Anschluss - Knowledge

2571: 2338:(Square of Heroes) to hear Hitler say that "The oldest eastern province of the German people shall be, from this point on, the newest bastion of the German Reich" followed by his "greatest accomplishment" (completing the annexing of Austria to form a Greater German Reich) by saying "As leader and chancellor of the German nation and Reich I announce to German history now the entry of my homeland into the German Reich." Hitler later commented: "Certain foreign newspapers have said that we fell on Austria with brutal methods. I can only say: even in death they cannot stop lying. I have in the course of my political struggle won much love from my people, but when I crossed the former frontier (into Austria) there met me such a stream of love as I have never experienced. Not as tyrants have we come, but as liberators." 2170: 2254: 3385: 2830: 1789: 2238: 2753: 1919:...above all, it was Hermann Göring, at this time close to the pinnacle of his power, who far more than Hitler, throughout 1937 made the running and pushed the hardest for an early and radical solution to the 'Austrian Question'. Göring was not simply operating as Hitler's agent in matters relating to the 'Austrian Question'. His approach differed in emphasis in significant respects...But Göring's broad notions of foreign policy, which he pushed to a great extent on his own initiative in the mid-1930s drew more on traditional pan-German concepts of nationalist power-politics to attain hegemony in Europe than on the racial dogmatism central to Hitler's ideology. 1103: 1585: 2434:, approximately two-thirds of Austrians could be counted on to vote for it. What the result of the plebiscite meant for the Austrians will always be a matter of speculation. Nevertheless, historians generally agree that it cannot be explained exclusively by simply either opportunism or the desire of socioeconomics and represented the genuine German nationalist feeling in Austria during the interwar period. Also, the general anti-Semitic consensus in Austria meant that a substantial amount of Austrians were more than ready to "fulfill their duty" in the "Greater German Reich". However, British historian 2816:, ordered Innitzer to report to Rome. Before meeting the Pope, Innitzer met Pacelli, who had been outraged by Innitzer's statement. He told Innitzer to retract his statement; he was made to sign a new statement, issued on behalf of all the Austrian bishops, that stated: "The solemn declaration of the Austrian bishops... was clearly not intended to be an approval of something that was not and is not compatible with God's law". The Vatican newspaper reported that the German bishops' earlier statement had been issued without approval from Rome. The Vatican condemned Nazism in its newspaper 1548:

plebiscite, and not the 75 per cent necessary, and that the number of Anschluss supporters in 1919 was not more than 50 per cent of the population. Even Otto Bauer, leader of the Social Democratic party had to admit that both the bourgeoisie and the peasantry wanted 'an independent Austria fully capable of a national life of its own'. More telling is Bauer's admission that, because of the strength of the conservative opposition to Anschluss and the real possibility that the majority would have voted against the Anschluss, the Socialists did not dare to hold a referendum in 1919.

2411:. Within a few days of 12 March, 70,000 people had been arrested. The disused northwest railway station in Vienna was converted into a makeshift concentration camp. American historian Evan Burr Bukey warned that the plebiscite result needs to be taken with "great caution". The plebiscite was subject to large-scale Nazi propaganda and to the abrogation of the voting rights of around 360,000 people (8% of the eligible voting population), mainly political enemies such as former members of left-wing parties and Austrian citizens of Jewish or Romani origin. 45: 2246: 1877:, in which Schuschnigg agreed to the release of Nazis imprisoned in Austria and Germany promised to respect Austrian sovereignty. Under the terms of the Austro-German treaty, Austria declared itself a "German state" that would always follow Germany's lead in foreign policy, and members of the "National Opposition" were allowed to enter the cabinet, in exchange for which the Austrian Nazis promised to cease their terrorist attacks against the government. This did not satisfy Hitler and the pro-German Austrian Nazis grew in strength. 1052: 2223: 1415: 2130:

singing Social Democrat songs." Schuschnigg agreed to these demands and was supported by the united front of socialists and communists, as well as the Heimwehr, monarchist groups and the majority of the Austrian police. The Social Democrats also declared their readiness to support Schuschnigg in the event of a plebiscite under the conditions that immediately after such a plebiscite a definite negotiation be begun to include them in the Government. This support led Schuschnigg to announce the referendum.

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liberally conceived and, therefore, open to abuse. Not only were those registered for the Nationalrat elections of October 1920 permitted to vote, but also those who registered themselves as living in Tyrol before April 1921, that is, less than a fortnight before going to the polls, as were all those Tyroleans who lived outside of the state; a train was even chartered from Bavaria to mitigate the financial burden of travelling 'home'.

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himself. Seyss-Inquart was not installed as Chancellor until after midnight, when Miklas resigned himself to the inevitable. In the radio broadcast in which Schuschnigg announced his resignation, he argued that he accepted the changes and allowed the Nazis to take over the government 'to avoid the shedding of fraternal blood '. Seyss-Inquart was appointed chancellor after midnight on 12 March.

1188:, the prominent Social Democrat leader who served as Austria's Foreign Minister after the war. Support for unification with Germany came mainly from the belief that Austria, stripped of its imperial land, was not viable economically. Popular support for the unification faded with time, although it remained as a concept in the contemporary Austrian political discourse. 2878:. He noted that the British ambassador in Berlin objected to the use of "coercion, backed by force" that would undermine Austria's independence. Within this speech Chamberlain also said, "The hard fact is that nothing could have arrested what has actually happened unless this country and other countries had been prepared to use force." Chamberlain informed the 1397:. This diverse empire included various different ethnic groups including Hungarians, Slavic ethnic groups such as Croats, Czechs, Poles, Rusyns, Serbs, Slovaks, Slovenes, and Ukrainians, as well as Italians and Romanians ruled by a German minority. The empire caused tensions between the various ethnic groups. Many Austrian pan-Germans showed loyalty to 3406:("Historian's Commission" or "Historical Commission") in 1998 with a mandate to review Austria's role in the Nazi expropriation of Jewish property from a scholarly rather than legal perspective, partly in response to continuing criticism of its handling of property claims. Its membership was based on recommendations from various quarters, including 1952:, even at the risk of losing an alliance with Italy. In April 1937, in a secret speech before a group of German industrialists, Göring stated that the only solution to the problems with meeting the steel production targets laid out by the Four Year Plan was to annex Austria, which Göring noted was rich in iron. Göring did not give a date for the 2228: 2227: 2224: 2229: 3157:, but neither was convicted of this count. In acquitting von Papen, the court noted that his actions were in its view political immoralities but not crimes under its charter. Seyss-Inquart was convicted of other serious war crimes, most of which took place in Poland and the Netherlands, was sentenced to death and executed. 3368:(1988), generated controversy even before it was produced, fifty years after Hitler's entrance to the city. Bernhard made the historic elimination of references to Hitler's reception in Vienna emblematic of Austrian attempts to claim its history and culture under questionable criteria. Many politicians called Bernhard a 2226: 3435:

Given the extensive participation of numerous Austrians, including at the highest levels, in the implementation of the Final Solution and other Nazi crimes, Austria should have been a leader in the prosecution of Holocaust perpetrators over the course of the past four decades, as has been the case in

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fell into disfavor and is now seen by the majority of German-speaking people as taboo. Unlike earlier in the 20th century when there was no Austrian identity separate from a German one, in 1987 only 6% of the Austrians identified themselves as "Germans." A survey carried out in 2008 found that 82% of

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They regard the annexation imposed on Austria by Germany on 15 March 1938, as null and void. They consider themselves as in no way bound by any changes effected in Austria since that date. They declare that they wish to see re-established a free and independent Austria and thereby to open the way for

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announced that there would be a referendum on a possible union with Germany versus maintaining Austria's sovereignty to be held on 13 March. Portraying this as defying the popular will in Austria and Germany, Hitler threatened an invasion and secretly pressured Schuschnigg to resign. A day before the

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Hitler sent an ultimatum to Schuschnigg on 11 March, demanding that he hand over all power to the Austrian Nazis or face an invasion. The ultimatum was set to expire at noon, but was extended by two hours. Without waiting for an answer, Hitler had already signed the order to send troops into Austria

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staged a ceremonial welcome. Gunther wrote that by the end of 1933 Austrian public opinion about German annexation was at least 60% against. On 25 July 1934, chancellor Dollfuss was assassinated by Austrian Nazis in a failed coup. Afterwards, leading Austrian Nazis fled to Germany but they continued

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after 1918 largely favored some sort of union with Germany. An Austrian provisional national assembly drafted a provisional constitution that stated that "German Austria is a democratic republic" (Article 1) and "German Austria is a component of the German Republic" (Article 2). Later plebiscites in

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on its 2005 top ten list. Asner fled to Austria in 2004 after Croatia announced it would start investigations in the case of war crimes he may have been involved in. In response to objections about Asner's continued freedom, Austria's federal government deferred to either extradition requests from

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had been widespread before 1938 describing an incorporation of Austria into Germany. Calling the incorporation of Austria into Germany an "Anschluss," that is a "unification" or "joinder", was also part of the propaganda used in 1938 by Nazi Germany to create the impression that the union was not

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was opposed amongst most political circles in Austria. Jászi noted that "the annihilation of the German labor movement showed to Austrian socialism what it could expect from an Anschluss under Nazi rule", while "Austrian Catholicism realized what its fate would be under a system which crushed the

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refused to appoint Seyss-Inquart as Chancellor. At 8:45 pm, Hitler, tired of waiting, ordered the invasion to commence at dawn on 12 March regardless. Around 10 pm, a forged telegram was sent in Seyss-Inquart's name asking for German troops, since he was not yet Chancellor and was unable to do so

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The plan went awry when it became apparent that Hitler would not stand by while Austria declared its independence by public vote. Hitler declared that the referendum would be subject to major fraud and that Germany would never accept it. In addition, the German ministry of propaganda issued press

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and their trade unions in return for their support in the referendum. He also set the minimum voting age at 24 to exclude younger voters because the Nazi movement was most popular among the young. In contrast, Hitler had lowered the voting age for German elections held under Nazi rule, largely to

1543:, with "each looking to their own capital" instead. According to Jody Manning, the idea of unification with Germany was not overwhelmingly popular among the Austrian population in 1919, which is one of the reasons why no nationwide referendum was held, even before it was forbidden by the Entente: 1495:

In addition to the massive propaganda campaign and not insignificant Reich German influence, 'Ja' ballot papers were pre-printed and provided at the polling stations and ballots were to be handed to an election official, undermining voter confidentiality. In addition, voter eligibility rules were

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and only to Germany, wore symbols that were temporarily banned in Austrian schools and advocated the dissolution of the empire to allow Austria to rejoin Germany, as it had been during the German Confederation of 1815–1866. Although many Austrians supported pan-Germanism, many others still showed

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In 2003, the Center launched a worldwide effort named "Operation: Last Chance" in order to collect further information about those Nazis still alive that are potentially subject to prosecution. Although reports issued shortly thereafter credited Austria for initiating large-scale investigations,

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continues to criticise Austria (as recently as June 2005) for its alleged historical and ongoing unwillingness aggressively to pursue investigations and trials against Nazis for war crimes and crimes against humanity from the 1970s onwards. Its 2001 report offered the following characterization:

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Austria in the first days of Nazi Germany's control had many contradictions: at one and the same time, Hitler's regime began to tighten its grip on every aspect of society, beginning with mass arrests as thousands of Austrians tried to escape; yet other Austrians cheered and welcomed the German

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On 3 March 1938, Austrian Socialists offered to back Schuschnigg's government in exchange for political concessions, such as legalising socialist press, returning confiscated funds and "the lifting of the ban on the wearing of Social Democrat badges, show Social Democrat flags and standards and

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Seyss-Inquart was a long-time supporter of the Nazis who sought the union of all Germans in one state. Leopold argues he was a moderate who favoured an evolutionary approach to union. He opposed the violent tactics of the Austrian Nazis, cooperated with Catholic groups, and wanted to preserve a

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as Minister of Public Security, with full, unlimited control of the police. In return Hitler would publicly reaffirm the treaty of 11 July 1936 and reaffirm his support for Austria's national sovereignty. Browbeaten and threatened by Hitler, Schuschnigg agreed to these demands and put them into

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with the Soviets, and by pointing to the Moscow Declaration, Austrian politicians heavily relied on it to achieve a solution for Austria different from the division of Germany into separate Eastern and Western states. The state treaty, alongside the subsequent Austrian declaration of permanent

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stated that "Germany acknowledges and will respect strictly the independence of Austria, within the frontiers which may be fixed in a Treaty between that State and the Principal Allied and Associated Powers; she agrees that this independence shall be inalienable, except with the consent of the

5415: 2192:, observed: "There is no one in all France who does not believe that Hitler invaded Austria not to hold a genuine plebiscite, but to prevent the plebiscite planned by Schuschnigg from demonstrating to the entire world just how little hold National Socialism really had on that tiny country." 1547:

Despite the initially compelling statistics, overall, it appears doubtful that a qualified majority of Austrians would have supported Anschluss with Germany. From the sparse evidence available, it appears that the pro-Anschluss movement could only hope for a slim majority in the event of a

2481:. In most rural areas, especially in Tyrol, the support for the Anschluss was even lower. According to Evan Burr Bukey, no more than one-third of Austrians ever fully supported Nazism during the existence of Nazi Germany. According to the estimates of the Austrian government, with the 1902:

that soon went wildly over budget, and programmes for producing more chemicals and aluminium; the plan called for a policy of substituting imports and rationalizing industry to achieve its goals that failed completely. As the Four Year Plan fell further and further behind its targets,

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as his replacement. Hitler's plan was for Seyss-Inquart to call immediately for German troops to rush to Austria's aid, restoring order and giving the invasion an air of legitimacy. In the face of this threat, Schuschnigg informed Seyss-Inquart that the plebiscite would be cancelled.

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of Austria between 1934 and 1938 focused on the history of Austria and opposed the absorption of Austria into Nazi Germany (according to the philosophy Austrians were "superior Germans"). Schuschnigg called Austria the "better German state" but struggled to keep Austria independent.

