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they home in on a target. This allows the bat to get new information regarding the target's location at a faster rate when it needs it most. Secondly, the pulse interval determines the maximum range that bats can detect objects. This is because bats can only keep track of the echoes from one call at a time; as soon as they make another call they stop listening for echoes from the previously made call. For example, a pulse interval of 100 ms (typical of a bat searching for insects) allows sound to travel in air roughly 34 meters so a bat can only detect objects as far away as 17 meters (the sound has to travel out and back). With a pulse interval of 5 ms (typical of a bat in the final moments of a capture attempt), the bat can only detect objects up to 85 cm away. Therefore, the bat constantly has to make a choice between getting new information updated quickly and detecting objects far away.
257:, and a series of calls comprising a sequence or pass) can last anywhere from less than 3 to over 50 milliseconds in duration. Pulse duration is around 3 milliseconds in FM bats such as Phyllostomidae and some Vespertilionidae; between 7 and 16 milliseconds in Quasi-constant-frequency (QCF) bats such as other Vespertilionidae, Emballonuridae, and Molossidae; and between 11 milliseconds (Hipposideridae) and 52 milliseconds (Rhinolophidae) in CF bats. Duration depends also on the stage of prey-catching behavior that the bat is engaged in, usually decreasing when the bat is in the final stages of prey capture β this enables the bat to call more rapidly without overlap of call and echo. Reducing duration comes at the cost of having less total sound available for reflecting off objects and being heard by the bat.
329:
cluttered environment, the bats must be able to resolve their prey from large amounts of background noise. The 3D localization abilities of the broadband signal enable the bat to do exactly that, providing it with what
Simmons and Stein (1980) call a "clutter rejection strategy". This strategy is further improved by the use of harmonics, which, as previously stated, enhance the localization properties of the call. The short duration of the FM call is also best in close, cluttered environments because it enables the bat to emit many calls extremely rapidly without overlap. This means that the bat can get an almost continuous stream of information β essential when objects are close, because they will pass by quickly β without confusing which echo corresponds to which call.
2201:
250:. Certain bat species can modify their call intensity mid-call, lowering the intensity as they approach objects that reflect sound strongly. This prevents the returning echo from deafening the bat. High-intensity calls such as those from aerial-hawking bats (133 dB) are adaptive to hunting in open skies. Their high intensity calls are necessary to even have moderate detection of surroundings because air has a high absorption of ultrasound and because insects' size only provide a small target for sound reflection. Additionally, the so-called "whispering bats" have adapted low-amplitude echolocation so that their prey, moths, which are able to hear echolocation calls, are less able to detect and avoid an oncoming bat.
1409:. This short duration of response allows their action potentials to give a specific indication of the moment when the stimulus arrived, and to respond accurately to stimuli that occur close in time to one another. The neurons have a very low threshold of activation β they respond quickly even to weak stimuli. Finally, for FM signals, each interneuron is tuned to a specific frequency within the sweep, as well as to that same frequency in the following echo. There is specialization for the CF component of the call at this level as well. The high proportion of neurons responding to the frequency of the acoustic fovea actually increases at this level.
2180:. These sounds are reflected by the dense concave bone of the cranium and an air sac at its base. The focused beam is modulated by a large fatty organ known as the melon. This acts like an acoustic lens because it is composed of lipids of differing densities. Most toothed whales use clicks in a series, or click train, for echolocation, while the sperm whale may produce clicks individually. Toothed whale whistles do not appear to be used in echolocation. Different rates of click production in a click train give rise to the familiar barks, squeals and growls of the
1308:, and hunting for food sources as different as insects, frogs, nectar, fruit, and blood. The characteristics of an echolocation call are adapted to the particular environment, hunting behavior, and food source of the particular bat. The adaptation of echolocation calls to ecological factors is constrained by the phylogenetic relationship of the bats, leading to a process known as descent with modification, and resulting in the diversity of the Chiroptera today. Bats can inadvertently jam each other, and in some situations they may stop calling to avoid jamming.
