Manifest destiny - Knowledge

1674:"but this letter being unofficial, & private, I may with safety give you a more extensive view of our policy respecting the Indians... Our system is to live in perpetual peace with the Indians, to cultivate an affectionate attachment from them, by everything just & liberal which we can do for them within the bounds of reason, and by giving them effectual protection against wrongs from our own people. The decrease of game rendering their subsistence by hunting insufficient, we wish to draw them to agriculture, to spinning & weaving... when they withdraw themselves to the culture of a small piece of land, they will perceive how useless to them are their extensive forests, and will be willing to pare them off from time to time in exchange for necessaries for their farms & families. At our trading houses too we mean to sell so low as merely to repay us cost and charges so as neither to lessen or enlarge our capital. this is what private traders cannot do, for they must gain; they will consequently retire from the competition, & we shall thus get clear of this pest without giving offence or umbrage to the Indians. in this way our settlements will gradually circumbscribe & approach the Indians, & they will in time either incorporate with us as citizens of the U.S. or remove beyond the Mississippi." 1499:, all five nations of the "Five Civilized Tribes" signed treaties with the Confederacy and initially supported them in hopes of dividing and weakening the U.S. so that they could remain on their land. The United States Army, led by prominent Civil War generals such as William Tecumseh Sherman, Philip Sheridan, and George Armstrong Custer, waged wars on "non-treaty Indians" who continued to live on land that had already been ceded to the U.S. through treaty. Homesteaders and other settlers soon followed and took possession of the land for farms and mining. Occasionally, white settlers would move ahead of the U.S. Army, into land that had not yet been settled by the United States, causing conflict with the Native people who still resided there. According to Anglo-American historian Julius Wilm, while the U.S. government did not approve of settlers moving ahead of the army, Indian Affairs officials did believe "the move of frontier whites into the proximity of contested territory—be they homesteaders or parties interested in other pursuits—necessitated the removal of Indigenous nations." 964:

cultivation every portion of the territory contained within their acknowledged boundaries. In thus providing for the support of millions of civilized beings, they will not violate any dictate of justice or of humanity; for they will not only give to the few thousand savages scattered over that territory an ample equivalent for any right they may surrender, but will always leave them the possession of lands more than they can cultivate, and more than adequate to their subsistence, comfort, and enjoyment, by cultivation. If this be a spirit of aggrandizement, the undersigned are prepared to admit, in that sense, its existence; but they must deny that it affords the slightest proof of an intention not to respect the boundaries between them and European nations, or of a desire to encroach upon the territories of Great Britain... They will not suppose that that Government will avow, as the basis of their policy towards the United States a system of arresting their natural growth within their own territories, for the sake of preserving a perpetual desert for savages.

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political careers" and "was also well acquainted with the process Virginia governments had historically used to extinguish Indian titles". Jefferson used this knowledge to make the Louisiana purchase in 1803, aided in the construction of the Indian Removal Policy, and laid the ground work for removing Native American tribes further and further into eventual small reservation territories. The idea of "Indian removal" gained traction in the context of manifest destiny and, with Jefferson as one of the main political voices on the subject, accumulated advocates who believed that American Indians would be better off moving away from white settlers. The removal effort was further solidified through policy by Andrew Jackson when he signed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. In his First Annual Message to Congress in 1829, Jackson stated with regards to removal:

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mixed blood leading a civilized life," while schools for Native children were still run by the Bureau of Education, which operated with the belief that it was important to transform Native Alaskans, along with all Indigenous people in America, into civilized Christians. The U.S. government saw education as the most effective way to achieve this goal. Overall, there was little recognition of the important differences between different groups of Indigenous people. The federal Bureau of Education also extended services such as medical services, cooperative stores, and a ship to supply remote coastal villages, slowly reducing the self-sufficiency of Native communities and allowing the U.S. government to assume more control of the lives of Native Alaskans. The effects of the Alaska Purchase are still felt by Native Alaskans. According to Inuit author

1137: 1733:, "the treaties also created reservations that would confine Native people into smaller territories far smaller than they had for millenia been accustomed to, diminishing their ability to feed themselves." According to author and scholar David Rich Lewis, these reservations had much higher population densities than indigenous homelands. As a result, "the consolidation of native peoples in the 19th century allowed epidemic diseases to rage through their communities." In addition to this "a result of changing subsistence patterns and environments-contributed to an explosion of dietary-related illness like diabetes, vitamin and mineral deficiencies, cirrhosis, obesity, gallbladder disease, hypertension, and heart disease." 647: 1839: 1011: 732:, wrote, "it is impossible not to look forward to distant times when our rapid multiplication will expand itself beyond those limits, and cover the whole northern, if not the southern continent." To Americans in the decades that followed their proclaimed freedom for mankind, embodied in the Declaration of Independence, could only be described as the inauguration of "a new time scale" because the world would look back and define history as events that took place before, and after, the Declaration of Independence. It followed that Americans owed to the world an obligation to expand and preserve these beliefs. 1693: 72: 1628: 118: 1308:(1963), argued that the failure of the "All Oregon" and "All Mexico" movements indicates that manifest destiny had not been as popular as historians have traditionally portrayed it to have been. Merk wrote that, while belief in the beneficent mission of democracy was central to American history, aggressive "continentalism" were aberrations supported by only a minority of Americans, all of them Democrats. Some Democrats were also opposed; the Democrats of Louisiana opposed annexation of Mexico, while those in Mississippi supported it. 2032:... I think we all realize that the day has come when Democracy is being put upon its final test. The Old World is just now suffering from a wanton rejection of the principle of democracy and a substitution of the principle of autocracy as asserted in the name, but without the authority and sanction, of the multitude. This is the time of all others when Democracy should prove its purity and its spiritual power to prevail. It is surely the manifest destiny of the United States to lead in the attempt to make this spirit prevail. 1660:

decision-making structure capable of making a treaty was a controversial issue. The national policy was for the Indians to join American society and become "civilized", which meant no more wars with neighboring tribes or raids on white settlers or travelers, and a shift from hunting to farming and ranching. Advocates of civilization programs believed that the process of settling native tribes would greatly reduce the amount of land needed by the Native Americans, making more land available for homesteading by white Americans.

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designated for its use. There they may be secured in the enjoyment of governments of their own choice, subject to no other control from the United States than such as may be necessary to preserve peace on the frontier and between the several tribes. There the benevolent may endeavor to teach them the arts of civilization, and, by promoting union and harmony among them, to raise up an interesting commonwealth, destined to perpetuate the race and to attest the humanity and justice of this government."

1362:"the fever of Fillibusterism is on our country. Her pulse beats like a hammer at the wrist, and there's a very high color on her face." Millard Fillmore's second annual message to Congress, submitted in December 1851, gave double the amount of space to filibustering activities than the brewing sectional conflict. The eagerness of the filibusters, and the public to support them, had an international hue. Clay's son, a diplomat in Portugal, reported that the invasion created a sensation in Lisbon. 1278: 1985: 1506:. While it succeeded in settling and farming the land, the Act failed to preserve the land. Continuous plowing of the top soil made the soil vulnerable to erosion and wind, as well as stripping the nutrients from the ground. This deforestation and erosion would play a key role in the Dust Bowl in the 1930s. Intense logging caused a decrease in much of the forests and hunting harmed many of the native animal populations, including the bison, whose population was reduced to a few hundreds. 2191: 2152:

show that, in comparison with the industrial era, the nitrogen cycle and trophic structure of the Great Lakes ecosystems remained remarkably stable until the 1830s, despite millennia of Indigenous agricultural and other land management, decades of European settlement, and climatic fluctuations. After this time, increased logging from forestry and agriculture induced soil erosion caused an unprecedented and abrupt bottom-up shift throughout the entire aquatic ecosystem of Lake Ontario."

6614: 1390:. Wealthy American expansionists financed dozens of expeditions, usually based out of New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco. The primary target of manifest destiny's filibusters was Latin America but there were isolated incidents elsewhere. Mexico was a favorite target of organizations devoted to filibustering, like the Knights of the Golden Circle. William Walker got his start as a filibuster in an ill-advised attempt to separate the Mexican states Sonora and Baja California. 1402:

the interests of the United States. Prompted by O'Sullivan, in 1848 President Polk offered to buy Cuba from Spain for $ 100 million. Polk feared that filibustering would hurt his effort to buy the island, and so he informed the Spanish of an attempt by the Cuban filibuster López to seize Cuba by force and annex it to the United States, foiling the plot. Spain declined to sell the island, which ended Polk's efforts to acquire Cuba. O'Sullivan eventually landed in legal trouble.

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people as the settlers effectively began damming rivers, imposing railways, and seeking natural resources and minerals through mining and excavation of Native American lands. According to historians Boyd Cothran and Ned Blackhawk, this influx of trade, industrialization, and development of transportation corridors killed surrounding livestock, caused waterway damage, and created sickness and disease for the Native American peoples living in those regions.

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dropped by the Democrats in favor of Polk, who favored annexation. Polk tied the Texas annexation question with the Oregon dispute, thus providing a sort of regional compromise on expansion. (Expansionists in the North were more inclined to promote the occupation of Oregon, while Southern expansionists focused primarily on the annexation of Texas.) Although elected by a very slim margin, Polk proceeded as if his victory had been a mandate for expansion.

1324:, Governor of Mississippi, offered what public support they could. In one memorable case, Quitman simply explained that the state of Mississippi had "lost" its state arsenal, which began showing up in the hands of filibusters. Yet these isolated cases only solidified opposition in the North as many Northerners were increasingly opposed to what they believed to be efforts by Southern slave owners—and their friends in the North—to expand slavery through 1274:"mission" component of manifest destiny suggested that Mexicans would be improved (or "regenerated", as it was then described) by bringing them into American democracy. Identitarianism was used to promote manifest destiny, but, as in the case of Calhoun and the resistance to the "All Mexico" movement, identitarianism was also used to oppose manifest destiny. Conversely, proponents of annexation of "All Mexico" regarded it as an anti-slavery measure. 875: 516: 1826:, a Democrat who had blocked the annexation of Hawaii during his administration, wrote that McKinley's annexation of the territory was a "perversion of our national destiny". Historians continued that debate; some have interpreted American acquisition of other Pacific island groups in the 1890s as an extension of manifest destiny across the Pacific Ocean. Others have regarded it as the antithesis of manifest destiny and merely 1366: 1469: 1155:

none" and "Fifty-four forty or fight", referring to the northern border of the region. (The latter slogan is often mistakenly described as having been a part of the 1844 presidential campaign.) When Polk moved to terminate the joint occupation agreement, the British finally agreed in early 1846 to divide the region along the 49th parallel, leaving the lower Columbia basin as part of the United States. The

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boundaries; they feared (correctly) that expansion raised a contentious issue, the extension of slavery to the territories. On the other hand, many Democrats feared industrialization the Whigs welcomed... For many Democrats, the answer to the nation's social ills was to continue to follow Thomas Jefferson's vision of establishing agriculture in the new territories to counterbalance industrialization.

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explains that "The newly formed United States needed to manufacture an American Indian political identity and concept of Indian land that would open the way for united states and westward colonial expansion." In this way, manifest destiny was inspired by the original European colonization of the Americas, and it excuses U.S. violence against Indigenous Nations.

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that Robb deserves the land because he is Anglo-Saxon, has weapons to "blow out" Cobb's brains, and nobody has heard of Cobb so what right does Cobb have to claim the land. Cobb argues that Robb doesn't need his land because Robb already has more land than he knows what to do with. Due to threats of violence, Cobb surrenders his land and leaves grumbling that "

862:, and the imperialism of manifest destiny as both unjust and unreasonable. He objected to the Mexican war and believed each of these disordered forms of patriotism threatened the inseparable moral and fraternal bonds of liberty and union that he sought to perpetuate through a patriotic love of country guided by wisdom and critical self-awareness. Lincoln's " 2016:, as being an "international police power" to secure American interests in the Western Hemisphere. Roosevelt's corollary contained an explicit rejection of territorial expansion. In the past, manifest destiny had been seen as necessary to enforce the Monroe Doctrine in the Western Hemisphere, but now expansionism had been replaced by 1269:

I protest against such a union as that! Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race.... We are anxious to force free government on all; and I see that it has been urged ... that it is the mission of this country to spread civil and religious liberty over all the world, and especially over this continent. It is a great mistake.

614:. Whigs denounced manifest destiny, arguing, "that the designers and supporters of schemes of conquest, to be carried on by this government, are engaged in treason to our Constitution and Declaration of Rights, giving aid and comfort to the enemies of republicanism, in that they are advocating and preaching the doctrine of the 1227:, sought to join the United States as a new state. This was an idealized process of expansion that had been advocated from Jefferson to O'Sullivan: newly democratic and independent states would request entry into the United States, rather than the United States extending its government over people who did not want it. The 795:: "Minorities are not usually chronicled as explorers or environmental activists, yet the historical records show that they were a part of expeditions, resided and worked on the frontier, founded towns, and were educators and entrepreneurs. In short, people of color were very important actors in westward expansion." 1006:, speaking one language, professing one general system of religious and political principles, and accustomed to one general tenor of social usages and customs. For the common happiness of them all, for their peace and prosperity, I believe it is indispensable that they should be associated in one federal Union. 88:, a personification of the United States, is shown leading civilization westward with the American settlers. She is shown bringing light from east to west, stringing telegraph wire, holding a school book, and highlighting different stages of economic activity and evolving forms of transportation. On the left, 3354:

Once the war began Jefferson—then in retirement—suggested seizing Canada, telling a friend, "The acquisition of Canada this year, as far as the neighborhood of Quebec, will be a mere matter of marching, and will give us experience for the attack of Halifax the next, and the final expulsion of England

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Biomolecular archaeologist Eric J. Guiry has shown that this deforestation had increasingly negative effects on Great Lakes ecosystems: 'in comparison with the industrial era..."Aquatic disruptions in great lakes have been linked to timber extraction through the loss of ecological resources. "Results

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Other environmental changes as a result of European settlement were discovered as a result of the pre-industrial era, according to historian Boyd Cothran, "It coincided with a national timber boom and the concurrent near exhaustion of the Great Lakes forests, leading American businesses to clamor for

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are a fishing people who have sustainably managed their Klamath River fishery through the use of ceremony and harvest techniques for tens of thousands of years. Since the arrival of non-Indians in the 1850s, however, the salmon populations have been damaged by overfishing and the degradation of their

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Historian Jeffery Ostler comments on some of the general theories about native American population decline due to these environmental factors. He shows that, over the course of this period, there were many forces "of destruction, including enslavement, disease, material deprivation, malnutrition, and

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In 1905, the Nelson Act was passed, which allowed the Territory of Alaska to open schools outside of incorporated towns and run them outside of the federal Bureau of Education's control. According to historian Carol Barnhardt, the Territory of Alaska opened schools for "white children and children of

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in the coming of the war. With the divisive question of the expansion of slavery, Northerners and Southerners, in effect, were coming to define manifest destiny in different ways, undermining nationalism as a unifying force. According to Frederick Merk, "The doctrine of Manifest Destiny, which in the

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We have never dreamt of incorporating into our Union any but the Caucasian race—the free white race. To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind, of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes.