2466:". It was also opposed by other groups, such as the Austrian Jews as well as "old Hapsburgist officers and officials and by a considerable part of Austrian capitalism". Most contemporary writers estimated that about two-thirds of Austrians wanted Austria to remain independent. 2325:. The seizure of Austria demonstrated once again Hitler's aggressive territorial ambitions, and, once again, the failure of the British and the French to take action against him for violating the Versailles Treaty. Their lack of will emboldened him toward further aggression. 2639:

The Nazis dissolved Jewish organisations and institutions, hoping to force Jews to emigrate. Their plans succeeded—by the end of 1941, 130,000 Jews had left Vienna, 30,000 of whom went to the United States. They left behind all of their property, but were forced to pay the

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invited him to join the DAP. Hitler accepted on 12 September 1919, becoming the party's 55th member. After becoming leader of the DAP, Hitler addressed a crowd on 24 February 1920, and in an effort to appeal to wider parts of the German population, the DAP was renamed the

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for inspiration and support. Mussolini supported the independence of Austria, largely due to his concern that Hitler would eventually press for the return of Italian territories which had once been ruled by Austria. However, Mussolini needed German support in Ethiopia

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Voting ballot from 10 April 1938. The ballot text reads "Do you agree with the reunification of Austria with the German Reich that was enacted on 13 March 1938, and do you vote for the party of our leader Adolf Hitler?" The large circle is labelled "Yes", the smaller

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In 1992, Yeltsin introduced the term "compatriot abroad" (which was suggested by the analyst Sergey Karaganov) to refer to ethnic Russians who now found themselves outside the formal borders of the Russian Federation but had cultural and linguistic ties with

2599:. They were driven through the streets of Vienna, their homes and shops were plundered. Jewish men and women were forced to wash away pro-independence slogans painted on the streets of Vienna ahead of the failed 13 March plebiscite. Jewish actresses from the 3418:

refused to participate in the Commission and in an interview he stated his strenuous objections in terms both personal and in reference to larger questions about Austrian culpability and liability, comparing what he thought to be relative inattention by the

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nation with Austria. In vehemently attacking the man's arguments he made an impression on the other party members with his oratorical skills and, according to Hitler, the "professor" left the hall acknowledging unequivocal defeat. Impressed with Hitler,

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and German empires; the Austrian pan-Germans were in favour of a Pan-German vision of Austria joining Germany in order to create a "Greater Germany" and the Germans inside the German Empire were in favour of all Germans being unified into a single

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since its foundation in 1955, but after Haider ascended to the party chairmanship in 1986, the liberal elements became increasingly marginalized. Haider began to openly use nationalist and anti-immigrant rhetoric. He was criticised for using the

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Austria is reminded, however, that she has a responsibility, which she cannot evade, for participation in the war at the side of Hitlerite Germany, and that in the final settlement account will inevitably be taken of her own contribution to her

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stating that they "must see that Germany is not given an opportunity to rebuild her strength by utilizing the Austrian populations which remain outside of Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Jugoslavia". A compromise was reached and Article 80 of the

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Schuschnigg desperately sought support for Austrian independence in the hours following the ultimatum. Realizing that neither France nor Britain was willing to offer assistance, Schuschnigg resigned on the evening of 11 March, but President

2791:. Starting in 1939, Austrian Romani had to register themselves to local authorities. The Nazis began to publish articles linking the Romani with criminality. Until 1942, the Nazis had made a distinction between "pure Gypsies" and "Gypsy 5781:

Exactly one week before, on March 11, the same Archdiocese of Vienna had issued the following glowing appeal in support of Schuschnigg's abortive anti-Hitler poll: 'As Austrian citizens, we stand and we fight for a free and independent

1564:, who pursued a pro-Germany policy and attempted to form a customs union. However, a political crisis led to Schober losing power and Seipel returning to the government as Minister of Foreign Affairs. Negotiations were restarted after 2631:

applied in Austria from May 1938, later reinforced with innumerable anti-Semitic decrees. Jews were gradually robbed of their freedoms, blocked from almost all professions, shut out of schools and universities, and forced to wear the

2007:. At the conference, Hitler stated that economic problems were causing Germany to fall behind in the arms race with Britain and France, and that the only solution was to launch in the near-future a series of wars to seize Austria and 1941:("living space") as for him, merely having Eastern Europe in the German economic sphere of influence was sufficient. In this context, having Austria annexed to Germany was the key towards bringing Eastern Europe into Göring's desired 1104: 275: 2063:

on 12 February 1938, in an attempt to avoid the takeover of Austria. Hitler presented Schuschnigg with a set of demands including appointing Nazi sympathizers to positions of power in the government. The key appointment was that of

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By 1936, the damage to Austria from the German boycott was too great. That summer Schuschnigg told Mussolini that his country had to come to an agreement with Germany. On 11 July 1936 he signed an agreement with German ambassador

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which was suspended this year under highly suspicious circumstances (he claimed to be medically unfit, but outside the court proved to be healthy) not a single Nazi war crimes prosecution has been conducted in Austria since the

1853:, who followed a political course similar to his predecessor. In 1935 Schuschnigg used the police to suppress Nazi supporters. Police actions under Schuschnigg included gathering Nazis (and Social Democrats) and holding them in 2644:, a tax on all émigrés from Nazi Germany; some received financial support from international aid organisations so that they could pay this tax. The majority of the Jews who had stayed in Vienna eventually became victims of the 2450:. The relevance of Innitzer's endorsement is also disputed—he was reportedly "despised" by Austrian workers, and the Anschluss sparked Catholic protests in Austria under the slogan "Our Führer is Christ" (rather than Hitler). 2283:, the invasion was the first big test of its machinery. Although the invading forces were badly organized and coordination among the units was poor, it mattered little because the Austrian government had ordered the Austrian 2622:

was the sole survivor due to its location in a residential district which prevented it from being burned down. Most Jewish shops were plundered and closed. Over 6,000 Jews were arrested overnight, the majority deported to

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While historians concur that the votes were accurately counted, the process was neither free nor secret. Officials were present directly beside the voting booths and received the voting ballot by hand (in contrast to a

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where the voting ballot is inserted into a closed box). In some remote areas of Austria, people voted to preserve the independence of Austria on 13 March (in Schuschnigg's planned but cancelled referendum) despite the

2225: 2527:, which specifically prohibited the union of Austria and Germany, their reaction was only verbal and moderate. No military confrontation took place, and even the strongest voices against the annexation, particularly 2310:

with Seyss-Inquart as head of a pro-Nazi government. However, the overwhelming reception caused him to change course and absorb Austria directly into the Reich. On 13 March Seyss-Inquart announced the abrogation of

4935: 2080:. A key phrase in the speech which was aimed at the Germans living in Austria and Czechoslovakia was: "The German Reich is no longer willing to tolerate the suppression of ten million Germans across its borders." 1612:

and the products of the iron, textile and machine industries. It had gold and foreign currency reserves, many unemployed skilled workers, hundreds of idle factories, and large potential hydroelectric resources.

2797:("mixlings" or "half-breeds"). However, Nazi racial research claimed that 90% of Romani were of mixed ancestry. Subsequently, the Nazis ordered that the Romani were to be treated on the same level as the Jews. 2166:

reports that riots had broken out in Austria and that large parts of the Austrian population were calling for German troops to restore order. Schuschnigg immediately responded that reports of riots were false.

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the Austrian people themselves, as well as those neighbouring States which will be faced with similar problems, to find that political and economic security which is the only basis for lasting peace.

5235:, p. 80: "In contrast, there was no remorse about the Nazi assault on the church: the workers despised Cardinal Innitzer and recommended even harsher measures against both his clergy and flock." 1053: 1846:

to push for unification from there. The remaining Austrian Nazis continued terrorist attacks against Austrian governmental institutions, causing a death toll of more than 800 between 1934 and 1938.

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and was given an enthusiastic welcome. The enthusiasm displayed toward Hitler and the Germans surprised both Nazis and non-Nazis, as most people had believed that a majority of Austrians opposed

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German military map during the Second World War, with no border between Germany and Austria (top right; also showing Alsace as part of Germany because it was directly incorporated into the Reich)

7966: 5416:"Joint communiqué by Austria and Mexico on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the Mexican protest against the "Anschluss" of Austria by Nazi Germany – BMEIA, Außenministerium Österreich" 5875: 8044: 7921: 3778:

by birth since he had been born in the Austro-Hungarian empire. He gave up his Austrian citizenship in 1925 and remained stateless for seven years before he became a German citizen in 1932.

3226:(SPÖ) argues that the Dollfuss dictatorship stripped the country of the democratic resources necessary to repel Hitler; yet it ignores the fact that Hitler himself was a native of Austria. 2011:, whose economies would be plundered to give Germany the lead in the arms race. In early 1938, Hitler was seriously considering replacing Papen as ambassador to Austria with either Colonel 3258:, a concentration camp survivor killed by a right-wing protester during riots. It was not until the 1980s that Austrians confronted their mixed past on a large scale. The catalyst for the 1230:

was assassinated by Austrian Nazis. The defeat of the coup prompted many leading Austrian Nazis to go into exile in Germany, where they continued their efforts to unify the two countries.

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than Hitler was, believed up to 1939 in the possibility of an Anglo-German alliance (an idea that Hitler had abandoned by late 1937), and wanted all Eastern Europe in the German economic

7202:. Betrayal in Central Europe. Austria and Czechoslovakia, the Fallen Bastions. New and revised edition. Harper & Brothers, New York 1939. Paperback reissue, Faber & Faber, 2009. 3340:. Haider's tactics and rhetoric, often criticised as sympathetic to Nazism, forced Austrians to reconsider their relationship to the past. Haider's coalition partner, former Chancellor 3175:"Red-White-Red Book" published by the Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1946 describes the events of Austria between 1938 and 1945 by the Founders of the Second Austrian Republic. 1315:. This solution would have included all the German states (including the non-German regions of Austria), but Prussia would have had to accept a secondary role. This controversy, called 3250:

For decades, the victim theory remained largely undisputed in Austria. The public was rarely forced to confront the legacy of Nazi Germany. One of those occasions arose in 1965, when

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estimated that between 65% and 75% of Austrians supported the continuation of Austrian independence. About a quarter of the Austrian population was estimated to be supportive of the

6535: 2713:, which was still the lowest number of all Austrian municipalities. In case of a fair referendum, the Anschluss would have been supported only by 20% of the Austrian population. 3222:(ÖVP) had advanced, and still advances, the argument that the establishment of the Dollfuss dictatorship was necessary to maintain Austrian independence. On the other hand, the 1979:

Hitler told Goebbels in the late summer of 1937 that eventually Austria would have to be taken "by force". On 5 November 1937, Hitler called a meeting with the Foreign Minister

1600:, rose to power in the Weimar Republic, the Austrian government withdrew from economic ties. Like Germany, Austria experienced the economic turbulence which was a result of the 3214:

As Austrian politicians of the left and right attempted to reconcile their differences to avoid the violent conflict that had dominated the First Republic, discussions of both

3153:, in particular, were both indicted under count one (conspiracy to commit crimes against peace) specifically for their activities in support of the Austrian Nazi Party and the 8452: 8271: 8176: 1956:, but given that Four Year Plan's targets all had to be met by September 1940, and the current problems with meeting the steel production targets, suggested that he wanted an 1653:

stated, "We demand the unification of all Germans in the Greater Germany on the basis of the people's right to self-determination." Hitler argued in a 1921 essay that the

3819: 2044:; both men were Nazis who had shown some diplomatic skill. On 25 January 1938, the Austrian police raided the Vienna headquarters of the Austrian Nazi Party, arresting 1246:

was held on 10 April, in which the ballot was not secret, and threats and coercion were employed to manipulate the vote, resulting in 99.7% approval for the Anschluss.

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Barnett, William P., and Michael Woywode. "From Red Vienna to the Anschluss: Ideological Competition among Viennese Newspapers during the Rise of National Socialism,"

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notes that the plebiscites were marred by electoral fraud and voter manipulation, and therefore do not reflect what the general Austrian opinion was at that time:

1020: 730: 2772:, gave a speech to the local Austrians and told them in plain terms that all "traitors" of Austria were to be thrown into the newly opened concentration camp at 1808:, but its popularity grew in Austria after Hitler came to power in Germany. The idea of the country joining Germany also grew in popularity, thanks in part to a 3686:

between West Germany and Austria, which was accused of being rigged and later fans mocked it as the "Anschluss" in reference to the infamous annexation in 1938.

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had a single task of, "incorporating the ten million German-Austrians in the Empire and dethroning the Habsburgs, the most miserable dynasty ever ruling." The

435: 4962:"Als Führer und Kanzler der deutschen Nation und des Reiches melde ich vor der deutschen Geschichte nunmehr den Eintritt meiner Heimat in das Deutsche Reich." 3756:-dominated German nation-state was created in 1871 without Austria, the German question was still very active in most parts of the ethnic German lands of the 3402:("struggle to come to terms with the past") has been partially institutionalised in literary, cultural, political, and educational contexts. Austria formed a 1759:

that Germany would not seek territorial concessions from Italy, Mussolini entered into a client relationship with Berlin that began with the formation of the

8337: 7720: 2822:, and forbade Catholics from following their ideas or supporting Anschluss. On 11 March 1938, one day before the occupation of Austria by the Wehrmacht, the 1556:

opposed it, as he saw it as an attempt to re-form the Austro-Hungarian Empire and offered to form a customs union with Austria. However, Austrian Chancellor

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proposal had strong support in both Austria and Germany, particularly to many Austrian citizens of the political left and center. One vehement supporter was

5927:"Don Isidro Fabela: 50 Años Después De Muerte. Recuerdo Al Autor De La Protesta De México En Contra De La "Anexión" De Austria Por La Alemania Nazi En 1938" 3191:

that was imposed on Germany. Lacking outside pressure for political reform, factions of Austrian society tried for a long time to advance the view that the

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Don Isidro Fabela: 50 años después de muerte. Recuerdo al autor de la protesta de México en contra de la "anexión" de Austria por la Alemania Nazi de 1938.

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Surprised or not, Hitler's schoolboy dream of a "greater Germany" had come to fruition when Austria was incorporated into the Reich. Ozment (2005), p. 274.

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Select link on left for The Anschluss and World War II. Eric Solsten, ed. (Washington, D. C.: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, 1993).

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as they saw it as completing the complex and long overdue unification of all Germans into one state. Hitler had originally intended to leave Austria as a

140: 9006: 7705: 7700: 5955: 2887: 289: 1215:". Nazi Germany's agents cultivated pro-unification tendencies in Austria, and sought to undermine the Austrian government, which was controlled by the 6128: 3704: 1572:

on 5 March 1931, before being approved by Germany on 18 March. France opposed the customs union, stating that it was in violation of Article 88 of the

6212: 2562:, more than twice its own cash. In the years that followed, some bank accounts were transferred from Austria to Germany as "enemy property accounts". 2473:

remains unknown, but only one "unhappy face" of an Austrian in public when the Germans marched into Austria has ever been produced. According to some

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Germany. Unfortunately relatively little has been achieved by the Austrian authorities in this regard and in fact, with the exception of the case of

2776:. The camp became notorious for its cruelty and barbarism. During its existence an estimated 200,000 people died, half of whom were directly killed. 2709:, a majority of 95% voted for Austria's independence. However, in the referendum on 10 April, 73.3% of votes in Innervillgraten were in favor of the 2312: 208: 7144:

Hitler–Beneš–Tito: National Conflicts, World Wars, Genocides, Expulsions, and Divided Remembrance in East-Central and Southeastern Europe, 1848–2018

1604:, with a high unemployment rate, and unstable commerce and industry. During the 1920s it was a target for German investment capital. By 1937, rapid 8554: 8206: 2783:

sentiment was implemented initially most harshly in Austria when between 1938 and 1939 the Nazis arrested around 2,000 Romani men who were sent to

1531:

both included the political goal of unification, which parties widely supported. In the early 1930s, the Austrian government looked to a possible

9271: 2133:

On 9 March 1938, in the face of rioting by the small, but virulent, Austrian Nazi Party and ever-expanding German demands on Austria, Chancellor

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The French attempted to prevent an Anschluss by incorporating Austria into a Danubian Confederation in 1927. German Minister of Foreign Affairs

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with the German Republic in 1931. However, ultimately regional patriotism was stronger than pan-German sentiment. In the Austrian Empire, each

547: 420: 5873: 5148: 3042:, which had a predominantly ethnic German population. In March 1939, Hitler then dismantled Czechoslovakia by recognising the independence of 1869:

and said, "Germany neither intends nor wishes to interfere in the internal affairs of Austria, to annex Austria or to conclude an Anschluss."

8078: 7579: 1911:

as a way of securing Austria's iron and other raw materials as a solution to the problems with the Four Year Plan. The British historian Sir

3211:, marked important milestones for the solidification of Austria's independent national identity during the course of the following decades. 2618:

of 9–10 November 1938. All synagogues and prayer houses in Vienna were destroyed, as well as in other Austrian cities such as Salzburg. The

8549: 2580: 1013: 367: 6340: 6249: 4800: 3312:(ethnic) definition of national interest ("Austria for Austrians") and his apologetics for Austria's past, notably calling members of the 3198:

This view of the events of 1938 has deep roots in the 10 years of Allied occupation and the struggle to regain Austrian sovereignty: the "

2845:

in Austria, greeted Hitler on 13 March as "saviour of the 350,000 German Protestants in Austria and liberator from a five-year hardship".

