2836:
opened, the
Warrington and Lower Irlam Trust had receipts of £1,680 but, by 1834, this had fallen to £332. The Bolton and Blackburn Trust had an income of £3,998 in 1846, but in 1847 following the completion of a
2933:
936:
building of new sections of road to avoid obstructions, eased steep slopes and directed the relaying of existing road-beds with carefully graded stones to create a dry, fast-running surface (known as
725:
An Act to explain, amend, and reduce into One Act of Parliament, the General Laws now in being for regulating the Turnpike Roads in that Part of Great Britain called England; and for other Purposes.
1181:
An Act to continue for One Year from the passing of this Act, and thenceforth until the End of the then next Session of Parliament, the several Acts for regulating the Turnpike Roads in Ireland.
632:
An Act to explain, amend, and reduce into one Act of Parliament, the General Laws now in Being, for regulating the Turnpike Roads of this Kingdom; and for other Purposes therein mentioned.
2988:– describes the trusts which operated within Greater Manchester, from the 0.5 miles (800 m) long Little Lever Trust to the 22 miles (35 km) Manchester to Saltersbrook Trust.
171:
grants, originally made for paving the marketplace or streets of towns, began also to be used for maintaining some roads between towns in the 14th century. These grants were made by
148:
or bars, each sharpened at one end, and attached to horizontal members which were secured at one end to an upright pole or axle, which could be rotated to open or close the gate.
2832:
spelt disaster for most turnpike trusts. Although some trusts in districts not served by railways managed to increase revenue, most did not. In 1829, the year before the
498:, and appoint toll collectors; also to appoint surveyors, who were authorized by order of the justices to borrow money at five per cent interest, on security of the tolls.
2877:
1256:
An Act to continue to the First Day of October One thousand eight hundred and forty-six, and to the End of the then next Session of Parliament, certain Turnpike Acts.
1565:
776:
17:
78:
from the 17th but especially during the 18th and 19th centuries. At the peak, in the 1830s, over 1,000 trusts administered around 30,000 miles (48,000 km) of
800:
1610:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts in Great Britain, to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts, and to make further provisions concerning Turnpike Roads.
1524:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts in Great Britain, to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts, and to make further provisions concerning Turnpike Roads.
1429:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts in Great Britain, to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts, and to make further Provisions concerning Turnpike Roads.
876:
over the Thames), most bridges remained a county responsibility. A few bridges were built with private funds and tolls taken at these (e.g., the present
134:
The term "turnpike" originates from the similarity of the gate used to control access to the road, to the barriers once used to defend against attack by
799:
The acts of Parliament for these new trusts and the renewal acts for the earlier trusts incorporated a growing list of powers and responsibilities. The
3276:
872:
in Wiltshire would pass through the jurisdiction of seven trusts, paying a toll at the gates of each. Although a few trusts built new bridges (e.g. at
2905:
4065:
1951:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts in Great Britain, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for other purposes connected therewith.
1856:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts in Great Britain, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for other purposes connected therewith.
1776:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts in Great Britain, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for other purposes connected therewith.
860:
maintained by the parishes. A trust would typically be responsible for about 20 miles (32 km) of highway, although exceptions such as the
583:
radiating from London. Roads leading into some provincial towns, particularly in Western England, were put under single trusts and key roads in
430:
petitioned their local sessions for help to maintain their section of the Great North Road. Probably as a result judges on the Hertfordshire,
4060:
1681:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts in Great Britain, to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts, and for other purposes connected therewith.
2053:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts in Great Britain, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for purposes connected therewith.
3497:
3389:
2889:
971:
to Australia as convicts. However, the result was that toll gates were dismantled and the trusts abolished in the six counties of
67:
2257:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for other purposes con nected therewith.
2766:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for other purposes connected therewith.
2695:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for other purposes connected therewith.
2600:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for other purposes connected therewith.
2529:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for other purposes connected therewith.
2430:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for other purposes connected therewith.
2335:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for other purposes connected therewith.
2155:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts, and to repeal certain other Turnpike Acts; and for other purposes connected therewith.
2771:
2700:
2605:
2534:
2435:
2340:
2262:
2160:
2058:
1956:
1861:
1781:
1686:
1615:
1529:
1434:
1356:
1261:
1186:
1056:
730:
637:
361:
233:
3768:
3749:
3694:
3631:
3612:
2985:
1068:
1062:
1033:
1027:
3088:
1050:
1044:
995:
164:
near Highgate on the approach to London before turnpiking. The highway was deeply rutted and spread onto adjoining land.
795:
Roadside sign marking boundary between parish and turnpike trust responsibility, Christchurch Road East, Frome, Somerset
4037:
4022:
4007:
3992:
3977:
3962:
3827:
3650:
3593:
3574:
3486:
3458:
30:
This article is about road tolls in the United Kingdom between the 17th to 19th centuries. For other toll roads, see
2974:
2833:
2753:
2682:
2587:
2516:
2417:
2322:
2244:
2142:
2040:
1938:
1843:
1763:
1668:
1597:
1511:
1416:
1338:
1243:
1168:
558:
organise the day-to-day collection of the money, leaving themselves with a profit on their operations over a year.
161:
85:
During the early 19th century the concept of the turnpike trust was adopted and adapted to manage roads within the
3801:
3397:
The Online Historical Atlas of Transport, Urbanization and Economic Development in England and Wales c. 1680-1911
356:
An Act for repairing the High-way betweene Ryegate in the County of Surrey & Crawley in the County of Sussex.
175:, almost invariably for a limited term, presumably the time likely to be required to pay for the required works.
