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other debris slow the flow of the water. The beavers then form a small platform of sticks stretching across the water source. More sticks and branches are added to build the dam up over time. The structure in the center of the dam, known as the lodge, serves as a home for the beavers and protects them from predators. The primary reason behind the construction of beaver dams is to surround the lodge with deep water, which protects the beaver from land-dwelling predators. The entrance of the dam is underwater to prevent predators such as bears and wolves from entering, and the sticks at the top of the lodge are not packed tightly, which allows air into the structure.
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to predators who might rip open the nest to eat the larva. One method the queens use to prevent this is covering the developing pupae in pulp, which acts as a reinforcer and makes it more difficult from predators to break open the pupae. This pulp is a mixture of plant matter and liquids from the mouth of the queen wasp. While there are costs associated with using pulp, such as requiring time and energy to collect materials and hindering the emergence of the worker wasps from the cocoon, it does lower the risk of predation. Nests in areas with higher predation rates have been found to contain more pulp on these cocoons than nests in low predation areas.
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489:) form "living bridges" to assist in transportation. Army ant colonies may move locations each day in search of food. These bridges provide a path over obstacles and allow for the ants to search for food at an increased speed. The bridges are constructed when the ants join their bodies together, and can vary in size and shape depending on the situation the ants face. Ants are confined to their position when they are forming these bridges, preventing them from moving. The bridges are broken apart when they are no longer needed.
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439:) larva. These larva prey on small arthropods, such as ants. The larva dig pits into fine-particle soil to capture their prey, which fall into the holes and are often unable to climb out. The antlions may alter these pits based on prey availability. In areas with less available prey, antlions will make wider holes to increase the chance of catching an insect. If prey are able to climb out of the hole, antlions will increase the depth of the hole.
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size of their webs when prey are scarce, and can add extra ornamental pieces to their web in order to attract more prey. Traps can allow organisms to capture larger prey, provide protection from predators, or serve as an area for mating, as seen with spiders. Another method of trap creation is used by the antlion (
703:
Structures formed from plant material include beaver dams, which are constructed by foraged branches and sticks. The dam is a wall of sticks constructed on a moving water source, which forces the water to collect in one area and to stop flowing. Beavers begin to build a dam in an area where rocks and
287:
The nests of these wasps contain “defensive structures”, which are formations built onto or inside of the nest to prevent predation. New nests are formed in the spring by young queens, as worker wasps have not hatched at this time. While these worker wasps are growing in the nest, they are vulnerable
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Chaboo, C.S., S. Adam, K. Nishida, L. Schletzbaum. 2023. Architecture, construction, retention, and repair of fecal shields in three tribes of tortoise beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae
Cassidinae: Cassidini, Mesomphaliini, Spilophorini). ZooKeys Special Issue, Research on Chrysomelidae 9.
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Cocoons are another type of structure formed to protect the organism from predation. In order to transform from a larva into a butterfly or moth, a caterpillar must undergo drastic changes in its body. These changes require significant amounts of energy and occur over long periods of time, making a
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caterpillar uses the hairs that cover its body as a defensive mechanism against predators. When it is time to form a cocoon, the caterpillar rips the hairs off of its body and places them around the pupating site. This creates a series of defensive walls to protect the vulnerable caterpillar while
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Flowering plants provide a variety of resources – twigs, leaves, petioles, roots, flowers and seeds. Basal plants, such as lichens, mosses and ferns also find use in structures built by animals. The leaves of grasses and palms being elongate and parallel-veined are very commonly used for building.