901: 354: 2901:, voiced an energetic protest, stronger than that expressed by European countries, denouncing the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany. 2442:. Austrian left circles vehemently opposed Anschluss, and Renner's declaration prompted many to defect to Revolutionary Socialists under 1643: 7276: 5318: 4973: 2076:

On 20 February, Hitler made a speech before the Reichstag which was broadcast live and which for the first time was relayed also by the

6770: 3061:, the Republic of Austria ceased to exist as an independent state. At the end of World War II, a Provisional Austrian Government under 6737:

Low, Alfred D. (1976). "The Anschluss Movement (1918–1938) in Recent Historical Writing: German Nationalism and Austrian Patriotism".

6364: 9316: 8101: 3114:

are agreed that Austria, the first free country to fall a victim to Hitlerite aggression, shall be liberated from German domination.

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recalled the Austrians cheering approval as cars of Germans entered what had once been an independent Austria. Speer (1997), p. 109

3668:– a fictional account of the failed Bordurian coup d'état and invasion of their democratic neighbour Syldavia, modeled on the 2345:: "I, myself, as Führer and Chancellor, will be happy to walk on the soil of the country that is my home as a free German citizen." 784: 9261: 8615: 8578: 8113: 7347: 5714: 4999: 3184: 3166: 2279:

crossed the border into Austria. The troops were greeted by cheering Austrians with Nazi salutes, Nazi flags, and flowers. For the

1837:

When Germany permitted residents of Austria to vote on 5 March 1933, three special trains, boats and trucks brought such masses to

1696:. The First Republic gradually disintegrated in 1933, when parliament was dissolved and power was centralized in the office of the 1195:

rose to power in Germany, desire for unification could be identified with the Nazis, for whom it was an integral part of the Nazi "

967: 943: 831: 146: 3098:

of 1943, signed by the United States, the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom, included a "Declaration on Austria", which stated:

1500:

In the aftermath of a prohibition of an Anschluss, Germans in both Austria and Germany pointed to a contradiction in the national

8872: 8342: 8322: 8246: 7946: 5131: 5112: 3273: 2925:(military annexation) was not used, and is not commonly used now, to describe the union of Austria and Germany in 1938. The word 1006: 8063: 2029:

of Danzig. Significantly, neither Kriebel nor Forster was a professional diplomat, with Kriebel being one of the leaders of the

9276: 8317: 8312: 8191: 8021: 7236: 7130:

Rathkolb, Oliver. "The 'Anschluss' in the Rear-View Mirror, 1938–2008: Historical Memories Between Debate and Transformation,"

2875: 2524: 2208:, Hitler cried: "How can anyone say that Austria is not German! Is there anything more German than our old pure Austrianness?" 1573: 1450: 1267: 1158: 819: 590: 8039: 6381: 8068: 8058: 7936: 7164: 6967: 6948: 6929: 6914: 6896: 6801: 6759: 6727: 6664: 6638: 6614: 6554: 6501: 6482: 5849: 5811: 5774: 5584: 5554: 5527: 5060: 4885: 4453: 4347: 3934: 3887: 465: 17: 9306: 5731: 3065:

was set up by conservatives, Social Democrats and Communists on 27 April 1945 (when Vienna had already been occupied by the

2253: 8960: 8847: 8266: 8156: 8106: 3384: 2823: 2528: 2169: 1298: 526: 187: 8352: 8827: 8378: 8201: 7816: 3269: 2883: 2829: 1378: 955: 919: 182: 7297: 4183:"Die Volksabstimmung in Tirol 1921 und ihre Vorgeschichte in: Ackerl, Isabella/Neck, Rudolf (Hrsg.): Saint-Germain 1919" 3801: 1366:

based on the leadership of Bismarck and Prussia formed—this excluded Austria. Besides ensuring Prussian domination of a

8867: 7207: 7148: 6708: 5475: 2684: 2657: 2419: 2150: 1805: 1243: 931: 877: 7884: 7735: 1814: 1788: 1504:

principle because the treaties failed to grant self-determination to the ethnic Germans (such as German Austrians and

8347: 8073: 7222: 7124: 7109: 7068: 7031: 6844: 6271: 5903: 5370: 5217: 5032: 4945: 4427: 4007: 3741: 3700:

living in the 'near abroad.' Several scholars have found the Anschluss idea to be the progenitor to Karaganov's idea.

3317: 3019: 2921:

is properly translated as "joinder", "connection", "unification", or "political union". In contrast, the German word

2438:

notes that Austrian socialists reacted with "disgust" to Renner's endorsement of Anschluss, provoking a split in the

2237: 813: 119: 83: 8539: 7247: 6299: 5491: 4832: 3446:

there has been one case where criticism of Austrian authorities arose recently: The Center put 92-year-old Croatian

2788: 2149:

To secure a large majority in the referendum, Schuschnigg dismantled the one-party state. He agreed to legalize the

1624:(DAP), Hitler became involved in a heated political argument with a visitor, a Professor Baumann, who proposed that 9281: 8256: 7370: 7239:

Buchner, A. From the Destruction of the Socialist Lager to National Socialist Coup Attempt (accessed 10 June 2005).

6145:

Beniston, Judith (2003). "'Hitler's First Victim'? – Memory and Representation in Post-War Austria: Introduction".

3223: 2897:

about the inclusion of Austria. And next day in Geneva, the Mexican Delegate to the International Office of Labor,

2879: 2403:

and the plebiscite, authorities rounded up Social Democrats, Communists, other potential political dissenters, and

1725:). The new regime emphasized the Catholic elements of Austria's national identity and staunchly opposed union with 1687: 63: 8052: 7306: 5926: 3015:-dominated entity in 1871, with Austria, Prussia's rival for dominance of the German states, explicitly excluded. 8261: 8231: 6628: 3674: 2826:

issued an appeal to Austrians: "As Austrian citizens, we stand and we fight for a free and independent Austria".

2036:

who had been appointed consul in Shanghai to facilitate his work as an arms dealer in China, while Forster was a

748: 521: 516: 429: 7553: 6101: 2728:) on 27 April 1945. Henceforth, Austria was recognized as a separate country, although it remained divided into 9296: 9106: 8822: 8416: 8241: 8186: 7518: 7094: 7008: 6986: 6877: 6820: 6686: 6595: 6576: 6524: 6318: 3131: 2980: 2752: 2485:

of 24, about 70% of Austrians would have voted to preserve the Austrian independence. Czech-American historian

2404: 2059:

Following increasing violence and demands from Hitler that Austria agree to a union, Schuschnigg met Hitler at

1438: 712: 402: 5953: 9291: 9286: 9016: 8837: 8297: 8292: 7913: 7801: 7612: 3628: 3623: 2559: 1744: 1283: 635: 7874: 6236: 6125: 3455:, claiming reason of dementia in 2008. Milivoj Ašner died on 14 June 2011 at the age of 98 in his room in a 3372:(damaging the reputation of his country) and openly demanded that the play should not be staged in Vienna's 2648:. Of the more than 65,000 Viennese Jews who were deported to concentration camps, fewer than 2,000 survived. 1894: 1608:

increased Berlin's interest in annexing Austria, rich in raw materials and labour. It supplied Germany with

8996: 8913: 8735: 8608: 8462: 8457: 8447: 8357: 8166: 8161: 8136: 8029: 7261: 6219: 6087: 2870:

England as well and that this event would not really differ much. On 14 March, the British Prime Minister,

1756: 796: 441: 336: 7142: 3423:

to the settlement governing the Swiss bank holdings of those who died or were displaced by the Holocaust.

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A map showing the border changes of Germany in the various years 1933 (red), 1939 (pink) and 1943 (orange)

1948:

Faced with problems in the Four Year Plan, Göring had become the loudest voice in Germany, calling for an

1826:

might have occurred by democratic process had Austrian Nazis not begun a terrorism campaign. According to

9040: 8795: 8421: 8332: 7632: 3393: 3135: 2813: 2217: 2008: 1751: 1679:(1925) that he would create a union between his birth country Austria and Germany by any means possible. 1453:

the French sought to forbid a union between Austria and Germany, with French Minister of Foreign Affairs

1316: 1239: 1175:. This left Austria without most of the territories it had ruled for centuries and amid economic crisis. 985: 961: 154: 113: 3479:. These events taken as a whole can be seen as a mimeograph of the Anschluss page in Hitler's playbook. 3476: 1972:

Supporters of Schuschnigg campaigning for the independence of Austria in March 1938, shortly before the

1704:. Rival parties, including the Austrian National Socialists, were banned, and government evolved into a 9311: 9185: 9180: 9170: 8933: 8750: 8431: 8426: 8151: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7755: 7665: 6426: 6147: 4533:(1999) "Germany and the Munich Crisis: A Mutilated Victory?" in Lukes, Igor and Goldstein, Rick (eds.) 3321: 3219: 2800:

After breaking off the negotiations regarding the position of the Catholic Church in Austria, Cardinal

1650: 1471: 1339: 1311:(greater Germany solution), whereby the German states would unite under the leadership of the Austrian 1219: 1154: 807: 360: 315: 5993: 3494: 2943: 925: 9301: 8898: 8857: 8817: 8362: 8048: 5401: 4256: 4100: 3664: 3544: 2784: 2624: 2600: 2205: 1721: 1394: 736: 718: 602: 251: 6049: 2804:(a political figure of the CS) was intimidated into supporting the Anschluss after being assaulted. 9256: 9251: 8842: 8765: 8146: 7573: 7483: 7468: 5152: 4753: 4342:. Vol. I "The Power of Perception". CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 118. 4153: 3296: 2611:

began, and Jews were driven out of public life within months. These events reached a climax in the

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David Walker, "Industrial Location in Turbulent Times: Austria through Anschluss and Occupation,"

4182: 2383:(SS) officers landed in Vienna to arrest prominent representatives of the First Republic, such as 9140: 9130: 9097: 9077: 9067: 8923: 8903: 8852: 8785: 8755: 8601: 8251: 8196: 8171: 7023: 5952:

League of Nations. Communication from the Mexican Delegation. C.101.M.53.1938.VII; 19 March 1938

3427: 3187:. Although the Nazi party was promptly banned, Austria did not have the same thorough process of 2972: 2818: 2729: 2717: 1683: 1584: 1528: 1320: 1121: 979: 414: 396: 390: 95: 3316:"men of honour". Following a dramatic rise in electoral support in the 1990s that peaked in the 9092: 8986: 8940: 8725: 8705: 7902: 7503: 7215:

The brutal takeover: The Austrian ex-Chancellor's account of the Anschluss of Austria by Hitler

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Hitler's forces suppressed all opposition. Before the first German soldier crossed the border,

2357: 2315:, which prohibited the unification of Austria and Germany, and approved the replacement of the 1980: 1924: 1516:, criticized efforts to prevent an Anschluss; he saw the prohibition as a contradiction of the 1430: 1367: 1142: 790: 653: 6791: 6020: 5574: 5544: 5322: 4337: 3997: 9082: 8950: 8918: 8083: 7645: 7617: 7252: 5988: 5844:. Allan Reed Millett. Cambridge, MA.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 10. 5108: 4977: 3420: 3203: 3078: 2737: 2733: 2608: 2532: 2516: 2463: 2284: 1793: 1697: 1433:

on 14 October 1918 about the possibility of conducting an Anschluss with the German areas of

1233:

In early 1938, under increasing pressure from pro-unification activists, Austrian chancellor

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region was returned to Germany after 15 years of occupation through a plebiscite. After the

2716:

Austria remained part of Germany until the end of World War II. A provisional government in

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Gould, S. W. (1950). "Austrian Attitudes toward Anschluss: October 1918 – September 1919".

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Gould, S. W. (1950). "Austrian Attitudes toward Anschluss: October 1918 – September 1919".

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The Moscow Declaration is said to have a somewhat complex drafting history. At Nuremberg,

8: 9266: 9160: 9102: 9052: 9011: 8955: 8886: 8693: 8307: 7834: 7745: 7650: 7438: 7423: 7413: 6960:

The Pomp and Politics of Patriotism: Imperial Celebrations in Habsburg Austria, 1848-1916

3683: 3549: 3514: 3358:

The political discussions and soul-searching were reflected in other aspects of culture.

3284:. The Waldheim affair started the first serious discussions about Austria's past and the 3251: 3127: 3000: 2871: 2547: 2041: 2004: 1984: 1932: 1801: 1513: 1347: 1327: 837: 724: 460: 306: 79: 5808: 5003: 3468: 2675:

was given immediate effect by legislative act on 13 March, subject to ratification by a

1892:

ready to fight a world war by 1940. The Four Year Plan required huge investments in the

9216: 9209: 9122: 9021: 8991: 8974: 8760: 8740: 8654: 8636: 8628: 8394: 7991: 7826: 7710: 7655: 7463: 7403: 7178: 7170: 7079: 6348: 6172: 6164: 6112: 5976: 5788: 5612: 5570: 5360: 5264: 4281: 4273: 4241: 4125: 4117: 3944: 3897: 3693: 3689: 3643: 3569: 3363: 3346: 3095: 2867: 2849:, the most famous Social Democrat of the First Republic, announced his support for the 2185: 2107: 1988: 1818:("One People, One Empire, One Leader") to try to convince Austrians to advocate for an 1775: 1732: 1605: 1501: 1390: 1351: 1343: 1227: 991: 913: 861: 475: 408: 381: 232: 192: 44: 7839: 7266: 6922:

The Course of German History: A Survey of the Development of German History Since 1815

4769:

CBS World Roundup Broadcast 13 March 1938 Columbia Broadcasting System retrieved from

3376:. Waldheim, still president, called the play "a crude insult to the Austrian people". 2477:

reports, only a quarter to a third of Austrian voters in Vienna were in favour of the

2245: 176: 9135: 9001: 8862: 8790: 8780: 8720: 8644: 8502: 7528: 7453: 7218: 7203: 7182: 7160: 7120: 7105: 7090: 7064: 7027: 7004: 6982: 6963: 6944: 6941:

The Habsburg Monarchy 1809-1918: A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary

6925: 6910: 6892: 6873: 6840: 6834: 6830: 6816: 6797: 6755: 6723: 6704: 6682: 6660: 6634: 6610: 6591: 6572: 6550: 6520: 6497: 6478: 6176: 5899: 5855: 5845: 5770: 5580: 5550: 5523: 5471: 5366: 5248: 5213: 5056: 5028: 4941: 4881: 4449: 4423: 4343: 4285: 4129: 4003: 3930: 3883: 3574: 3559: 3332:(Thursday demonstrations) in protest against the government, which took place on the 3230: 3034:, Hitler targeted Czechoslovakia, provoking an international crisis which led to the 3008: 2992: 2894: 2893:

On 18 March 1938, the German government communicated to the Secretary General of the

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Austria, Germany, and the Cold War: from the Anschluss to the State Treaty 1938–1955

3554: 3519: 3254:, a professor of economic history, made anti-Semitic remarks following the death of 3138:, there never was an effective Austrian armed resistance of the sort found in other 2837:

with prisoners forced to carry a granite block up 186 steps to the top of the quarry

2332:

on 15 March 1938, when around 200,000 cheering German Austrians gathered around the

1904: 9225: 9190: 9175: 9165: 9145: 9112: 9062: 8710: 8683: 8570: 7448: 7418: 7336: 7152: 6866: 6564: 6156: 6062: 5762: 5201: 4770: 4265: 4194: 4109: 3993: 3922: 3875: 3524: 3472: 3407: 3255: 3035: 2834: 2801: 2773: 2757: 2641: 2435: 2427: 2376: 2134: 2111: 2030: 1850: 1740: 1736: 1633: 1601: 1561: 1426: 1234: 907: 843: 691: 679: 480: 226: 134: 2158:

and other ethnic minorities from the German electorate following enactment of the

1865:

In an attempt to put Schuschnigg's mind at rest, Hitler delivered a speech at the

1297:

into one nation-state had been the subject of debate in the 19th century from the

9155: 8745: 8730: 8236: 7854: 7844: 7473: 7362: 6368: 6344: 6322: 6303: 6132: 6108: 5959: 5893: 5879: 5385: 5077: 4443: 3805: 3757: 3697: 3638: 3579: 3529: 3456: 3359: 3215: 3208: 3150: 2842: 2706: 2539:") remained at peace. The loudest verbal protest was voiced by the government of 2508:) in the whole Reich within the following month, asking the people to ratify the 2384: 2307: 2012: 1874: 1854: 1809: 1524: 1505: 1484: 1434: 1419: 1414: 1386: 1331: 1307: 1275: 1242:

crossed the border into Austria on 12 March, unopposed by the Austrian military.