1502:: This region of the cortex contains FM-FM combination-sensitive neurons. These cells respond only to the combination of two FM sweeps: a call and its echo. The neurons in the FM-FM region are often referred to as "delay-tuned", since each responds to a specific time delay between the original call and the echo, in order to find the distance from the target object (the range). Each neuron also shows specificity for one harmonic in the original call and a different harmonic in the echo. The neurons within the FM-FM area of the cortex of
299:, of the target. J. A. Simmons demonstrated this effect with a series of experiments that showed how bats using FM signals could distinguish between two separate targets even when the targets were less than half a millimeter apart. This ability is due to the broadband sweep of the signal, which allows for better resolution of the time delay between the call and the returning echo, thereby improving the cross correlation of the two. If harmonic frequencies are added to the FM signal, then this localization becomes even more precise.
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696:
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greater working range of the call allows bats to detect targets present at great distances β a common situation in open environments. Second, the length of the call is also suited for targets at great distances: in this case, there is a decreased chance that the long call will overlap with the returning echo. The latter strategy is made possible by the fact that the long, narrowband call allows the bat to detect
Doppler shifts, which would be produced by an insect moving either towards or away from a perched bat.
209:), animal echolocation has only one transmitter and two receivers (the ears) positioned slightly apart. The echoes returning to the ears arrive at different times and at different intensities, depending on the position of the object generating the echoes. The time and loudness differences are used by the animals to perceive distance and direction. With echolocation, the bat or other animal can tell, not only where it is going, but also how big another animal is, what kind of animal it is, and other features.
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1451:
33:
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665:
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202:, using sounds made by the animal itself. Ranging is achieved by measuring the time delay between the animal's own sound emission and any echoes that return from the environment. The relative intensity of sound received at each ear, as well as the time delay between arrival at the two ears, provide information about the horizontal angle (azimuth) from which the reflected sound waves arrive.
2254:. Shrew sounds, unlike those of bats, are low amplitude, broadband, multi-harmonic and frequency modulated. They contain no echolocation clicks with reverberations, and appear to be used for simple, close range spatial orientation. In contrast to bats, shrews use echolocation only to investigate their habitat rather than to pinpoint food. There is evidence that blinded
1358:) with a constant frequency (CF) component to their call (known as high duty cycle bats) do have a few additional adaptations for detecting the predominant frequency (and harmonics) of the CF vocalization. These include a narrow frequency "tuning" of the inner ear organs, with an especially large area responding to the frequency of the bat's returning echoes.
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to echoes of elevated frequency β this ensures that the returning echo remains at the frequency to which the ears of the bat are most finely tuned. The oscillation of a target's wings also produces amplitude shifts, which gives a CF-bat additional help in distinguishing a flying target from a stationary one. The horseshoe bats hunt in this way.
2163:(absorption and spreading) and the received noise. Animals will adapt either to maximize range under noise-limited conditions (increase source level) or to reduce noise clutter in a shallow and/or littered habitat (decrease source level). In cluttered habitats, such as coastal areas, prey ranges are smaller, and species such as
243:(FM) sweeps, and constant frequency (CF) tones. A particular call can consist of one, the other, or both structures. An FM sweep is a broadband signal β that is, it contains a downward sweep through a range of frequencies. A CF tone is a narrowband signal: the sound stays constant at one frequency throughout its duration.
781:
are not always species specific and some bats overlap in the type of calls they use so recordings of echolocation calls cannot be used to identify all bats. Researchers in several countries have developed "bat call libraries" that contain "reference call" recordings of local bat species to assist with identification.
1528:: This large section of the cortex is a map of the acoustic fovea, organized by frequency and by amplitude. Neurons in this region respond to CF signals that have been Doppler shifted (in other words, echoes only) and are within the same narrow frequency range to which the acoustic fovea responds. For
780:
Individual bat species echolocate within specific frequency ranges that suit their environment and prey types. This has sometimes been used by researchers to identify bats flying in an area simply by recording their calls with ultrasonic recorders known as "bat detectors". However, echolocation calls
332:
A CF component is often used by bats hunting for prey while flying in open, clutter-free environments, or by bats that wait on perches for their prey to appear. The success of the former strategy is due to two aspects of the CF call, both of which confer excellent prey-detection abilities. First, the
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is an alteration in sound wave frequency, and is produced in two relevant situations: when the bat and its target are moving relative to each other, and when the target's wings are oscillating back and forth. CF-bats must compensate for
Doppler shifts, lowering the frequency of their call in response
217:
Describing the diversity of echolocation calls requires examination of the frequency and temporal features of the calls. It is the variations in these aspects that produce echolocation calls suited for different acoustic environments and hunting behaviors. The calls of bats have been most intensively
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Echoes are received using complex fatty structures around the lower jaw as the primary reception path, from where they are transmitted to the middle ear via a continuous fat body. Lateral sound may be received through fatty lobes surrounding the ears with a similar density to water. Some researchers
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can be compared to the frequency of the original call to calculate the bat's velocity relative to its target object. As in the FM-FM area, information is encoded by its location within the map-like organization of the region. The CF-CF area is first split into the distinct CF1-CF2 and CF1-CF3 areas.