242:
Animals primarily build habitat for protection from extreme temperatures and from predation. Constructed structures raise physical problems which need to be resolved, such as humidity control or ventilation, which increases the complexity of the structure. Over time, through evolution, animals use
434:
Trap-building is a method used to catch prey instead of active hunting. Animals that snare prey will construct a trap and then wait nearby until an organism is caught. This is observed in web-building spiders, who weave elaborate webs of sticky spider silk that entangle prey. Spiders increase the
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to form fine sticky strands used for capturing prey. In
Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles), larvae in a few subfamilies retain their feces as shield or body armor that may be thermoregulatory, offensive, or defensive In other cases, the scale wax, produced on the bodies of honey bees, is gathered and
275:
Predators are attracted to animal-built structures either by the prey or its offspring, or the stored caches of food. Structures built by animals may provide protection from predators through avoiding detection, by means such as camouflage and concealment, or through prevention of invasion, once
763:
The majority of self-secreted materials are produced by insects and selection acts on this characteristic of production of self-secreting materials and increases the fitness of the animal. In some cases, the self-secreted material is directly applied, as in the case of ecribellate silk, spun by
768:
spiders, to form sticky traps for prey, or it may be processed, as in the case of salivary excretion used for creation of paper by paper wasps, by blending it directly with wood pulp. Self-secreted materials may be processed in some cases. In cribellate spiders, silk produced by the spider are
497:
Materials used by animals in building structures need to not only be suitable for the kind of structure to be built but also to be manipulable by the animals. These materials may be organic in nature or mineral. They may also be categorised as "collected material" and "self-secreted material".
463:
also create display structures to attract mates. During the mating season, male
Bowerbirds will collect twigs and colourful objects to create structures known as "bowers", which attract the attention of females. Bowers that are more colourful and well constructed are more attractive to female
693:
These, along with palm fibers and horse-hair fern are used to build hanging baskets. Wooden twigs form the greater proportion of materials used in the nests of large birds. Plants and trees not only provide resources but also sites. Branches provide support in the form of
401:. The primary sources of energy for an animal are the sun and its metabolism. The dynamics of heat in animal shelters is influenced by the construction material which may act as a barrier, as a heat sink or to dissipate heat. The cocoons of insect are a case in point.
422:
when the temperature falls resulting in heating. Cooling is aided by evaporation of excess water from the pupal cells. When the ambient temperature drops, the silk absorbs moisture and restores the moisture content by spreading water through all parts of its cocoon.
342:
Ground-nesting birds which rely on crypsis for concealment have nests made from local materials which blend in with the background, the eggs and young too are cryptic; whereas birds which do not use crypsis for hiding their nests may not have cryptic eggs or young.
732:
will build tall, thin pillars out of mud. These structures attract female crabs to male crab burrows and provide a hiding place for both males and females when predators are nearby. Beavers will often seal their dams and lodges with mud for extra support.
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caterpillar very vulnerable to predation. To overcome this, caterpillars will produce silk to form a cocoon or pupa, a structure in which the caterpillar will reside while pupating to lower its risk of predation. Some species of caterpillar, such as the
557:
larvae use stone pieces and also cut sections from green leaves for use in construction. The stone pieces are selected as per their size and shape from a large variety. In the case of leaf sections, these are cut and shaped to required size. Similarly
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blended with saliva, to form comb wax, the building material. Not all self-secreted materials are developed specifically for that purpose. For example, bird feathers are used for lining and insulation, a typical example being that of the female
394:
In ectothermic animals, moderation of temperature, along with architectural modifications to absorb, trap or dissipate energy, maximises the rate of development, as in the case of the communal silk nests of the small eggar moth
617:
bush. The structural stability of the nest is provided by a mesh of moss and spider silk. The tiny leaves of the moss act as hooks and the spider silk of egg cocoons provides the loops; thus forming a natural form of
327:) will use animal feces and snake skins to disguise their nests. Crypsis works by blending the structure with its background. The use of lichen flakes as an outer covering of nests by birds, as in the case of the
353:
places bits of grass and other material loosely streaming both above and below the nest chamber to break the shape of the nest and to cause it to resemble random debris without any underlying structure.
339:, M. Hansell, where the lichen flakes are thought to resemble small patches of light seen through as in the case of insubstantial objects of insufficient importance to receive a predator's interest.