3963:"View of London No. 1. Entrance of Piccadilly or Hyde Park Corner Turnpike, with a View of St George's Hospital"
3001:
1899:
399:
2979:
2809:
2643:
2473:
2378:
2198:
2096:
1994:
1804:
1724:
1299:
909:
897:
297:
3284:
2991:
2968:
2924:
1039:
4038:"Views of London No. 6. Entrance from Hackney or Cambridge Heath Turnpike with a distant view of St Pauls"
3538:
2995:
2962:
712:
619:
518:
The first scheme that had trustees who were not justices was established through a Turnpike Act in 1706 (
466:
for 11 years, the revenues so raised to be used for the maintenance of the road in their jurisdictions (
3138:
856:, and the construction of large sections of new road to avoid hindrances, particularly in North Wales.
3978:"Views of London No.2 Entrance of St Georges Road or the Obelisk Turnpike with a View of Royal Circus"
2850:
179:
97:
3892:
2290:
2212:
2110:
2008:
75:
311:
928:
853:
841:
1384:
3993:"Views of London No. 3. Entrance of Tottenham Court Road Turnpike Road with a view of St James"
3924:
3526:
Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, Session 1952-1953
3412:
Harvey, Edward (2010). "Pavage grants and urban street paving in medieval England, 1249-1462".
3150:
575:
483:
451:
427:
4008:"Views of London No. 4. Entrance of Oxford Street or Tyburn Turnpike with a view of Park Lane"
426:
for their failure to keep the Old North Road in a good state of repair. In 1656 the parish of
3937:
2761:
2690:
2595:
2524:
2425:
2330:
2252:
2150:
2048:
1946:
1851:
1771:
1676:
1605:
1519:
1424:
1346:
1251:
1176:
720:
627:
351:
343:
223:
215:
116:
89:(Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, and South Africa) and in the United States.
3912:
562:
repairing damage caused by a rising volume of traffic, or in building new sections of road.
228:
An Act for repairing the Highwayes within the Countyes of Hertford Cambridge and Huntington.
3298:
968:
940:). Coach design improved to take advantage of these better roads and in 1843 the London-to-
877:
864:
Turnpike Trust controlled 147 miles (237 km) of roads radiating from the city. On the
511:
443:
3195:
8:
3949:
124:
999:
3871:
3563:
3437:
2838:
1059:(Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Norfolk, Suffolk)
921:
128:
1047:(Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, Rutland)
3823:
3764:
3745:
3690:
3646:
3627:
3608:
3589:
3570:
3482:
3454:
3441:
3429:
1472:
1065:(Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Hampshire, Kent, Middlesex, Oxfordshire, Surrey, Sussex)
439:
261:
44:
3900:
3421:
2944:
2776:
2705:
2610:
2539:
2440:
2345:
2267:
2165:
2063:
1961:
1866:
1786:
1691:
1620:
1534:
1439:
1361:
844:
in 1745, but the first national initiative was a scheme to aid communications with
523:
479:
366:
4042:
4027:
4012:
3997:
3982:
3967:
531:
463:
435:
423:
140:
3502:. Accounts and Papers: Turnpike Roads: Volume XLIV. London: HM Stationery Office
2858:
2854:
2829:
1266:
1191:
917:
849:
455:
431:
414:
Many parishes continued to struggle to find funds to repair major roads and in
172:
105:
101:
86:
39:
2911:
A surviving milestone at Beedon on the Chilton Pond to Newtown River Turnpike.
959:
particularly intense in mountainous regions where good routes were scarce. In
893:
4054:
3433:
2846:
964:
953:
869:
570:
415:
145:
93:
82:
in England and Wales, taking tolls at almost 8,000 toll-gates and side-bars.
852:
undertook a major reorganization of the existing trusts along the London to
3499:
Turnpike Trusts: County Reports of the Secretary of State: Number 2. Surrey
2789:
2718:
2623:
2552:
2453:
2358:
2280:
2178:
2076:
1974:
1879:
1704:
1633:
1547:
1452:
1374:
1279:
1204:
901:
873:
748:
655:
379:
251:
3687:
The Turnpike Roads of Devon in 1840: Detailed Lists of the Roads With Maps
2982:– an 18th century orbital route that linked other turnpikes around London.
2927:
at Gargrave: Settle 10 3/4, Kendal 40, Skipton 4 ¾ and Keighley 14 miles.
972:
198:
Road Repair (Hertfordshire, Cambridgeshire, and Huntingdonshire) Act 1663
3425:
1053:(Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, Worcestershire)
545:
4023:"Views of London No. 5. Entrance from Mile End or Whitechapel Turnpike"
3470:
Transport and Economy: the turnpike roads of eighteenth century England
2841:
between the two towns, this had fallen to £3,077 and, in 1849, £1,185.
932:
554:
495:
419:
52:
3388:
Bogart, Dan (2017). Shaw-Taylor, L.; Bogart, D.; Satchell, M. (eds.).
791:
960:
944:
mail coach could complete the 170-mile (270-km) journey in 17 hours.
913:
865:
832:
828:
804:
735:
527:
467:
447:
238:
71:
56:
55:
Turnpike Trust. This was the first toll point encountered along the
31:
3540:
English local Government: Statutory Authorities for Special Purpose
975:, their powers being transferred to a roads board for each county.
916:
in the 1760s. 19th-century engineers made great advances, notably
816:
642:
589:
506:
2965:– for a wider perspective on preceding and succeeding arrangements
578:
to Rollright Turnpike Trust on the Great Road to Worcester in 1751
3121:
3119:
2948:
2896:
937:
845:
491:
487:
459:
135:
27:
Bodies established to run toll roads and improve transport routes
438:
circuit represented the matter to Parliament, it then passed an
156:
3925:"Map showing Toll Posts and milestones around Cirencester Park"
2940:
2804:
2638:
2468:
2373:
2193:
2091:
1989:
1894:
1799:
1719:
1467:
1294:
1071:(Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Gloucestershire, Somerset, Wiltshire)
941:
861:
771:
670:
519:
394:
292:
182:
168:
48:
3880:
3731:
Jenkinson, T. (August 2011). "Turnpikes and Toll-collectors".