260:
The time interval between subsequent echolocation calls (or pulses) determines two aspects of a bat's perception. First, it establishes how quickly the bat's auditory scene information is updated. For example, bats increase the repetition rate of their calls (that is, decrease the pulse interval) as
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in this region have a very high level of sensitivity to time differences, since the time delay between a call and the returning echo tells the bat its distance from the target object. While most neurons respond more quickly to stronger stimuli, collicular neurons maintain their timing accuracy even
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Because bats use echolocation to orient themselves and to locate objects, their auditory systems are adapted for this purpose, highly specialized for sensing and interpreting the stereotyped echolocation calls characteristic of their own species. This specialization is evident from the inner ear up
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One possible disadvantage of the FM signal is a decreased operational range of the call. Because the energy of the call is spread out among many frequencies, the distance at which the FM-bat can detect targets is limited. This is in part because any echo returning at a particular frequency can only
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It has been suggested that the arrangement of the teeth of some smaller toothed whales may be an adaptation for echolocation. The teeth of a bottlenose dolphin, for example, are not arranged symmetrically when seen from a vertical plane. This asymmetry could possibly be an aid in sensing if echoes
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The systematically organized maps in the auditory cortex respond to various aspects of the echo signal, such as its delay and its velocity. These regions are composed of "combination sensitive" neurons that require at least two specific stimuli to elicit a response. The neurons vary systematically
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in bats is quite large in comparison with other mammals. Various characteristics of sound are processed by different regions of the cortex, each providing different information about the location or movement of a target object. Most of the existing studies on information processing in the auditory
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When searching for prey they produce sounds at a low rate (10β20 clicks/second). During the search phase the sound emission is coupled to respiration, which is again coupled to the wingbeat. This coupling appears to dramatically conserve energy as there is little to no additional energetic cost of
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Additionally, because the signal energy of a CF call is concentrated into a narrow frequency band, the operational range of the call is much greater than that of an FM signal. This relies on the fact that echoes returning within the narrow frequency band can be summed over the entire length of the
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and forage, often in total darkness. They generally emerge from their roosts in caves, attics, or trees at dusk and hunt for insects into the night. Using echolocation, bats can determine how far away an object is, the object's size, shape and density, and the direction (if any) that an object is
1383:
Echolocating bats have cochlear hairs that are especially resistant to intense noise. Cochlear hair cells are essential for hearing sensitivity, and can be damaged by intense noise. As bats are regularly exposed to intense noise through echolocation, resistance to degradation by intense noise is
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Further along the auditory pathway, the movement of the basilar membrane results in the stimulation of primary auditory neurons. Many of these neurons are specifically "tuned" (respond most strongly) to the narrow frequency range of returning echoes of CF calls. Because of the large size of the
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contains the first of these specializations for echo information processing. In bats that use CF signals, the section of the membrane that responds to the frequency of returning echoes is much larger than the region of response for any other frequency. For example, in the greater horseshoe bat,
225:
aerial-hawking bats, those that chase prey in the open air, have a call frequency between 20 kHz and 60 kHz, because it is the frequency that gives the best range and image acuity and makes them less conspicuous to insects. However, low frequencies are adaptive for some species with
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An FM component is excellent for hunting prey while flying in close, cluttered environments. Two aspects of the FM signal account for this fact: the precise target localization conferred by the broadband signal, and the short duration of the call. The first of these is essential because in a
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Another reason for variation in echolocation is habitat. For all sonar systems, the limiting factor deciding whether a returning echo is detected is the echo-to-noise ratio (ENR). The ENR is given by the emitted source level (SL) plus the target strength, minus the two-way transmission loss
2155:. However, because three of the groups developed NBHF prior to the emergence of the orca, predation by other ancient raptorial odontocetes must have been the driving force for the development of NBHF, not predation by the orca. Orcas, and, presumably ancient raptorial odontocetes such as
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bat vocalizations during prey approach. The recording covers a total of 1.1 seconds; lower main frequency c. 45 kHz (as typical for a common pipistrelle). About 150 milliseconds before final contact time between and duration of calls are becoming much shorter ("feeding
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From p. 140: From these experiments the author concludes: β¦ that the organ of hearing appears to supply that of sight in the discovery of bodies, and to furnish these animals with different sensations to direct their flight, and enable them to avoid those obstacles which may present
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Kawahara, Akito Y.; Plotkin, David; Espeland, Marianne; Meusemann, Karen; Toussaint, Emmanuel F. A.; Donath, Alexander; Gimnich, France; Frandsen, Paul B.; Zwick, Andreas; dos Reis, Mario; Barber, Jesse R.; Peters, Ralph S.; Liu, Shanlin; Zhou, Xin; Mayer, Christoph (2019-11-05).