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This was a controversial proposition for two reasons. First, idealistic advocates of manifest destiny like O'Sullivan had always maintained that the laws of the United States should not be imposed on people against their will. The annexation of "All Mexico" would be a violation of this principle. And

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As president, Polk sought compromise and renewed the earlier offer to divide the territory in half along the 49th parallel, to the dismay of the most ardent advocates of manifest destiny. When the British refused the offer, American expansionists responded with slogans such as "The whole of Oregon or

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Two Native American writers have recently tried to link some of the themes of manifest destiny to the original ideology of the 15th-century decree of the Doctrine of Christian Discovery. Nick Estes (a Lakota) links the 15th-century Catholic doctrine of distinguishing Christians from non-Christians in

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There was never a set of principles defining manifest destiny; it was always a general idea rather than a specific policy made with a motto. Ill-defined but keenly felt, manifest destiny was an expression of conviction in the morality and value of expansionism that complemented other popular ideas of

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have shown that these issues continue into the present moment: "Ron Reed served as the Karuk tribal representative for the relicensing process. Reed became convinced that the lack of healthy food, specifically the loss of salmon, was directly affecting the health of his people, leading to high rates

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maintained the contrary at his September 25, 1900, speech in the Auditorium, at Chicago. He declared that the current desire for Cuba and the other acquired territories was identical to the views expressed by Washington, Jefferson and Marshall. Moreover, "the sovereignty of the Stars and Stripes can

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for the purchase of Alaska. Seward initially offered $ 5 million to Stoeckl; the two men settled on $ 7 million and on March 15, 1867, Seward presented a draft treaty to the U.S. Cabinet. Stoeckl's superiors raised several concerns; to induce him to waive them, the final purchase price was increased

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The Homestead Act of 1862 encouraged 600,000 families to settle the West by giving them land (usually 160 acres) almost free. Over the course of 123 years, 200 million claims were made and over 270 million acres were settled, accounting for 10% of the land in the U.S. They had to live on and improve

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The filibusterism of the era even opened itself up to some mockery among the headlines. In 1854, a San Francisco Newspaper published a satirical poem called "Filibustering Ethics". This poem features two characters, Captain Robb and Farmer Cobb. Captain Robb makes claim to Farmer Cobb's land arguing

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during the case, as he "spelled out the rights of the United states to Indigenous lands" and drew upon the Doctrine of Christian Discovery for his statement. Marshall ruled that "indigenous peoples possess 'occupancy' rights, meaning their lands could be taken by the powers of 'discovery'". Frichner

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A possible influence is racial predominance, namely the idea that the American Anglo-Saxon race was "separate, innately superior" and "destined to bring good government, commercial prosperity and Christianity to the American continents and the world". Author Reginald Horsman wrote in 1981, this view

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We may expand so as to include the whole world. Mexico, Central America, South America, Cuba, the West India Islands, and even England and France might annex without inconvenience... allowing them with their local Legislatures to regulate their local affairs in their own way. And this, Sir, is the

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The United States had long been interested in acquiring Cuba from the declining Spanish Empire. As with Texas, Oregon, and California, American policy makers were concerned that Cuba would fall into British hands, which, according to the thinking of the Monroe Doctrine, would constitute a threat to

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I was bitterly opposed to the measure , and to this day regard the war which resulted as one of the most unjust ever waged by a stronger against a weaker nation. It was an instance of a republic following the bad example of European monarchies, in not considering justice in their desire to acquire

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According to Frederick Merk, these colonial acquisitions marked a break from the original intention of manifest destiny. Previously, "Manifest Destiny had contained a principle so fundamental that a Calhoun and an O'Sullivan could agree on it—that a people not capable of rising to statehood should

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after the war with Spain marked a new chapter in U.S. history. Traditionally, territories were acquired by the United States for the purpose of becoming new states on equal footing with already existing states. These islands were acquired as colonies rather than prospective states. The process was

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The purchase added 586,412 square miles (1,518,800 km) of new territory to the United States, an area about twice the size of Texas. Reactions to the purchase in the United States were mostly positive, as many believed the possession of Alaska would serve as a base to expand American trade in

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Before the election of 1844, Whig candidate Henry Clay and the presumed Democratic candidate, former president, Van Buren, both declared themselves opposed to the annexation of Texas, each hoping to keep the troublesome topic from becoming a campaign issue. This unexpectedly led to Van Buren being

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The second theme's origination is less precise. A popular expression of America's mission was elaborated by President Abraham Lincoln's description in his December 1, 1862, message to Congress. He described the United States as "the last, best hope of Earth". The "mission" of the United States was

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as "always full of grand and world-embracing schemes". O'Sullivan wrote an article in 1839 that, while not using the term "manifest destiny", did predict a "divine destiny" for the United States based upon values such as equality, rights of conscience, and personal enfranchisement "to establish on

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After major exploration and colonization to the western parts of the United States, resources and industry were needed to support such colonies. Colville scholar Dina Gilo-Whitaker outlines how during this process, promises of innovative technologies and abundant resources were made to indigenous

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These events related to the Mexican–American War and had an effect on the American people living in the Southern Plains at the time. A case study by David Beyreis depicts these effects through the operations of a fur trading and Indian trading business named Bent, St. Vrain and Company during the

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in 1836, but was still claimed by Mexico. This paved the way for the outbreak of the Mexican–American War on April 24, 1846. With American successes on the battlefield, by the summer of 1847 there were calls for the annexation of "All Mexico", particularly among Eastern Democrats, who argued that

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In the mid‑19th century, expansionism, especially southward toward Cuba, also faced opposition from those Americans who were trying to abolish slavery. As more territory was added to the United States in the following decades, "extending the area of freedom" in the minds of southerners also meant

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opposed territorial expansion based on the Democratic claim that the United States was destined to serve as a virtuous example to the rest of the world, and also had a divine obligation to spread its superordinate political system and a way of life throughout North American continent. Many in the

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described this view as summing "that God, at the proper stage in the march of history, called forth certain hardy souls from the old and privilege-ridden nations ... and that in bestowing his grace He also bestowed a peculiar responsibility". Americans presupposed that they were not only divinely

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O'Sullivan's original conception of manifest destiny was not a call for territorial expansion by force. He believed that the expansion of the United States would happen without the direction of the U.S. government or the involvement of the military. After Americans immigrated to new regions, they

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This debate brought to the forefront one of the contradictions of manifest destiny: on the one hand, while identitarian ideas inherent in manifest destiny suggested that Mexicans, as non-whites, would present a threat to white racial integrity and thus were not qualified to become Americans, the

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It was an oversight on the part of the United States, the giving up the island of Quadra and Vancouver, on the settlement of the boundary question. Yet, "what is to be, will be", as some realist has it; and we look for the restoration of that picturesque and rocky atom of our former territory as

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The United States, while intending never to acquire lands from the Indians otherwise than peaceably, and with their free consent, are fully determined, in that manner, progressively, and in proportion as their growing population may require, to reclaim from the state of nature, and to bring into

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wrote in 1963 that the concept of manifest destiny was born out of "a sense of mission to redeem the Old World by high example ... generated by the potentialities of a new earth for building a new heaven". Merk also states that manifest destiny was a heavily contested concept within the nation:

2060:". A more positive-sounding phrase devised by scholars at the end of the 20th century is "nation building", and State Department official Karin Von Hippel notes that the U.S. has "been involved in nation-building and promoting democracy since the middle of the 19th century and 'Manifest Destiny 798:

The desire for trade with China and other Asian countries was another ground for expansionism, with Americans seeing prospects of westward contact with Asia as fulfilling long-held Western hopes of finding new routes to Asia, and perceiving the Pacific as less unruly and dominated by Old World

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or across the Pacific, others saw the term as a call to example. Without an agreed-upon interpretation, much less an elaborated political philosophy, these conflicting views of America's destiny were never resolved. This variety of possible meanings was summed up by Ernest Lee Tuveson: "A vast

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Following the forced removal of many Indigenous Peoples, Americans increasingly believed that Native American ways of life would eventually disappear as the United States expanded. Humanitarian advocates of removal believed that American Indians would be better off moving away from whites. As

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The start of the Klondike Gold Rush brought 200,000 prospectors to Alaska. The gold rush greatly increased the U.S. government's commitment to developing the industrial infrastructure, and in turn attracting new residents to maintain it. The increase in gold seekers brought epidemics and land

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The Monroe Doctrine and "manifest destiny" formed a closely related nexus of principles: historian Walter McDougall calls manifest destiny a corollary of the Monroe Doctrine, because while the Monroe Doctrine did not specify expansion, expansion was necessary in order to enforce the doctrine.

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The concept and the term are also used by scholars in discussing the push to into the Amazon—the west—in Brazil. According to J. P. Dickenson, "There is an implicit identification in this Brazilian geopolitical writing of a manifest destiny....Brazil's 'Marcha para oeste' is as legitimate as

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ridiculed the concept in Congress, saying "I suppose the right of a manifest destiny to spread will not be admitted to exist in any nation except the universal Yankee nation." Winthrop was the first in a long line of critics who suggested that advocates of manifest destiny were citing "Divine

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I suggest for your consideration the propriety of setting apart an ample district west of the Mississippi, and without the limits of any state or territory now formed, to be guaranteed to the Indian tribes as long as they shall occupy it, each tribe having a distinct control over the portion

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Noted by Law Scholar and professor Robert J. Miller, Thomas Jefferson "Understood and utilized the Doctrine of Discovery through his political careers and was heavily involved in using the Doctrine against Indian tribes." Jefferson was "often immersed in Indian affairs through his legal and

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Yet Jackson was not the only president to elaborate on the principles underlying manifest destiny. Owing in part to the lack of a definitive narrative outlining its rationale, proponents offered divergent or seemingly conflicting viewpoints. While many writers focused primarily upon American

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conflicts between settlers and Indigenous Alaskans. According to Yupik historian Shari Huhndorf, "These changing demographics transformed social relationships between Native and the newcomers and soon led to Jim Crow-like segregation supported by a rapidly expanding territorial government."

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in 1854, which argued that the United States could seize Cuba by force if Spain refused to sell, this effectively killed the effort to acquire the island. The public now linked expansion with slavery; if manifest destiny had once enjoyed widespread popular approval, this was no longer true.

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Most Democrats were wholehearted supporters of expansion, whereas many Whigs (especially in the North) were opposed. Whigs welcomed most of the changes wrought by industrialization but advocated strong government policies that would guide growth and development within the country's existing

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in the Washington Administration, the U.S. government sought to expand into the west through the purchase of Native American land in treaties. Only the Federal Government could purchase Indian lands, and this was done through treaties with tribal leaders. Whether a tribe actually had a

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elected to maintain the North American continent, but also to "spread abroad the fundamental principles stated in the Bill of Rights". In many cases this meant neighboring colonial holdings and countries were seen as obstacles rather than the destiny God had provided the United States.

674:—was slight in support. It lacked national, sectional, or party following commensurate with its magnitude. The reason was it did not reflect the national spirit. The thesis that it embodied nationalism, found in much historical writing, is backed by little real supporting evidence. 1642:

Manifest destiny had serious consequences for Native Americans, since continental expansion implicitly meant the occupation and annexation of Native American land, sometimes to expand slavery. This ultimately led to confrontations and wars with several groups of native peoples via

1712:, racial rhetoric increased during the era of manifest destiny. Americans increasingly believed that Native American ways of life would "fade away" as the United States expanded. As an example, this idea was reflected in the work of one of America's first great historians, 9834: 1312:

period. The telling of this company shows that the idea of Manifest Destiny was not unanimously loved by all Americans and did not always benefit Americans. The case study goes on to show that this company could have ceased to exist in the name of territorial expansion.

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was attacked by anti-slavery spokesmen because it would add another slave state to the Union. Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren declined Texas's offer to join the United States in part because the slavery issue threatened to divide the Democratic Party.

1726:, Indians were "destined to melt and vanish before the advancing waves of Anglo-American power, which now rolled westward unchecked and unopposed". Parkman emphasized that the collapse of Indian power in the late 18th century had been swift and was a past event. 1081:, "the transcontinental railroads not only enabled but also accelerated it exponentially." Historian Boyd Cothran says that "modern transportation development and abundant resource exploitation gave rise to an appropriation of indigenous land, resources." 1061:

Concerns in the United States that European powers were seeking to acquire colonies or greater influence in North America led to calls for expansion in order to prevent this. In his influential 1935 study of manifest destiny, done in conjunction with the

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and referred to buccaneers in the West Indies that preyed on Spanish commerce. While there had been some filibustering expeditions into Canada in the late 1830s, it was only by mid-century did filibuster become a definitive term. By then, declared the

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of South Carolina, who had approved of the annexation of Texas, was opposed to the annexation of Mexico, as well as the "mission" aspect of manifest destiny, for racial reasons. He made these views clear in a speech to Congress on January 4, 1848:

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Despite the earlier clamor for "All Oregon", the Oregon Treaty was popular in the United States and was easily ratified by the Senate. The most fervent advocates of manifest destiny had not prevailed along the northern border because, according to

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Although they were illegal, filibustering operations in the late 1840s and early 1850s were romanticized in the United States. The Democratic Party's national platform included a plank that specifically endorsed William Walker's filibustering in

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And that claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self-government entrusted to

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because they feared it would lead to more free states and free territories. After the mass resignation of Southern senators and representatives at the beginning of the war, Congress was subsequently able to pass the Homestead Act.

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The 19th-century belief that the United States would eventually encompass all of North America is known as "continentalism". An early proponent of this idea, John Quincy Adams became a leading figure in U.S. expansion between the

1799:

and believe in the achievement of the manifest destiny of the Republic in its broadest sense." What was meant by "manifest destiny" in this context was not clearly defined, particularly since the Republicans lost the election.

623:

Providence" for justification of actions that were motivated by chauvinism and self-interest. Despite this criticism, expansionists embraced the phrase, which caught on so quickly that its origin was soon forgotten.

590:

would not spread democracy, thought O'Sullivan, British claims to the territory should be overruled. O'Sullivan believed that manifest destiny was a moral ideal (a "higher law") that superseded other considerations.

2023:

President Wilson continued the policy of interventionism in the Americas, and attempted to redefine both manifest destiny and America's "mission" on a broader, worldwide scale. Wilson led the United States into

679:

also held that "inferior races were doomed to subordinate status or extinction." and that this was used to justify "the enslavement of the blacks and the expulsion and possible extermination of the Indians".

535:

earth the moral dignity and salvation of man". This destiny was not explicitly territorial, but O'Sullivan predicted that the United States would be one of a "Union of many Republics" sharing those values.

2036:

This was the only time a president had used the phrase "manifest destiny" in his annual address. Wilson's version of manifest destiny was a rejection of expansionism and an endorsement (in principle) of

744:

as a struggle to determine if any nation with democratic ideals could survive; this has been called by historian Robert Johannsen "the most enduring statement of America's Manifest Destiny and mission".

2134:

Further, "sudden loss of salmon-based economies and spiritual traditions was a seismic shock to cultures and psyches of the people who collectively call themselves Salmon People." "Specifically, 'The

1077:. The transcontinental railroad system is often used in manifest destiny imagery like John Gast's painting, American Progress where multiple locomotives are seen traveling west. According to academic 5339: 595:

would set up new democratic governments, and then seek admission to the United States, as Texas had done. In 1845, O'Sullivan predicted that California would follow this pattern next, and that even

522:, sketched in 1874, was an influential columnist as a young man, but he is now generally remembered only for his use of the phrase "manifest destiny" to advocate the annexation of Texas and Oregon. 748:

The third theme can be viewed as a natural outgrowth of the belief that God had a direct influence in the foundation and further actions of the United States. Political scientist and historian

1421:

to acquire Cuba received the tentative support of the president. Pierce backed off and instead renewed the offer to buy the island, this time for $ 130 million. When the public learned of the

1945:, which also provided for a popularly elected legislature and a bill of rights, and authorized the election of a Resident Commissioner who has a voice (but no vote) in Congress. In 1934, the 1870:

to the United States. The terms of cession for the Philippines involved a payment of the sum of $ 20 million by the United States to Spain. The treaty was highly contentious and denounced by

1320:

After the Mexican–American War ended in 1848, disagreements over the expansion of slavery made further annexation by conquest too divisive to be official government policy. Some, such as

3823: 720:

We have it in our power to begin the world over again. A situation, similar to the present, hath not happened since the days of Noah until now. The birthday of a new world is at hand...

2691: 901:

in 1867, has been called the "age of manifest destiny". During this time, the United States expanded to the Pacific Ocean—"from sea to shining sea"—largely defining the borders of the

4775:(Seven Stories Press: New York, 2009), p. 332, re-printing Zinn's 1970 essay "Aggressive Liberalism", which attributes the quoted language not to Reuben Davis, but to Jefferson Davis. 863: 492:

complex of ideas, policies, and actions is comprehended under the phrase 'Manifest Destiny'. They are not, as we should expect, all compatible, nor do they come from any one source."

9470: 1664:

believed that, while the Indigenous people of America were intellectual equals to whites, they had to assimilate to and live like the whites or inevitably be pushed aside by them.