1150: 1138: 470: 426:

Polish–East German Maritime Boundary in Pomeranian Bay Delimitation Treaty (1989)

8141: 6996: 3599: 2991:. Although Austria was predominantly ethnically German and had been part of the 2426:

and the highest representative of the Roman Catholic church in Austria Cardinal

2360:, and there was genuine support from Germans in both Austria and Germany for an 2181:

at one o'clock. Nevertheless, the German Führer underestimated his opposition.

1884:

that called for a dramatic increase in military spending and to make Germany as

9230: 8928: 8276: 8211: 7849: 7670: 6078: 3771: 3609: 3509: 3437: 3277: 3188: 3103: 2976: 2780: 2687:

was held on 10 April and officially recorded a support of 99.7% of the voters.

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That afternoon, Hitler, riding in a car, crossed the border at his birthplace,

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The newly installed Nazis, within two days, transferred power to Germany, and

1370:, the exclusion of Austria also ensured that Germany would have a substantial 9245: 9149: 8770: 8327: 8216: 7533: 7523: 7493: 7478: 7433: 7138: 6772:

The Yeltsin Era: Only a Historic Blip in the Continuum of the Russian Empire?

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The declaration was mostly intended to serve as propaganda aimed at stirring

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was among the first major steps in Austrian-born Hitler's desire to create a

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had its own functional government and enjoyed a fair amount of autonomy from

1532: 1476: 1363: 1279: 1216: 1212: 1206: 1146: 973: 949: 641: 7284: 5441: 1560:, an Anschluss opponent, rejected the offer. Seipel was replaced in 1929 by 8698: 8661: 8181: 7548: 7393: 7338: 7174: 6853: 4845: 4439: 4178: 3539: 3504: 3415: 3234: 3107: 3047: 3027: 2633: 2536: 2388: 1996: 1992: 1827: 1726: 1597: 1557: 1488: 1442: 1350:(1870–1871) as a way to convince southwestern German states, including the 1192: 1165:

forbade both the union and the continued use of the name "German-Austria" (

1125: 754: 312:

Minor territorial exchanges between East Germany and Poland (1949 and 1951)

300: 296: 168: 49: 6283: 6160: 6022:

A Manual of the History of the Political System of Europe and its Colonies

5576:

Austrians and Jews in the Twentieth Century: From Franz Joseph to Waldheim

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Hitler's journey through Austria became a triumphal tour that climaxed in

1568:

became chancellor and were finalized with German Foreign Affairs Minister

1358:. Due to Prussia's quick victory, the debate was settled and in 1871 the " 1203:" ("back home to the realm") concept, which sought to incorporate as many 8487: 7508: 7443: 7243:

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Library Bibliography: Anschluss

7189:

Wright, Herbert. "The Legality of the Annexation of Austria by Germany,"

6778:. 48th annual meeting of the Social Science History Association. Chicago. 6696: 6674: 6296: 6279: 5209: 5048: 4859:

Arms, Autarky and Aggression: A study in German Foreign Policy, 1933–1939

4198: 3564: 3414:. The Commission delivered its report in 2003. Noted Holocaust historian 3373: 3333: 3062: 3039: 2988: 2846: 2619: 2423: 2348:

Hitler's popularity reached an unprecedented peak after he fulfilled the

2334: 2262: 2155: 1912: 1779: 1760: 1705: 1509: 1223: 1172: 348: 37: 32: 8221: 7156: 7117:

Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis: A History of Austrian National Socialism

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Worldwide Investigation and Prosecution of Nazi War Criminals, 2001–2002

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Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts

3218:

and Austria's role during the Nazi-era were largely avoided. Still, the

2662: 2512:, and claimed that 99.7561% of the votes cast in Austria were in favor. 2097: 2040:

who had proven he could get along with the Poles in his position in the

1449:

with justification for demanding territorial compensations". During the

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and Hitler with Himmler and Heydrich to the right in Vienna, March 1938

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removed the problem of the country's numerous ethnic groups. Secretary

1330:

in which the Prussians defeated the Austrians and thereby excluded the

1185: 1117: 883: 685: 673: 660: 496: 487: 323: 5809:

Statement of the Prime Minister in the House of Commons, 14 March 1938

5613:"Anschluss Tirols an NS-Deutschland und Judenpogrom in Innsbruck 1938" 3160: 1171:); they also stripped Austria of some of its territories, such as the 1145:

excluded Austria and the German Austrians from the Prussian-dominated

387:

Polish–East German Baltic Continental Shelf Delimitation Treaty (1968)

9057: 7595: 7428: 7388: 4607:

Messerschmidt, Manfred "Foreign Policy and Preparation for War" from

3379: 3313: 3180: 3051: 3023: 2862: 2808:, however, broadcast a strong denunciation of the German action, and 2698: 2645: 2352:

because he had completed the long-awaited idea of a Greater Germany.

2321: 2275: 2088: 2025: 2000: 1609: 1517: 1483:

yielded majorities of 98% and 99% in favor of a unification with the

1323:

and the politics of the German states in the mid-nineteenth century.

7262:

BBC article by Robert Knight, who served on the Historikercommission

5206:

A People's History of the Second World War: Resistance Versus Empire

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Twentieth Century Journey, Volume 2, The Nightmare Years: 1930–1940

6316:

Press statement on the report of the Austrian Historical Commission

5898:. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica. 2000. pp. 112–113. 4269: 4113: 3276:, was accused of having been a member of the Nazi party and of the 3264:(struggle to come to terms with the past) was the Waldheim affair. 3066: 3043: 2853:

and appealed to all Austrians to vote in favour of it on 10 April.

2189: 2016: 1710: 1480: 283: 6793:

From Prejudice to Persecution: A History of Austrian Anti-Semitism

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The International Relations of Austria and the Anschluss 1931–1938

4710:

The International Relations of Austria and the Anschluss 1931–1938

4690:

The International Relations of Austria and the Anschluss 1931–1938

1968: 8666: 8624: 6720:

The Anschluss Movement, 1918–1919: And the Paris Peace Conference

6384:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia 4974:"Video: Hitler proclaims Austria's inclusion in the Reich (2 MB)" 3824: 3753: 3328:. This was condemned in 2000. The coalition prompted the regular 3038:

in September 1938, giving Nazi Germany control of the industrial

3012: 2765: 2551: 2474: 1885: 1708:, one-party government that combined the CS and the paramilitary 1690:(CS), whose economic policies were based on the papal encyclical 1629: 1625: 1254: 1907:, the chief of the Four Year Plan office, began to press for an 8676: 7976: 6449: 6050:"Moskauer Deklaration 1943 und die alliierte Nachkriegsplanung" 2954: 2615: 2540: 2329: 1928: 1838: 1658: 1540: 6515:

Hitler's Austria: Popular Sentiment in the Nazi Era, 1938-1945

2578:, Vienna's Jews were forced to wash pro-independence slogans ( 2447: 2439: 8649: 7271: 5962:(Note: Also available in French.) Retrieved 4 September 2016. 4908: 4906: 4662:

John A. Leopold, "Seyss-Inquart and the Austrian Anschluss,"

3974: 2490: 279: 6979:

The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Starting World War II

6494:

The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780-1918

5696: 5694: 5681: 5679: 4783:

http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/triumph/tr-austria.htm

4154:"Austria at the Crossroads: The Anschluss and its Opponents" 2930:

coerced. Hitler described the incorporation of Austria as a

2294:, with a 4,000 man bodyguard. In the evening, he arrived at 6813:

Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany

5654: 5652: 4562: 4560: 3299:(FPÖ) in the 1980s. The party had combined elements of the 2295: 1923:

Göring was far more interested in the return of the former

330: 6651:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 5973:

Austria at the Crossroads: The Anschluss and its Opponents

4903: 4205: 3388:

The SS raid a Jewish community center, Vienna, March 1938.

2595:

The campaign against the Jews began immediately after the

2302:. Many Germans from both Austria and Germany welcomed the 1830:

in 1936, "In 1932 Austria was probably eighty percent pro-

1334:

and German Austrians from Germany. The Prussian statesman

7293:– a soundbite history of the German invasion into Austria 6607:

Monarchy, Myth, and Material Culture in Germany 1750-1950

5716:

Kardinal Dr. Theodor Innitzer und der Nationalsozialismus

5691: 5676: 5664: 5593: 4634: 4632: 4630: 1445:

opposed the proposal, stating that it "would provide the

1406:

and wished for Austria to remain an independent country.

7102:

Conquering the Past: Austrian Nazism Yesterday and Today

6769:

Nagy-Mohacsi, Piroska; Blejer, Mario I. (12 July 2022).

6325:

Austrian Press and Information Service, 28 February 2003

5649: 5149:"Die propagandistische Vorbereitung der Volksabstimmung" 4731: 4644: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4462: 4420:

Hitler's Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man

4375: 4055: 3242:

Austrians considered themselves to be their own nation.

2469:

How many Austrians behind closed doors were against the

6537:

Power Politics - How China and Russia Reshape The World

5294: 4669: 4339:

The Third Reich, A Revolution of Ideological Inhumanity

3820:"Austria's president says Nazi past can't be forgotten" 3483:

Austrian political and military leaders in Nazi Germany

3237:

and the fall of Nazi Germany the political ideology of

3202:" played an essential role in the negotiations for the 1669:

or living outside it in order to create an "all-German

363:

treaty and return of the majority of annexations (1958)

5821: 5337: 5167: 5143: 5141: 5090: 5088: 5086: 4781:

Nazis Take Austria, The History Place, retrieved from

4627: 4043: 6784:

A Mighty Fortress: A New History of the German People

4589: 4572: 4540: 4509: 4400: 4363: 4317: 3280:(SA). He was later absolved of direct involvement in 3003:, it had never been a part of the German Empire. The 2249:

Hitler crosses the border into Austria in March 1938.

2124: 1211:(ethnic Germans outside Germany) as possible into a " 1157:

attempted to form a union with Germany, but the 1919

6868:

Hitler's Germany: Origins, Interpretations, Legacies

6569:

Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany

6475:

The Politics of the Nazi Past in Germany and Austria

6437: 6008: 4067: 4016: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3195:

was "only an annexation at the point of a bayonet".

3018:

Prior to annexing Austria in 1938, Nazi Germany had

1487:. Further plebiscites were then forbidden. However, 6371:," Simon Wiesenthal Center, Jerusalem (April 2002). 6192: 5546:

Hitler's Shadow War: The Holocaust and World War II

5282: 5179: 5151:. Austrian Resistance Archive. 1988. Archived from 5138: 5083: 5075:Staff (28 March 1938) "Austria: 'Spring Cleaning'" 4492:. Harper & Brothers. pp. 284–285, 317–318. 4292: 4079: 3229:It has also helped the Austrians develop their own 3183:sought comfort in the idea of Austria as being the 2211: 1616:Hitler, an Austrian German by birth, picked up his 1326:In 1866 the feud finally came to an end during the 6865: 6768: 6512: 6455: 6429:. Center for Strategic and International Studies. 5263:(3). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 304–327. 4940:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 184. 4803:(in German). Wiener Zeitung Online. Archived from 3851: 3705:On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians 3380:Historical Commission and outstanding legal issues 2546:Germany, which had a shortage of steel and a weak 2233:Clip from UFA newsreel "German Entry into Austria" 2073:measure of Austrian identity within Nazi Germany. 1766: 7825: 5924: 5605: 5515: 5509: 5468:Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning 5196: 5194: 5055:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 450. 3992: 3957: 2118:fought to keep Austria as an independent country. 1137:(a united Austria and Germany that would form a " 785:Soviet–Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance 9243: 5733:The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965 5723: 4937:The German Myth of the East: 1800 to the Present 4875: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4771:http://otr.com/ra/news/CBS_Roundup_3-13-1938.mp3 4217: 2683:, and Seyss-Inquart was appointed governor. The 1963: 1714:. It controlled labor relations and the press. ( 108:German–Polish Convention regarding Upper Silesia 7134:(2009), Vol. 17, pp. 5–28, historiography. 5929:. Centro Cultural Isidro Fabela. Archived from 5516:Maria Kohl, Katrin; Ritchie, Robertson (2006). 5492:"Photograph of Jews Cleaning Streets in Vienna" 3839: 3696:should pose as the defender of human rights of 3336:where Hitler had greeted the masses during the 3073:the same day and was legally recognized by the 7076:Austria, Germany, and the Anschluss, 1931–1938 6623: 6067:Modern Austria: Empire and Republic, 1815–1986 5842:A War to be Won: Fighting the Second World War 5756: 5191: 4754:"Hitler Triumphant: Early Diplomatic Triumphs" 4481: 4479: 4477: 3916: 3869: 2866:commented that 300 years before, Scotland had 2367: 2356:had not chosen to include Austria in his 1871 1620:ideas at a young age. Whilst infiltrating the 421:United Nations Security Council Resolution 335 8609: 7322: 7020:Austria, Germany, and the Anschluss 1931-1938 6427:"Russia's Westpolitik and the European Union" 6210: 5895:Con certera visión: Isidro Fabela y su tiempo 5840:Murray, Williamson; Millet, Allan R. (2000). 5793:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 5750: 5016: 4864: 4485: 4438: 4039:. The Germans and the East. pp. 171–172. 3949:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 3902:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 3081:re-established Austria as a sovereign state. 2519:were committed to upholding the terms of the 2052:, discovered a cache of arms and plans for a 1014: 548: 209:German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement 8392: 7593: 7368: 7360: 7277:Time magazine coverage of the events of the 7087:Austro-German Relations in the Anschluss Era 6382:"Nazi Territorial Aggression: The Anschluss" 5839: 5563: 5362:Austro-German Relations in the Anschluss Era 5047: 4801:"Österreichs Weg zum Anschluss im März 1938" 2962: 2874:spoke about the "Austrian situation" in the 2705:s presence. For instance, in the village of 1935:. Göring did not share Hitler's interest in 1520:principle of self-determination of peoples. 1204: 1196: 1179: 1166: 1132: 1094: 1060: 1035: 494: 485: 373: 221:Moscow Conference and Declaration on Austria 197: 27:1938 annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany 7119:(University of North Carolina Press, 1981) 7061:Hitler's Hometown: Linz, Austria, 1908–1945 6886: 6863: 6237:"Österreicher fühlen sich heute als Nation" 6213:"Die Entwicklung des Österreichbewußtseins" 5414:Österreich, Außenministerium der Republik. 4933: 4912: 4474: 4381: 4211: 1579: 1409: 1067: 773:German–Polish declaration of non-aggression 40:to hear Hitler's declaration of annexation. 8616: 8602: 7329: 7315: 6547:Munich, 1938: Appeasement and World War II 6491: 6424: 5640: 5536: 5519:A History of Austrian Literature 1918–2000 5459: 5365:. Princeton University Press. p. 52. 5313: 5311: 5309: 5200: 4798: 4765: 4763: 4712:. University of Wyoming. pp. 367–369. 4432: 4395:Why Hitler?: The Genesis of the Nazi Reich 4329: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 3980: 2934:, a return to its original home. The word 2565: 2558:in the reserves of Austria's central bank 2504:. The Nazis held a controlled plebiscite ( 2241:Cheering crowds greet the Nazis in Vienna. 1021: 1007: 555: 541: 7078:(1963), the standard scholarly monograph 6749: 6739:Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism 6585: 6563: 6069:, Cambridge University Press 1987, p. 238 5700: 5685: 5670: 5658: 5442:"Page 32 USACA – Property Control Branch" 4703: 4701: 4699: 4675: 3161:Austrian identity and the "victim theory" 2313:Article 88 of the Treaty of Saint-Germain 2003:commander Hermann Göring recorded in the 1686:was dominated from the late 1920s by the 968:Soviet–British–French Moscow negotiations 779:Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance 7217:(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971) 6981:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 6976: 6703:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 6654: 6144: 5943:In Spanish. Retrieved 4 September 2016.] 5739:. Indiana University Press. p. 22. 5706: 5634: 5569: 5549:. Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 109. 5300: 5243: 5241: 4638: 4526: 4524: 4002:. Oxford University Press. p. 851. 3910: 3863: 3383: 3350:, reiterated the "first victim" theory. 3170: 2953: 2951:as an "annexation" rather than a union. 2841:Robert Kauer, president of the minority 2828: 2787:and 1,000 Romani women who were sent to 2751: 2661: 2569: 2252: 2244: 2236: 2221: 2168: 1967: 1898:steel works, a programme for developing 1787: 1644:National Socialist German Workers' Party 1583: 1413: 1253: 1249: 944:Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War 263:Luxembourg's annexations (1946 and 1949) 43: 31: 6957: 6889:The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany 6839:. Boston: Little, Brown & Company. 6695: 6673: 6630:The Baltic question during the Cold War 6627:; Made, Vahur; Smith, David J. (2008). 6533: 6443: 6374: 6102:Judgment, The Defendants: Seyss-Inquart 5712: 5349: 5306: 5132:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 5113:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 4760: 4595: 4583: 4566: 4551: 4406: 4369: 4151: 4136: 4049: 3817: 3320:, the FPÖ entered a coalition with the 2909: 2882:that the Anschluss would not alter the 1888:as possible with the aim of having the 1880:In September 1936, Hitler launched the 1385:, provided for a dual sovereignty, the 1222:, which opposed unification. During an 14: 9244: 7984: 7809: 7605: 7381: 7137: 7104:(Wayne State University Press, 1989). 6938: 6919: 6829: 6810: 6789: 6396: 6250:Short note on Schüssel's interview in 6039:New York: Norton. pp. 174–187, 188–194 6025:, London: H. G. Bohn, pp. 480–481 6015:Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig (1873), 6014: 5827: 5729: 5619: 5599: 5579:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 203. 5542: 5465: 5413: 5053:Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography 4817:Detailed article on the events of the 4696: 4681: 4515: 4335: 4323: 4177: 4171: 4034: 4022: 3968: 3451:Croatia or prosecutorial actions from 2500:troops entered Austria to enforce the 2407:, and imprisoned them or sent them to 2341:Hitler said as a personal note to the 1470:Elite and popular opinion in the rump 1268:Holy Roman Empire of the German nation 926:Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine 8597: 7310: 7191:American Journal of International Law 6995: 6649:The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich 6604: 6544: 6510: 6269: 5746:from the original on 17 January 2018. 5630:. University of Wyoming. p. 370. 5625: 5343: 5288: 5247: 5238: 5232: 5185: 5173: 5094: 5023:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 4748: 4746: 4737: 4722: 4707: 4692:. University of Wyoming. p. 366. 4687: 4650: 4521: 4468: 4253: 4097: 4061: 3857: 3477:Nazi Germany occupied the Sudetenland 3089: 3077:in the following months. In 1955 the 2764:In March 1938 the local Gauleiter of 2269:On the morning of 12 March 1938, the 2184:As Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist 1045: 466:Former eastern territories of Germany 8623: 7141:(2019). "The Anschluss of Austria". 7017: 6404:"Foreign policy and the road to war" 5925:Christian Kloyber (12 August 2014). 5872:Chronology of the League of Nations 5643:Adolf Hitler from speeches 1933-1938 5355: 5125: 5106: 4793:See 'Vienna, 1938', in Hans Keller, 4504:Hitlers Nibelungen, Samples Grafenau 4298: 4159:. Cardiff University. pp. 62–66 4085: 3046:and making the rest of the nation a 2824:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna 2603:were forced to clean toilets by the 2048:Leopold Tavs, the deputy to Captain 1812:campaign which used slogans such as 1299:dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire 527:Territorial evolution of Switzerland 355:"Little Reunification" with Saarland 188:Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany 7267:Full text of the Moscow Declaration 6736: 6717: 6657:The Third Reich in Power, 1933-1939 6472: 6418: 6276:Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) 6198: 5891:Serrano Migallón, Francisco (2000) 5761:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 202. 5470:. Crown/Archetype. pp. 77–81. 5399:99.7%: a plebiscite under Nazi rule 4934:Liulevicius, Vejas Gabriel (2009). 4223: 4073: 3845: 3818:Prodhan, Georgina (13 March 2013). 3270:1986 Austrian presidential election 3245: 2999:until 1866 after the defeat in the 2995:until it dissolved in 1806 and the 2399:. During the few weeks between the 2204:It is said that after listening to 1379:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 1354:, to side with Prussia against the 920:German occupation of Czechoslovakia 183:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 24: 9272:Austria–Germany military relations 8868:Western European broadleaf forests 7285:Pictures of Adolf Hitler in Vienna 7149:Austrian Academy of Sciences Press 7042: 6722:. American Philosophical Society. 5020:The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler 4743: 4422:. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 107 3921:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 16. 3874:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 15. 3459:nursing home still in Klagenfurt. 3084: 2856:The international response to the 2658:1938 Austrian Anschluss referendum 2420:Social Democratic Party of Austria 2125:Schuschnigg announces a referendum 1301:in 1806 until the break-up of the 902:Undeclared German–Czechoslovak War 25: 9328: 7764:Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe 7230: 7063:(Indiana University Press, 1986) 6860:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 4237:Preuss Denounces Demand of Allies 3742:German orthography reform of 1996 3167:Austria — the Nazis' first victim 3140:countries under German occupation 2749:troops entering their territory. 2679:. Austria became the province of 2462:great Catholic Party of Germany, 2453:According to Hungarian historian 1983:, the War Minister Field Marshal 1475:the Austrian border provinces of 814:Remilitarization of the Rhineland 120:Remilitarization of the Rhineland 9317:Austria under National Socialism 8252:Serbia (Commissioner Government) 7053:(2004) 109#6 pp. 1452–1499 6796:. Univ of North Carolina Press. 6588:Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany 6425:Milosevich, Mira (8 July 2021). 6354: 6328: 6309: 6290: 6263: 6243: 6229: 6204: 6183: 6138: 6118: 6094: 6072: 6056: 6042: 6029: 5981: 5965: 5946: 5913: 5885: 5866: 5833: 5801: 4609:Germany and the Second World War 4037:'Germans' in the Habsburg Empire 3692:– an idea which states that the 3471:in early 1938 led to the autumn 3224:Austrian Social Democratic Party 3130:. Although some Austrians aided 2212:German troops march into Austria 2096: 2087: 64:Territorial evolution of Germany 36:Austrian citizens gather on the 9262:1938 in international relations 8232:Norway (Administrative Council) 6465: 5757:Brook-Shepherd, Gordon (1963). 5645:. Terramare Office. p. 23. 5484: 5434: 5407: 5391: 5379: 5226: 5119: 5100: 5069: 5041: 5010: 4992: 4966: 4954: 4927: 4918: 4894: 4880:. Basic Books. pp. 35–36. 4851: 4839: 4830: 4824: 4787: 4775: 4716: 4656: 4614: 4601: 4496: 4412: 4387: 4312:Journal of Historical Geography 4304: 4247: 4229: 4091: 4028: 3986: 3917:Brook-Shepherd, Gordon (1963). 3870:Brook-Shepherd, Gordon (1963). 3764: 3675:Annexation of the Baltic States 3291:Another factor was the rise of 2756:Gate to the garage yard in the 2550:, gained iron ore mines in the 2457:, writing in 1938, the idea of 2418:was ambivalent; but, since the 2414:The Austrians' support for the 1815:Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer 1804:failed to win any seats in the 1574:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1508:) outside of the German Reich. 749:Nazis' rise to power in Germany 591:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 522:Territorial evolution of Poland 517:Territorial evolution of France 8823:Alps conifer and mixed forests 7248:Austrian Historical Commission 6887:Stackelberg, Roderick (2007). 6872:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. 6864:Stackelberg, Roderick (1999). 6609:. Cambridge University Press. 6590:. Princeton University Press. 6477:. Cambridge University Press. 6456:Nagy-Mohacsi & Blejer 2022 6406:. The Wiener Holocaust Library 6297:Austrian Historical Commission 6282:Public Library. Archived from 5759:Anschluss: The Rape of Austria 4727:. London: Cassell. p. 92. 4152:Manning, Jody Abigail (2012). 3919:Anschluss: The Rape of Austria 3872:Anschluss: The Rape of Austria 3811: 3792: 3746: 3734: 3462: 2154:compensate for the removal of 1806:November 1930 general election 1305:in 1866. Austria had wanted a 1288: 1149:. It gained support after the 713:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 570:Events leading to World War II 403:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 13: 1: 9277:German nationalism in Austria 8257:Serbia (Council of Ministers) 7193:(1944) 38#4 pp. 621–635 7132:Contemporary Austrian Studies 7051:American Journal of Sociology 6786:. New York: Harper Perennial. 6540:. Amsterdam University Press. 6519:. University North Carolina. 6037:Bismark and the German Empire 5730:Phayer, John Michael (2000). 5321:. MSN Encarta. Archived from 4797:, Dennis Dobson, 1977, p. 28 3722: 3624:Areas annexed by Nazi Germany 3353: 3054:was returned from Lithuania. 2651: 2560:Oesterreichische Nationalbank 1987:, the Army commander General 1964:End of an independent Austria 1649:As its first point, the 1920 1284:German nationalism in Austria 932:German ultimatum to Lithuania 878:Polish ultimatum to Lithuania 147:Treaty of the Cession of the 8030:Army Group Rear Area Command 7337:Administrative divisions in 6754:. Little, Brown Book Group. 6088:The New York Review of Books 5971:Manning, Jody Abigail (ndg) 5641:von Halasz, Joachim (1938). 4924:Hildebrand (1973), pp. 60–61 4861:, (Southampton, 1981) p. 85. 4336:Lemons, Everette O. (2005). 4187:Zeitschrift für Ostforschung 3711:Russian annexation of Crimea 2743: 2591:) from the city's pavements. 1945:("greater economic space"). 1665:who were either born in the 1512:, the drafter of the German 832:Italo-German "Axis" protocol 797:Anglo-German Naval Agreement 442:Treaty of Good Neighbourship 337:London and Paris Conferences 7: 8796:Military history of Austria 8786:Allied-administered Austria 8412:Belgium and Northern France 8035:Belgium and Northern France 7003:. Oxford University Press. 6962:. Purdue University Press. 6958:Unowsky, Daniel L. (2005). 6811:Shirer, William L. (1990). 6571:. Oxford University Press. 6496:. Oxford University Press. 6335:Hilberg interview with the 6218:(in German). Archived from 5882:Retrieved 4 September 2016. 5522:. Camden House. p. 7. 