3671:. Nottingham: Nottinghamshire County Council Leisure Services.
3349:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3116:
963:
in 1839, new tolls on old roads sparked protests known as the
3209:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
584:
446:
powers to erect toll-gates on a section of the road, between
3524:
Tupling, G. H. (1952). "The Turnpike Trusts of Lancashire".
3724:
The Old Roads of South Herefordshire - Trackway to Turnpike
3157:
3004:– the turnpike across the Pennines to the port of Lancaster
3176:
3097:
1351:
An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts in Great Britain.
868:
for instance, a traveller from London to the head of the
3795:
3712:
3054:
3850:. The Discover Dorset series. Wimborne: Dovecote Press.
3032:
3030:
3233:
3093:. Hertfordshire Archives and Local Studies. 1540–1886.
3066:
831:. c. 84) made statutory provision for the erection of
514:
Turnpike Trust on the Great Road to Gloucester in 1738
3669:
Coaching Days – The Turnpike Roads of Nottinghamshire
3329:
3895:. University of Portsmouth, Department of Geography.
3317:
3221:
3027:
1093:
Abergavenny to Llanvihangel Crucorney Turnpike Trust
931:
in the 1820s reduced the journey time of the London
565:
3857:
Road Transport in Cumbria in the nineteenth century
3042:
3678:The Turnpike Roads of Leicestershire & Rutland
3562:
3495:
3125:
2853:gave responsibility for maintaining main roads to
422:on behalf of the vestries stood frequent trial at
100:gave responsibility for maintaining main roads to
3796:Quatermaine, J.; Trinder, B.; Turner, R. (2003).
3299:"Rhayader and the Elan Valley: The Rebecca riots"
178:Tudor statutes had placed responsibility on each
4052:
1018:These are incomplete lists of trusts by county.
151:
3758:
3739:
3602:
1036:(Cheshire, Cumberland, Lancashire, Westmorland)
883:
3605:Turnpike Roads for Local and Family Historians
2947:Turnpike Road. The dust is thrown up from the
2883:Poster advertising the letting of tolls, 1826.
3820:The Sheffield and Chesterfield to Derby Roads
3565:The Turnpike Road System in England 1663–1840
3378:
3215:
2895:The surviving Copper Castle Tollhouse on the
574:The schedule of maximum tolls allowed on the
549:Map of the Turnpike Tollgates in London 1801.
501:
3780:The Great North Road - A Journey in History
494:in Sussex. The act made provision to erect
3083:
3081:
553:The trusts applied some funds to erecting
3730:
3390:"The Turnpike Roads of England and Wales"
2736:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1885
2665:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1884
2570:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1883
2497:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1882
2400:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1881
2305:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1880
2227:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1879
2125:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1878
2023:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1877
1921:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1876
1826:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1875
1746:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1874
1651:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1873
1580:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1872
1494:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1871
1399:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1870
1321:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1851
18:Annual Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1876
3935:
3854:
3808:
3786:
3706:Turnpikes & Tollhouses in Lancashire
3583:
3536:
3519:(Limited ed.). Hutchinson & Co.
3170:
3110:
1139:
892:
790:
569:
544:
510:The front page of the Act to create the
505:
155:
115:
38:
3881:"Turnpike Roads in England & Wales"
3703:
3675:
3666:
3554:
3523:
3350:"Turnpike Roads in England & Wales"
3335:
3078:
3048:
927:The engineering work of Telford on the
144:). The turnpike consisted of a row of
74:for maintaining the principal roads in
14:
4066:Transport policy in the United Kingdom
4053:
3836:
3777:
3721:
3640:
3560:
3514:
3467:
3411:
3387:
3239:
3182:
3072:
3060:
3036:
1057:Turnpike trusts in the East of England
3950:"Table of turnpike trusts in Ireland"
3893:"Timeline of British Turnpike Trusts"
3845:
3817:
3684:
3660:
3588:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles.
3537:Webb, Sidney; Webb, Beatrice (1922).
3476:
3451:The Sutton Companion to Local History
3448:
3323:
3227:
2986:Turnpike trusts in Greater Manchester
2971:– the London–Aylesbury turnpike road.
2291:Text of statute as originally enacted
2213:Text of statute as originally enacted
2111:Text of statute as originally enacted
2009:Text of statute as originally enacted
1385:Text of statute as originally enacted
1069:Turnpike trusts in South West England
1063:Turnpike trusts in South East England
1034:Turnpike trusts in North West England
1028:Turnpike trusts in North East England
312:Text of statute as originally enacted
4061:Turnpike roads in the United Kingdom
3878:
3621:
3347:
3131:
1051:Turnpike trusts in the West Midlands
1045:Turnpike trusts in the East Midlands
982:
3859:. London: George Allen & Unwin.
3379:Bateman, J.; Welsby, W. N. (1854).
3341:
474:Surrey and Sussex Highways Act 1696
326:Surrey and Sussex Highways Act 1696
24:
4035:
4020:
4005:
3990:
3975:
3960:
3822:. Sheffield: privately published.
3740:Jenkinson, T.; Taylor, P. (2010).
3586:Roads and their Traffic, 1750–1850
3549:
1224:Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1845
1151:Turnpike Acts Continuance Act 1840
978:
848:. Between 1815 and 1826
522:c. 4) for a section of the London-
25:
4077:
3954:University of Southampton Library
3936:Rosevear, Alan (September 2010).
3864:
3759:Jenkinson, T; Taylor, P. (2009).
3713:Gloucester Record Office (1976).