1259:

secondly, the annexation of Mexico was controversial because it would mean extending U.S. citizenship to millions of Mexicans, who were of dark skin and majority Catholic. Senator

1188: 483:, who spoke of "extending the area of freedom", typified the conflation of America's potential greatness, the nation's budding sense of Romantic self-identity, and its expansion. 9761: 1609:, "The land that is such an important part of our spirit, our culture, and our physical and economic well-being is becoming an often unpredictable and precarious place for us." 885:, was an early proponent of continentalism. Late in life he came to regret his role in helping U.S. slavery to expand, and became a leading opponent of the annexation of Texas. 1336:, England, that the connection between filibustering and slave power was clear proof of "the mass of corruption that underlay the whole system of American government". The 259: 3092:

Kauanui, J. Kēhaulani; Frichner, Tonya Gonnella (2018), "Tonya Gonnella Frichner on Developing the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples",

855:

extending the institution of slavery. That is why slavery became one of the central issues in the continental expansion of the United States before the Civil War.

508:

in 1845. However, other historians suggest the unsigned editorial titled "Annexation" in which it first appeared was written by journalist and annexation advocate

1667:

According to historian Jeffrey Ostler, Jefferson believed that once assimilation was no longer possible, he advocated for the extermination of Indigenous people.

976:

Till I came here, I had no idea of the fixed determination which there is in the heart of every American to extirpate the Indians and appropriate their territory.

826:

Not all Americans or their political leaders believed that the United States was a divinely favored nation, or thought that it ought to expand. For example, many

9751: 2470: 4797: 1811:. Whether or not this version of manifest destiny was consistent with the continental expansionism of the 1840s was debated at the time, and long afterwards. 1822:

in 1898, he said that "We need Hawaii just as much and a good deal more than we did California. It is manifest destiny." On the other hand, former President

777:

the expansion of European nations. Estes and international jurist Tonya Gonnella Frichner (of the Onondaga Nation) further link the doctrine of discovery to

9913: 9460: 5331: 5123:"Manifest destiny, American exceptionalism, and the city on a hill seen through Winthrop, O'Sullivan, and Bush: Opportunities for religious peacebuilding" 10152: 10142: 9861: 3299: 1159:

of 1846 formally settled the dispute; Polk's administration succeeded in selling the treaty to Congress because the United States was about to begin the

1062: 4295:"Treaty with Russia for the Purchase of Alaska", Primary Documents in American History, The Library of Congress, April 25, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2019. 2751: 1846:

seated in restaurant looking at the bill of fare containing "Cuba steak", "Porto Rico pig", the "Philippine Islands" and the "Sandwich Islands" (Hawaii)

9819: 9328: 5313: 783:

and frame their arguments on the correlation between manifest destiny and Doctrine of Christian Discovery by using the statement made by Chief Justice

1297:

to the United States, both more sparsely populated than the rest of Mexico. Like the "All Oregon" movement, the "All Mexico" movement quickly abated.

831:

Whig party "were fearful of spreading out too widely", and they "adhered to the concentration of national authority in a limited area". In July 1848,

724:

Many Americans agreed with Paine, and came to believe that the United States' virtue was a result of its special experiment in freedom and democracy.

10172: 10092: 2041:, emphasizing that the United States had a mission to be a world leader for the cause of democracy. This U.S. vision of itself as the leader of the " 1198:, arguing that the efforts of early American fur traders and missionaries presaged American control of Oregon. She concluded the article as follows: 1250:

After the election of Polk, but before he took office, Congress approved the annexation of Texas. Polk moved to occupy a portion of Texas that had

9897: 9490: 2053: 431: 1885:, passed unanimously by the U.S. Senate before the war, which proclaimed Cuba "free and independent", forestalled annexation of the island. The 10127: 9885: 9510: 320: 4816: 4630: 2359: 1807:, the Republicans recaptured the White House and held on to it for the next 16 years. During that time, manifest destiny was cited to promote 5265:

Guiry, Eric J.; Buckley, Michael; Orchard, Trevor J.; Hawkins, Alicia L.; Needs-Howarth, Suzanne; Holm, Erling; Szpak, Paul (March 6, 2020).

1792: 1129:). Presidential candidate Polk used this popular outcry to his advantage, and the Democrats called for the annexation of "All Oregon" in the 760: 198: 10157: 9495: 9485: 4469:, "I believe the Indian then to be in body and mind equal to the white man," (Jefferson letter to the Marquis de Chastellux, June 7, 1785). 1761:, a member of the House of Representatives from Mississippi, articulated one of the most expansive visions of manifest destiny on record: 1065:, Albert Weinberg wrote: "the expansionism of the arose as a defensive effort to forestall the encroachment of Europe in North America". 1053:

from Spain to the United States and extending the U.S. border with Spanish Mexico all the way to the Pacific Ocean. And he formulated the

902: 6663: 1729:

Indian removal policies led to the current day reservation system which allocated territories to individual tribes. According to scholar

1146: 2161: 923:

as a bargaining chip to force the British to abandon their fortifications in the Northwestern United States and support for the various

17: 10137: 8693: 7840: 6502: 3420: 2955:

Hilgard O’Reilly Sternberg, “‘Manifest Destiny’ and the Brazilian Amazon: A Backdrop to Contemporary Security and Development Issues.”

1808: 1525: 890: 462:

summarizes that "American imperialism did not represent an American consensus; it provoked bitter dissent within the national polity".

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The assertion of its mission to redeem the world by the spread of republican government and more generally the "American way of life".

10177: 10008: 10112: 9741: 9386: 8257: 1875: 1804: 972:, one of the British negotiators at Ghent, remarked, after coming to understand the American position on taking the Indians' land: 858:

Before and during the Civil War both sides claimed that America's destiny was rightfully their own. Lincoln opposed anti-immigrant

399: 203: 3221: 2028:

with the argument that "The world must be made safe for democracy." In his 1920 message to Congress after the war, Wilson stated:

10132: 9521: 6064:

Dunning, Mike (2001). "Manifest Destiny and the Trans-Mississippi South: Natural Laws and the Extension of Slavery into Mexico".

5061:, pp. 112–129 examines the influence of manifest destiny in the 20th century, particularly as articulated by Woodrow Wilson. 213: 10035: 4240:

Wilm, Julius (2018). "The Indians Must Yield: Antebellum Free Land, The Homestead Act, and the Displacement of Native Peoples".

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Pinheiro, John C (2003). "'Religion Without Restriction': Anti-catholicism, All Mexico, and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo".

927:

residing there. The result of this overoptimism was a series of defeats in 1812 in part due to the wide use of poorly-trained

398:

of the United States borders at the time on the continent. The concept became one of several major campaign issues during the

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Molhotra, Rajiv (2009). "American Exceptionalism and the Myth of the American Frontiers". In Rajani Kannepalli Kanth (ed.).

1913:. The Supreme Court ruled that full constitutional rights did not automatically extend to all areas under American control. 1125:. Advocates of manifest destiny protested and called for the annexation of the entire Oregon Country up to the Alaska line ( 9907: 9430: 9391: 8298: 6466: 5167: 4867: 3464: 3057:

Our history Is the future: Standing Rock versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the long tradition of indigenous resistance

1969:

The belief in an American mission to promote and defend democracy throughout the world, as expounded by Jefferson and his "

1636: 1495:

In some areas, the Homestead Act resulted in the direct removal of Indigenous communities. According to American historian

2004:

declined in usage, as territorial expansion ceased to be promoted as being a part of America's "destiny". Under President

698:" sermon of 1630, in which he called for the establishment of a virtuous community that would be a shining example to the 9269: 6493: 3993: 3139:""China and the Pursuit of America's Destiny: Nineteenth-Century Imagining and Why Immigration Restriction Took So Long"" 2056:

and elsewhere. In this usage, "manifest destiny" is interpreted as the underlying cause of what is denounced by some as "

1033:

as far west as the Rocky Mountains, and provided for the joint occupation of the region known in American history as the

235: 4936: 2383: 554:, not only because Texas desired this, but because it was "our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by 42: 9891: 9579: 9396: 8313: 8034: 7743: 6187: 5105: 5043: 4677: 4197: 4024: 3977: 3800: 3746: 3368: 3109: 2800:; Hudson 2001; O'Sullivan biographer Robert D. Sampson disputes Hudson's claim for a variety of reasons (See note 7 at 2537: 2510: 2480: 2367: 1993: 1648: 313: 208: 9721: 1344:" narratives thereafter, indicated the degree to which manifest destiny had become part of the sectional controversy. 406:

won and the phrase "Manifest Destiny" was coined within a year. The concept was used by Democrats to justify the 1846

10122: 9314: 8688: 8282: 8183: 6399: 2659: 1746: 1434: 1251: 1220: 1175:, "the compass of manifest destiny pointed west and southwest, not north, despite the use of the term 'continentalism 1094: 338: 240: 63: 3936:

Beyreis, David (June 1, 2018). "The Chaos of Conquest: The Bents and the Problem of American Expansion, 1846–1849".

10097: 10023: 9771: 9480: 9425: 9408: 9366: 9361: 8645: 6598: 815:

set the stage for the continental expansion of the United States. Many began to see this as the beginning of a new

403: 3478: 1561:

to $ 7.2 million and on March 30, the treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate. The transfer ceremony took place in

1548:(present-day Alaska) on fears that the territory would be easily be lost in any future war between Russia and the 10045: 9591: 8698: 7938: 6656: 2724: 2710: 2175:

Critics at the time of the country's growing desire for expansion doubted the country's ability to rule such an

1788: 1130: 1030: 3332:

Stuart and Weeks call this period the "era of manifest destiny" and the "age of manifest destiny", respectively.

2088: 9955: 9678: 9465: 8191: 6588: 4719:

Lewis, David Rich (Summer 1995). "Native Americans and the Environment: A Survey of Twentieth-Century Issues".

1958: 671: 646: 565:

O'Sullivan's second use of the phrase became extremely influential. On December 27, 1845, in his newspaper the

446:, originally a major supporter of the concept underlying manifest destiny, had changed his mind and repudiated 5072: 2933:

Winthrop quote: Weingberg, p. 143; O'Sullivan's death, later discovery of phrase's origin: Stephanson, p. xii.

1413:

tried to suppress the expeditions. When the Democrats recaptured the White House in 1852 with the election of

939:

in 1813 ended the Indian raids and removed the main reason for threatening annexation. To end the War of 1812

799:

conflicts than the Atlantic and therefore a more inviting area for the new nation to expand its influence in.

10107: 10102: 10018: 9786: 8683: 8678: 8635: 8365: 7948: 5662: 5266: 2763: 1758: 488: 306: 9835:

Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore

5361: 2123:

Many studies suggest environmental changes that directly impact Indigenous communities due to the result of

951:(former treasury secretary and a leading expert on Indians) and the other American diplomats negotiated the 9970: 9945: 8277: 8247: 8113: 7981: 7671: 6583: 6045: 3684: 1961:, provided for the structure of the island's civilian government, and granted the people U.S. citizenship. 419: 383: 7156: 3563:

As long as grass grows: the indigenous fight for environmental justice, from colonization to Standing Rock

1433:

continued to garner headlines in the late 1850s, but to little effect. Expansionism was among the various

1347:

Without official government support the most radical advocates of manifest destiny increasingly turned to

102: 9766: 9626: 9500: 8138: 8133: 8082: 8077: 7332: 7085: 5856: 5830: 4944: 2269: 1927: 1532:

The final U.S. territorial expansion of the North American mainland came in 1867 when the U.S. purchased

1430: 1370: 2637: 1294: 1010: 10063: 9295: 8262: 8054: 7893: 6649: 5565: 5193: 2017: 1057:

of 1823, which warned Europe that the Western Hemisphere was no longer open for European colonization.

827: 764: 632: 607: 427: 349:, and that this belief was both obvious ("manifest") and certain ("destiny"). The belief was rooted in 85: 4397:

Outsourcing Culture: How American Culture has Changed From "We the People" Into a One World Government

1002:

The whole continent of North America appears to be destined by Divine Providence to be peopled by one

10167: 10162: 9455: 9236: 8328: 7873: 7803: 7525: 2226: 1923: 1838: 1570: 1503: 1074: 573:

with Britain. O'Sullivan argued that the United States had the right to claim "the whole of Oregon":

458:, declaring it "one of the most unjust ever waged by a stronger against a weaker nation". Historian 38: 3849:

A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War and the Conquest of the American Continent

1930:

in 1899; it won no support from any government anywhere and collapsed when its leader was captured.

558:

for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions". Overcoming Whig opposition, Democrats

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Manifest destiny played an important role in the expansion of Texas and American relationship with

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Don't tread on me: a 400-year history of America at war, from Indian fighting to terrorist hunting

4908:

Military History of the United States; v. 2. Garland reference library of the humanities; vol. 933

4554: 1046: 382:

Manifest destiny remained heavily divisive in politics, causing constant conflict with regards to

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south of the Great Lakes. They explained the American policy toward acquisition of Indian lands:

928: 683: 619: 570: 472: 407: 350: 277: 6130:

Sampson, Robert D (2002). "The Pacifist-reform Roots of John L. O'Sullivan's Manifest Destiny".

6044: 3683: 2587: 9975: 9926:

Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)

9574: 9505: 9371: 9306: 9049: 8971: 8872: 8800: 8620: 8615: 8554: 8481: 8333: 8252: 8221: 7976: 7322: 7206: 6905: 6855: 6573: 6518: 4669: 4306:

Huhndorf, Shari (2016). "Colonizing Alaska: Race, Nation, and the Remaking of Native America".

4183: 2232: 1942: 1931: 1871: 1855: 1692: 1647:. The United States continued the European practice of recognizing only limited land rights of 1541: 1245: 1038: 562:

in 1845. O'Sullivan's first usage of the phrase "manifest destiny" attracted little attention.

111: 6412:

Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War

5483: 5477: 5095: 5033: 4974: 4911: 4849: 4828: 4657: 4466: 4094: 3765: 3736: 3634:

Miles, Edwin A. (September 1957). "'Fifty-four Forty or Fight'—An American Political Legend".

3358: 3309: 3235:

Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War

3125:

The Rise of the American Conservation Movement: Power, Privilege, and Environmental Protection

2984:

Justin B. Litke, "Varieties of American Exceptionalism: Why John Winthrop Is No Imperialist",

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Crenshaw, Ollinger (1941). "The Knights of the Golden Circle: The Career of George Bickley".

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in 1846, although he came to believe that the outcome would be beneficial to both countries.

596: 582:

That is, O'Sullivan believed that Providence had given the United States a mission to spread

519: 501: 368:

According to historian William Earl Weeks, there were three basic tenets behind the concept:

294: 123: 6244: 4700: 4479: 4213: 3790: 3434: 2796:. Linda S. Hudson has argued that it was coined by writer Jane McManus Storm; Greenburg, p. 2304: 442:) rejected the concept and campaigned against these actions. By 1843, former U.S. President 10117: 9950: 9661: 9550: 9413: 9223: 9084: 9021: 9011: 8981: 8963: 8847: 8511: 8435: 8272: 8143: 8029: 8006: 7646: 7540: 7181: 5281: 3721:

Lyon Rathbun, Lyon "The debate over annexing Texas and the emergence of manifest destiny."

2273: 2196: 2057: 1981:, the Americans "were imbued with a sense of manifest destiny," says historian John Dower. 1606: 1586: 1565:

on October 18. Russian and American soldiers paraded in front of the governor's house; the

1496: 1358: 956: 936: 527: 476: 362: 354: 230: 176: 4050:

James Mitchell Clarke, "Antonio Melendrez: Nemesis of William Walker in Baja California."