668:) of Asian tropical forests uses spider silk differently. It constructs a nest of plant strips which it suspends below a large leaf using spider silk for about a 150 or so of "pop-rivets".
634:"...the most amazing thing about it (the building behaviour) is, in my opinion that so few, so simple and so rigid movements together lead to the construction of so superb a result."
622:. The tit lines the outside with hundreds of flakes of pale lichens – this provides camouflage. Inside, it lines the nest with more than 2000 feathers to insulate the nest.
311:. Some species of birds will use materials foraged from nature to camouflage their nests and prevent their offspring from being hunted. Blue–gray gnatcatchers (
794:) are able to spin multiple cocoons in the event that one gets destroyed. Other caterpillars will even form defensive structures to accompany their pupas. The
545:
Some materials in nature act as ready made "building blocks" to the animals in question, such as feathers and leaf petioles for some birds and animal
660:
birds have species which utilise spider silk. Most birds use spider silk as in the case of the long-tailed tit, previously discussed; however the
455:
Animal structures can serve as a means of communication with other organisms. Animals may construct to attract mates, as seen in species of male
335:) have been considered by some authors to be a case of crypsis through "branch-matching" and as a case of disruptive camouflage by the British
2201:
410:. Firstly, the silk insulates the pupa from the air outside the cell, and secondly, it acts as a thermostatic regulator. By virtue of its
426:
Internal architectural devices, such as walls may block convection or the construction of air flow systems may cool the nest or habitat.
1432:"Bower quality, number of decorations and mating success of male satin bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus): an experimental analysis"
1336:"Plasticity in extended phenotypes: how the antlion Myrmeleon crudelis adjusts the pit traps depending on biotic and abiotic conditions"
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and compressive strength. Males in some species of crab will construct structures out of mud to attract mates and avoid predators.
609:, over 6000 pieces in all for a typical nest. The nest is a flexible sac with a small, round entrance on top, suspended low in a
276:
predators have located the hideout or prey, or a combination of both. As a last resort, structures may provide means of escape.
383:. In endothermic animals, construction of shelters, coupled with behavioural patterns, reduces the quantity and energy cost of
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1742:"Interspecific attractiveness of structures built by courting male fiddler crabs: experimental evidence of a sensory trap"
1380:"Interspecific attractiveness of structures built by courting male fiddler crabs: experimental evidence of a sensory trap"
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An animal builder may collect a variety of materials and use them in complex ways to form useful habitat. The nest of the
271:
places bits of grass and other material loosely streaming around its nest to break the shape and to masquerade as debris.
17:
1852:
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Birds form the majority of the group of animals which collect building material of animal origin. They collect animal
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Some animals collect materials with plastic properties which are used to construct and shape the nest. These include
459:. These crabs may form "pillars" or "hoods" out of sand and mud to gain the attention of nearby females. Bowerbirds (
1166:
Götmark, F. (1993). "Conspicuous nests may select for non-cryptic eggs: a comparative study of avian families".
1910:
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use materials such as spider webbing, silk, and lichen, while other species such as great crested flycatchers (
103:, special-purpose chambers and many other features. They may be created by individuals or complex societies of
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152:
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with different forms carrying out specialized roles. These constructions may arise from complex building
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1972:
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1967:
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728:, also known as fiddler crabs, will build short, wide “hoods” out of sand. Another species of crab,
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An interesting example is the case of silk caps which cover the pupal cells of the
Oriental hornet
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for communication between members of the species (intra-specific communication), i.e. display.
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1121:"Costs, benefits, and plasticity of construction of nest defensive structures in paper wasps"
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Mud is used by a few species of a wide variety of families including wasps and birds. Mud is
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bowerbirds, as the quality of the constructed bowers reflects the quality of the male bird.
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688:) in their underground chamber which is often lined with moss, feathers and vegetable fiber
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and feathers of other species of birds to line their nests. Almost 56% of all families of
8:
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Graham, Jason M.; Kao, Albert B.; Wilhelm, Dylana A.; Garnier, Simon (21 December 2017).