3543:. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
566:The growth of the turnpike system
66:were bodies set up by individual
3929:britishlibrary.georeferencer.com
3811:Roads in the Upper Thames Valley
3479:Record Sources for Local History
3414:The Journal of Transport History
2975:Sheffield to Hathersage Turnpike
2932:
2916:
2904:
2888:
2876:
2834:Liverpool and Manchester Railway
2754:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2747:
2683:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2676:
2588:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2581:
2517:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2510:
2418:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2411:
2323:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2316:
2245:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2238:
2143:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2136:
2041:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2034:
1939:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1932:
1844:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1837:
1764:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1757:
1669:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1662:
1598:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1591:
1512:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1505:
1417:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1410:
1339:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1332:
1244:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1237:
1169:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1162:
1080:
986:
947:
908:of individual surveyors such as
706:
613:
337:
209:
3802:Council for British Archaeology
3371:
3291:
3269:
3257:
3245:
3188:
1030:(County Durham, Northumberland)
3839:The Military Roads in Scotland
3798:Thomas Telford's Holyhead Road
3761:The Toll-houses of South Devon
3742:The Toll-houses of North Devon
3569:. Cambridge University Press.
3381:The General Turnpike Road Acts
3015:
3002:Richmond to Lancaster Turnpike
1900:Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1981
482:. c. 15), during the reign of
400:Statute Law (Repeals) Act 2013
70:, with powers to collect road
13:
1:
3383:. London: Hedges & Smith.
3303:Powys Digital History Project
3008:
2980:Hatfield and Reading Turnpike
2810:Statute Law Revision Act 1898
2644:Statute Law Revision Act 1898
2474:Statute Law Revision Act 1894
2379:Statute Law Revision Act 1894
2199:Statute Law Revision Act 1898
2097:Statute Law Revision Act 1898
1995:Statute Law Revision Act 1898
1805:Statute Law Revision Act 1898
1725:Statute Law Revision Act 1898
1300:Statute Law Revision Act 1875
486:for enhanced repairs between
298:Statute Law Revision Act 1948
152:Precursors to turnpike trusts
3938:"Table of English Turnpikes"
3901:"Key dates in Road Building"
3603:Holroyd-Doveton, E. (2016).
3420:(2). London: Sage: 151–163.
2992:Keighley and Kendal Turnpike
2969:Sparrows Herne Turnpike Road
2925:Keighley and Kendal Turnpike
1040:Turnpike trusts in Yorkshire
884:Operation of turnpike trusts
526:road between Fornhill (near
111:
92:Turnpikes declined with the
7:
3717:. Gloucester Record Office.
3496:Secretary of State (1852).
3216:Bateman & Welsby (1854)
2963:Toll roads in Great Britain
2956:
1122:
713:Parliament of Great Britain
620:Parliament of Great Britain
10:
4082:
3848:Roads Tracks and Turnpikes
3841:. Argyll: House of Lochar.
3680:. Leicester: Kairos Press.
3645:. Shire Publications Ltd.
3090:Records of Turnpike Trusts
2869:
2729:United Kingdom legislation
2658:United Kingdom legislation
2563:United Kingdom legislation
2488:United Kingdom legislation
2393:United Kingdom legislation
2298:United Kingdom legislation
2220:United Kingdom legislation
2118:United Kingdom legislation
2016:United Kingdom legislation
1914:United Kingdom legislation
1819:United Kingdom legislation
1739:United Kingdom legislation
1644:United Kingdom legislation
1573:United Kingdom legislation
1487:United Kingdom legislation
1392:United Kingdom legislation
1314:United Kingdom legislation
1215:United Kingdom legislation
1144:United Kingdom legislation
1134:Dublin to Dunleer Turnpike
1127:
1108:New Passage Turnpike Trust
1090:Abergavenny Turnpike Trust
1021:
951:
929:Holyhead Road (now the A5)
888:
688:United Kingdom legislation
595:United Kingdom legislation
319:United Kingdom legislation
191:United Kingdom legislation
29:
3715:Gloucester Turnpike Roads
3126:Secretary of State (1852)
2939:A stagecoach approaching
2851:Local Government Act 1888
2815:
2803:
2798:
2788:
2783:
2770:
2760:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2717:
2712:
2699:
2689:
2675:
2670:
2663:
2649:
2637:
2632:
2622:
2617:
2604:
2594:
2580:
2575:
2568:
2551:
2546:
2533:
2523:
2509:
2504:
2493:
2479:
2467:
2462:
2452:
2447:
2434:
2424:
2410:
2405:
2398:
2384:
2372:
2367:
2357:
2352:
2339:
2329:
2315:
2310:
2303:
2289:
2279:
2274:
2261:
2251:
2237:
2232:
2225:
2211:
2204:
2192:
2187:
2177:
2172:
2159:
2149:
2135:
2130:
2123:
2109:
2102:
2090:
2085:
2075:
2070:
2057:
2047:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2007:
2000:
1988:
1983:
1973:
1968:
1955:
1945:
1931:
1926:
1919:
1905:
1893:
1888:
1878:
1873:
1860:
1850:
1836:
1831:
1824:
1810:
1798:
1793:
1780:
1770:
1756:
1751:
1744:
1730:
1718:
1713:
1703:
1698:
1685:
1675:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1632:
1627:
1614:
1604:
1590:
1585:
1578:
1561:
1556:
1546:
1541:
1528:
1518:
1504:
1499:
1492:
1478:
1466:
1461:
1451:
1446:
1433:
1423:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1383:
1373:
1368:
1355:
1345:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1305:
1293:
1288:
1278:
1273:
1260:
1250:
1236:
1231:
1220:
1203:
1198:
1185:
1175:
1161:
1156:
1149:
782:
770:
762:
757:
747:
742:
729:
719:
705:
700:
693:
679:
669:
664:
654:
649:
636:
626:
612:
607:
600:
502:The first turnpike trusts
405:
393:
388:
378:
373:
360:
350:
336:
331:
324:
310:
303:
291:
286:
278:
270:
260:
250:
245:
232:
222:
208:
203:
196:
98:Local Government Act 1888
3855:Williams, L. A. (1975).