2426:

Empire of the People: Settler Colonialism and the Foundations of Modern Democratic Thought

2095: 1627: 1405:

Filibustering continued to be a major concern for presidents after Polk. Whigs presidents

1093:

between the United States and Britain, when the phrase "manifest destiny" originated. The

8: 9656: 9555: 9376: 9231: 9132: 9127: 9089: 9079: 9016: 9006: 9001: 8943: 8925: 8920: 8882: 8862: 8842: 8792: 8777: 8731: 8625: 8592: 8574: 8486: 8385: 8318: 8211: 8153: 8103: 7585: 7378: 7196: 6568: 4294: 2165: 2160:

Critics have condemned manifest destiny as an ideology used to justify dispossession and

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Building the continental empire: American expansion from the Revolution to the Civil War

5932: 5413: 5285: 5171: 10040: 10030: 9631: 9596: 9540: 9381: 9117: 9074: 9069: 9036: 8991: 8910: 8852: 8762: 8597: 8539: 8501: 8201: 8196: 8039: 7956: 7898: 7661: 7490: 7435: 7201: 6975: 6870: 6523: 6479: 6330: 6252: 6195: 6118: 5920: 5897: 5609: 5522: 5305: 5232: 5150: 5012: 4953: 4884: 4736: 4612: 4533: 4342: 4164: 3998: 3899: 3651: 3518: 3401: 3280: 2210: 2052:"Manifest destiny" is sometimes used by critics of U.S. foreign policy to characterize 2038: 2005: 1917:

never be annexed. That was the principle thrown overboard by the imperialism of 1899."

1779: 1750: 1590: 1582: 1484: 1472: 1172: 1118: 987: 808: 756: 741: 737: 587: 459: 391: 89: 7176: 3127:(Duke University Press, 2016) p. 109; for details on many minorities see pp. 110–157.. 2600: 1394:, a near second in fame and success, spent his efforts trying to secure Cuba from the 1255:

bringing Mexico into the Union was the best way to ensure future peace in the region.

9866: 9475: 9338: 9256: 9180: 9122: 8935: 8890: 8867: 8832: 8824: 8767: 8749: 8660: 8491: 8473: 8443: 8360: 7720: 7641: 7626: 7621: 7411: 7246: 7226: 6735: 6672: 6558: 6513: 6437: 6416: 6395: 6376: 6341: 6301: 6280: 6259: 6226: 6183: 6165: 6139: 6110: 6081: 6077: 6016: 5995: 5970: 5949: 5904: 5881: 5860: 5815: 5794: 5769: 5748: 5727: 5708: 5687: 5666: 5641: 5620: 5594: 5569: 5533: 5506: 5487: 5462: 5424: 5398: 5309: 5297: 5236: 5222: 5154: 5142: 5101: 5039: 4915: 4673: 4616: 4604: 4555:"Founders Online: From Thomas Jefferson to William Henry Harrison, 27 February 1 ..." 4537: 4523: 4375: 4334: 4277: 4267: 4193: 4156: 4020: 3973: 3827: 3796: 3742: 3616: 3606: 3580: 3570: 3364: 3313: 3284: 3158: 3105: 3070: 3060: 2655: 2564: 2533: 2506: 2476: 2363: 2308: 2205: 1978: 1970: 1557: 1553: 1217: 1213: 1042: 940: 878: 823:", people in other countries would seek to establish their own democratic republics. 615: 555: 551: 443: 415: 166: 76: 9711: 6910: 538:

Six years later, in 1845, O'Sullivan wrote another essay titled "Annexation" in the

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Weinberg, Albert Katz; Walter Hines Page School of International Relations (1935).

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Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur

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Remembering the Modoc War: redemptive violence and the making of American innocence

3393: 3360:

History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison

3272: 3150: 3097: 2942:

J. P. Dickenson, "Development in Brazilian Amazonia: Background to new frontiers."

2430: 2049:, although rarely would it be described as "manifest destiny", as Wilson had done. 1949:

put the Philippines on a path to independence, which was realized in 1946 with the

1918: 1882: 1823: 1815: 1718: 1661: 1656: 1422: 1410: 1228: 1224: 1194: 919:

One of the goals of the War of 1812 was to threaten to annex the British colony of

866:", June 6, 1852, provides the most cogent expression of his reflective patriotism. 842: 820: 812: 749: 725: 695: 559: 547: 531: 451: 439: 411: 342: 289: 128: 117: 6462: 5637:

Mistress of Manifest Destiny: a biography of Jane McManus Storm Cazneau, 1807–1878

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Mistress of Manifest Destiny: A Biography of Jane McManus Storm Cazneau, 1807–1878

1438:

1840s had seemed Heaven-sent, proved to have been a bomb wrapped up in idealism."

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When the Eagle Screamed: The Romantic Horizon in American Expansionism, 1800-1860

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In 1898, the United States intervened in the Cuban insurrection and launched the

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American Foreign Relations since 1600: A Guide to the Literature, Second Edition

2640:. Jane Cazneau Omeka Net. Jane Cazneau Omeka website. Retrieved October 25, 2020 1520: 10013: 9985: 9826: 9673: 9641: 9606: 9567: 9213: 9205: 9190: 9175: 9170: 8458: 8345: 7923: 7883: 7828: 7778: 7753: 7728: 7686: 7656: 7216: 6860: 6528: 5765:

Promised land, crusader state: the American encounter with the world since 1776

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access to the vast timber stands located on many western Indian Reservations."

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The faith in the nation's divinely ordained destiny to succeed in this mission.

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Manifestly Uncertain Destiny: The Debate over American Expansionism, 1803–1848

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Ironically, O'Sullivan's term became popular only after it was criticized by

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Hofstadter, Richard (1965). "Cuba, the Philippines, and Manifest Destiny".

5922:

Unquiet Eagle: Memory and Desire in the Idea of American Freedom, 1815–1860

4865:(1937). "Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism?". 4263: 4145:"That Settles It: The Debate and Consequences of the Homestead Act of 1862" 3816:

Calhoun, John Caldwell; Cook, Shirley Bright; Wilson, Clyde Norman (1959).

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On 27 February 1803, Jefferson wrote in a letter to William Henry Harrison:

1321: 1102: 1015: 920: 729: 709: 704: 509: 447: 9646: 6613: 5447: 4361: 3263:

Fornieri, Joseph R. (April–June 2010). "Lincoln's Reflective Patriotism".

3101: 1741: 1699:, an 1868 lithograph illustrating the westward expansion of white settlers 9545: 9195: 9054: 8549: 8397: 7996: 7903: 7863: 7823: 7733: 7666: 7502: 7498: 7480: 7475: 7465: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7425: 7407: 7403: 7398: 7337: 7327: 7302: 7287: 7282: 7267: 7151: 7030: 7010: 7000: 6880: 6760: 6710: 6012:

Manifest destiny: a study of nationalist expansionism in American history

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Democracy by Force: U.S. Military Intervention in the Post-Cold War World

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The conspiracy of Pontiac and the Indian war after the conquest of Canada

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Religion of a Different Color: Race and the Mormon Struggle for Whiteness

2424: 2169: 2025: 1905: 1901: 1863: 1859: 1827: 1722:

was published in 1851. Parkman wrote that after the French defeat in the

1537: 1341: 914: 894: 132: 6332:

Race and Manifest Destiny: The origins of American racial Anglo-Saxonism

6180:

A Failed Vision of Empire: The Collapse of Manifest Destiny, (1845–1872)

5218: 4957: 4760:(Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc.: New York, 1950), p. 277, n. 38, quoting 4519: 4346: 4322: 4168: 4144: 4055: 3522: 3509:

Linebarger, Paul M. A. (1963). "Twenty SAIS Years, An Informal Memoir".

2973:

Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism

2696:

The United States Democratic Review Volume 0006 Issue 23 (November 1839)

2559:. Oxford History of the United States. Oxford University Press. p. 2008:

the role of the United States in the New World was defined, in the 1904

1957:

established Guam alongside Puerto Rico as an unincorporated unorganized

1373:, who launched several expeditions to Mexico and Central America, ruled 10000: 9683: 8716: 8673: 8402: 8350: 8303: 8216: 8001: 7971: 7961: 7833: 7813: 7768: 7530: 7415: 7292: 6925: 6122: 5811:

The great father: the United States government and the American Indians

5138: 4888: 4740: 3903: 3655: 3405: 3384:

Gates, Charles M. (1940). "The West in American Diplomacy, 1812–1815".

2960: 2472:

A Wicked War: Polk, Clay, Lincoln, and the 1846 U.S. Invasion of Mexico

2384:"America's Manifest Destiny | The American Experience in the Classroom" 2220: 2042: 1977:, continues to have an influence on American political ideology. Under 1652: 1502:

According to historian Hannah Anderson, the Homestead Act also lead to

1106: 995: 944: 84:

is an allegorical representation of the modernization of the new west.

6197:

The American idea of mission: concepts of national purpose and destiny

5683:

The power of projections: how maps reflect global politics and history

5293: 5035:

Hegemony Or Empire?: The Redefinition of Us Power Under George W. Bush

4109:"Manifest Mirth: The Humorous Critique of Manifest Destiny, 1846–1858" 3178:

A City Upon a Hill: How Sermons Changed the Course of American History

3138: 2728: 2718: 1934:

denounced the war and any form of future overseas expansion, writing,

1922:

be nothing but a blessing to any people and to any land." The nascent

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Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History: A Reinterpretation

6106: 4880: 4732: 4631:"December 8, 1829: First Annual Message to Congress | Miller Center" 3647: 3397: 2793: 2067: 1941:

In 1917, all Puerto Ricans were made full American citizens via the

1306:

Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History: A Reinterpretation

1073:

Manifest destiny played an important role in the development of the

839:'s expansionist interpretation of America's future as "mendacious". 599:

would eventually request annexation as well. He was critical of the

515: 9611: 7783: 7676: 7570: 7277: 7120: 7115: 7025: 6895: 6890: 6840: 6800: 6785: 6755: 6730: 6720: 5835:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 646. 5017: 2000:

After the turn of the 19th century to the 20th century, the phrase

1378: 6372:

Manifest Destiny's underworld: filibustering in antebellum America

6161:

Agents of Manifest Destiny: the lives and times of the filibusters

5611:

Manifest design: anxious aggrandizement in late Jacksonian America

4802:. Office of the Secretary of State of Missouri. 1895. p. 245. 4016:

Manifest Destiny's Underworld: Filibustering in Antebellum America

1163:, and the president and others argued it would be foolish to also 1101:, and thousands of Americans migrated there in the 1840s over the 955:

in 1814 with Britain. They rejected the British plan to set up an

670:

From the outset Manifest Destiny—vast in program, in its sense of

9584: 9471:

Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin

9241: 8338: 7035: 6995: 6950: 6945: 6915: 6875: 6805: 6775: 6750: 6705: 6700: 5267:"Deforestation caused abrupt shift in Great Lakes nitrogen cycle" 4585:"The Doctrine of Discovery: The International Law of Colonialism" 3890:

Gilley, Billy H. (1979). "'Polk's War' and the Louisiana Press".

687: 9336: 6211:

Historical Dictionary of the Jacksonian Era and Manifest Destiny

4589:

The Indigenous Peoples' Journal of Law, Culture & Resistance

3738:

Historical Dictionary of the Jacksonian Era and Manifest Destiny

1528:, showing the Alaskan acquisition in an inset in the upper right 1365: 1113:, and instead proposed a boundary line farther south, along the 889:

The phrase "manifest destiny" is most often associated with the

9762:

Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic

8587: 7050: 6935: 6845: 6820: 6815: 6740: 6695: 5899:

United States expansionism and British North America, 1775–1871

5877:

Manifest Destiny: American expansionism and the empire of right

2556:

What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848

2176: 1533: 1468: 1117:, which would have made most of what later became the state of 372:

The assumption of the unique moral virtue of the United States.

6501: 4242:

Settlers as Conquerors: Free Land Policy in Antebellum America

3969:

Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny

2144:

of diabetes, heart disease, and a decreased life expectancy."

1926:, desirous of independence, resisted the United States in the 1377:, and was captured by the Royal Navy before being executed in 8407: 7808: 6940: 6900: 6795: 6745: 5658:

Manifest Destiny and empire: American antebellum expansionism

2135: 1126: 6392:

Prophetic Worlds: Indians and Whites on the Columbia Plateau

3917:

Brent, Robert A. (1969). "Mississippi and the Mexican War".

2603:. Encyclopedia.com taken from Dictionary of American History 2045:" would grow stronger in the 20th century after the end of 1988:

The U.S.'s intentions to influence the area (especially the

9898:

UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)

6780: 3734: 3605:. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. 3355:

from the American continent." Jefferson To William Duane."

2846:

Robert W. Johannsen, "The Meaning of Manifest Destiny", in

2168:

displacement of Indigenous Americans in order to carry out

1897: 1867: 1708:

historian Reginald Horsman argued in his influential study

1578: 759:'s 1997 analysis of the political polarization between the 5264: 5250:

Cothran, Boyd (2014). "The Angels of Peace and Progress".

2923:. Vol. 86. United States Congress. 1846. p. 134. 1031:

border between British North America and the United States

931:

rather than regular troops. The American victories at the

6319:

The paranoid style in American politics: and other essays

5550:

The movement for the acquisition of all Mexico, 1846–1848

3429: 3363:. Library of America, 1891, reprinted 1986. p. 528. 2103: 1938:'Destiny' is not as manifest as it was a few weeks ago." 1858:, Spain relinquished sovereignty over Cuba and ceded the 1025:

Adams did much to further this idea. He orchestrated the

716:

provided an opportunity to create a new, better society:

131:(1835-1836) which resulted in a decisive victory for the 3479:"1820s – Continentalism | Savages & Scoundrels" 2099: 1475:

settlers in North Dakota in front of their homestead, a

1332:

on January 24, 1859, delivered an impassioned speech at

5726:. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 448. 4216:. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration 2708: 1089:

Manifest destiny played its most important role in the

6433:

Thomas Ap Catesby Jones: commodore of Manifest Destiny

5945:

Redeemer nation: the idea of America's millennial role

5362:"Manifest Destiny | Causes & Effects | Britannica" 5013:"Puerto Ricans nranted U.S. citizenship March 2, 1917" 2139:

habitat." "Scholars such as environmental sociologist

1795:

platform proclaimed: "We reaffirm our approval of the

811:

in 1803, which doubled the size of the United States,

59:

Cultural belief of 19th-century American expansionists

2957:

Yearbook. Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers

2529:

American Expansionism, 1783–1860: A Manifest Destiny?

1109:(in office 1841–1845) to divide the region along the 9461:

Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador

6463:

Collection: "Manifest Destiny and the American West"

5987:

Andrew Jackson: Symbol for an Age: Symbol for an Age

5505:. New York: Kessinger Publishing, LLC. p. 384. 2725:"A Divine Destiny for America by John L. O'Sullivan" 2186: 1597:

before becoming the modern State of Alaska in 1959.

1105:. The British rejected a proposal by U.S. President 1018:

as it looked prior to 1840. Painting from memory by

450:

because it meant the expansion of slavery in Texas.