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Recently, some researchers have argued that the structures built by animals affect the
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1270:"Foraging decisions and behavioural flexibility in trap-building predators: a review"
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wasps collect mud and blend them with water to construct free standing nests of mud.
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when dried. Amongst birds, 5% of all birds use mud and stones in their nest for
139:, or combinations of these. The process of building such structures may involve
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2100:
1982:
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1513:
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Vaughan, Terry A.; Ryan, James M.; Czaplewski, Nicholas J. (15 February 2010).
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119:, which feature prominently in the construction of bird songs, or triggered by
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Among the structures created by animals to prevent predation are those of the
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2012:
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Christy, John H.; Backwell, Patricia R.; Schober, Ursula (1 January 2003).
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Christy, John H.; Backwell, Patricia R.; Schober, Ursula (January 2003).
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Farji-Brener, Alejandro G.; Amador-Vargas, Sabrina (19 December 2020).
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889:. Chicago Academy of Sciences, Harvard University Press. p. 115.
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shelters for other purposes such as reproduction, food storage, etc.
217:
209:
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73:
48:, are common in many species. Examples of animal structures include
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1987:
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while leaves and green twigs provide flexible but strong supports.
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Temperature extremes harm animals irrespective of whether they are
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Often, these structures incorporate sophisticated features such as
53:
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136:
120:
61:
34:
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582:, a case of collecting, processing and blending raw materials.
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properties, the silk stores excess daytime heat in the form of
181:
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81:
65:
158:
1930:
955:
Animal architects: building and the evolution of intelligence
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610:
519:
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Built by animals: the natural history of animal architecture
1644:
Built by animals: the natural history of animal architecture
991:
Frith, Clifford B.; Frith, Dawn W.; Barnes, Eustace (2004).
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535:
189:
177:
57:
220:. It is virtually absent from all the other animal phyla.
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which depends upon crypsis to avoid detection of its nest
1824:
ZooKeys 1177: 87–146. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1177.102600.
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cut and shape thorns or twigs to form their case. Some
228:
Animals create structures primarily for three reasons:
155:
may also be involved in building structures by animals.
1739:
1377:
924:
The ethology of domestic animals: an introductory text
759:
are the largest structures built by non-human animals.
1224:
1071:
1037:
951:
Gould, James L.; Gould, Carol Grant (12 March 2007).
782:), which produces down feathers for lining its nest.
1563:Bohart, Richard Mitchell; Menke, Arnold S. (1976).
1231:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 440–441.
876:
1641:
1186:
952:
1490:"Optimal construction of army ant living bridges"
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2283:
1594:
1268:Scharf, Inon; Lubin, Yael; Ovadia, Ofer (2011).
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946:
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1545:
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1541:
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172:Building behaviour is common in many non-human
1635:
1633:
1631:
1566:Sphecid wasps of the world: a generic revision
1119:Furuichi, Sho; Kasuya, Eiiti (February 2014).
1118:
2202:Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
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1031:
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1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
984:
941:
1780:
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1600:
1536:
802:
647:
366:Communal silk nests of the small eggar moth
135:responses and interactions, as exhibited by
111:such as in the case of night-time nests for
33:A so-called "cathedral" mound produced by a
1628:
1562:
1178:
1159:
1065:
235:to catch prey and for foraging, i.e. traps.
2207:International Society for Applied Ethology
1853:
1839:
1569:. University of California Press. p.
1018:
950:
811:of the constructor, a phenomenon known as
736:
553:. Other materials need to be "processed".
1078:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–2.
1044:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–2.
910:
842:
451:Bowerbird in front of a constructed bower
232:to create protected habitats, i.e. homes.
1789:
1601:Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert (1970).
882:
751:
740:
675:
505:
471:
446:
361:
346:In a case apparently of masquerade, the
262:
250:
157:
28:
1790:Capinera, John L. (17 September 2008).