3622:Ward, M & A (2011).
3196:"Old Hampshire remapped"
3139:"House of Lords Journal"
1114:Pontypool Turnpike Trust
1075:
3689:. privately published.
3517:Turnpikes and Toll Bars
3449:Friar, Stephen (2001).
3305:. Powys County Archives
2994:– the turnpike through
1566:Wilts Highways Act 1707
1105:Monmouth Turnpike Trust
1102:Chepstow Turnpike Trust
1096:Bigsweir Turnpike Trust
1087:Abercarn Turnpike Trust
823:Turnpike Roads Act 1773
811:Turnpike Roads Act 1766
777:Turnpike Roads Act 1822
766:Turnpike Roads Act 1766
695:Turnpike Roads Act 1773
675:Turnpike Roads Act 1773
602:Turnpike Roads Act 1766
3813:. privately published.
3789:The Great Road to Bath
3708:. privately published.
3641:Wright, G. N. (1992).
3481:. B. T. Batsford Ltd.
3477:Riden, Philip (1987).
3399:. Cambridge University
3266:, 1840, Vol 256 xxvii.
3171:Webb & Webb (1922)
3151:British History Online
3111:Webb & Webb (1922)
3024:, 1840, Vol 280 xxvii.
1111:Newport Turnpike Trust
1099:Carleon Turnpike Trust
904:
796:
579:
550:
515:
428:Radwell, Hertfordshire
165:
131:
94:coming of the railways
60:
59:, upon leaving London.
3913:"Tollgates of London"
3809:Rosevear, A. (1995).
3787:Phillips, D. (1983).
3584:Copeland, J. (1968).
3453:. Sutton Publishing.
2951:surface. Early 1800s.
1140:The end of the system
896:
794:
573:
548:
509:
444:justices of the peace
344:Parliament of England
216:Parliament of England
159:
119:
42:
3872:"British Tollhouses"
3791:. Countryside Books.
3782:. London: Macmillan.
3733:Family Tree Magazine
3704:Freethy, R. (1986).
3676:Cossons, A. (2003).
3667:Cossons, A. (1994).
3555:General publications
3277:"The Turnpike Trust"
3264:Parliamentary Papers
3252:Parliamentary Papers
3185:, pp. 341, 260.
3022:Parliamentary Papers
1000:adding missing items
900:(Old Toll House) at
878:Swinford Toll Bridge
442:that gave the local
3837:Taylor, W. (1996).
3778:Morley, F. (1961).
3722:Hurley, H. (1992).
3561:Albert, W. (1972).
3515:Searle, M. (1930).
3468:Pawson, E. (1977).
3426:10.7227/TJTH.31.2.3
3173:, pp. 159–165.
3113:, pp. 157–159.
801:Kent Roads Act 1743
129:American Civil War
125:Siege of Petersburg
3846:Viner, D. (2007).
3818:Smith, H. (2003).
3763:. Polystar Press.
3744:. Polystar Press.
3726:. The Pound House.
3685:Ebdon, M. (2014).
3661:Local publications
3141:. pp. 270–273
3063:, p. 151-163.
1117:Usk Turnpike Trust
998:; you can help by
922:John Loudon McAdam
905:
880:over the Thames).
797:
580:
551:
516:
166:
132:
68:acts of Parliament
61:
3770:978-1-907154-01-0
3751:978-1-907154-03-4
3696:978-0-9930072-0-0
3633:978-1-907110-18-4
3614:978-1-684191-25-3
2822:
2821:
2799:Other legislation
2777:48 & 49 Vict.
2742:Act of Parliament
2727:
2726:
2706:47 & 48 Vict.
2671:Act of Parliament
2656:
2655:
2633:Other legislation
2611:46 & 47 Vict.
2576:Act of Parliament
2561:
2560:
2540:45 & 46 Vict.
2505:Act of Parliament
2486:
2485:
2463:Other legislation
2441:44 & 45 Vict.
2406:Act of Parliament
2391:
2390:
2368:Other legislation
2346:43 & 44 Vict.
2311:Act of Parliament
2296:
2295:
2268:42 & 43 Vict.
2233:Act of Parliament
2218:
2217:
2188:Other legislation
2166:41 & 42 Vict.
2131:Act of Parliament
2116:
2115:
2086:Other legislation
2064:40 & 41 Vict.
2029:Act of Parliament
2014:
2013:
1984:Other legislation
1962:39 & 40 Vict.
1927:Act of Parliament
1912:
1911:
1889:Other legislation
1867:38 & 39 Vict.
1832:Act of Parliament
1817:
1816:
1794:Other legislation
1787:37 & 38 Vict.
1752:Act of Parliament
1737:
1736:
1714:Other legislation
1692:36 & 37 Vict.
1657:Act of Parliament
1642:
1641:
1621:35 & 36 Vict.
1586:Act of Parliament
1571:
1570:
1557:Other legislation
1535:34 & 35 Vict.
1500:Act of Parliament
1485:
1484:
1473:Highways Act 1959
1462:Other legislation
1440:33 & 34 Vict.
1405:Act of Parliament
1390:
1389:
1362:14 & 15 Vict.