9886:

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)

6294:Heidler, David Stephen; Heidler, Jeanne T. (2003). 5586:

Manifest Design: American Exceptionalism and Empire

5561:

Manifest manhood and the antebellum American empire

5332:"Sioux leader says Amazon is Dakotas 120 years ago" 5097:

Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II

4260:

An indigenous peoples' history of the United States

4214:"Teaching With Documents:The Homestead Act of 1862" 3642:(2). Organization of American Historians: 291–309. 3096:, University of Minnesota Press, pp. 123–131, 2835:

Manifest design: American exceptionalism and Empire

2502:

Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph Over Adversity, 1822–1865

1774:experienced a brief revival. Protestant missionary 1063:

Walter Hines Page School of International Relations

819:

mission: If the United States was successful as a "

6604:Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands (1986) 6358:. PhD dissertation, Kansas State University, 2011. 6329: 6316: 6251: 6218: 6194: 5919: 5896: 5840:Rossiter, Clinton (1950). "The American Mission". 5608: 5524:Hard facts: setting and form in the American novel 5521: 5482:. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 4414:. Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 180, 184, 189, 199. 3852:. New York: Simon & Schuster 2009, pp. 414–415 3237:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2784:See Julius Pratt, "The Origin Of 'Manifest Destiny 2418: 2416: 1854:to force Spain out. According to the terms of the 1766:mission of this Republic and its ultimate destiny. 337:" was a phrase that represented the belief in the 9914:UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP) 5394:The Early American Republic: A Documentary Reader 4472: 4323:"A History of Schooling for Alaska Native People" 3815: 3343:Habits of Empire: A History of American Expansion 2991: 2068:Environmental consequences for indigenous peoples 586:("the great experiment of liberty"). Because the 10084: 5786:Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History 5032:David, Charles Philippe; Grondin, David (2006). 4937:"Ruling America's Colonies: The 'Insular Cases'" 4664:, University of Minnesota Press, pp. 1–54, 4189:A Historical Atlas of America's Manifest Destiny 2592: 1736: 1556:entered into negotiations with Russian minister 1351:. Originally filibuster had come from the Dutch 9820:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 9491:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs 6221:West of Emerson: the design of Manifest Destiny 4424: 3091: 2429:. University Press of Kansas. pp. 101–26. 2413: 869: 845:served in the war with Mexico and later wrote: 9511:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 6293: 3560: 3222:"U.S. Grant, Memoir on the Mexican War (1885)" 3210:. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO. p. 145. 2749: 2020:as a core value associated with the doctrine. 1770:As the Civil War faded into history, the term 802: 682:The origin of the first theme, later known as 9322: 6657: 6487: 4359: 3297: 2408:Out of Many: A History of the American People 2164:. Critics argue it resulted in the forceful 2098:. Consider transferring direct quotations to 1097:had provided for the joint occupation of the 314: 9496:National Indigenous Organization of Colombia 9486:Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism 5207:Norgaard, Karie Marie (September 13, 2019). 5031: 4764:, 35 Cong., 2 sess., p. 705 (Feb. 2, 1859); 4308:Cornell Paperbacks, Cornell University Press 4257: 4019:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 11. 3972:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 43. 2756:United States Magazine and Democratic Review 2300:John Quincy Adams and American Global Empire 1544:decided to relinquish control of the ailing 1285:The controversy was eventually ended by the 1140:American westward expansion is idealized in 1068: 361:. It was one of the earliest expressions of 92:are displaced from their ancestral homeland. 5679: 5426:The Meaning of the Times and Other Speeches 5073:"The Religious Origins of Manifest Destiny" 4758:A Diplomatic History of the American People 4655: 4425:Finkelman, Paul; Kennon, Donald R. (2008). 3449: 1585:began in 1896. Originally organized as the 1147:Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way 1037:and in British and Canadian history as the 526:O'Sullivan was an influential advocate for 384:slavery in these new states and territories 23: 10153:Territorial evolution of the United States 10143:Political terminology of the United States 9329: 9315: 6664: 6650: 6503:Territorial expansion of the United States 6494: 6480: 6361:Merk, Frederick, and Lois Bannister Merk. 6314: 5873: 5429:. Indianapolis: The Bobbs–Merrill Company. 5329: 5187: 5120: 5058: 4427:Congress and the Emergence of Sectionalism 3508: 2689: 2494: 2492: 2358:(illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 1964: 1889:(1902) then established Cuba as a virtual 1878:He was defeated in landslide by McKinley. 1874:, who tried to make it a central issue in 1526:territorial expansion of the United States 891:territorial expansion of the United States 651:A New Map of Texas, Oregon, and California 321: 307: 24: 9752:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples 5761: 5740: 5654: 5557: 5422: 4986: 4934: 4841: 4394: 4320: 4124: 3861: 3741:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 139. 3535: 3496: 3021: 2892: 2880: 2853: 2847: 2638:"Who Coined the Phrase Manifest Destiny?" 2468: 2402: 2400: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2303:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 10173:Internal migrations in the United States 10093:1845 establishments in the United States 9742:National Institute of Indigenous Peoples 6408: 6272: 6216: 6209:Cheathem, Mark R. and Terry Corps, eds. 6092: 6008: 5839: 5433: 5206: 5175: 5174:; Wilson's version of manifest destiny: 4799:Official Manual of the State of Missouri 4670:10.5749/minnesota/9780816665778.003.0001 4409: 4305: 4142: 4039: 3965: 3822:. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 3710:The Mexican War—was it Manifest Destiny? 3636:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 3539: 3262: 3247: 3232: 3033: 2876: 2750:O'Sullivan, John L. (July–August 1845). 2446: 2444: 2292: 2290: 1983: 1973:", and continued by Lincoln, Wilson and 1837: 1740: 1691: 1626: 1519: 1509: 1467: 1364: 1276: 1135: 1009: 873: 645: 641: 514: 500:Most historians credit newspaper editor 357:, implying the inevitable spread of the 345:were destined to expand westward across 116: 95: 70: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 9862:UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 6599:Treaty of the Danish West Indies (1917) 6327: 6129: 6063: 5941: 5926:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 5848: 5606: 5582: 5454: 5249: 4698: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4443: 4066: 4052:California Historical Society Quarterly 3935: 3773: 3600: 3208:James K. Polk: A Biographical Companion 2865:Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy 2801: 2621: 2598: 2498: 2489: 2355:James K. Polk: A Biographical Companion 1833: 546:. In this article he urged the U.S. to 14: 10085: 9732:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada 6389: 6375:. University of North Carolina Press. 6164:. University of North Carolina Press. 6043:Victor, Frances Fuller (August 1869). 6042: 5930: 5917: 5903:. University of North Carolina Press. 5894: 5828: 5807: 5640:. Texas State Historical Association. 5633: 5546: 5519: 5500: 5475: 4861: 4784: 4714: 4712: 4582: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4549: 4547: 4507: 4462: 3954: 3889: 3873: 3769: 3735:Mark R. Cheathem; Terry Corps (2016). 3682:Victor, Frances Fuller (August 1869). 3681: 3669: 3596: 3594: 3205: 3175: 3009: 2654:. Texas State Historical Association. 2649: 2397: 2351: 2321: 994:in the 1840s. In 1811, Adams wrote to 893:from 1812 to 1867. This era, from the 618:". On January 3, 1846, Representative 106:, was a decisive battle action of the 10128:History of United States expansionism 9617:Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples 9516:Zapatista Army of National Liberation 9310: 8427: 8243:Bibliography of the American frontier 6671: 6645: 6475: 6429: 6249: 6192: 6158:Brown, Charles Henry (January 1980). 6157: 5962: 5411: 5390: 5330:San Martín, Inés (October 17, 2019). 5319:from the original on October 9, 2022. 5093: 5010: 4998: 4901: 4718: 4360:Watt-Cloutier, Sheila (May 1, 2018). 4253: 4251: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4181: 4138: 4136: 4106: 4078: 4060: 3916: 3785: 3633: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3383: 3356: 3252:. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. 3136: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3054: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 2817: 2743: 2441: 2296: 2287: 1992:construction and control) led to the 712:echoed this notion, arguing that the 426:. In contrast, the large majority of 8299:Cuisine of the Western United States 6467:University of Michigan Museum of Art 6046:"Manifest Destiny in the West" 5983: 5782: 5700: 4970: 4868:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 4845: 4824: 4623: 4496: 4327:Journal of American Indian Education 4239: 4090: 3761: 3685:"Manifest Destiny in the West" 3386:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 3250:Manifest Destiny: Westward Expansion 3190: 2997: 2674: 2583: 2552: 2422: 2336: 2262:"John Gast, American Progress, 1872" 2256: 2254: 2125:European colonization and settlement 2071: 1651:. In a policy formulated largely by 1483:the land for five years. Before the 736:further elaborated during Lincoln's 542:, in which he first used the phrase 10158:United States federal Indian policy 6584:Treaty of Cession of Tutuila (1900) 6368: 6036: 5721: 5547:Fuller, John Douglas Pitts (1936). 5342:from the original on August 3, 2020 4709: 4571: 4544: 4012: 3672:, p. 104; compass quote p. 84. 3591: 2525: 2162:genocide against indigenous peoples 1612: 1552:. In 1865, U.S. Secretary of State 1207: 702:. In his influential 1776 pamphlet 56: 9892:Convention on Biological Diversity 8035:Confederate Gulch and Diamond City 6589:Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa (1904) 6458:President Polk's Inaugural Address 6394:. University of Washington Press. 6254:The Presidency of William McKinley 6225:. University of California Press. 6031: 4248: 4228: 4133: 3545: 3080: 3039: 2861:"Exceptionalism: Manifest Destiny" 1994:separation of Panama from Colombia 1635:tribal territories color-coded by 626: 127:, was the final battle during the 57: 10189: 10138:19th century in the United States 9920:High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement) 8283:Timeline of the American Old West 6451: 5655:Johannsen, Robert Walter (1997). 5210:Salmon and Acorns Feed Our People 5121:Cunningham, Steven Clark (2021). 5070: 4910:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 4656:O'Brien, Jean M. (May 31, 2010), 4366:. University of Minnesota Press. 3467:from the original on May 9, 2015. 3265:Perspectives on Political Science 3143:Journal of Asian American Studies 2702: 2251: 1289:, which added the territories of 1252:declared independence from Mexico 1095:Anglo-American Convention of 1818 980: 386:. It is also associated with the 365:in the United States of America. 64:Manifest Destiny (disambiguation) 10178:White supremacy in North America 10059: 10058: 9772:Government of the Sakha Republic 9481:Indigenous Environmental Network 9362:Free, prior and informed consent 9291: 9290: 6612: 6182:. University of Nebraska Press. 6078:10.1111/j.0022-3840.2001.00111.x 5852:John L. O'Sullivan and his times 5680:Klinghoffer, Arthur Jay (2006). 5412:Bryan, William Jennings (1899). 5354: 5323: 5258: 5243: 5200: 5181: 5161: 5114: 5087: 5064: 5052: 5025: 5004: 4992: 4980: 4964: 4928: 4895: 4855: 4834: 4806: 4790: 4778: 4747: 4692: 4649: 4508:Ostler, Jeffrey (May 28, 2019). 4456: 4437: 4418: 3457:"Continental and Continentalism" 2908:Volume 7 Issue 1 (Jan 1848) p. 2 2904:"Prospectus of the New Series", 2189: 2076: 2054:interventions in the Middle East 1573:raised amid peals of artillery. 1457: 1315: 1239: 686:, was often traced to America's 10113:American political catchphrases 10046:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 9908:Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing 9592:Dakota Access Pipeline protests 7939:First transcontinental railroad 5948:. University of Chicago Press. 5011:Glass, Andrew (March 2, 2008). 4823:; context not clearly defined, 4484:. Thomas Jefferson's Monticello 4403: 4388: 4353: 4314: 4299: 4288: 4206: 4175: 4100: 4084: 4072: 4044: 4033: 4006: 3986: 3959: 3948: 3929: 3910: 3883: 3867: 3855: 3840: 3809: 3779: 3755: 3728: 3715: 3702: 3675: 3662: 3627: 3529: 3502: 3489: 3471: 3413: 3377: 3348: 3335: 3326: 3291: 3256: 3241: 3226: 3214: 3199: 3184: 3169: 3130: 3117: 3094:Speaking of Indigenous Politics 3027: 3015: 3003: 2978: 2965: 2949: 2936: 2927: 2911: 2898: 2886: 2870: 2840: 2827: 2811: 2778: 2683: 2668: 2643: 2631: 2615: 2577: 2546: 2519: 1789:1892 U.S. presidential election 1487:, Southern leaders opposed the 1131:1844 U.S. presidential election 1123:their colonies in North America 396:annexation of lands to the west 10133:International relations theory 9956:2009 Peruvian political crisis 9466:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples 5744:The Invention of Communication 5686:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 5663:Texas A&M University Press 5436:The American Historical Review 4399:. Outskirts Press. p. 97. 4258:Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne (2014). 3919:Journal of Mississippi History 2711:"A Divine Destiny For America" 2692:"The Great Nation of Futurity" 2532:. Routledge. pp. 62, 70. 2505:. Voyageur Press. p. 30. 2462: 2376: 2345: 1959:territory of the United States 1778:, in his best-seller of 1885, 957:Indian state in U.S. territory 908: 740:, in which he interpreted the 13: 1: 10148:Politics of the United States 9787:Council of Indigenous Peoples 6594:Annexation of Oklahoma (1906) 6409:Morrison, Michael A. (1999). 6354:McDonough, Matthew Davitian. 6193:Burns, Edward McNall (1957). 6095:Journal of the Early Republic 5832:The Black Abolitionist Papers 5808:Prucha, Francis Paul (1995). 5762:McDougall, Walter A. (1997). 5724:Manifest Destiny's Underworld 5704:Works of Thomas Jefferson, IX 5423:Beveridge, Albert J. (1908). 5100:. W. W. Norton. p. 217. 5038:. Ashgate. pp. 129–130. 4935:Torruella, Juan (Fall 2013). 4412:The Challenge of Eurocentrism 4395:Greenwood, Robert E. (2007). 4107:Burge, Daniel (August 2016). 3966:Morrison, Michael A. (2000). 3876:, pp. 119, 122, 162 and 3819:The Papers of John C. Calhoun 3723:Rhetoric & Public Affairs 3561:Gilio-Whitaker, Dina (2019). 3233:Morrison, Michael A. (1997). 2833:Quoted in Thomas R. Hietala, 2475:. Vintage Books. p. 51. 2239: 2155: 1737:Beyond mainland North America 1084: 638:America's Manifest Destiny." 359:Republican form of governance 9971:Expulsion of the Chagossians 8114:Battle of the Little Bighorn 6579:Tripartite Convention (1899) 6390:Miller, Christopher (1985). 6273:Graebner, Norman A. (1968). 6243:(U of Oklahoma Press, 2000) 5963:Weeks, William Earl (1996). 5942:Tuveson, Ernest Lee (1980). 5895:Stuart, Reginald C. (1988). 5391:Adams, Sean Patrick (2008). 5213:. Rutgers University Press. 5075:. National Humanities Center 4945:Yale Law & Policy Review 4143:Anderson, Hannah L. (2011). 4113:Western Historical Quarterly 3483:www.savagesandscoundrels.org 2988:, 54 (Spring 2012), 197–213. 2975:(Harvard UP, 1981) pp. 2, 3. 2709:O'Sullivan, John L. (1839). 2297:Weeks, William Earl (2002). 2244: 1818:advocated annexation of the 1814:For example, when President 1417:, a filibustering effort by 1189:Manifest Destiny in the West 1182:In 1869, American historian 870:Era of continental expansion 495: 454:served in and condemned the 256:Involvement in regime change 18:Annexation (O'Sullivan) 7: 9767:Government of Bashkortostan 9632:American Indian reservation 9501:Native American Rights Fund 8139:First Battle of Adobe Walls 8083:Long Branch Saloon gunfight 8078:Gunfight at the O.K. Corral 6569:Annexation of Hawaii (1898) 6258:. Regents Press of Kansas. 6015:. The Johns Hopkins Press. 5984:Ward, John William (1962). 5937:. Baker and Taylor Company. 5874:Stephanson, Anders (1996). 5857:Kent State University Press 5701:Ford, Paul L., ed. (2010). 5607:Hietala, Thomas R. (1985). 5583:Hietala, Thomas R. (2003). 4902:Beede, Benjamin R. (1994), 3206:Byrnes, Mark Eaton (2001). 2986:Journal of Church and State 2792:, (1927) 32#4, pp. 795–798 2599:Hidalgo, Dennis R. (2003). 2352:Byrnes, Mark Eaton (2001). 2270:City University of New York 2182: 1589:, the area was renamed the 1381:by the Honduran government. 1223:from Mexico and, after the 881:, painted above in 1816 by 803:Alternative interpretations 569:, O'Sullivan addressed the 110:(1846–1848) as part of the 10: 10194: 9722:Fundação Nacional do Índio 7894:Great Western Cattle Trail 6328:Horsman, Reginald (1981). 6066:Journal of Popular Culture 5741:Mattelart, Armand (1996). 