2328:) takes predator avoidance actions such as dropping, looping, and freezing when it detects ultrasound waves, indicating that it can both detect and differentiate between ultrasound frequencies used by predators and signals from other members of their species. Some members of the
2052:, is associated with hearing sensitivity. It has undergone two clear episodes of accelerated evolution in cetaceans. The first is connected to odontocete divergence, when echolocation first developed, and the second with the increase in echolocation frequency among dolphins.
769:). Bat echolocation calls range in frequency from 14,000 to well over 100,000 Hz, mostly beyond the range of the human ear (typical human hearing range is considered to be from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz). Bats may estimate the elevation of targets by interpreting the
1376:, there is a disproportionately lengthened and thickened section of the membrane that responds to sounds around 83 kHz, the constant frequency of the echo produced by the bat's call. This area of high sensitivity to a specific, narrow range of frequency is known as an "
275:
1532:, this is around 61 kHz. This area is organized into columns, which are arranged radially based on frequency. Within a column, each neuron responds to a specific combination of frequency and amplitude. This brain region is necessary for frequency discrimination.
291:" β multiplied by a constant frequency to produce frequency subtraction, and thus an audible sound β by a bat detector. A key feature of the recording is the increase in the repetition rate of the call as the bat nears its target β this is called the "terminal buzz".
1341:
Both CF and FM bats have specialized inner ears which allow them to hear sounds in the ultrasonic range, far outside the range of human hearing. Although in most other aspects, the bat's auditory organs are similar to those of most other mammals, certain bats
276:
2064:, a member of the tight junction proteins which form barriers between inner ear cells, shows the same evolutionary pattern as Prestin. The two events of protein evolution, for Prestin and Cldn14, occurred at the same times as the tectonic opening of the
78:(FM, varying in pitch during the call) or constant frequency (CF). FM offers precise range discrimination to localize the prey, at the cost of reduced operational range. CF allows both the prey's velocity and its movements to be detected by means of the
2109:
6036:
Galatius, Anders; Olsen, Morten Tange; Steeman, Mette
Elstrup; Racicot, Rachel A.; Bradshaw, Catherine D.; Kyhn, Line A.; Miller, Lee A. (2019). "Raising your voice: evolution of narrow-band high-frequency signals in toothed whales (Odontoceti)".
2184:. A click train with a repetition rate over 600 per second is called a burst pulse. In bottlenose dolphins, the auditory brain response resolves individual clicks up to 600 per second, but yields a graded response for higher repetition rates.
1652:, primitive toothed Cetacea that arose from terrestrial mammals, were the only cetaceans. They did not echolocate, but had slightly adapted underwater hearing. By the late middle Eocene, acoustically isolated ear bones had evolved to give
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across the maps, which are organized by acoustic features of the sound and can be two dimensional. The different features of the call and its echo are used by the bat to determine important characteristics of their prey. The maps include:
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believe that when they approach the object of interest, they protect themselves against the louder echo by quietening the emitted sound. In bats this is known to happen, but here the hearing sensitivity is also reduced close to a target.