1327:Act of Parliament
1312:
1311:
1289:Other legislation
1232:Act of Parliament
1213:
1212:
1157:Act of Parliament
1016:
1015:
819:. c. 40) and the
789:
788:
758:Other legislation
701:Act of Parliament
686:
685:
665:Other legislation
608:Act of Parliament
480:8 & 9 Will. 3
450:, Hertfordshire;
412:
411:
389:Other legislation
367:8 & 9 Will. 3
332:Act of Parliament
317:
316:
287:Other legislation
204:Act of Parliament
51:, erected by the
16:(Redirected from
4073:
4047:
4032:
4017:
4002:
3987:
3972:
3957:
3945:
3942:turnpikes.org.uk
3932:
3920:
3908:
3896:
3888:
3885:turnpikes.org.uk
3879:Rosevear, Alan.
3875:
3860:
3851:
3842:
3833:
3814:
3805:
3792:
3783:
3774:
3755:
3736:
3727:
3718:
3709:
3700:
3681:
3672:
3656:
3637:
3626:. Medlar Press.
3618:
3607:. Digger Press.
3599:
3580:
3568:
3544:
3533:
3520:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3492:
3473:
3464:
3445:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3394:
3384:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3354:turnpikes.org.uk
3348:Rosevear, Alan.
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3283:. Archived from
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3242:, pp. 1–32.
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3218:, pp. 3, 8.
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3155:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3114:
3108:
3095:
3094:
3085:
3076:
3075:, p. 70–71.
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3025:
3019:
2936:
2923:Milepost on the
2920:
2908:
2892:
2880:
2817:Status: Repealed
2751:
2750:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2680:
2679:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2651:Status: Repealed
2585:
2584:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2514:
2513:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2490:
2481:Status: Repealed
2415:
2414:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2386:Status: Repealed
2320:
2319:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2242:
2241:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2206:Status: Repealed
2140:
2139:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2104:Status: Repealed
2038:
2037:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2002:Status: Repealed
1936:
1935:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1907:Status: Repealed
1841:
1840:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1812:Status: Repealed
1761:
1760:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1732:Status: Repealed
1666:
1665:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1595:
1594:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1509:
1508:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1480:Status: Repealed
1414:
1413:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1336:
1335:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1307:Status: Repealed
1241:
1240:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1217:
1166:
1165:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1011:
1008:
990:
989:
983:
825:
824:
813:
812:
784:Status: Repealed
710:
709:
696:
691:
690:
681:Status: Repealed
617:
616:
603:
598:
597:
476:
475:
424:quarter sessions
407:Status: Repealed
341:
340:
327:
322:
321:
305:Status: Repealed
274:17 February 1674
266:18 February 1663
213:
212:
199:
194:
193:
162:Great North Road
121:Chevaux de frise
21:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4051:
4050:
4043:British Library
4036:Wright, Colin.
4028:British Library
4021:Wright, Colin.
4013:British Library
4006:Wright, Colin.
3998:British Library
3991:Wright, Colin.
3983:British Library
3976:Wright, Colin.
3968:British Library
3961:Wright, Colin.
3948:
3923:
3911:
3899:
3891:
3870:
3867:
3830:
3771:
3752:
3697:
3663:
3653:
3634:
3615:
3596:
3577:
3557:
3552:
3550:Further reading
3547:
3505:
3503:
3489:
3461:
3402:
3400:
3392:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3358:
3356:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3306:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3287:on 25 May 2014.
3281:Schools History
3275:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3254:, 1840, Vol 289
3250:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3158:
3144:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3124:
3117:
3109:
3098:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3011:
2959:
2952:
2937:
2928:
2921:
2912:
2909:
2900:
2893:
2884:
2881:
2872:
2855:county councils
2818:
2756:
2748:
2735:
2730:
2685:
2677:
2664:
2659:
2652:
2590:
2582:
2569:
2564:
2519:
2511:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2482:
2420:
2412:
2399:
2394:
2387:
2325:
2317:
2304:
2299:
2247:
2239:
2226:
2221:
2207:
2145:
2137:
2124:
2119:
2105:
2043:
2035:
2022:
2017:
2003:
1941:
1933:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1846:
1838:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1766:
1758:
1745:
1740:
1733:
1671:
1663:
1650:
1645:
1600:
1592:
1579:
1574:
1562:Repeals/revokes
1514:
1506:
1493:
1488:
1481:
1419:
1411:
1398:
1393:
1341:
1333:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1267:8 & 9 Vict.
1246:
1238:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1192:3 & 4 Vict.
1171:
1163:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1083:
1078:
1024:
1012:
1006:
1003:
987:
981:
979:Turnpike trusts
956:
950:
898:The Round House
891:
886:
822:
821:
810:
809:
785:
763:Repeals/revokes
715:
707:
694:
689:
682:
622:
614:
601:
596:
568:
532:Stony Stratford
504:
473:
472:
464:Huntingdonshire
436:Huntingdonshire
408:
346:
338:
325:
320:
306:
218:
210:
197:
192:
154:
141:cheval de frise
114:
102:county councils
64:Turnpike trusts
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4079:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4049:
4048:
4033:
4018:
4003:
3988:
3973:
3958:
3946:
3933:
3921:
3917:Georgian Index
3909:
3897:
3889:
3876:
3866:
3865:External links
3863:
3862:
3861:
3852:
3843:
3834:
3828:
3815:
3806:
3800:. Report 135.
3793:
3784:
3775:
3769:
3756:
3750:
3737:
3728:
3719:
3710:
3701:
3695:
3682:
3673:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3651:
3643:Turnpike Roads
3638:
3632:
3624:The Toll House
3619:
3613:
3600:
3594:
3581:
3575:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3534:
3521:
3512:
3493:
3487:
3474:
3465:
3459:
3446:
3409:
3385:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3340:
3336:Tupling (1952)
3328:
3326:, p. 139.
3316:
3290:
3268:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3230:, p. 276.
3220:
3208:
3187:
3175:
3156:
3130:
3115:
3096:
3077:
3065:
3053:
3049:Tupling (1952)
3041:
3039:, p. 798.