1639:
1604:The international wildlife encyclopedia
1340:Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution
1184:
1165:
997:. Oxford University Press. p. 12.
593:, is constructed from four materials –
14:
2284:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1429:
1193:. Cambridge University Press. p.
855:. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 100.
849:Mandal, Fatik Baran (1 January 2010).
848:
625:About the construction of nest by the
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188:. It is also seen in a few species of
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1189:Bird nests and construction behaviour
492:
246:
42:Structures built by non-human animals
1648:. Oxford University Press. pp.
1607:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 1864.
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
916:
418:which it releases in the form of an
1746:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1384:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1125:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
357:
123:release as in the case of domestic
24:
1730:
1685:
1470:
1430:Borgia, Gerald (1 February 1985).
1418:
1366:
1316:
1252:
25:
2308:
2297:Shelters built or used by animals
1099:
707:
671:
467:
2266:
2265:
1796:. Springer. pp. 3495–3496.
1286:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00163.x
994:The bowerbirds: Ptilonorhychidae
578:with their jaws and mixing with
429:
1817:
1640:Hansell, Michael Henry (2007).
1185:Hansell, Michael Henry (2000).
1911:Bee learning and communication
1494:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1072:Michael Henry Hansell (2005).
1038:Michael Henry Hansell (2005).
574:which they prepare by rasping
291:Animals use the techniques of
285:Polistes chinensis antennalis.
13:
1:
1553:Hansell, M. (2005). Pp 35–54.
1448:10.1016/S0003-3472(85)80140-8
883:Wrangham, Richard W. (1996).
835:
825:Tool use by non-human animals
1860:
852:Textbook of animal behaviour
255:Nest, eggs and young of the
223:
7:
818:
514:adds a feather to its nest.
442:
10:
2313:
1793:Encyclopedia of entomology
1514:10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.09.017
919:"Behaviour and physiology"
461:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus)
162:A young paper wasp queen (
147:, and in some cases, even
2261:
2215:
2194:
2073:
1968:Evolutionary neuroscience
1868:
1758:10.1007/s00265-002-0553-4
1682:Hansell (2007), pp 19–21.
1396:10.1007/s00265-002-0553-4
1352:10.1163/22244662-20191055
1137:10.1007/s00265-013-1636-0
830:Nest-building in primates
803:Evolutionary consequences
648:Material of animal origin
1921:Behavioral endocrinology
959:. Basic Books. pp.
921:. In Jensen, Per (ed.).
666:Arachnothera longirostra
387:, as in the case of the
315:) and long-tailed tits (
2116:Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt
1896:Animal sexual behaviour
799:resides in its cocoon.
737:Self-secreted materials
629:, it has been written:
389:Arctic ground squirrels
168:) starting a new colony
2055:Tool use by non-humans
2008:Philosophical ethology
1953:Comparative psychology
1901:Animal welfare science
760:
749:
716:when wet and provides
689:
636:
515:
482:
452:
372:
272:
260:
169:
89:temperature regulation
38:
755:
744:
679:
632:
509:
475:
450:
365:
351:Cranioleuca erythrops
333:Terpsiphone paradisei
323:and common waxbills (
266:
254:
161:
32:
2161:William Homan Thorpe
1926:Behavioural genetics
1886:Animal consciousness
1881:Animal communication
927:. CABI. p. 34.