2111:
2096:) has cranial asymmetry, and shows other indicators of echolocation. However, basal xenorophids lack cranial asymmetry, indicating that this likely evolved twice. Extant odontocetes have asymmetric nasofacial regions; generally, the
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has been shown to jam bat echolocation: when pit against naΓ―ve big brown bats, ultrasound was immediately and consistently effective at preventing bat attack. Bats came in contact with silent control moths 400% more often than with
1522:
Within each area, the CF1 frequency is organized on an axis, perpendicular to the CF2 or CF3 frequency axis. In the resulting grid, each neuron codes for a certain combination of frequencies that is indicative of a specific velocity
1506:
are organized into columns, in which the delay time is constant vertically but increases across the horizontal plane. The result is that range is encoded by location on the cortex, and increases systematically across the FM-FM
684:
140:
had, by means of a series of elaborate experiments, concluded that when bats fly at night, they rely on some sense besides vision, but he did not discover that the other sense was hearing. The Swiss physician and naturalist
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for echolocation. This change occurred after the divergence of the neocetes from the basilosaurids. The first shift towards cranial asymmetry occurred in the Early
Oligocene, prior to the xenorophids. A xenorophid fossil
1315:
in moths predates the origins of bats, so while many moths do listen for approaching bat echolocation their ears did not originally evolve in response to selective pressures from bats. These moth adaptations provide
1400:, a structure in the bat's midbrain, information from lower in the auditory processing pathway is integrated and sent on to the auditory cortex. As George Pollak and others showed in a series of papers in 1977, the
3067:
Hiryu, Shizuko; Hagino, Tomotaka; Riquimaroux, Hiroshi; Watanabe, Yoshiaki (March 2007). "Echo-intensity compensation in echolocating bats (Pipistrellus abramus) during flight measured by a telemetry microphone".
2219:
are known to use a relatively crude form of echolocation compared to that of bats and dolphins. These nocturnal birds emit calls while flying and use the calls to navigate through trees and caves where they live.
145:
repeated
Spallanzani's experiments (using different species of bat), and concluded that when bats hunt at night, they rely on hearing. In 1908, Walter Louis Hahn confirmed Spallanzani's and Jurine's findings.
1513:: Another kind of combination-sensitive neuron is the CF-CF neuron. These respond best to the combination of a CF call containing two given frequencies β a call at 30 kHz (CF1) and one of its additional
4244:
Teeling, Emma C.; Scally, Mark; Kao, Diana J.; Romagnoli, Michael L.; Springer, Mark S.; Stanhope, Michael J. (January 2000). "Molecular evidence regarding the origin of echolocation and flight in bats".
1660:(33.9β23 million years ago), two new lineages evolved in a second radiation. Early mysticetes (baleen whales) and odontocetes appeared in the middle Oligocene in New Zealand. Extant odontocetes are
277:
714:
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Shows evidence for the sensory integration of shape information between echolocation and vision, and presents the hypothesis of the existence of the mental representation of an "echoic image".
1435:
Suga and his colleagues have shown that the cortex contains a series of "maps" of auditory information, each of which is organized systematically based on characteristics of sound such as
311:
The structure of a CF signal is adaptive in that it allows the CF-bat to detect both the velocity of a target, and the fluttering of a target's wings as
Doppler shifted frequencies. A
2151:. NBHF is thought to have evolved as a means of predator evasion; NBHF-producing species are small relative to other odontocetes, making them viable prey to large species such as the
2110:
683:
5159:
Suga, N.; Simmons, J. A.; Jen, P. H. (1975). "Peripheral specialization for fine analysis of doppler-shifted echoes in the auditory system of the "CF-FM" bat
Pteronotus parnellii".
2087:. It evolved further in stem odontocetes, arriving at full cranial telescoping in the crown odontocetes. Movement of the nostrils may have allowed for a larger nasal apparatus and
6923:
Pack, A. A.; Herman, L. M. (August 1995). "Sensory integration in the bottlenosed dolphin: immediate recognition of complex shapes across the senses of echolocation and vision".
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Toothed whales emit a focused beam of high-frequency clicks in the direction that their head is pointing. Sounds are generated by passing air from the bony nares through the
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182:
2022:. These events encouraged selection for the ability to locate and capture prey in turbid river waters, which enabled the odontocetes to invade and feed at depths below the
5754:
Xu, Huihui; Liu, Yang; He, Guimei; Rossiter, Stephen J.; Zhang, Shuyi (November 2013). "Adaptive evolution of tight junction protein claudin-14 in echolocating whales".
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Pollak, George; Marsh, David; Bodenhamer, Robert; Souther, Arthur (May 1977). "Echo-detecting characteristics of neurons in inferior colliculus of unanesthetized bats".