3026:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2999:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2938:
2931:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2903:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2859:county borough
2847:highway boards
2820:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:18 August 1882
2555:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2458:11 August 1881
2456:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2285:11 August 1879
2283:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2183:16 August 1878
2181:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2081:14 August 1877
2079:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1979:11 August 1876
1977:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1884:11 August 1875
1882:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:10 August 1872
1636:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1552:21 August 1871
1550:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1013:
993:
991:
980:
977:
952:Main article:
949:
946:
918:Thomas Telford
890:
887:
885:
882:
850:Thomas Telford
787:
786:
783:
780:
779:
774:
768:
767:
764:
760:
759:
755:
754:
751:
745:
744:
740:
739:
733:
727:
726:
723:
717:
716:
711:
703:
702:
698:
697:
687:
684:
683:
680:
677:
676:
673:
667:
666:
662:
661:
658:
652:
651:
647:
646:
640:
634:
633:
630:
624:
623:
618:
610:
609:
605:
604:
594:
567:
564:
503:
500:
490:in Surrey and
456:Cambridgeshire
432:Cambridgeshire
410:
409:
406:
403:
402:
397:
391:
390:
386:
385:
382:
376:
375:
371:
370:
364:
358:
357:
354:
348:
347:
342:
334:
333:
329:
328:
318:
315:
314:
308:
307:
304:
301:
300:
295:
289:
288:
284:
283:
280:
276:
275:
272:
268:
267:
264:
258:
257:
254:
248:
247:
243:
242:
236:
230:
229:
226:
220:
219:
214:
206:
205:
201:
200:
190:
173:letters patent
153:
150:
113:
110:
106:county borough
87:British Empire
45:Hyde Park Gate
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4078:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3905:The Potteries
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3829:0-9521541-5-3
3825:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3654:
3652:0-7478-0155-X
3648:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3595:0-7153-4219-3
3591:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3576:0-521-03391-8
3572:
3567:
3566:
3559:
3558:
3542:
3541:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3501:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3488:0-7134-4726-5
3484:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3460:0-7509-2723-2
3456:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3398:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3338:, p. 18.
3337:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3265:
3260:
3253:
3248:
3241:
3240:Bogart (2017)
3236:
3229:
3224:
3217:
3212:
3197:
3191:
3184:
3183:Pawson (1977)
3179:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3152:
3140:
3134:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3084:
3082:
3074:
3073:Pawson (1977)
3069:
3062:
3061:Harvey (2010)
3057:
3050:
3045:
3038:
3037:Searle (1930)
3033:
3031:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2914:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2886:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2867:
2863:
2862:would allow.
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2723:7 August 1884
2722:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2669:
2662:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2628:2 August 1883
2627:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2574:
2567:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2503:
2492:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2404:
2397:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2363:2 August 1880
2362:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2309:
2302:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2129:
2122:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2027:
2020:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1830:
1823:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1709:5 August 1873
1708:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1584:
1577:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1498:
1491:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1457:9 August 1870
1456:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1325:
1318:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1230:
1219:
1209:4 August 1840
1208:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1133:
1132:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:Monmouthshire
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1010:
1001:
997:
994:This list is
992:
985:
984:
976:
974:
970:
966:
965:Rebecca Riots
962:
955:
954:Rebecca Riots
948:Social impact
945:
943:
939:
934:
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
903:
899:
895:
881:
879:
875:
871:
870:Thames Valley
867:
863:
857:
855:
854:Holyhead Road
851:
847:
843:
837:
834:
830:
826:
818:
814:
807:. c. 4), the
806:
802:
793:
781:
778:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
752:
750:
746:
741:
737:
734:
732:
728:
724:
722:
718:
714:
704:
699:
692:
678:
674:
672:
668:
663:
659:
657:
653:
648:
644:
641:
639:
635:
631:
629:
625:
621:
611:
606:
599:
593:
591:
586:
577:
572:
563:
559:
556:
547:
543:
539:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
513:
508:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:Hertfordshire
404:
401:
398:
396:
392:
387:
383:
381:
377:
372:
368:
365:
363:
359:
355:
353:
349:
345:
335:
330:
323:
313:
309:
302:
299:
296:
294:
290:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
263:
259:
255:
253:
249:
244:
240:
237:
235:
231:
227:
225:
221:
217:
207:
202:
195:
189:
187:
184:
181:
176:
174:
170:
163:
158:
149:
147:
143:
142:
137:
130:
126:
122:
118:
109:
107:
103:
99:
96:and then the
95:
90:
88:
83:
81:
80:turnpike road
77:
73:
69:
65:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4041:
4026:
4011:
3996:
3981:
3966:
3953:
3941:
3928:
3916:
3904:
3884:
3856:
3847:
3838:
3819:
3810:
3797:
3788:
3779:
3760:
3741:
3732:
3723:
3714:
3705:
3686:
3677:
3668:
3642:
3623:
3604:
3585:
3564:
3539:
3529:
3525:
3516:
3504:. Retrieved
3498:
3478:
3469:
3450:
3417:
3413:
3401:. Retrieved
3396:
3380:
3372:Bibliography
3357:. Retrieved
3353:
3343:
3331:
3324:Riden (1987)
3319:
3307:. Retrieved
3302:
3293:
3285:the original
3280:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3235:
3228:Friar (2001)
3223:
3211:
3199:. Retrieved
3190:
3178:
3149:– via
3143:. Retrieved
3133:
3128:, p. 4.
3089:
3068:
3056:
3051:, p. 3.
3044:
3021:
3017:
2998:, Yorkshire.