3616: 3394:Federal Republic of Germany 3344:, in a 2000 interview with 3136:Righteous Among the Nations 2627:in the following days. The 2218:Austria within Nazi Germany 2206:Bruckner's Seventh Symphony 2188:, reporting from Paris for 1796:in Vienna, 12 February 1934 1757:Hitler's personal assurance 1752:Second Italo-Abyssinian War 1143:1871 unification of Germany 962:Italian invasion of Albania 956:British guarantee to Poland 430:German–Polish Border Treaty 10: 9333: 7914:Civil Administration Areas 7519:Southern Hanover–Brunswick 6977:Weinberg, Gerhard (1981). 6655:J. Evans, Richard (2006). 6586:Gellately, Robert (2001). 6492:Blackbourn, David (1998). 6091:34, no. 3 (February 1987). 5769:(inactive 12 April 2024). 5719:(in German). pp. 7–8. 4537:London: Frank Cass. p. 200 4235:Staff (14 September 1919) 3929:(inactive 12 April 2024). 3882:(inactive 12 April 2024). 3682:, a football match in the 3330:Donnerstagsdemonstrationen 3164: 2814:Vatican Secretary of State 2740:restored its sovereignty. 2655: 2215: 1773: 1651:National Socialist Program 1472:Republic of German-Austria 1340:North German Confederation 1265: 1155:Republic of German-Austria 808:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 149:Memel Territory to Germany 9307:Vergangenheitsbewältigung 9203: 9121: 9048: 9039: 8982: 8973: 8894: 8885: 8813: 8804: 8635: 8563: 8522: 8515: 8480: 8440: 8404: 8391: 8371: 8285: 8129: 8122: 8094: 8020: 8000: 7975: 7912: 7901: 7867: 7800: 7784:North Brabant and Limburg 7779:South Holland and Zeeland 7774:North Holland and Utrecht 7769:Gelderland and Overijssel 7754: 7683: 7631: 7592: 7562: 7359: 7346: 7298:Map of Europe at time of 7253:Encyclopædia Britannica, 6943:. Penguin Books Limited. 6939:Taylor, A. J. P. (1990). 6920:Taylor, A. J. P. (2001). 6909:New York: Berghahn Books. 6790:Pauley, Bruce F. (2000). 6750:MacDonogh, Giles (2009). 6679:Hitler 1936-1945: Nemesis 6647:Hildebrand, Klaus (1973) 6511:Bukey, Evan Burr (2002). 6131:20 September 2008 at the 6126:The Defendants: Von Papen 6107:20 September 2008 at the 5958:15 September 2016 at the 5767:10.1007/978-1-349-81667-5 5402:Austrian Democratic Union 5386:Austria: A Country Study. 4876:MacDonogh, Giles (2009). 4833:"Music and the Holocaust" 4257:Journal of Modern History 4101:Journal of Modern History 3999:German History, 1770–1866 3927:10.1007/978-1-349-81667-5 3880:10.1007/978-1-349-81667-5 3629:Austria–Germany relations 3545:Alfred Ritter von Hubicki 3399:Vergangenheitsbewältigung 3261:Vergangenheitsbewältigung 3185:first victim of the Nazis 2963:Changes in Central Europe 2904: 2625:Dachau concentration camp 2601:Theater in der Josefstadt 1960:in the very near-future. 1849:Dollfuss's successor was 1523:The constitutions of the 1321:Prusso-Austrian diplomacy 1293:The idea of grouping all 1113: 737:Defense of the Great Wall 719:Pacification of Manchukuo 141:Seizure of Czechoslovakia 98:with Soviet Russia (1918) 8818:Administrative divisions 8766:Federal State of Austria 8022:Military administrations 7554:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 6905:Steininger, Wolf (2008) 6815:. Simon & Schuster. 6367:11 February 2005 at the 6321:11 February 2005 at the 5713:Krieger, Walter (1980). 5466:Snyder, Timothy (2015). 4418:Hamann, Brigitte (2010) 3297:Freedom Party of Austria 3179:From 1949 to 1988, many 3112:United States of America 2975:that was to include all 2938:has endured since 1938. 2880:Foreign Policy Committee 2810:Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli 2265:, Vienna, 15 March 1938. 1580:Nazi Germany and Austria 1410:Aftermath of World War I 1238:planned referendum, the 1122:Federal State of Austria 856:Second Sino-Japanese War 820:Arab revolt in Palestine 767:Inner Mongolian Campaign 668:Second Italo-Senussi War 114:Return of the Saar Basin 9282:Jewish Austrian history 8853:Pannonian mixed forests 8756:First Austrian Republic 7272:Simon Wiesenthal Center 7237:The Crisis Year of 1934 7200:Gedye, George Eric Rowe 7024:Oxford University Press 6718:Low, Alfred D. (1974). 6017:Talboys, David Alphonso 5994:Encyclopædia Britannica 5975:(thesis) pp. 269, 304. 5543:McKale, Donald (2006). 4723:Price, G. Ward (1939). 4666:(1986) 30#2 pp 199–218. 4622:Autarchy and Aggression 4535:The Munich Crisis, 1938 4393:Mitcham, Samuel (1996) 3495:Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli 3428:Simon Wiesenthal Center 3322:Austrian People's Party 3220:Austrian People's Party 3102:The governments of the 2944:Encyclopædia Britannica 2941:Some sources, like the 2860:was publicly moderate. 2718:Allied-occupied Austria 2566:Persecution of the Jews 2015:, the German consul in 1700:, who was empowered to 1684:First Austrian Republic 1628:should break away from 1529:First Austrian Republic 1159:Treaty of Saint Germain 1151:Austro-Hungarian Empire 986:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 980:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 155:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 96:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 90:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 8726:Siege of Vienna (1529) 8706:Margraviate of Austria 8393: 8123:Puppet administrations 7927:Carinthia and Carniola 7594: 7369: 7361: 7341:and German occupations 6858:Inside the Third Reich 6782:Ozment, Steven (2005) 6549:. Simon and Schuster. 6258:Salzburger Nachrichten 6135:," The Nizkor Project. 5807:Neville Chamberlain, " 5496:perspectives.ushmm.org 5397:Emil Müller-Sturmheim 5253:"Why Austria Perished" 5017:Giblin, James (2002). 4486:Gunther, John (1936). 4448:. Bottom of the Hill. 4314:(1986) 12#2 pp 182–195 3808:PONS Online Dictionary 3665:King Ottokar's Sceptre 3467:The occurrence of the 3443: 3389: 3305:free-market liberalism 3176: 3124: 3005:unification of Germany 2959: 2838: 2761: 2732:and controlled by the 2668: 2592: 2574:Immediately after the 2358:unification of Germany 2266: 2250: 2242: 2234: 2177: 2078:Austrian radio network 1981:Konstantin von Neurath 1976: 1921: 1797: 1767:Austrian Civil War to 1688:Christian Social Party 1589: 1550: 1498: 1451:Paris Peace Conference 1431:Federal Foreign Office 1423: 1263: 1226:, Austrian chancellor 1224:attempted coup in 1934 1205: 1197: 1180: 1167: 1153:fell in 1918. The new 1133: 1095: 1061: 1036: 654:Occupation of the Ruhr 636:Franco-Polish alliance 495: 486: 374: 370:from Luxembourg (1959) 361:Belgium–Germany border 316:Bonn–Paris conventions 198: 57: 41: 9297:National unifications 7574:Reichsfestung Belgrad 7018:Gehl, Jürgen (1963). 6752:1938: Hitler's Gamble 6545:Faber, David (2009). 6534:de Wijk, Rob (2016). 6302:21 April 2006 at the 6225:on 28 September 2007. 6161:10.1353/aus.2003.0018 5919:Kloyber, Christian: " 5626:Knaur, Peter (1951). 5359:(21 September 1975). 4708:Knaur, Peter (1951). 4688:Knaur, Peter (1951). 3433: 3421:World Jewish Congress 3387: 3268:, a candidate in the 3204:Austrian State Treaty 3174: 3100: 3079:Austrian State Treaty 2981:lands and territories 2957: 2833:"Stairs of Death" at 2832: 2755: 2738:Austrian State Treaty 2736:until 1955, when the 2665: 2636:from September 1941. 2573: 2257:Hitler announces the 2256: 2248: 2240: 2232: 2172: 2031:1923 Munich Beerhall 1971: 1917: 1822:to the German Reich. 1794:Austrian Federal Army 1791: 1622:German Workers' Party 1587: 1545: 1493: 1417: 1257: 1250:Historical background 1114:Annexation of Austria 1092:), also known as the 890:Battle of Lake Khasan 803:December 9th Movement 603:Polish–Lithuanian War 343:Austrian State Treaty 272:Paris Protocol (1949) 47: 35: 18:Annexation of Austria 9292:Invasions of Austria 9287:Invasions by Germany 8873:World Heritage Sites 8716:Archduchy of Austria 8576:Strength Through Joy 8535:Weather Station Kurt 8237:Norway (Quisling II) 7484:Munich–Upper Bavaria 7469:March of Brandenburg 7151:. pp. 345–372. 6343:15 July 2012 at the 6286:on 17 February 2005. 6083:"Waldheim's Austria" 5878:14 June 2005 at the 5404:London, England 1942 4620:Carr, William Arms, 4502:Rosmus, Anna (2015) 4199:10.25627/19914035379 3634:Austria under Nazism 3605:Mauritz von Wiktorin 3590:Arthur Seyss-Inquart 3404:Historikerkommission 3274:UN Secretary-General 3147:Arthur Seyss-Inquart 3069:). It cancelled the 2997:German Confederation 2973:Greater German Reich 2819:L'Osservatore Romano 2724:"null und nichtig" ( 2535:, and Britain (the " 2521:Treaty of Versailles 2393:Friedrich Hillegeist 2143:Arthur Seyss-Inquart 2066:Arthur Seyss-Inquart 1663:re-unite all Germans 1460:Treaty of Versailles 1356:Second French Empire 1346:. Bismarck used the 1303:German Confederation 1272:German Confederation 1260:German Confederation 1163:Treaty of Versailles 1096:Anschluß Österreichs 938:Slovak–Hungarian War 585:Treaty of Versailles 436:Two Plus Four Treaty 102:Treaty of Versailles 56:before the Anschluss 9107:freedom of religion 8694:Ostrogothic Kingdom 8395:Reichskommissariats 8227:Norway (Quisling I) 8157:Chechnya-Ingushetia 7817:Bohemia and Moravia 7802:Partial annexations 7613:Danzig–West Prussia 7213:Schuschnigg, Kurt. 7157:10.2307/j.ctvvh867x 7100:Parkinson, F., ed. 6701:Hitler: A Biography 6605:Giloi, Eva (2011). 6473:Art, David (2006). 6260:, 11 November 2000. 6211:Ernst Bruckmüller. 5933:on 20 December 2016 5602:, pp. 297–298. 5571:Wistrich, Robert S. 5325:on 8 September 2009 4799:Mayerhofer (1998). 4756:. 12 November 2010. 4740:, pp. 121–124. 4653:, pp. 108–118. 4471:, pp. 137–142. 4064:, pp. 161–162. 3983:, pp. 160–175. 3804:21 May 2013 at the 3728:Informational notes 3684:1982 FIFA World Cup 3550:Ernst Kaltenbrunner 3515:Maximilian Felzmann 3252:Taras Borodajkewycz 3134:and are counted as 3128:Austrian resistance 3001:Austro-Prussian War 2987:had lost after the 2884:National Government 2872:Neville Chamberlain 2548:balance of payments 2409:concentration camps 2042:Free City of Danzig 2005:Hossbach Memorandum 1985:Werner von Blomberg 1943:Grossraumwirtschaft 1933:sphere of influence 1802:Austrian Nazi Party 1755:). After receiving 1735:and his successor, 1673:". Hitler wrote in 1514:Weimar Constitution 1418:The dissolution of 1348:Franco-Prussian war 1328:Austro-Prussian War 1308:Großdeutsche Lösung 1141:") arose after the 970:Apr.–Aug. 1939 952:Mar.–Aug. 1939 946:Mar.–Apr. 1939 892:July–Aug. 1938 838:Anti-Comintern Pact 725:January 28 incident 307:Treaty of Zgorzelec 290:Belgian annexations 92:with Ukraine (1918) 80:Act of 5th November 67:in the 20th century 9017:Telecommunications 8761:Austrian Civil War 8741:Congress of Vienna 8736:March Constitution 8655:Kingdom of Noricum 7827:General Government 7504:Schleswig-Holstein 7059:Bukey, Evan Burr. 6831:Shirer, William L. 6349:Norman Finkelstein 6270:Liukkonen, Petri. 6252:The Jerusalem Post 6239:(in German). 2008. 6113:The Nizkor Project 6035:Erich Eyck (1958) 5977:Cardiff University 5251:(September 1938). 4795:1975: 1984 minus 9 4242:The New York Times 3694:Russian Federation 3690:Karaganov Doctrine 3644:German nationalism 3570:Hanns Albin Rauter 3438:Dr. Heinrich Gross 3390: 3347:The Jerusalem Post 3177: 3096:Moscow Declaration 3090:Moscow Declaration 3050:. That same year, 2960: 2839: 2762: 2760:concentration camp 2669: 2593: 2430:both endorsed the 2368:Popularity of the 2267: 2251: 2243: 2235: 2186:Edgar Ansel Mowrer 2178: 1995:commander Admiral 1989:Werner von Fritsch 1977: 1798: 1776:Austrian Civil War 1733:Engelbert Dollfuss 1618:German nationalist 1590: 1502:self-determination 1424: 1402:allegiance to the 1391:Kingdom of Hungary 1352:Kingdom of Bavaria 1344:Kingdom of Prussia 1264: 1228:Engelbert Dollfuss 1178:By the 1920s, the 1128:on 13 March 1938. 1047:[ˈʔanʃlʊs] 992:Invasion of Poland 982:May–Sep. 1939 914:First Vienna Award 791:He–Umezu Agreement 511:Adjacent countries 476:Hallstein Doctrine 382:Return of Selfkant 333:from France (1953) 326:from the UK (1952) 252:Berlin Declaration 233:Potsdam Conference 193:General Government 58: 42: 9312:March 1938 events 9239: 9238: 9199: 9198: 9035: 9034: 8969: 8968: 8961:Political parties 8914:Foreign relations 8881: 8880: 8791:History of Vienna 8721:Habsburg monarchy 8645:Hallstatt culture 8591: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8511: 8510: 8481:Other occupations 8476: 8475: 8387: 8386: 8102:Adriatic Littoral 8095:Operational Zones 8016: 8015: 7897: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7863: 7862: 7796: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7679: 7678: 7588: 7587: 7166:978-3-7001-8410-2 7115:Pauley, Bruce F. 6969:978-1-55753-400-2 6950:978-0-14-193238-5 6931:978-1-134-52196-8 6915:978-1-84545-326-8 6898:978-1-134-39386-2 6803:978-0-8078-6376-3 6761:978-1-84901-212-6 6729:978-0-87169-103-3 6666:978-0-14-100976-6 6659:. Penguin Books. 6640:978-0-415-37100-1 6616:978-0-521-76198-7 6565:Gellately, Robert 6556:978-1-4391-4992-8 6503:978-0-19-507672-1 6484:978-0-521-85683-6 6337:Berliner Zeitung, 6272:"Thomas Bernhard" 6189:Steininger (2008) 5923:" 12 August 2014 5851:978-0-674-04130-1 5776:978-1-349-81669-9 5586:978-1-349-22378-7 5556:978-1-4616-3547-5 5529:978-1-57113-276-5 5346:, pp. 33–34. 5202:Gluckstein, Donny 5176:, pp. 38–39. 5062:978-1-101-87277-2 4960:Original German: 4887:978-0-465-02012-6 4725:Year of Reckoning 4569:, pp. 67–68. 4455:978-1-935785-07-1 4349:978-1-4116-1932-6 4076:, pp. 14–16. 3994:Sheehan, James J. 3936:978-1-349-81669-9 3889:978-1-349-81669-9 3680:Disgrace of Gijón 3654:Völkisch movement 3575:Anton Reinthaller 3560:Friedrich Materna 3342:Wolfgang Schüssel 3326:Wolfgang Schüssel 3233:as before. After 3231:national identity 3009:Otto von Bismarck 3007:brought about by 2993:Holy Roman Empire 2895:League of Nations 2734:Allied Commission 2607:. The process of 2230: 1606:German rearmament 1554:Gustav Stresemann 1465:League of Nations 1404:Habsburg monarchy 1336:Otto von Bismarck 1313:House of Habsburg 1191:After 1933, when 1168:Deutschösterreich 1031: 1030: 826:Spanish Civil War 761:Italo-Soviet Pact 731:Geneva Conference 630:Treaty of Rapallo 624:Treaty of Trianon 597:Polish–Soviet War 565: 564: 375:Ausgleichsvertrag 295:Esrablishment of 267:Saar Protectorate 258:Potsdam Agreement 246:Post-World War II 215:Tehran Conference 84:Kingdom of Poland 48:Territory of the 16:(Redirected from 9324: 9302:Nazi terminology 9219: 9212: 9046: 9045: 8980: 8979: 8892: 8891: 8811: 8810: 8711:Duchy of Austria 8618: 8611: 8604: 8595: 8594: 8520: 8519: 8402: 8401: 8398: 8127: 8126: 8114:Alpine Foothills 7982: 7981: 7932:Gebiet Bialystok 7910: 7909: 7823: 7822: 7807: 7806: 7752: 7751: 7666:Tyrol–Vorarlberg 7629: 7628: 7603: 7602: 7599: 7544:Westphalia-South 7539:Westphalia-North 7459:Magdeburg-Anhalt 7379: 7378: 7374: 7366: 7357: 7356: 7331: 7324: 7317: 7308: 7307: 7303:at omniatlas.com 7186: 7037: 7014: 6992: 6973: 6954: 6935: 6902: 6883: 6871: 6850: 6826: 6807: 6779: 6777: 6765: 6746: 6733: 6714: 6692: 6670: 6644: 6620: 6601: 6582: 6560: 6541: 6530: 6518: 6507: 6488: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6378: 6372: 6360:Efraim Zuroff, " 6358: 6352: 6332: 6326: 6313: 6307: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6267: 6261: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6233: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6217: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6190: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6148:Austrian Studies 6142: 6136: 6122: 6116: 6098: 6092: 6076: 6070: 6063:Barbara Jelavich 6060: 6054: 6053: 6046: 6040: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5985: 5979: 5969: 5963: 5950: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5917: 5911: 5909: 5889: 5883: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5792: 5784: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5738: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5689: 5683: 5674: 5668: 5662: 5656: 5647: 5646: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5418:. 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Archived from 4970: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4931: 4925: 4922: 4916: 4913:Stackelberg 1999 4910: 4901: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4873: 4862: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4758: 4757: 4750: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4705: 4694: 4693: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4625: 4618: 4612: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4570: 4564: 4555: 4549: 4538: 4528: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4483: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4436: 4430: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4391: 4385: 4382:Stackelberg 2007 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4251: 4245: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4212:Stackelberg 1999 4209: 4203: 4202: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4158: 4149: 4134: 4133: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4013: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3955: 3954: 3948: 3940: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3901: 3893: 3867: 3861: 3855: 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1023: 1016: 1009: 908:Munich Agreement 844:Suiyuan campaign 692:Great Depression 680:Locarno Treaties 567: 566: 557: 550: 543: 500: 491: 481:Drang nach Osten 455:Areas and issues 415:Treaty of Prague 397:Treaty of Warsaw 391:Treaty of Moscow 377: 276:Dutch annexation 227:Yalta Conference 203: 135:Munich Agreement 74:Pre-World War II 60: 59: 21: 9332: 9331: 9327: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9322: 9321: 9257:1938 in Germany 9252:1938 in Austria 9242: 9241: 9240: 9235: 9222: 9215: 9208: 9195: 9186:Public holidays 9181:National anthem 9117: 9058:Austrian people 9031: 8965: 8877: 8800: 8746:Austria-Hungary 8731:Austrian Empire 8684:Germanic tribes 8631: 8622: 8592: 8583: 8579:holiday resorts 8559: 8507: 8472: 8436: 8383: 8367: 8281: 8118: 8090: 8012: 7996: 7971: 7904: 7889: 7859: 7821: 7788: 7750: 7675: 7627: 7584: 7558: 7439:Halle-Merseburg 7424:Electoral Hesse 7414:Eastern Hanover 7351: 7349: 7342: 7335: 7233: 7228: 7167: 7085:Luža, Radomir. 