5566:Cambridge University Press 5558:Greenberg, Amy S. (2005). 5383: 5274:Limnology and Oceanography 5194:Cambridge University Press 5188:Von Hippel, Karin (2000). 4699:Parkman, Francis (1913) . 4583:Miller, Robert J. (2017). 2959:vol. 13, 1987, pp. 25–35. 2790:American Historical Review 2469:Greenberg, Amy S. (2013). 2406:John Mack Faragher et al. 1616: 1536:. In the aftermath of the 1513: 1461: 1243: 912: 633:March to the West (Brazil) 630: 465: 422:, culminating in the 1846 400:1844 presidential election 339:19th-century United States 112:US conquest of California. 61: 10054: 9938: 9875: 9850: 9807: 9699: 9692: 9533: 9456:Assembly of First Nations 9441: 9349: 9286: 9255: 9222: 9204: 9156: 9103: 9035: 8962: 8934: 8881: 8823: 8791: 8748: 8730: 8707: 8659: 8606: 8573: 8525: 8472: 8434: 8423: 8291: 8230: 8177: 8096: 8053: 8015: 7982:Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine 7947: 7854: 7804:Rocky Mountain Rendezvous 7719: 7609: 7526:Frederick Russell Burnham 7516: 7366: 7260: 7129: 6966: 6959: 6686: 6679: 6621: 6610: 6524:Louisiana Purchase (1803) 6509: 6436:. Naval Institute Press. 6178:Burge, Daniel J. (2022). 5829:Ripley, Peter C. (1985). 5634:Hudson, Linda S. (2001). 5501:Greene, Laurence (2008). 4819:October 18, 2007, at the 4721:American Indian Quarterly 4514:. Yale University Press. 4321:Barnhardt, Carol (2001). 3708:Ramon Eduardo Ruiz, ed., 3565:. Boston, Massachusetts: 3277:10.1080/10457091003685019 3137:Chang, Gordon H. (2012). 2762:(1): 5–11. Archived from 2650:Hudson, Linda S. (2001). 1719:The Conspiracy of Pontiac 1710:Race and Manifest Destiny 1504:environmental degradation 1435:issues that played a role 1075:transcontinental railroad 1069:Transcontinental railroad 903:continental United States 487:expansionism, be it into 103:Battle of Río San Gabriel 10123:History of North America 9946:Chechen–Russian conflict 9797:Bureau of Indian Affairs 7323:"Mysterious Dave" Mather 6559:Guano Islands Act (1856) 6534:Adams–Onís Treaty (1819) 6529:Red River Cession (1818) 6514:Thirteen Colonies (1776) 6365:. New York: Knopf, 1963. 6338:Harvard University Press 6250:Gould, Lewis L. (1980). 6203:Rutgers University Press 6151: 5849:Sampson, Robert (2003). 5791:Harvard University Press 5783:Merk, Frederick (1963). 5747:. U of Minnesota Press. 5617:Cornell University Press 5605:Previously published as 5591:Cornell University Press 4433:. pp. 15, 141, 254. 4182:Favor, Lesli J. (2005). 3795:. Oxford UP. p. 6. 3248:Mountjoy, Shane (2009). 2906:The American Whig Review 2499:Simpson, Brooks (2014). 2096:summarize the quotations 1955:Guam Organic Act of 1950 1924:revolutionary government 1745:Newspaper reporting the 1281:Growth from 1840 to 1850 1165:fight the British Empire 1029:, which established the 821:shining city upon a hill 655:Samuel Augustus Mitchell 571:ongoing boundary dispute 39:latest accepted revision 10098:American exceptionalism 9991:Little Danes experiment 9777:Government of Tatarstan 9444:political organizations 8124:Battle of Washita River 8109:Battle of Glorieta Pass 7987:Lost Ship of the Desert 7929:Southern Emigrant Trail 7889:Great Platte River Road 7556:George Armstrong Custer 7348:William "Bill" Tilghman 6861:Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth) 6554:Gadsden Purchase (1853) 6539:Texas Annexation (1845) 6430:Smith, Gene A. (2000). 6369:May, Robert E. (2002). 6217:Fresonke, Kris (2003). 5992:Oxford University Press 5931:Strong, Josiah (1885). 5814:. U of Nebraska Press. 5722:May, Robert E. (2004). 5530:Oxford University Press 5520:Fisher, Philip (1985). 5476:Cheery, Conrad (1998). 5455:Crocker, H. W. (2006). 5094:Dower, John W. (2000). 4013:May, Robert E. (2004). 2920:The Congressional Globe 2410:, (2nd ed. 1997) p. 413 2127:, according to scholar 1965:Legacy and consequences 1928:Philippine–American War 1091:Oregon boundary dispute 1047:Transcontinental Treaty 791:According to historian 690:heritage, particularly 684:American exceptionalism 473:American exceptionalism 408:Oregon boundary dispute 351:American exceptionalism 144:expansion and influence 9976:High Arctic relocation 9878:Declarations of Rights 9575:Cultural appropriation 9506:Survival International 8334:Rocky Mountain oysters 6574:Treaty of Paris (1898) 6564:Alaska Purchase (1867) 6549:Mexican Cession (1848) 6519:Treaty of Paris (1783) 6239:Goetzmann, William H. 6213:(2nd ed. 2016), 544 pp 5553:. Johns Hopkins Press. 4184:"6. Settling the West" 4054:12.4 (1933): 318–322. 3601:Cothran, Boyd (2014). 3176:Witham, Larry (2007). 3155:10.1353/jaas.2012.0012 2859:McCrisken, Trevor B., 2452:"29. Manifest Destiny" 2435:10.2307/j.ctt22rbjjz.8 2281:June 15, 2014, at the 2266:Picturing U.S. History 2233:Young America movement 2227:The White Man's Burden 2034: 1997: 1932:William Jennings Bryan 1893:of the United States. 1872:William Jennings Bryan 1847: 1768: 1754: 1716:, whose landmark book 1700: 1686: 1676: 1639: 1542:Alexander II of Russia 1540:in the 1850s, Emperor 1529: 1479: 1446:should be the rule of 1382: 1349:military filibustering 1282: 1271: 1246:All of Mexico Movement 1205: 1151: 1049:in 1819, transferring 1022: 1008: 978: 966: 925:Native American tribes 886: 852: 774: 722: 676: 658: 580: 523: 504:with coining the term 136: 114: 93: 9981:Human rights in Tibet 9708:Aotearoa-New Zealand 9602:Fortress conservation 9404:Traditional knowledge 9367:Intellectual property 8169:Wounded Knee Massacre 8119:Battle of San Jacinto 8088:Variety Hall shootout 8063:Battle of Coffeyville 8045:Pike's Peak Gold Rush 8025:Black Hills Gold Rush 7702:Thomas William Sweeny 7566:Samuel P. Heintzelman 7343:John Horton Slaughter 7237:Richens Lacey Wootton 6771:Five Civilized Tribes 5918:Somkin, Fred (1967). 4558:founders.archives.gov 4450:Yale University Press 4444:Kiernan, Ben (2007). 4431:Ohio University Press 3357:Adams, Henry (1986). 3102:10.5749/j.ctv8j71d.14 2867:(2002), Vol. 2, p. 68 2030: 1987: 1841: 1763: 1744: 1724:French and Indian War 1695: 1681: 1672: 1630: 1523: 1510:Acquisition of Alaska 1471: 1368: 1280: 1266: 1221:declared independence 1200: 1184:Frances Fuller Victor 1139: 1013: 1000: 974: 961: 913:Further information: 899:acquisition of Alaska 883:Charles Robert Leslie 877: 850:additional territory. 847: 769: 718: 668: 649: 642:Themes and influences 575: 567:New York Morning News 518: 246:Foreign interventions 214:Military bases abroad 162:Territorial evolution 124:Battle of San Jacinto 120: 99: 74: 10108:American nationalism 10103:American imperialism 10005:Residential schools 9951:Sri Lankan Civil War 9693:Legal representation 9662:Urban Indian reserve 9551:Internal colonialism 9442:Non-governmental and 9397:in the United States 9224:Washington Territory 8964:New Mexico Territory 8329:Pacific Northwestern 8248:Cowboys and cowgirls 8030:California Gold Rush 8007:Seven Cities of Gold 7992:Montezuma's treasure 7799:One-room schoolhouse 7647:George E. Goodfellow 7541:Texas Jack Omohundro 7384:"Curly Bill" Brocius 7182:Liver-Eating Johnson 7157:Tomás Vélez Cachupín 6711:Assiniboine (Nakota) 6544:Oregon Treaty (1846) 5842:The American Scholar 5768:. Houghton Mifflin. 5168:"Safe for democracy" 4844:, pp. 112–113; 4662:Firsting and Lasting 4601:10.2139/ssrn.3541299 4452:. pp. 328, 330. 4372:10.5749/j.ctt2204r9f 4363:The Right to Be Cold 3308:. ABC-CLIO. p. 3055:Estes, Nick (2021), 2946:109 (1989): 141-155. 2766:on November 25, 2005 2721:on October 16, 2004. 2197:United States portal 2058:American imperialism 1947:Tydings–McDuffie Act 1852:Spanish–American War 1834:Spanish–American War 1697:Across The Continent 1607:Sheila Watt-Cloutier 1587:Department of Alaska 1569:was lowered and the 1497:Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz 1359:New-York Daily Times 1161:Mexican–American War 1045:. He negotiated the 937:Battle of the Thames 864:Eulogy to Henry Clay 601:Mexican–American War 584:republican democracy 528:Jacksonian democracy 477:Romantic nationalism 456:Mexican–American War 424:Mexican–American War 392:Indigenous Americans 363:American imperialism 355:Romantic nationalism 209:Military deployments 108:Mexican–American War 90:Indigenous Americans 62:For other uses, see 9556:Settler colonialism 8212:Pleasant Valley War 8154:Sand Creek massacre 8104:Battle of the Alamo 7977:Long Tom's treasure 7672:Octaviano Larrazolo 7586:Ranald S. Mackenzie 7536:"Buffalo Bill" Cody 7247:"Old Bill" Williams 7197:William John Murphy 6415:. UNC Press Books. 6300:. Greenwood Press. 5707:. Cosmo Press Inc. 5448:10.1086/ahr/47.1.23 5415:Republic or Empire? 5397:. Wiley–Blackwell. 5286:2020LimOc..65.1921G 5219:10.2307/j.ctvscxrxd 4840:McKinley quoted in 4520:10.2307/j.ctvgc629z 4149:The History Teacher 4081:, pp. 144–152. 3725:4#3 (2001): 459–93. 3461:Sociology Index.com 3180:. New York: Harper. 2731:on October 16, 2004 2553:Howe, D.W. (2007). 2423:Dahl, Adam (2018). 2129:Dina Gilio-Whitaker 2089:too many quotations 2010:Roosevelt Corollary 1919:Albert J. Beveridge 1896:The acquisition of 1731:Dina Gilio-Whitaker 1623:California genocide 1595:Territory of Alaska 1340:and the continued " 1229:annexation of Texas 1144:'s famous painting 1079:Dina Gilio-Whitaker 1020:Alfred Jacob Miller 992:Polk administration 933:Battle of Lake Erie 905:as they are today. 780:Johnson v. McIntosh 714:American Revolution 612:Polk administration 471:the era, including 241:Non-interventionism 199:Military operations 29:Page version status 10041:Stolen Generations 9842:BBNJ ABS Committee 9597:Discovery doctrine 9541:Civilizing mission 9382:Self-determination 9037:Oklahoma Territory 8222:Sutton–Taylor feud 8202:Lincoln County War 8197:Johnson County War 8097:Military conflicts 8040:Klondike Gold Rush 7841:Westward expansion 7662:Zephaniah Kingsley 7436:John Wesley Hardin 7333:George Scarborough 7313:"Wild Bill" Hickok 7202:John Wesley Powell 6088:. Fulltext: Ebsco. 5366:www.britannica.com 5139:10.1111/soc4.12946 4787:, pp. 107–108 4637:. October 20, 2016 4511:Surviving Genocide 4126:10.1093/whq/whw087 3999:The New York Times 3300:Beisner, Robert L. 3000:, pp. 315–319 2971:Reginald Horsman, 2944:Revista Geográfica 2690:O'Sullivan, John. 2601:"Manifest Destiny" 2526:Joy, Mark (2014). 2211:Civilizing mission 2170:colonial expansion 2039:self-determination 2006:Theodore Roosevelt 1998: 1876:the 1900 election. 1860:Philippine Islands 1848: 1820:Republic of Hawaii 1809:overseas expansion 1755: 1751:Republic of Hawaii 1701: 1649:Indigenous peoples 1640: 1591:District of Alaska 1583:Klondike Gold Rush 1530: 1485:American Civil War 1480: 1383: 1283: 1152: 1043:Columbia Districts 1023: 988:Louisiana Purchase 887: 833:Alexander Stephens 809:Louisiana Purchase 742:American Civil War 738:Gettysburg Address 659: 588:British government 524: 520:John L. O'Sullivan 460:Daniel Walker Howe 295:America's Backyard 137: 115: 94: 35: 10080: 10079: 10065:Indigenous rights 9934: 9933: 9867:Indigenous Caucus 9808:Intergovernmental 9657:Russian republics 9627:Autonomous okrugs 9476:Cultural Survival 9304: 9303: 9282: 9281: 9278: 9277: 9257:Wyoming Territory 8825:Montana Territory 8661:Florida Territory 8474:Arizona Territory 8361:Western lifestyle 8192:Earp-Clanton feud 8134:Chimayó Rebellion 8068:Battle of Lincoln 7874:Butterfield Trail 7824:Vigilante justice 7715: 7714: 7642:John Joel Glanton 7627:Jonathan R. Davis 7622:William H. Boring 7227:Trinidad Swilling 6816:Lenape (Delaware) 6741:Chippewa (Ojibwe) 6673:American frontier 6639: 6638: 6443:978-1-55750-848-5 6422:978-0-8078-4796-1 6382:978-0-8078-2703-1 6347:978-0-674-94805-1 6307:978-0-313-32308-9 6286:978-0-672-50986-5 6279:. Bobbs–Merrill. 6265:978-0-7006-0206-3 6232:978-0-520-23185-6 6171:978-0-8078-1361-4 6022:978-0-404-14706-8 6001:978-0-19-992320-5 5976:978-1-56663-135-8 5955:978-0-226-81921-1 5910:978-0-8078-1767-4 5887:978-0-8090-1584-9 5880:. Hill and Wang. 5866:978-0-87338-745-3 5821:978-0-8032-8734-1 5800:978-0-674-54805-3 5775:978-0-395-83085-7 5754:978-0-8166-2697-7 5733:978-0-8078-5581-2 5714:978-1-61640-210-5 5693:978-0-275-99135-7 5672:978-0-89096-756-0 5647:978-0-87611-179-6 5626:978-0-8014-1735-1 5600:978-0-8014-8846-7 5575:978-0-521-84096-5 5539:978-0-19-503528-5 5512:978-1-4366-9531-2 5493:978-0-8078-4754-1 5468:978-1-4000-5363-6 5404:978-1-4051-6098-8 5294:10.1002/lno.11428 5228:978-0-8135-8422-5 5127:Sociology Compass 4921:978-0-8240-5624-7 4863:Bailey, Thomas A. 4812:Republican Party 4529:978-0-300-24526-4 4381:978-1-4529-5796-8 4273:978-0-8070-0040-3 3892:Louisiana History 3864:, pp. 87–95. 3846:Merry, Robert W. 3833:978-1-57003-306-3 3712:(Harcourt, 1963). 3612:978-1-4696-1861-6 3576:978-0-8070-7378-0 3319:978-1-57607-080-2 3066:979-8-200-34888-6 3024:, pp. 18–19. 2570:978-0-19-972657-8 2314:978-0-8131-9058-7 2276:on June 15, 2014. 2206:Christian mission 2121: 2120: 1979:Douglas MacArthur 1971:Empire of Liberty 1909:validated by the 1558:Eduard de Stoeckl 1554:William H. Seward 1429:Filibusters like 1218:Republic of Texas 941:John Quincy Adams 879:John Quincy Adams 728:, in a letter to 616:right of conquest 610:opponents of the 552:Republic of Texas 540:Democratic Review 444:John Quincy Adams 343:American settlers 331: 330: 167:American frontier 77:American Progress 47:23 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 10185: 10168:1840s quotations 10163:1840s neologisms 10062: 10061: 9996:Mapuche conflict 9966:Chiapas conflict 9961:Alta controversy 9939:Historical cases 9697: 9696: 9679:Rainbow Warriors 9669:Manifest destiny 9357:Ancestral domain 9331: 9324: 9317: 9308: 9307: 9294: 9293: 9105:Oregon Territory 9042:Indian Territory 8608:Dakota Territory 8432: 8431: 8425: 8424: 8324:New Mexico chile 8207:Mason County War 8164:Texas Revolution 8129:Bear Flag Revolt 7879:California Trail 7789:Manifest destiny 7721:Frontier culture 7617:John Jacob Astor 7591:Charley Reynolds 7491:Younger Brothers 7471:Joaquin Murrieta 7358:Harry C. Wheeler 7353:James Timberlake 7242:Henry Wickenburg 7187:Meriwether Lewis 7106:Touch the Clouds 6968:Native Americans 6964: 6963: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6643: 6642: 6630:Manifest destiny 6616: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6473: 6472: 6447: 6426: 6405: 6386: 6351: 6335: 6324: 6322: 6311: 6297:Manifest Destiny 6290: 6276:Manifest destiny 6269: 6257: 6236: 6224: 6206: 6200: 6175: 6147: 6138:(1–3): 129–144. 6126: 6089: 6060: 6052:Overland Monthly 6048: 6037:Journal articles 6026: 6005: 5980: 5959: 5938: 5927: 5925: 5914: 5902: 5891: 5870: 5845: 5836: 5825: 5804: 5779: 5758: 5737: 5718: 5697: 5676: 5651: 5630: 5614: 5604: 5579: 5554: 5543: 5527: 5516: 5497: 5479:God's New Israel 5472: 5451: 5430: 5419: 5408: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5280:(8): 1921–1935. 5271: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5252:American Studies 5247: 5241: 5240: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5185: 5179: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4941: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4859: 4853: 4838: 4832: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4754:Thomas A. 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March 4, 1854. 3994:"A Critical Day" 3990: 3984: 3983: 3963: 3957: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3887: 3881: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3783: 3777: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3732: 3726: 3719: 3713: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3691:Overland Monthly 3687: 3679: 3673: 3668:Treaty popular: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3598: 3589: 3588: 3558: 3543: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3506: 3500: 3495:Adams quoted in 3493: 3487: 3486: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3433:. Archived from 3417: 3411: 3410:quote on p. 507. 3409: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3352: 3346: 3345:(2008) pp 73–79. 3339: 3333: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3203: 3197: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3134: 3128: 3123:Dorceta Taylor, 3121: 3115: 3114: 3089: 3078: 3077: 3052: 3037: 3036:, pp. 19–20 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3012:, pp. 68–69 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2982: 2976: 2969: 2963: 2953: 2947: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2915: 2909: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2874: 2868: 2857: 2851: 2844: 2838: 2831: 2825: 2815: 2809: 2787: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2727:. Archived from 2722: 2717:. Archived from 2706: 2700: 2699: 2687: 2681: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2596: 2590: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2496: 2487: 2486: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2458:. USHistory.org. 2456:American History 2448: 2439: 2438: 2420: 2411: 2404: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2349: 2343: 2334: 2319: 2318: 2294: 2285: 2277: 2272:. Archived from 2258: 2199: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2177:extensive empire 2166:settler-colonial 2116: 2113: 2107: 2080: 2079: 2072: 2063: 2002:manifest destiny 1951:Treaty of Manila 1937: 1883:Teller Amendment 1824:Grover Cleveland 1816:William McKinley 1793:Republican Party 1772:manifest destiny 1704:social stress." 