2864:
2843:
2827:
2823:
2794:31 July 1885
2790:Royal assent
2719:Royal assent
2624:Royal assent
2553:Royal assent
2454:Royal assent
2359:Royal assent
2281:Royal assent
2179:Royal assent
2077:Royal assent
1975:Royal assent
1880:Royal assent
1705:Royal assent
1634:Royal assent
1548:Royal assent
1453:Royal assent
1379:24 July 1851
1375:Royal assent
1284:31 July 1845
1280:Royal assent
1205:Royal assent
1017:
1004:
957:
938:Macadamising
926:
910:John Metcalf
906:
902:Stanton Drew
874:Shillingford
858:
838:
820:
808:
798:
749:Royal assent
660:29 June 1767
656:Royal assent
581:
560:
552:
540:
536:
517:
471:
413:
384:1 April 1697
380:Royal assent
282:30 July 1948
262:Commencement
252:Royal assent
188:
177:
167:
139:
133:
120:
91:
84:
79:
63:
62:
36:
3359:22 December
3309:19 February
2949:Macadamised
2830:railway era
2805:Repealed by
2639:Repealed by
2469:Repealed by
2374:Repealed by
2194:Repealed by
2092:Repealed by
1990:Repealed by
1895:Repealed by
1800:Repealed by
1720:Repealed by
1468:Repealed by
1295:Repealed by
973:South Wales
969:transported
772:Repealed by
753:1 July 1773
671:Repealed by
484:William III
420:way wardens
395:Repealed by
293:Repealed by
256:3 June 1663
4055:Categories
3403:4 February
3009:References
2943:along the
2762:Long title
2691:Long title
2596:Long title
2525:Long title
2426:Long title
2331:Long title
2253:Long title
2151:Long title
2049:Long title
1947:Long title
1852:Long title
1772:Long title
1677:Long title
1606:Long title
1520:Long title
1425:Long title
1347:Long title
1252:Long title
1177:Long title
996:incomplete
933:mail coach
833:milestones
721:Long title
628:Long title
555:tollhouses
352:Long title
224:Long title
108:councils.
53:Kensington
3442:167347539
3434:0022-5266
2899:Turnpike.
961:Mid Wales
914:Yorkshire
866:Bath Road
842:rebellion
829:13 Geo. 3
805:17 Geo. 2
736:13 Geo. 3
588:roads in
576:Woodstock
528:Hockliffe
496:turnpikes
468:15 Cha. 2
448:Wadesmill
239:15 Cha. 2
112:Etymology
57:Bath Road
32:Toll road
2957:See also
2772:Citation
2701:Citation
2606:Citation
2535:Citation
2436:Citation
2341:Citation
2263:Citation
2161:Citation
2059:Citation
1957:Citation
1869:c. cxciv
1862:Citation
1782:Citation
1687:Citation
1616:Citation
1530:Citation
1435:Citation
1357:Citation
1262:Citation
1187:Citation
1123:Scotland
1007:May 2023
817:7 Geo. 3
731:Citation
643:7 Geo. 3
638:Citation
590:Scotland
362:Citation
279:Repealed
234:Citation
3506:14 July
3201:4 April
2897:Honiton
2870:Gallery
2839:railway
1128:Ireland
1022:England
889:Quality
846:Ireland
738:. c. 84
645:. c. 40
524:Chester
512:Fyfield
492:Crawley
488:Reigate
460:Stilton
369:. c. 15
271:Expired
136:cavalry
76:Britain
3826:
3767:
3748:
3693:
3649:
3630:
3611:
3592:
3573:
3485:
3457:
3440:
3432:
3145:8 June
2996:Craven
2945:Henley
2941:Oxford
2849:. The
1537:c. 115
942:Exeter
862:Exeter
530:) and
520:6 Ann.
458:; and
452:Caxton
241:. c. 1
183:vestry
180:parish
169:Pavage
49:London
3438:S2CID
3393:(PDF)
2784:Dates
2779:c. 37
2713:Dates
2708:c. 52
2618:Dates
2613:c. 21
2547:Dates
2542:c. 52
2448:Dates
2443:c. 31
2353:Dates
2348:c. 12
2275:Dates
2270:c. 46
2173:Dates
2168:c. 62
2071:Dates
2066:c. 64
1969:Dates
1964:c. 39
1874:Dates
1789:c. 95
1699:Dates
1694:c. 90
1628:Dates
1623:c. 85
1542:Dates
1447:Dates
1442:c. 73
1369:Dates
1364:c. 37
1274:Dates
1269:c. 53
1199:Dates
1194:c. 45
1076:Wales
743:Dates
650:Dates
585:Wales
374:Dates
246:Dates
146:pikes
138:(see
72:tolls
3824:ISBN
3765:ISBN
3746:ISBN
3691:ISBN
3647:ISBN
3628:ISBN
3609:ISBN
3590:ISBN
3571:ISBN
3508:2011
3483:ISBN
3455:ISBN
3430:ISSN
3405:2023
3361:2012
3311:2023
3203:2023
3147:2023
2857:and
2828:The
920:and
434:and
160:The
104:and
43:The
3422:doi
1002:.
912:in
440:act
47:in
4057::
4040:.
4025:.
4010:.
3995:.
3980:.
3965:.
3952:.
3940:.
3927:.
3915:.
3903:.
3883:.
3530:94
3528:.
3436:.
3428:.
3418:31
3416:.
3395:.
3352:.
3301:.
3279:.
3159:^
3118:^
3099:^
3080:^
3029:^
924:.
462:,
454:,
418:,
127:,
123:,
4046:.
4031:.
4016:.
4001:.
3986:.
3971:.
3956:.
3944:.
3931:.
3919:.
3907:.
3887:.
3874:.
3832:.
3804:.
3773:.
3754:.
3735:.
3699:.
3655:.
3636:.
3617:.
3598:.
3579:.
3532:.
3510:.
3491:.
3472:.
3463:.
3444:.
3424::
3407:.
3363:.
3313:.
3205:.
3153:.
1009:)
1005:(
827:(
815:(
803:(
478:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.