7045: 7043:Further reading 7040: 7034: 7011: 7001:Nazi Propaganda 6989: 6970: 6951: 6932: 6899: 6880: 6847: 6823: 6804: 6775: 6762: 6730: 6711: 6689: 6667: 6641: 6617: 6598: 6579: 6557: 6527: 6504: 6485: 6468: 6463: 6462: 6454: 6450: 6442: 6438: 6423: 6419: 6409: 6407: 6402: 6401: 6397: 6387: 6385: 6380: 6379: 6375: 6369:Wayback Machine 6359: 6355: 6345:Wayback Machine 6333: 6329: 6323:Wayback Machine 6314: 6310: 6304:Wayback Machine 6295: 6291: 6268: 6264: 6248: 6244: 6235: 6234: 6230: 6222: 6215: 6209: 6205: 6197: 6193: 6188: 6184: 6143: 6139: 6133:Wayback Machine 6123: 6119: 6109:Wayback Machine 6099: 6095: 6077: 6073: 6061: 6057: 6048: 6047: 6043: 6034: 6030: 6013: 6009: 5999: 5997: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5970: 5966: 5960:Wayback Machine 5951: 5947: 5936: 5934: 5918: 5914: 5906: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5880:Wayback Machine 5871: 5867: 5852: 5838: 5834: 5826: 5822: 5814:25 May 2000 at 5806: 5802: 5786: 5785: 5777: 5755: 5751: 5743: 5736: 5728: 5724: 5711: 5707: 5699: 5692: 5684: 5677: 5669: 5665: 5657: 5650: 5639: 5635: 5624: 5620: 5611: 5610: 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policy 2843:Lutheran Church 2746: 2707:Innervillgraten 2702: 2660: 2654: 2583: 2568: 2506:Volksabstimmung 2385:Richard Schmitz 2373: 2317:Austrian states 2308:satellite state 2287:not to resist. 2222: 2220: 2214: 2127: 2122: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2093: 2092: 2013:Hermann Kriebel 1966: 1925:German colonies 1875:Franz von Papen 1810:Nazi propaganda 1786: 1774:Main articles: 1772: 1722:Patriotic Front 1582: 1525:Weimar Republic 1506:Sudeten Germans 1485:Weimar Republic 1463:Council of the 1435:Austria-Hungary 1420:Austria-Hungary 1412: 1387:Austrian Empire 1332:Austrian Empire 1291: 1286: 1276:German question 1266:Main articles: 1252: 1213:Greater Germany 1139:Greater Germany 1131:The idea of an 1105: 1102: 1101: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1051: 1050: 1042: 1027: 998: 997: 858: 1937–1945 828: 1936–1939 822: 1936–1939 810: 1935–1936 769: 1933–1936 733: 1932–1934 721: 1931–1942 708: 707: 698: 697: 670: 1923–1932 656: 1923–1925 619: 618: 609: 608: 605: 1919–1920 599: 1919–1920 580: 579: 561: 532: 531: 512: 504: 503: 471:German question 461:Alsace–Lorraine 456: 448: 447: 247: 239: 238: 177:Großdeutschland 171: 161: 160: 148: 75: 66: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9330: 9320: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9228: 9221: 9220: 9213: 9205: 9204: 9201: 9200: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9127: 9125: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9115: 9110: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9049: 9043: 9037: 9036: 9033: 9032: 9030: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8983: 8977: 8971: 8970: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8899:Climate change 8895: 8889: 8883: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8814: 8808: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8751:German Austria 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8702: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8681: 8680: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8659: 8658: 8657: 8647: 8641: 8639: 8633: 8632: 8621: 8620: 8613: 8606: 8598: 8589: 8588: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8581: 8573: 8567: 8565: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8526: 8524: 8517: 8513: 8512: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8484: 8482: 8478: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8444: 8442: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8408: 8406: 8399: 8389: 8388: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8381: 8375: 8373: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8289: 8287: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8279: 8277:Zuyev Republic 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8167:Czechoslovakia 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8133: 8131: 8124: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8116: 8111: 8110: 8109: 8098: 8096: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8088: 8087: 8086: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8026: 8024: 8018: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8010: 8004: 8002: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7994: 7988: 7986: 7979: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7918: 7916: 7907: 7899: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7871: 7869: 7865: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7831: 7829: 7820: 7819: 7813: 7811: 7804: 7798: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7760: 7758: 7749: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7687: 7685: 7681: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7637: 7635: 7626: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7609: 7607: 7600: 7590: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7582: 7577: 7566: 7564: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7464:Main Franconia 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7404:Cologne–Aachen 7401: 7396: 7391: 7385: 7383: 7376: 7354: 7348:Administrative 7344: 7343: 7334: 7333: 7326: 7319: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7295: 7287: 7282: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7232: 7231:External links 7229: 7227: 7226: 7211: 7208:978-0571251896 7197: 7187: 7165: 7139:Suppan, Arnold 7135: 7128: 7113: 7098: 7083: 7074:Gehl, Jürgen. 7072: 7057: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7032: 7015: 7009: 6993: 6987: 6974: 6968: 6955: 6949: 6936: 6930: 6917: 6903: 6897: 6884: 6878: 6861: 6851: 6845: 6827: 6821: 6808: 6802: 6787: 6780: 6766: 6760: 6747: 6734: 6728: 6715: 6710:978-0393067576 6709: 6693: 6687: 6671: 6665: 6652: 6645: 6639: 6621: 6615: 6602: 6596: 6583: 6577: 6561: 6555: 6542: 6531: 6525: 6508: 6502: 6489: 6483: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6448: 6436: 6417: 6395: 6373: 6353: 6327: 6308: 6289: 6262: 6242: 6228: 6203: 6201:, p. 101. 6191: 6182: 6137: 6117: 6093: 6079:Gerald Stourzh 6071: 6055: 6041: 6028: 6007: 5980: 5964: 5945: 5912: 5904: 5884: 5865: 5850: 5832: 5830:, p. 308. 5820: 5800: 5775: 5749: 5722: 5705: 5703:, p. 225. 5701:Gellately 2001 5690: 5688:, p. 222. 5686:Gellately 2001 5675: 5673:, p. 108. 5671:Gellately 2002 5663: 5659:Gellately 2002 5648: 5633: 5618: 5604: 5592: 5585: 5562: 5555: 5535: 5528: 5508: 5483: 5477:978-1101903452 5476: 5458: 5433: 5406: 5390: 5378: 5371: 5348: 5336: 5305: 5303:, p. 655. 5293: 5281: 5237: 5225: 5218: 5190: 5178: 5166: 5137: 5118: 5099: 5082: 5068: 5061: 5040: 5033: 5009: 4991: 4965: 4953: 4946: 4926: 4917: 4915:, p. 170. 4902: 4893: 4886: 4863: 4850: 4838: 4823: 4807:on 14 May 2011 4786: 4774: 4759: 4742: 4730: 4715: 4695: 4680: 4676:MacDonogh 2009 4668: 4655: 4643: 4626: 4613: 4600: 4588: 4571: 4556: 4539: 4531:Overy, Richard 4520: 4518:, p. 296. 4508: 4495: 4473: 4461: 4454: 4431: 4411: 4399: 4386: 4374: 4362: 4348: 4328: 4326:, p. 257. 4316: 4303: 4291: 4270:10.1086/237348 4264:(3): 228–229. 4246: 4228: 4216: 4214:, p. 194. 4204: 4193:(3): 303–326. 4170: 4135: 4114:10.1086/237348 4108:(3): 220–231. 4090: 4078: 4066: 4054: 4052:, p. 157. 4042: 4027: 4015: 4008: 3985: 3973: 3956: 3935: 3909: 3888: 3862: 3850: 3838: 3810: 3790: 3789: 3781: 3780: 3776:German citizen 3770:Hitler was an 3763: 3745: 3732: 3731: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3701: 3687: 3677: 3672: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3612: 3610:Alois Windisch 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3555:Alexander Löhr 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3520:Hans Fischböck 3517: 3512: 3510:Adolf Eichmann 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3469:Sudeten crisis 3464: 3461: 3381: 3378: 3362:'s last play, 3355: 3352: 3324:(ÖVP), led by 3318:1999 elections 3278:Sturmabteilung 3247: 3244: 3189:denazification 3165:Main article: 3162: 3159: 3104:United Kingdom 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 2977:ethnic Germans 2964: 2961: 2914: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2745: 2742: 2656:Main article: 2653: 2650: 2629:Nuremberg Laws 2567: 2564: 2372: 2366: 2292:Braunau am Inn 2273:of the German 2216:Main article: 2213: 2210: 2198:Wilhelm Miklas 2160:Nuremberg Laws 2126: 2123: 2105: 2104: 2095: 2094: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2021:Albert Forster 2009:Czechoslovakia 1965: 1962: 1905:Hermann Göring 1882:Four Year Plan 1771: 1765: 1702:rule by decree 1581: 1578: 1570:Julius Curtius 1455:Stephen Pichon 1411: 1408: 1395:Franz Joseph I 1368:united Germany 1290: 1287: 1251: 1248: 1199:Heim ins Reich 1029: 1028: 1026: 1025: 1018: 1011: 1003: 1000: 999: 996: 995: 994:Sep. 1939 989: 988:Aug. 1939 983: 977: 971: 965: 964:Apr. 1939 959: 958:Mar. 1939 953: 947: 941: 940:Mar. 1939 935: 934:Mar. 1939 929: 928:Mar. 1939 923: 922:Mar. 1939 917: 916:Nov. 1938 911: 910:Sep. 1938 905: 904:Sep. 1938 899: 898:Aug. 1938 896:Bled Agreement 893: 887: 881: 880:Mar. 1938 875: 874:Mar. 1938 869: 859: 853: 850:Xi'an Incident 847: 841: 835: 829: 823: 817: 811: 805: 800: 794: 788: 782: 776: 770: 764: 758: 752: 746: 743:Battle of Rehe 740: 734: 728: 722: 716: 709: 705: 704: 703: 700: 699: 696: 695: 689: 683: 677: 671: 665: 657: 651: 648:Corfu incident 645: 639: 633: 627: 620: 616: 615: 614: 611: 610: 607: 606: 600: 594: 588: 581: 577: 576: 575: 572: 571: 563: 562: 560: 559: 552: 545: 537: 534: 533: 530: 529: 524: 519: 513: 510: 509: 506: 505: 502: 501: 492: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 457: 454: 453: 450: 449: 446: 445: 439: 433: 427: 424: 418: 412: 406: 400: 394: 388: 385: 379: 371: 364: 358: 352: 346: 340: 334: 327: 313: 310: 304: 293: 287: 273: 270: 264: 261: 255: 248: 245: 244: 241: 240: 237: 236: 230: 224: 218: 212: 206: 205: 204: 200:Zone interdite 195: 190: 185: 172: 167: 166: 163: 162: 159: 158: 152: 144: 138: 132: 123: 117: 111: 105: 99: 93: 87: 76: 73: 72: 69: 68: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9329: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9223: 9218: 9214: 9211: 9207: 9206: 9202: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9151: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9120: 9114: 9111: 9108: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9078:Ethnic groups 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9050: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9038: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8972: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8884: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8815: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8803: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8771:Austrofascism 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8685: 8682: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8664: 8663: 8660: 8656: 8653: 8652: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8642: 8640: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8619: 8614: 8612: 8607: 8605: 8600: 8599: 8596: 8580: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8562: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8521: 8518: 8514: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8479: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8439: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8403: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8390: 8380: 8377: 8376: 8374: 8370: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8338:Russia (KONR) 8336: 8334: 8333:Russia (ODNR) 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8284: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8128: 8125: 8121: 8115: 8112: 8108: 8105: 8104: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8093: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8054: 8053:zone réservée 8050: 8049:Atlantic Wall 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8023: 8019: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8003: 7999: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7974: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7900: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7875:Burgundy (SS) 7873: 7872: 7870: 7866: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7799: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7753: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7682: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7630: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7601: 7598: 7597: 7591: 7581: 7578: 7575: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7561: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7529:Upper Silesia 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7454:Lower Silesia 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7373: 7372: 7365: 7364: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7345: 7340: 7332: 7327: 7325: 7320: 7318: 7313: 7312: 7309: 7302: 7301: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7224: 7223:0-297-00321-6 7220: 7216: 7212: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7136: 7133: 7129: 7126: 7125:0-8078-1456-3 7122: 7118: 7114: 7111: 7110:0-8143-2054-6 7107: 7103: 7099: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7069:0-253-32833-0 7066: 7062: 7058: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7047: 7035: 7033:9780313208416 7029: 7025: 7021: 7016: 7012: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6997:Zeman, Zbynek 6994: 6990: 6984: 6980: 6975: 6971: 6965: 6961: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6942: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6924:. Routledge. 6923: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6894: 6891:. Routledge. 6890: 6885: 6881: 6875: 6870: 6869: 6862: 6859: 6855: 6854:Speer, Albert 6852: 6848: 6846:0-316-78703-5 6842: 6838: 6837: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6818: 6814: 6809: 6805: 6799: 6795: 6794: 6788: 6785: 6781: 6774: 6773: 6767: 6763: 6757: 6753: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6735: 6731: 6725: 6721: 6716: 6712: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6662: 6658: 6653: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6636: 6633:. Routledge. 6632: 6631: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6608: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6589: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6552: 6548: 6543: 6539: 6538: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6517: 6516: 6509: 6505: 6499: 6495: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6476: 6471: 6470: 6457: 6452: 6445: 6440: 6433: 6428: 6421: 6405: 6399: 6383: 6377: 6370: 6366: 6363: 6357: 6350: 6347:as quoted by 6346: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6331: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6312: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6293: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6266: 6259: 6255: 6253: 6246: 6238: 6232: 6221: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6195: 6186: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6141: 6134: 6130: 6127: 6121: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6103: 6097: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6080: 6075: 6068: 6064: 6059: 6051: 6045: 6038: 6032: 6024: 6023: 6018: 6011: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5949: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5907: 5905:968-16-6049-8 5901: 5897: 5896: 5888: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5843: 5836: 5829: 5824: 5817: 5816:archive.today 5813: 5810: 5804: 5796: 5790: 5783: 5778: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5753: 5742: 5735: 5734: 5726: 5718: 5717: 5709: 5702: 5697: 5695: 5687: 5682: 5680: 5672: 5667: 5661:, p. 69. 