1662:Thomas Jefferson 1657:Secretary of War 1637:linguistic group 1613:Native Americans 1423:Ostend Manifesto 1411:Millard Fillmore 1225:Texas Revolution 1208:Mexico and Texas 1195:Overland Monthly 1178: 990:in 1803 and the 843:Ulysses S. Grant 813:Thomas Jefferson 761:Democratic Party 750:Clinton Rossiter 726:Thomas Jefferson 696:City upon a Hill 544:manifest destiny 532:Julian Hawthorne 506:manifest destiny 452:Ulysses S. Grant 440:Ulysses S. Grant 404:Democratic Party 390:displacement of 388:settler-colonial 335:Manifest destiny 323: 316: 309: 290:American Century 194:Military history 157:Manifest destiny 139: 138: 129:Texas revolution 21: 10193: 10192: 10188: 10187: 10186: 10184: 10183: 10182: 10083: 10082: 10081: 10076: 10071:Minority rights 10050: 10036:San controversy 9930: 9904:Nagoya Protocol 9877: 9871: 9854: 9852: 9846: 9809: 9803: 9701: 9688: 9529: 9443: 9437: 9345: 9343:minority rights 9335: 9305: 9300: 9274: 9251: 9218: 9200: 9152: 9099: 9039: 9031: 8958: 8930: 8877: 8819: 8787: 8744: 8726: 8709:Idaho Territory 8703: 8655: 8602: 8569: 8521: 8468: 8419: 8314:Native American 8287: 8238:Arizona Rangers 8226: 8181: 8173: 8092: 8073:Frisco shootout 8049: 8011: 7957:Dead man's hand 7943: 7856: 7850: 7846:Wild West shows 7754:Cattle rustling 7711: 7697:Sedona Schnebly 7682:Sylvester Mowry 7605: 7596:Philip Sheridan 7546:James C. Cooney 7518: 7512: 7404:Dalton Brothers 7362: 7273:Charlie Bassett 7256: 7177:John C. Frémont 7131: 7125: 7091:Snapping Turtle 6955: 6906:Southern Paiute 6871:Pend d'Oreilles 6856:Northern Paiute 6682: 6675: 6670: 6640: 6635: 6617: 6608: 6505: 6500: 6454: 6444: 6423: 6402: 6383: 6348: 6308: 6287: 6266: 6233: 6172: 6154: 6107:10.2307/3124986 6039: 6034: 6032:Further reading 6029: 6023: 6002: 5977: 5969:. Ivan R. Dee. 5956: 5911: 5888: 5867: 5822: 5801: 5776: 5755: 5734: 5715: 5694: 5673: 5648: 5627: 5601: 5576: 5540: 5513: 5494: 5469: 5461:. Crown Forum. 5405: 5386: 5381: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5345: 5343: 5328: 5324: 5316: 5269: 5263: 5259: 5248: 5244: 5229: 5205: 5201: 5186: 5182: 5166: 5162: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5071:Scott, Donald. 5069: 5065: 5059:Stephanson 1996 5057: 5053: 5046: 5030: 5026: 5009: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4969: 4965: 4939: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4900: 4896: 4881:10.2307/1891336 4860: 4856: 4839: 4835: 4821:Wayback Machine 4811: 4807: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4773:The Zinn Reader 4752: 4748: 4733:10.2307/1185599 4717: 4710: 4697: 4693: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4654: 4650: 4640: 4638: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4581: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4553: 4552: 4545: 4530: 4506: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4461: 4457: 4442: 4438: 4423: 4419: 4408: 4404: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4358: 4354: 4319: 4315: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4289: 4274: 4256: 4249: 4238: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4200: 4180: 4176: 4141: 4134: 4105: 4101: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4011: 4007: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3949: 3934: 3930: 3915: 3911: 3888: 3884: 3872: 3868: 3860: 3856: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3784: 3780: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3733: 3729: 3720: 3716: 3707: 3703: 3680: 3676: 3667: 3663: 3648:10.2307/1887191 3632: 3628: 3613: 3599: 3592: 3577: 3559: 3546: 3534: 3530: 3507: 3503: 3494: 3490: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3440: 3438: 3437:on July 5, 2017 3423:The War of 1812 3419: 3418: 3414: 3398:10.2307/1896318 3382: 3378: 3371: 3353: 3349: 3341:Walter Nugent, 3340: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3296: 3292: 3261: 3257: 3246: 3242: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3204: 3200: 3189: 3185: 3174: 3170: 3135: 3131: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3090: 3081: 3067: 3053: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3008: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2983: 2979: 2970: 2966: 2954: 2950: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2879:, p. 145; 2875: 2871: 2858: 2854: 2845: 2841: 2832: 2828: 2816: 2812: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2748: 2744: 2734: 2732: 2723: 2707: 2703: 2688: 2684: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2620: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2597: 2593: 2582: 2578: 2571: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2497: 2490: 2483: 2467: 2463: 2450: 2449: 2442: 2421: 2414: 2405: 2398: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2370: 2350: 2346: 2335: 2322: 2315: 2295: 2288: 2283:Wayback Machine 2260: 2259: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2216:Frontier Thesis 2195: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2158: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2102:or excerpts to 2093: 2081: 2077: 2070: 2061: 2018:interventionism 2014:Monroe Doctrine 1967: 1935: 1887:Platt Amendment 1856:Treaty of Paris 1836: 1797:Monroe doctrine 1739: 1714:Francis Parkman 1633:Native American 1625: 1615: 1546:Russian America 1518: 1516:Alaska Purchase 1512: 1466: 1460: 1419:John A. Quitman 1415:Franklin Pierce 1330:Sarah P. Remond 1318: 1291:Alta California 1287:Mexican Cession 1261:John C. Calhoun 1248: 1242: 1216:. In 1836, the 1210: 1176: 1173:Reginald Stuart 1087: 1071: 1055:Monroe Doctrine 983: 953:Treaty of Ghent 949:Albert Gallatin 917: 911: 872: 805: 644: 635: 629: 627:Brazil's Amazon 620:Robert Winthrop 530:, described by 502:John O'Sullivan 498: 468: 436:Abraham Lincoln 327: 265: 251:Monroe Doctrine 218: 181: 172:Alaska Purchase 143: 142:History of U.S. 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10191: 10181: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10078: 10077: 10075: 10074: 10055: 10052: 10051: 10049: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10027: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9986:Indian removal 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9942: 9940: 9936: 9935: 9932: 9931: 9929: 9928: 9922: 9916: 9910: 9900: 9894: 9888: 9881: 9879: 9873: 9872: 9870: 9869: 9864: 9858: 9856: 9851:Indigenous-led 9848: 9847: 9845: 9844: 9839: 9838: 9837: 9829: 9827:Arctic Council 9824: 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8657: 8656: 8654: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8612: 8610: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8579: 8577: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8531: 8529: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8478: 8476: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8440: 8438: 8429: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8417: 8416: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8346:Gothic Western 8343: 8342: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8295: 8293: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8234: 8232: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8188: 8186: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8100: 8098: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8059: 8057: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8021: 8019: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7953: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7924:Santa Fe Trail 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7884:Chisholm Trail 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7860: 7858: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7837: 7836: 7829:Western saloon 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7729:American bison 7725: 7723: 7717: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7687:Emperor Norton 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7657:Andrew Jackson 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7522: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7510: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7370: 7368: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7217:Jedediah Smith 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7138: 7136: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6972: 6970: 6961: 6960:Notable people 6957: 6956: 6954: 6953: 6951:Yuma (Quechan) 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6911:Tohono Oʼodham 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6692: 6690: 6688:Native Nations 6684: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6669: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6646: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6499: 6498: 6491: 6484: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6460: 6453: 6452:External links 6450: 6449: 6448: 6442: 6427: 6421: 6406: 6400: 6387: 6381: 6366: 6359: 6352: 6346: 6325: 6312: 6306: 6291: 6285: 6270: 6264: 6247: 6237: 6231: 6214: 6207: 6190: 6188:978-1496228079 6176: 6170: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6127: 6090: 6072:(2): 111–127. 6061: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6021: 6006: 6000: 5981: 5975: 5960: 5954: 5939: 5928: 5915: 5909: 5892: 5886: 5871: 5865: 5846: 5837: 5826: 5820: 5805: 5799: 5780: 5774: 5759: 5753: 5738: 5732: 5719: 5713: 5698: 5692: 5677: 5671: 5652: 5646: 5631: 5625: 5599: 5580: 5574: 5555: 5544: 5538: 5517: 5511: 5503:The Filibuster 5498: 5492: 5473: 5467: 5452: 5431: 5420: 5409: 5403: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5353: 5322: 5257: 5242: 5227: 5199: 5180: 5178:, p. 471. 5160: 5133:(12): e12946. 5113: 5107:978-0393345247 5106: 5086: 5063: 5051: 5045:978-1409495628 5044: 5024: 5003: 4991: 4987:Beveridge 1908 4979: 4963: 4927: 4920: 4894: 4854: 4842:McDougall 1997 4833: 4805: 4789: 4777: 4746: 4727:(3): 423–450. 4708: 4691: 4679:978-0816665778 4678: 4648: 4622: 4570: 4543: 4528: 4495: 4471: 4455: 4436: 4417: 4402: 4387: 4380: 4352: 4313: 4298: 4287: 4272: 4247: 4227: 4205: 4199:978-1404202016 4198: 4174: 4155:(1): 117–137. 4132: 4119:(3): 283–302. 4099: 4083: 4071: 4069:, p. 150. 4059: 4043: 4032: 4026:978-0807855812 4025: 4005: 3985: 3979:978-0807864326 3978: 3958: 3947: 3938:Kansas History 3928: 3909: 3882: 3866: 3862:McDougall 1997 3854: 3839: 3832: 3808: 3802:978-0199754076 3801: 3787:Reeve, W. Paul 3778: 3754: 3748:978-1442273207 3747: 3727: 3714: 3701: 3674: 3661: 3626: 3611: 3590: 3575: 3544: 3542:, p. 109. 3538:, p. 74; 3536:McDougall 1997 3528: 3501: 3497:McDougall 1997 3488: 3470: 3448: 3412: 3392:(4): 499–510. 3376: 3370:978-0940450356 3369: 3347: 3334: 3325: 3318: 3298:Hanson, Kurt; 3290: 3271:(2): 108–117. 3255: 3240: 3225: 3213: 3198: 3183: 3168: 3149:(2): 145–169. 3129: 3116: 3111:978-1452957142 3110: 3079: 3065: 3038: 3026: 3022:Johannsen 1997 3014: 3002: 2990: 2977: 2964: 2948: 2935: 2926: 2910: 2897: 2893:Johannsen 1997 2885: 2881:Johannsen 1997 2869: 2852: 2848:Johannsen 1997 2839: 2826: 2810: 2777: 2742: 2701: 2682: 2667: 2660: 2642: 2630: 2614: 2591: 2576: 2569: 2545: 2539:978-1317878452 2538: 2518: 2512:978-0760346969 2511: 2488: 2482:978-0307475992 2481: 2461: 2440: 2412: 2396: 2375: 2369:978-1576070567 2368: 2344: 2320: 2313: 2286: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2184: 2181: 2157: 2154: 2119: 2118: 2084: 2082: 2075: 2069: 2066: 1975:George W. Bush 1966: 1963: 1835: 1832: 1738: 1735: 1645:Indian removal 1619:Indian removal 1614: 1611: 1550:United Kingdom 1514:Main article: 1511: 1508: 1489:Homestead Acts 1464:Homestead Acts 1462:Main article: 1459: 1456: 1431:William Walker 1407:Zachary Taylor 1396:Spanish Empire 1371:William Walker 1338:Wilmot Proviso 1317: 1314: 1302:Frederick Merk 1244:Main article: 1241: 1238: 1209: 1206: 1142:Emanuel Leutze 1115:Columbia River 1099:Oregon Country 1086: 1083: 1070: 1067: 1035:Oregon Country 1027:Treaty of 1818 982: 981:Continentalism 979: 970:Henry Goulburn 929:state militias 910: 907: 871: 868: 837:President Polk 804: 801: 793:Dorceta Taylor 672:continentalism 663:Frederick Merk 643: 640: 631:Main article: 628: 625: 497: 494: 481:Andrew Jackson 467: 464: 430:and prominent 380: 379: 376: 373: 329: 328: 326: 325: 318: 311: 303: 300: 299: 298: 297: 292: 287: 280: 278:Exceptionalism 272: 271: 267: 266: 264: 263: 253: 248: 243: 238: 236:Foreign policy 233: 225: 224: 223:Foreign policy 220: 219: 217: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 188: 187: 183: 182: 180: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 151: 150: 146: 145: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10190: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10073: 10072: 10067: 10066: 10057: 10056: 10053: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10025: 10024:United States 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10006: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9943: 9941: 9937: 9927: 9923: 9921: 9917: 9915: 9911: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9899: 9895: 9893: 9889: 9887: 9883: 9882: 9880: 9874: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9853:international 9849: 9843: 9840: 9836: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9821: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9806: 9798: 9795: 9794: 9792: 9788: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9747: 9743: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9733: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9723: 9720: 9719: 9717: 9713: 9710: 9709: 9707: 9706: 9704: 9698: 9695: 9691: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9637:Indian colony 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9619: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9576: 9573: 9569: 9566: 9565: 9564: 9561: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9548: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9538: 9536: 9532: 9525: 9524: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9440: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9423: 9422: 9421:Treaty rights 9419: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9406: 9405: 9402: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9384: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9354: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9340: 9332: 9327: 9325: 9320: 9318: 9313: 9312: 9309: 9297: 9289: 9288: 9285: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9254: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9237:Port Townsend 9235: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9221: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9209: 9207: 9203: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9159: 9155: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9110: 9108: 9106: 9102: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9065:Oklahoma City 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9038: 9034: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8961: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8949:Virginia City 8947: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8937: 8933: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8906:Nebraska City 8904: 8902: 8901:Fort Robinson 8899: 8897: 8896:Fort Atkinson 8894: 8892: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8880: 8874: 8873:Virginia City 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8822: 8816: 8815: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8798: 8796: 8794: 8790: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8747: 8741: 8740:Fort Dearborn 8738: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8729: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8706: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8689:St. Augustine 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8658: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8646:Standing Rock 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8605: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8576: 8572: 8566: 8565:San Francisco 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8528: 8524: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8482:Canyon Diablo 8480: 8479: 8477: 8475: 8471: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8439: 8437: 8433: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8414: 8413:Snap fastener 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8394: 8391: 8387: 8386:Texas country 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8367: 8366:Western music 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8356:Western genre 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8301: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8290: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8229: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8180: 8176: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8159:Seminole Wars 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8095: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8014: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7946: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7869:Bozeman Trail 7867: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7819:Train robbery 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7749:Cowboy poetry 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7632:George Flavel 