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as signal intensity changes. These interneurons are specialized for time sensitivity in several ways. First, when activated, they generally respond with only one or two
1311:
Flying insects are a common source of food for echolocating bats and some insects (moths in particular) can hear the calls of predatory bats. However the evolution of
2297:) of different species (two thirds of the species tested) respond to simulated attack by echolocating bats by producing an accelerating series of clicks. The species
2056:
and Pjvk are proteins related to hearing sensitivity: Tmc1 is associated with hair cell development and high-frequency hearing, and Pjvk with hair cell function.
713:
789:, at rates as high as 200 clicks/second. During approach to a detected target, the duration of the sounds is gradually decreased, as is the energy of the sound.
2915:"Insectivorous bats integrate social information about species identity, conspecific activity and prey abundance to estimate cost-benefit ratio of interactions"
1443:. The neurons in these areas respond only to a specific combination of frequency and timing (sound-echo delay), and are known as combination-sensitive neurons.
4030:"Acoustic identification of eight species of bat (mammalia: chiroptera) inhabiting forests of southern hokkaido, Japan: potential for conservation monitoring"
5607:
McGowen, Michael R.; Spaulding, Michelle; Gatesy, John (December 2009). "Divergence date estimation and a comprehensive molecular tree of extant cetaceans".
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climate transition (14 Ma), with the divergence of odontocetes and mysticetes occurring with the former, and the speciation of
Delphinidae with the latter.
5447:
Fordyce, R. E. (2003). "Cetacean
Evolution and Eocene-Oligocene oceans revisited". In Prothero, Donald R.; Ivany, Linda C.; Nesbitt, Elizabeth A. (eds.).
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is shifted to the left and structures on the right are larger. Both cranial telescoping and asymmetry likely relate to sound production for echolocation.
3171:
Fenton, M. B.; Portfors, C. V.; Rautenbach, I. L.; Waterman, J. M. (1998). "Compromises: Sound frequencies used in echolocation by aerial-feeding bats".
5203:
Suga, N.; Niwa, H.; Taniguchi, I.; Margoliash, D. (October 1987). "The personalized auditory cortex of the mustached bat: adaptation for echolocation".
4939:"Disproportionate frequency representation in the inferior colliculus of Doppler-compensating greater horseshoe bats: Evidence of an acoustic fovea"
7698:
6236:
Ketten, D. R. (1992). "The Marine Mammal Ear: Specializations for aquatic audition and echolocation". In Webster, D.; Fay, R.; Popper, A. (eds.).
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750:(that come out at night since there are fewer predators then), less competition for food, and fewer species that may prey on the bats themselves.
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around 60 or 90 kHz (CF2 or CF3) β and the corresponding echoes. Thus, within the CF-CF region, the changes in echo frequency caused by the
2338:
subgroups. The tails oscillate in flight, creating echoes which deflect the hunting bat's attack from the moth's body to the tails. The species
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of those calls that return from various objects near them. They use these echoes to locate and identify the objects. Echolocation is used for
685:
2319:), or mimic chemically defended species. Both aposematism and mimicry have been shown to confer a survival advantage against bat attack.
1545:
Diagram illustrating sound generation, propagation and reception in a toothed whale. Outgoing sounds are cyan and incoming ones are green.
303:
be evaluated for a brief fraction of a millisecond, as the fast downward sweep of the call does not remain at any one frequency for long.
6302:
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clicks, which have evolved multiple functions including aposematism, mimicry of chemically defended species, and echolocation jamming.
3981:
7663:
2389:
6834:"Acoustic Aposematism and Evasive Action in Select Chemically Defended Arctiine (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) Species: Nonchalant or Not?"
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echolocation to flying bats. After detecting a potential prey item, echolocating bats increase the rate of pulses, ending with the
7160:
5699:"Parallel signatures of sequence evolution among hearing genes in echolocating mammals: an emerging model of genetic convergence"
3684:
Schnitzler, H. U.; Flieger, E. (1983). "Detection of oscillating target movements by echolocation in the Greater Horseshoe bat".
3201:
Fullard, J.; Dawson, J. (1997). "The echolocation calls of the spotted bat Euderma maculatum are relatively inaudible to moths".
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archaeocetes directional underwater hearing at low to mid frequencies. With the extinction of archaeocetes at the onset of the
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Simmons, J. A.; Stein, R. A. (1980). "Acoustic Imaging in bat sonar: echolocation signals and the evolution of echolocation".