5660: 5655: 5653: 5644: 5637: 5629: 5622: 5614: 5608: 5601: 5596: 5588: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5566: 5558: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5539: 5531: 5525: 5521: 5520: 5512: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5479: 5473: 5469: 5462: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5421: 5417: 5410: 5403: 5400: 5394: 5387: 5382: 5374: 5372:9780691075686 5368: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5357:Luža, Radomír 5352: 5345: 5340: 5324: 5320: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5302: 5301:J. Evans 2006 5297: 5291:, p. 33. 5290: 5285: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5249:Jászi, Oszkár 5244: 5242: 5234: 5229: 5221: 5219:9781849647199 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5195: 5188:, p. 39. 5187: 5182: 5175: 5170: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5142: 5133: 5129: 5126:Staff (ndg). 5122: 5114: 5110: 5107:Staff (ndg). 5103: 5097:, p. 38. 5096: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5080: 5079: 5072: 5064: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5036: 5034:0-395-90371-8 5030: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4949: 4947:9780191610462 4943: 4939: 4938: 4930: 4921: 4914: 4909: 4907: 4897: 4889: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4860: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4834: 4827: 4820: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4764: 4755: 4749: 4747: 4739: 4734: 4726: 4719: 4711: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4691: 4684: 4678:, p. 35. 4677: 4672: 4665: 4659: 4652: 4647: 4641:, p. 46. 4640: 4639:Weinberg 1981 4635: 4633: 4631: 4623: 4617: 4611:, pp. 636–637 4610: 4604: 4598:, p. 45. 4597: 4592: 4586:, p. 68. 4585: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4568: 4563: 4561: 4554:, p. 67. 4553: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4525: 4517: 4512: 4505: 4499: 4491: 4490: 4489:Inside Europe 4482: 4480: 4478: 4470: 4465: 4457: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4440:Hitler, Adolf 4435: 4429: 4428:9781848852778 4425: 4421: 4415: 4409:, p. 87. 4408: 4403: 4396: 4390: 4383: 4378: 4372:, p. 75. 4371: 4366: 4351: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4332: 4325: 4320: 4313: 4307: 4300: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4232: 4225: 4220: 4213: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4189:(in German). 4188: 4184: 4180: 4179:Bielka, Erich 4174: 4155: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4094: 4087: 4082: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4051: 4046: 4038: 4031: 4025:, p. 25. 4024: 4019: 4011: 4009:9780198204329 4005: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3989: 3982: 3977: 3970: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3952: 3946: 3938: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3905: 3899: 3891: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3860:, p. 11. 3859: 3854: 3847: 3842: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3814: 3807: 3803: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3777: 3773: 3772:ethnic German 3767: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3660: 3659:Volksdeutsche 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3649:Pan-Germanism 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3595:Otto Skorzeny 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3585:Julius Ringel 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3500:Alois Brunner 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3448:Milivoj Asner 3442: 3439: 3432: 3429: 3424: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3395: 3386: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3266:Kurt Waldheim 3263: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3243: 3240: 3239:Pan-Germanism 3236: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3200:victim theory 3196: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3173: 3168: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3099: 3097: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3020:remilitarized 3016: 3014: 3011:created that 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2985:German Empire 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2956: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2902: 2900: 2899:Isidro Fabela 2896: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2806:Vatican Radio 2803: 2798: 2796: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2770:Upper Austria 2767: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2726:null and void 2723: 2720:declared the 2719: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2701: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2664: 2659: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2614: 2613:Kristallnacht 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2529:Fascist Italy 2526: 2523:and those of 2522: 2518: 2515:Although the 2513: 2511: 2510:fait accompli 2507: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2405:Austrian Jews 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2381:Schutzstaffel 2378: 2371: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2247: 2239: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2202: 2199: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2175: 2174:Seyss-Inquart 2171: 2167: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2117: 2116:Austrofascism 2113: 2109: 2099: 2090: 2081: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2067: 2062: 2061:Berchtesgaden 2057: 2055: 2051: 2050:Josef Leopold 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1970: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1900:synthetic oil 1897: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1870: 1868: 1863: 1860: 1859:Austrofascism 1856: 1852: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1784:Austrofascism 1781: 1777: 1770: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1746: 1745:Fascist Italy 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1718:Austrofascism 1713: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1693:Rerum novarum 1689: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1640: 1639:Anton Drexler 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1586: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1533:customs union 1530: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1429:wrote to the 1428: 1421: 1416: 1407: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1364:German Empire 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1285: 1281: 1280:German Empire 1277: 1273: 1269: 1261: 1256: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1217:Austrofascist 1214: 1209: 1208: 1207:Volksdeutsche 1201: 1200: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1182: 1176: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147:German Empire 1144: 1140: 1135: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1108: 1106:pronunciation 1099: 1097: 1065: 1063: 1054: 1048: 1040: 1038: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1005: 1004: 1002: 1001: 993: 990: 987: 984: 981: 978: 976:May 1939 975: 974:Pact of Steel 972: 969: 966: 963: 960: 957: 954: 951: 950:Danzig Crisis 948: 945: 942: 939: 936: 933: 930: 927: 924: 921: 918: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 897: 894: 891: 888: 886:May 1938 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 867: 865: 860: 857: 854: 851: 848: 845: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 824: 821: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 711: 710: 702: 701: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 662: 658: 655: 652: 649: 646: 643: 642:March on Rome 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 621: 613: 612: 604: 601: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 582: 574: 573: 569: 568: 558: 553: 551: 546: 544: 539: 538: 536: 535: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 514: 508: 507: 499: 498: 493: 490: 489: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 458: 452: 451: 443: 440: 437: 434: 431: 428: 425: 422: 419: 416: 413: 410: 407: 404: 401: 398: 395: 392: 389: 386: 383: 380: 376: 372: 369: 365: 362: 359: 356: 353: 350: 347: 344: 341: 338: 335: 332: 328: 325: 321: 317: 314: 311: 308: 305: 302: 298: 294: 291: 288: 285: 281: 277: 274: 271: 268: 265: 262: 259: 256: 253: 250: 249: 243: 242: 234: 231: 228: 225: 222: 219: 216: 213: 210: 207: 202: 201: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 180: 179: 178: 174: 173: 170: 165: 164: 156: 153: 150: 145: 142: 139: 136: 133: 130: 128: 124: 121: 118: 115: 112: 109: 106: 103: 100: 97: 94: 91: 88: 85: 81: 78: 77: 71: 70: 65: 62: 61: 55: 51: 46: 39: 34: 30: 19: 9141:Coat of arms 9131:Architecture 9098:Prostitution 9068:Demographics 8946:Legal system 8924:Human rights 8904:Constitution 8775: 8699:East Francia 8540:Schatzgräber 7962:West Prussia 7942:Lower Styria 7880:Holland (SS) 7651:Upper Danube 7646:Lower Danube 7449:Hesse-Nassau 7419:East Prussia 7389:Baden-Alsace 7352:Nazi Germany 7350:divisions of 7339:Nazi Germany 7299: 7290: 7278: 7254: 7214: 7190: 7143: 7131: 7116: 7101: 7086: 7075: 7060: 7050: 7019: 7000: 6978: 6959: 6940: 6921: 6906: 6888: 6867: 6857: 6835: 6812: 6792: 6783: 6771: 6751: 6742: 6738: 6719: 6700: 6697:Kershaw, Ian 6678: 6675:Kershaw, Ian 6656: 6648: 6629: 6606: 6587: 6568: 6546: 6536: 6514: 6493: 6474: 6466:Bibliography 6451: 6444:de Wijk 2016 6439: 6430: 6420: 6408:. Retrieved 6398: 6386:. Retrieved 6376: 6356: 6351:'s web site. 6336: 6330: 6311: 6292: 6284:the original 6275: 6265: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6231: 6220:the original 6206: 6194: 6185: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6120: 6096: 6086: 6074: 6066: 6058: 6044: 6036: 6031: 6021: 6010: 5998:. Retrieved 5992: 5983: 5972: 5967: 5948: 5935:. Retrieved 5931:the original 5920: 5915: 5894: 5887: 5868: 5841: 5835: 5823: 5803: 5780: 5758: 5752: 5732: 5725: 5715: 5708: 5666: 5642: 5636: 5627: 5621: 5607: 5595: 5575: 5565: 5545: 5538: 5518: 5511: 5499:. Retrieved 5495: 5486: 5467: 5461: 5449:. Retrieved 5445: 5436: 5424:. Retrieved 5420:the original 5409: 5398: 5393: 5381: 5361: 5351: 5339: 5327:. Retrieved 5323:the original 5296: 5284: 5272:. Retrieved 5260: 5256: 5228: 5208:. New York: 5205: 5181: 5169: 5157:. Retrieved 5153:the original 5121: 5102: 5076: 5071: 5052: 5049:Toland, John 5043: 5019: 5012: 5004:the original 4994: 4982:. Retrieved 4978:the original 4968: 4961: 4956: 4936: 4929: 4920: 4896: 4877: 4858: 4853: 4846:Albert Speer 4841: 4831:ORT, World. 4826: 4821:, in German. 4818: 4809:. Retrieved 4805:the original 4794: 4789: 4777: 4733: 4724: 4718: 4709: 4689: 4683: 4671: 4663: 4658: 4646: 4624:. pp. 73–78. 4621: 4616: 4608: 4603: 4596:Kershaw 2001 4591: 4584:Kershaw 2001 4567:Kershaw 2001 4552:Kershaw 2001 4534: 4511: 4503: 4498: 4488: 4464: 4444: 4434: 4419: 4414: 4407:Kershaw 2008 4402: 4394: 4389: 4384:, p. 9. 4377: 4370:Kershaw 2008 4365: 4353:. Retrieved 4338: 4331: 4319: 4311: 4306: 4294: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4226:, p. 7. 4219: 4207: 4190: 4186: 4173: 4161:. Retrieved 4105: 4099: 4093: 4081: 4069: 4057: 4050:Unowsky 2005 4045: 4036: 4030: 4018: 3998: 3988: 3976: 3918: 3912: 3871: 3865: 3853: 3848:, p. 3. 3841: 3829:. Retrieved 3823: 3813: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3766: 3748: 3736: 3727: 3726: 3703: 3669: 3663: 3600:Otto Wächter 3540:Adolf Hitler 3505:Karl Eglseer 3475:after which 3466: 3444: 3434: 3425: 3416:Raul Hilberg 3403: 3397: 3391: 3369: 3364: 3357: 3345: 3337: 3329: 3309: 3290: 3285: 3259: 3249: 3235:World War II 3228: 3213: 3197: 3192: 3178: 3154: 3144: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3108:Soviet Union 3101: 3093: 3070: 3058: 3056: 3048:protectorate 3031: 3017: 2979:and all the 2968: 2966: 2948: 2942: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2923:Annektierung 2922: 2918: 2916: 2911: 2892: 2861: 2857: 2855: 2850: 2840: 2817: 2799: 2792: 2778: 2763: 2747: 2721: 2715: 2710: 2697: 2689: 2672: 2670: 2638: 2634:Yellow badge 2609:Aryanisation 2596: 2594: 2579: 2575: 2545: 2537:Stresa Front 2514: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2495: 2487:Radomír Luža 2478: 2470: 2468: 2458: 2455:Oszkár Jászi 2452: 2431: 2415: 2413: 2400: 2389:Leopold Figl 2374: 2369: 2361: 2349: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2333: 2327: 2320: 2303: 2299: 2289: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2258: 2203: 2194: 2183: 2179: 2164: 2148: 2132: 2128: 2075: 2071: 2058: 2053: 2045: 2037: 2032: 2024: 1997:Erich Raeder 1993:Kriegsmarine 1978: 1973: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1947: 1942: 1936: 1922: 1918: 1908: 1893: 1889: 1879: 1871: 1864: 1848: 1836: 1831: 1828:John Gunther 1823: 1819: 1813: 1799: 1768: 1749: 1739:, turned to 1731: 1727:Nazi Germany 1715: 1709: 1691: 1681: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1655:German Reich 1648: 1634:South German 1615: 1598:Adolf Hitler 1591: 1558:Ignaz Seipel 1551: 1546: 1522: 1499: 1494: 1489:Erich Bielka 1469: 1443:Wilhelm Solf 1425: 1382: 1376: 1360:Kleindeutsch 1359: 1325: 1319:, dominated 1306: 1292: 1244:A plebiscite 1232: 1193:Adolf Hitler 1190: 1177: 1130: 1126:German Reich 1093: 1059: 1034: 1032: 871: 863: 755:Tanggu Truce 659: 409:Basic Treaty 319: 301:West Germany 175: 169:World War II 129:with Austria 126: 125: 82:proclaiming 50:German Reich 29: 9093:Pornography 9083:Health care 8987:Agriculture 8941:LGBT rights 8934:enforcement 8417:Netherlands 8217:Netherlands 7957:Sudetenland 7905:occupations 7741:Vistulaland 7618:Sudetenland 7570:Prinz-Eugen 7474:Mecklenburg 7175:j.ctvvh867x 6681:. Penguin. 6625:Hiden, John 6280:Kuusankoski 6278:. Finland: 6254:(in German) 5989:"Anschluss" 5937:5 September 5910:In Spanish. 5828:Shirer 1984 5600:Pauley 2000 5210:Pluto Press 5128:"Anschluss" 5000:"Anschluss" 4516:Shirer 1990 4324:Taylor 2001 4163:3 September 4023:Taylor 1990 3969:Shirer 1984 3740:before the 3565:Erhard Raus 3490:Franz Böhme 3463:Sudetenland 3374:Burgtheater 3365:Heldenplatz 3334:Heldenplatz 3303:right with 3293:Jörg Haider 3272:and former 3122:liberation. 3063:Karl Renner 3040:Sudetenland 2910:Meaning of 2847:Karl Renner 2794:Mischlinges 2789:Ravensbrück 2693:secret vote 2620:Stadttempel 2584: [ 2525:St. Germain 2464:the Centrum 2424:Karl Renner 2335:Heldenplatz 2263:Heldenplatz 2112:Schuschnigg 1913:Ian Kershaw 1895:Reichswerke 1780:July Putsch 1706:corporatist 1510:Hugo Preuss 1439:dissolution 1338:formed the 1289:Before 1918 1240:German Army 1173:Sudetenland 1116:), was the 1112:, English: 706: 1930s 617: 1920s 578: 1910s 349:Saar Treaty 38:Heldenplatz 9267:Annexation 9246:Categories 9161:Literature 8956:Parliament 8919:Government 8838:Ecoregions 8550:Bassgeiger 8530:New Swabia 8498:San Marino 8323:Montenegro 8247:Montenegro 8069:Luxembourg 7947:Luxembourg 7731:Vandalland 7696:Beskidland 7623:Wartheland 7596:Reichsgaus 7409:Düsseldorf 7147:. Vienna: 7095:0691075689 7010:0192850601 6988:0226885119 6879:0415201152 6822:0671728687 6688:0140272399 6597:0691086842 6578:0192802917 6526:0807853631 6410:17 January 6388:17 January 5501:4 February 5344:Bukey 2002 5289:Bukey 2002 5233:Bukey 2002 5186:Bukey 2002 5174:Bukey 2002 5095:Bukey 2002 4738:Faber 2009 4651:Faber 2009 4469:Zeman 1973 4445:Mein Kampf 4355:7 December 4062:Giloi 2011 3858:Bukey 2002 3752:After the 3723:References 3453:Klagenfurt 3441:mid-1970s. 3412:Yad Vashem 3354:Literature 3301:pan-German 3282:war crimes 3209:neutrality 3026:, and the 2685:referendum 2677:referendum 2652:Referendum 2581:Reibpartie 2483:voting age 2444:Otto Bauer 2397:Franz Olah 2379:and a few 2322:Reichsgaue 2285:Bundesheer 2139:referendum 2114:regime of 1938:Lebensraum 1698:chancellor 1676:Mein Kampf 1566:Otto Ender 1374:majority. 1372:Protestant 1186:Otto Bauer 1118:annexation 1087:connection 884:May Crisis 868: 1937 852: 1936 846: 1936 840: 1936 834: 1936 816: 1936 799: 1935 793: 1935 787: 1935 781: 1935 775: 1934 763: 1933 757: 1933 751: 1933 745: 1933 739: 1933 727: 1932 715: 1931 694: 1929 688: 1929 686:Young Plan 682: 1925 676: 1924 674:Dawes Plan 664: 1925 661:Mein Kampf 650: 1923 644: 1922 638: 1921 632: 1920 626: 1920 593: 1919 587: 1919 497:Ostpolitik 488:Lebensraum 368:Kammerwald 366:Return of 329:Return of 324:Heligoland 322:return of 9088:Languages 9073:Education 9027:Transport 8997:Companies 8909:Elections 8848:Mountains 8833:Districts 8806:Geography 8776:Anschluss 8662:Roman Era 8571:Nordstern 8555:Edelweiss 8463:Turkestan 8453:Don-Volga 8353:Turkestan 8303:Cossackia 8242:Macedonia 8202:Lithuania 8107:Ljubljana 7992:Bialystok 7977:Districts 7641:Carinthia 7534:Weser-Ems 7524:Thuringia 7494:Pomerania 7479:Moselland 7434:Franconia 7300:Anschluss 7291:Anschluss 7279:Anschluss 7255:Anschluss 7183:214097654 6177:160319529 5860:438125484 5789:cite book 5451:11 August 5109:"Austria" 4857:W. 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