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7608: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7576:Calamity Jane 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7515: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7461:Frank McLaury 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7394:Billy Clanton 7392: 7390: 7389:Butch Cassidy 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7374:Billy the Kid 7372: 7371: 7369: 7365: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7318:Bat Masterson 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7298:Henry Garfias 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7253: 7252:Brigham Young 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7232:Ora Rush Weed 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7222:Jack Swilling 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7167:Davy Crockett 7165: 7163: 7162:William Clark 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7135: 7128: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7096:Standing Bear 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7061:Quanah Parker 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6965: 6962: 6958: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6685: 6678: 6674: 6667: 6662: 6660: 6655: 6653: 6648: 6647: 6644: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6615: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6497: 6492: 6490: 6485: 6483: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6445: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6414: 6413: 6407: 6403: 6401:0-295-98302-7 6397: 6393: 6388: 6384: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6333: 6326: 6321: 6320: 6313: 6309: 6303: 6299: 6298: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6278: 6277: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6256: 6255: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6228: 6223: 6222: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6199: 6198: 6191: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6163: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6024: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6007: 6003: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5968: 5967: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5947: 5946: 5940: 5936: 5935: 5929: 5924: 5923: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5901: 5900: 5893: 5889: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5847: 5843: 5838: 5834: 5833: 5827: 5823: 5817: 5813: 5812: 5806: 5802: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5787: 5781: 5777: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5760: 5756: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5725: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5659: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5618: 5613: 5612: 5602: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5587: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5562: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5545: 5541: 5535: 5531: 5526: 5525: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5480: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5460: 5459: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5396: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5326: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5253: 5246: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5176:Weinberg 1935 5173: 5169: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5117: 5109: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5090: 5074: 5067: 5060: 5055: 5047: 5041: 5037: 5036: 5028: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5007: 5000: 4995: 4989:, p. 123 4988: 4983: 4976: 4972: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4946: 4938: 4931: 4923: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4858: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4809: 4801: 4800: 4793: 4786: 4781: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4713: 4704: 4703: 4695: 4681: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4559: 4556: 4550: 4548: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4483: 4482: 4475: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4421: 4413: 4406: 4398: 4391: 4383: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4309: 4302: 4296: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4252: 4243: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4215: 4209: 4201: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4178: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4137: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4080: 4075: 4068: 4063: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4040:Crenshaw 1941 4036: 4028: 4022: 4018: 4017: 4009: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3989: 3981: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3962: 3956: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3925:(3): 202–214. 3924: 3920: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3863: 3858: 3851: 3850: 3843: 3835: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3812: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3782: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3750: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3731: 3724: 3718: 3711: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3692: 3686: 3678: 3671: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3604: 3597: 3595: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3541: 3540:Weinberg 1935 3537: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3499:, p. 78. 3498: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3424: 3416: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3372: 3366: 3362: 3361: 3351: 3344: 3338: 3329: 3321: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3301: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3259: 3251: 3244: 3236: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3209: 3202: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3179: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3133: 3126: 3120: 3113: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3035: 3034:Rossiter 1950 3030: 3023: 3018: 3011: 3006: 2999: 2994: 2987: 2981: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2945: 2939: 2930: 2922: 2921: 2914: 2907: 2901: 2894: 2889: 2882: 2878: 2877:Weinberg 1935 2873: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2849: 2843: 2837:(2003) p. 255 2836: 2830: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2746: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2686: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2663: 2661:0-87611-179-7 2657: 2653: 2646: 2639: 2634: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2602: 2595: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2572: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2549: 2541: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2522: 2514: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2495: 2493: 2484: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2445: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2419: 2417: 2409: 2403: 2401: 2385: 2379: 2371: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2356: 2348: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2316: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2293: 2291: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2255: 2250: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2187: 2180: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2141:Kari Norgaard 2137: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2115: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2085:This section 2083: 2074: 2073: 2065: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2033: 2029: 2027: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1914: 1912: 1911:Insular Cases 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1845: 1842:A cartoon of 1840: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1805:1896 election 1801: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1776:Josiah Strong 1773: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1734: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1705: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1610: 1608: 1602: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1574: 1572: 1571:American flag 1568: 1564: 1563:Sitka, Alaska 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1507: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1458:Homestead Act 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1392:Narciso López 1389: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1360: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1326:filibustering 1323: 1316:Filibusterism 1313: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1262: 1256: 1253: 1247: 1240:All of Mexico 1237: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1174: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1157:Oregon Treaty 1149: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111:49th parallel 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1066: 1064: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1039:New Caledonia 1036: 1032: 1028: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1005: 999: 997: 993: 989: 977: 973: 971: 965: 960: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 916: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 884: 880: 876: 867: 865: 861: 856: 851: 846: 844: 840: 838: 834: 829: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 800: 796: 794: 789: 786: 785:John Marshall 782: 781: 773: 768: 766: 762: 758: 754: 751: 746: 743: 739: 733: 731: 727: 721: 717: 715: 711: 707: 706: 701: 697: 693: 692:John Winthrop 689: 685: 680: 675: 673: 667: 664: 656: 652: 648: 639: 634: 624: 621: 617: 613: 609: 604: 602: 598: 592: 589: 585: 579: 574: 572: 568: 563: 561: 560:annexed Texas 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 536: 533: 529: 521: 517: 513: 511: 507: 503: 493: 490: 484: 482: 478: 474: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 410:and the 1845 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 377: 374: 371: 370: 369: 366: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 347:North America 344: 340: 336: 324: 319: 317: 312: 310: 305: 304: 302: 301: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 285: 284:Pax Americana 281: 279: 276: 275: 274: 273: 269: 268: 261: 260:Latin America 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 228: 227: 226: 222: 221: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 191: 190: 189: 185: 184: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 154: 153: 152: 148: 147: 141: 140: 134: 130: 126: 125: 119: 113: 109: 105: 104: 98: 91: 87: 83: 79: 78: 73: 69: 65: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 10070: 10064: 10019:South Africa 9876:Treaties and 9748:Philippines 9700:Governmental 9668: 9522: 9451:Amazon Watch 9426:in Australia 9387:in Australia 9270:Fort Laramie 9265:Fort Bridger 9050:Broken Arrow 8801:Independence 8398:Cowboy boots 8393:Western wear 8273:Mountain men 7934:Tanner Trail 7919:Pony Express 7914:Oregon Trail 7909:Mormon Trail 7788: 7779:Homesteading 7744:Cattle drive 7707:Peter Lebeck 7692:Annie Oakley 7652:Doc Holliday 7581:Luther Kelly 7561:Alexis Godey 7551:George Crook 7486:Sundance Kid 7441:Johnny Ringo 7431:Bill Downing 7212:Levi Ruggles 7172:Donner Party 7147:John Bozeman 7142:Daniel Boone 7081:Sitting Bull 7056:Plenty Coups 6991:Chief Joseph 6986:Bloody Knife 6981:Black Kettle 6681:1776 to 1912 6629: 6628: 6625: 6432: 6411: 6391: 6371: 6362: 6355: 6331: 6318: 6296: 6275: 6253: 6240: 6220: 6210: 6196: 6179: 6160: 6135: 6131: 6101:(1): 69–96. 6098: 6094: 6069: 6065: 6056: 6050: 6011: 5986: 5965: 5944: 5933: 5921: 5898: 5876: 5851: 5844:(20): 19–20. 5841: 5831: 5810: 5785: 5764: 5743: 5723: 5703: 5682: 5657: 5636: 5610: 5585: 5560: 5549: 5523: 5502: 5478: 5457: 5442:(1): 23–50. 5439: 5435: 5425: 5414: 5393: 5371:February 24, 5369:. 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Retrieved 2378: 2354: 2347: 2299: 2274:the original 2265: 2174: 2159: 2150: 2146: 2133: 2122: 2112:January 2023 2109: 2094:Please help 2086: 2051: 2047:World War II 2035: 2031: 2022: 2001: 1999: 1990:Panama Canal 1968: 1940: 1915: 1895: 1891:protectorate 1880: 1849: 1813: 1802: 1786: 1780: 1771: 1769: 1764: 1759:Reuben Davis 1756: 1728: 1717: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1696: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1641: 1603: 1599: 1575: 1567:Russian flag 1531: 1501: 1494: 1481: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1428: 1404: 1400: 1384: 1357: 1352: 1346: 1322:John Quitman 1319: 1310: 1305: 1299: 1295:Nuevo México 1284: 1272: 1267: 1257: 1249: 1234: 1211: 1201: 1193: 1187: 1181: 1169: 1153: 1145: 1103:Oregon Trail 1088: 1072: 1059: 1024: 1016:Fort Laramie 1003: 1001: 984: 975: 967: 962: 921:Lower Canada 918: 888: 857: 853: 848: 841: 825: 817:providential 806: 797: 790: 778: 775: 770: 755: 747: 734: 730:James Monroe 723: 719: 710:Thomas Paine 705:Common Sense 703: 681: 677: 669: 660: 650: 636: 605: 593: 581: 576: 566: 564: 543: 539: 537: 525: 510:Jane Cazneau 505: 499: 485: 469: 448:expansionism 402:, where the 381: 367: 334: 332: 282: 204:List of wars 156: 122: 101: 75: 68: 46: 37:This is the 31: 10118:Geopolitics 10031:Rubber boom 10014:New Zealand 9546:Colonialism 9372:Land rights 9196:San Antonio 9133:Oregon City 9128:McMinnville 9055:Fort Gibson 8987:Fort Sumner 8977:Albuquerque 8944:Carson City 8848:Fort Benton 8806:Kansas City 8778:Leavenworth 8699:Tallahassee 8550:Los Angeles 8535:Bakersfield 8512:Window Rock 8319:New Mexican 8309:Californian 8258:Ghost towns 8149:Mexican War 8144:Indian Wars 8017:Gold rushes 7997:Paul Bunyan 7904:Meek Cutoff 7864:Barlow Road 7734:Barbed wire 7667:Seth Kinman 7481:Soapy Smith 7476:Belle Starr 7466:Tom McLaury 7456:Tom Ketchum 7451:Frank James 7446:Jesse James 7426:Bill Doolin 7399:Ike Clanton 7338:John Selman 7328:Bass Reeves 7303:Pat Garrett 7288:Virgil Earp 7283:Morgan Earp 7268:Elfego Baca 7207:Juan Rivera 7152:Jim Bridger 7031:Ganundalegi 7016:Crazy Snake 7011:Crazy Horse 6132:Mid-America 5934:Our Country 5079:October 26, 4785:Strong 1885 4769:Howard Zinn 4762:Cong. Globe 4463:Prucha 1995 4333:(1): 1–30. 3955:Ripley 1985 3944:(2): 74–98. 3898:(1): 5–23. 3874:Fuller 1936 3770:Fuller 1936 3764:, pp. 3670:Stuart 1988 3517:(1): 4–40. 3511:SAIS Review 3010:Somkin 1967 2586:, pp. 2339:, pp. 2026:World War I 1906:Philippines 1902:Puerto Rico 1864:Puerto Rico 1828:imperialism 1781:Our Country 1538:Crimean War 1524:Historical 1452:enlightened 1369:Filibuster 1342:Slave Power 1203:inevitable. 915:War of 1812 909:War of 1812 895:War of 1812 694:'s famous " 432:Republicans 420:slave state 231:Imperialism 177:Ceded lands 149:Colonialism 133:Texian army 10087:Categories 10001:Oka Crisis 9684:Two-spirit 9409:ecological 9339:Indigenous 9181:Fort Worth 9118:The Dalles 9085:Tishomingo 8972:Alamogordo 8863:Livingston 8843:Deer Lodge 8763:Dodge City 8717:Fort Boise 8674:Negro Fort 8641:Rapid City 8636:Pine Ridge 8631:Fort Yates 8555:Sacramento 8527:California 8487:Fort Grant 8403:Cowboy hat 8371:New Mexico 8351:Weird West 8304:Chuckwagon 8217:Sheep Wars 8179:Range wars 8002:Pecos Bill 7972:Johnny Kaw 7967:John Henry 7962:Dime novel 7857:and trails 7834:Tack piano 7814:Stagecoach 7769:Ghost town 7531:Kit Carson 7519:and scouts 7379:Black Bart 7293:Wyatt Earp 7021:Dasoda-hae 7006:Crazy Bear 6976:Black Hawk 4999:Bryan 1899 4973:, p. 4848:, p. 4827:, p. 4658:"Firsting" 4465:, p. 4262:. Boston: 4093:, p. 4079:Weeks 1996 3585:1044542033 3193:, p. 3075:1298342402 3059:, Tantor, 2820:, p. 2818:Adams 2008 2677:, p. 2624:, p. 2240:References 2221:Lebensraum 2156:Criticisms 2104:Wikisource 2043:Free World 1904:, and the 1747:annexation 1653:Henry Knox 1617:See also: 1454:nations." 1353:vrijbuiter 1334:Warrington 1300:Historian 1186:published 1119:Washington 1107:John Tyler 1085:All Oregon 1014:The first 996:his father 968:A shocked 945:Henry Clay 835:denounced 765:Whig Party 661:Historian 556:Providence 412:annexation 186:Militarism 80:(1872) by 9652:Rancherie 9647:Ranchería 9622:Bantustan 9563:Biopiracy 9392:in Canada 9247:Vancouver 9123:La Grande 9090:Tuskahoma 9080:Tahlequah 9060:Fort Sill 9027:Tucumcari 8997:Las Vegas 8926:Whiteclay 8921:Valentine 8853:Fort Peck 8811:St. Louis 8768:Ellsworth 8722:Fort Hall 8694:St. Marks 8679:Pensacola 8593:Telluride 8560:San Diego 8545:Jamestown 8502:Tombstone 8444:Anchorage 8292:Influence 8263:Gunfights 8055:Gunfights 7899:Lolo Pass 7855:Transport 7794:Moonshine 7784:Land rush 7774:Gunfights 7764:Fast draw 7739:Boot Hill 7637:C. S. Fly 7601:Al Sieber 7308:Jack Helm 7192:Joe Mayer 7130:Explorers 7101:Ten Bears 7086:Smallwood 7071:Sacagawea 7066:Red Cloud 7046:Manuelito 7041:Kiliahote 6891:Seminoles 6851:Nez Perce 6716:Blackfoot 6465:from the 6144:0026-2927 6115:0275-1275 6086:0022-3840 5346:August 4, 5310:216424098 5302:0024-3590 5254:(1): 113. 5237:240934811 5155:243957310 5147:1751-9020 4971:Merk 1963 4846:Merk 1963 4825:Merk 1963 4617:159258234 4609:1556-5068 4538:166826195 4488:April 26, 4339:0021-8731 4282:868199534 4192:. 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