780:Somateria mollissima
718:compressive strength
481:sp. forming a bridge
398:Eriogaster lanestris
369:Eriogaster lanestris
317:Aegithalos caudatus)
109:behaviour of animals
1916:Behavioural ecology
1506:2017JThBi.435..184G
1075:Animal architecture
1041:Animal architecture
886:Chimpanzee cultures
662:little spiderhunter
591:Aegithalos caudatus
502:Collected materials
348:red-faced spinetail
329:paradise flycatcher
321:Myiarchus crinitus)
313:Polioptila caerulea
269:red-faced spinetail
257:red-wattled lapwing
129:emergent properties
46:animal architecture
18:Animal architecture
2245:Behavioral Ecology
2166:Nikolaas Tinbergen
1958:Emotion in animals
1936:Cognitive ethology
1274:Biological Reviews
813:niche construction
796:Aethria carnicauda
761:
750:
746:Western honey bees
690:
603:spider egg cocoons
570:queens build with
516:
493:Building materials
483:
453:
437:Myrmeleon crudelis
373:
309:avoiding detection
273:
261:
247:Protected habitats
170:
39:
2279:
2278:
2171:Jakob von UexkĂĽll
1941:Comfort behaviour
1803:978-1-4020-6242-1
1659:978-0-19-920556-1
1614:978-0-7614-7266-7
1580:978-0-520-02318-5
1238:978-0-7637-6299-5
1204:978-0-521-46038-5
1085:978-0-19-850752-9
1051:978-0-19-850752-9
1004:978-0-19-854844-7
970:978-0-465-02782-8
934:978-1-84593-536-8
896:978-0-674-11663-4
862:978-81-203-4035-0
165:Polistes dominula
16:(Redirected from
2304:
2269:
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2231:Animal Cognition
2224:Animal Behaviour
2176:Wolfgang Wickler
1876:Animal cognition
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874:
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871:
869:
846:
769:reworked in the
686:Myodes glareolus
643:
420:electric current
407:Vespa orientalis
385:thermoregulation
358:Thermoregulation
325:Estrilda astrild
117:neural responses
21:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2282:
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2280:
2275:
2257:
2211:
2190:
2186:Solly Zuckerman
2126:Karl von Frisch
2111:Richard Dawkins
2096:John B. Calhoun
2081:Patrick Bateson
2069:
2003:Pain in animals
1864:
1859:
1829:
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1726:. 1 April 2008.
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917:A.; L. (2009).
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901:
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865:
863:
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843:
838:
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674:
650:
645:
638:
627:long-tailed tit
587:long-tailed tit
512:long-tailed tit
504:
495:
470:
445:
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416:electric charge
360:
249:
226:
216:and some other
115:, from inbuilt
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2277:
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2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2238:Animal Welfare
2234:
2227:
2219:
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2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
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2153:
2151:Desmond Morris
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2106:Marian Dawkins
2103:
2101:Charles Darwin
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2068:
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2057:
2052:
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2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1983:Human ethology
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1891:Animal culture
1888:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1835:
1827:
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1729:
1684:
1675:
1658:
1627:
1613:
1593:
1579:
1555:
1535:
1469:
1442:(1): 266–271.
1417:
1365:
1346:(1–2): 41–47.
1315:
1280:(3): 626–639.
1251:
1237:
1217:
1203:
1177:
1158:
1131:(2): 215–221.
1098:
1084:
1064:
1050:
1017:
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969:
940:
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875:
861:
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833:
832:
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820:
817:
804:
801:
748:on a wild nest
738:
735:
709:
708:Mud and stones
706:
673:
672:Plant material
670:
649:
646:
640:Niko Tinbergen
631:
524:stingless bees
503:
500:
494:
491:
487:Eciton hamatum
469:
468:Transportation
466:
444:
441:
431:
428:
412:thermoelectric
359:
356:
248:
245:
240:
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236:
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225:
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105:social animals
74:nests of birds
50:termite mounds
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2159:
2157:
2156:Thomas Sebeok
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:Konrad Lorenz
2144:
2142:
2141:Julian Huxley
2139:
2137:
2136:Heini Hediger
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2065:Zoomusicology
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2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
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1998:Neuroethology
1996:
1994:
1991:
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1906:Anthrozoology
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537:
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529:
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430:Trap building
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2229:
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2131:Jane Goodall
2091:Donald Broom
2060:Zoosemiotics
2022:
2013:Sociobiology
1819:
1807:. Retrieved
1792:
1752:(2): 84–91.
1749:
1745:
1723:
1678:
1670:
1663:. Retrieved
1643:
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1584:. Retrieved
1565:
1558:
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1387:
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1227:
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900:. Retrieved
885:
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851:
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779:
776:common eider
762:
729:
725:
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702:
695:cantilevered
691:
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637:
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540:hummingbirds
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496:
486:
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350:
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320:
316:
312:
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278:
274:
241:
227:
206:urochordates
171:
163:
131:from simple
86:
72:, elaborate
45:
41:
40:
26:
2121:Dian Fossey
2086:Marc Bekoff
2074:Ethologists
1500:: 184–198.
792:Bombyx mori
766:ecribellate
757:Beaver dams
730:Uca beebei,
485:Army ants (
381:ectothermic
377:endothermic
301:concealment
281:paper wasps
210:crustaceans
133:instinctive
113:chimpanzees
101:ventilation
70:beaver dams
68:complexes,
2286:Categories
2023:Structures
2018:Stereotypy
1174:: 102–105.
1168:Ornis Fenn
836:References
726:Uca musica
682:bank voles
572:paper pulp
568:Paper wasp
337:ethologist
297:camouflage
218:arthropods
198:amphibians
149:aesthetics
2252:Behaviour
2195:Societies
2033:Honeycomb
1766:0340-5443
1522:0022-5193
1456:0003-3472
1404:1432-0762
1360:2224-4662
1310:205599463
1294:1469-185X
1228:Mammalogy
1210:10 August
1145:0340-5443
809:evolution
771:cribellum
722:toughness
658:passerine
555:Caddisfly
551:chaffinch
224:Functions
186:arachnids
54:ant hills
2292:Ethology
2271:Category
2216:Journals
2043:Instinct
1993:Learning
1988:Instinct
1963:Ethogram
1946:Grooming
1869:Branches
1862:Ethology
1774:34001395
1530:28939347
1464:53192968
1412:34001395
1302:21062400
1153:15263361
819:See also
788:silkworm
599:feathers
560:bagworms
549:for the
532:swallows
443:Displays
214:annelids
202:molluscs
194:reptiles
153:Tool use
141:learning
137:termites
127:, or as
62:beehives
1973:Feeding
1671:velcro.
1502:Bibcode
1244:10 July
1091:29 June
1057:29 June
868:29 June
714:plastic
642:, 1953.
615:bramble
564:sphecid
305:mimicry
293:crypsis
182:insects
174:mammals
121:hormone
82:spiders
35:termite
1809:2 July
1800:
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1665:1 July
1656:
1652:, 77.
1620:1 July
1611:
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1001:
976:1 July
967:
931:
902:2 July
893:
859:
778:duck (
680:Young
620:velcro
595:lichen
580:saliva
478:Eciton
307:, for
303:, and
76:, and
66:burrow
37:colony
2050:Swarm
1978:Hover
1931:Breed
1770:S2CID
1460:S2CID
1408:S2CID
1306:S2CID
1149:S2CID
963:–18.
698:beams
611:gorse
520:resin
178:birds
93:traps
2038:Nest
2028:Hive
1811:2011
1798:ISBN
1762:ISSN
1667:2011
1654:ISBN
1622:2011
1609:ISBN
1588:2011
1575:ISBN
1526:PMID
1518:ISSN
1452:ISSN
1400:ISSN
1356:ISSN
1298:PMID
1290:ISSN
1246:2011
1233:ISBN
1212:2011
1199:ISBN
1141:ISSN
1093:2011
1080:ISBN
1059:2011
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1012:2011
999:ISBN
978:2011
965:ISBN
929:ISBN
904:2011
891:ISBN
870:2011
857:ISBN
607:moss
605:and
576:wood
547:hair
536:silk
534:and
267:The
190:fish
184:and
143:and
125:sows
97:bait
78:webs
60:and
58:wasp
1754:doi
1510:doi
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1444:doi
1392:doi
1348:doi
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613:or
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