3052:
Bats and dolphins are known for their ability to use echolocation. ... some blind people have learned to do the same thing ...
82:. FM may be best for close, cluttered environments, while CF may be better in open environments or for hunting while perched.
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6312:
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6143:
6126:
Cranford, T. W. (2000). "In Search of Impulse Sound Sources in Odontocetes". In Au, W. W.; Popper, A. N.; Fay, R. R. (eds.).
5460:
5361:
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Suga, N.; O'Neill, W. E. (October 1979). "Neural axis representing target range in the auditory cortex of the mustache bat".
5037:
3490:
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3403:"Intense echolocation calls from two 'whispering' bats, Artibeus jamaicensis and Macrophyllum macrophyllum (Phyllostomidae)"
2286:, including predator avoidance, attack deflection, and ultrasonic clicks which appear to function as warnings rather than
4178:
Teeling, Emma C.; Springer, Mark S.; Madsen, Ole; Bates, Paul; O'Brien, Stephen J.; Murphy, William J. (28 January 2005).
1300:
Echolocating bats occupy a diverse set of ecological conditions; they can be found living in environments as different as
5485:(2007). "Things that go bump in the night: evolutionary interactions between cephalopods and cetaceans in the tertiary".
2505:
Dijkgraaf, Sven (March 1960). "Spallanzani's unpublished experiments on the sensory basis of object perception in bats".
17:
4139:"The influence of bat echolocation call duration and timing on auditory encoding of predator distance in noctuoid moths"
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moving. Their use of echolocation, along with powered flight, allows them to occupy a niche where there are often many
5359:
Gatesy, John; Geisler, Jonathan H.; Chang, Joseph; et al. (2012). "A phylogenetic blueprint for a modern whale".
7708:
7643:
4790:
Goerlitz, Holger R.; ter Hofstede, Hannah M.; Zeale, Matt R. K.; Jones, Gareth; Holderied, Marc W. (September 2010).
2334:
moth family, which includes giant silk moths, have long tails on the hindwings, especially those in the Attacini and
2200:
1388:
acoustic fovea, the number of neurons responding to this region, and thus to the echo frequency, is especially high.
2278:, oscillate in flight, deflecting the hunting bat's attack to the tails and thus enabling the moth to evade capture.
6221:): modeling the receive directivity from tooth and lower jaw geometry". In Thomas, J. A.; Kastelein, R. A. (eds.).
5314:"Hearing from the ocean and into the river: the evolution of the inner ear of Platanistoidea (Cetacea: Odontoceti)"
4293:
136:, first demonstrated the phenomenon in bats. As Griffin described in his book, the 18th century Italian scientist
4029:
205:
Unlike some human-made sonars that rely on many extremely narrow beams and many receivers to localize a target (
7648:
7472:
7404:
2006:
Physical restructuring of the oceans has played a role in the evolution of echolocation. Global cooling at the
761:
and emit the sound through the open mouth or, much more rarely, the nose. The latter is most pronounced in the
341:
Echolocation occurs in a variety of mammals and birds as described below. It evolved repeatedly, an example of
6277:
Birds of the High Andes: a manual to the birds of the temperate zone of the Andes and Patagonia, South America
7863:
7091:
3871:
Teeling, E. C.; Madsen, O.; Van Den Bussche, R. A.; de Jong, W. W.; Stanhope, M. J.; Springer, M. S. (2002).
2695:
2644:
2019:
2011:
2718:
2075:
The evolution of two cranial structures may be linked to echolocation. Cranial telescoping (overlap between
1060:
in the Pteropodidae family evolved a different mechanism of echolocation using a system of tongue-clicking:
7499:
2972:"Echolocating bats perceive natural-size targets as a unitary class using micro-spectral ripples in echoes"
2549:
2127:
narrow-band high-frequency (NBHF) echolocation in four separate events. These species include the families
7153:
3873:"Microbat paraphyly and the convergent evolution of a key innovation in Old World rhinolophoid microbats"
2177:
7581:
2913:
Lewanzik, Daniel; Sundaramurthy, Arun K.; Goerlitz, Holger (October 2019). Derryberry, Elizabeth (ed.).
7731:
7409:
7394:
6217:
Goodson, A. D.; Klinowska, M. A. (1990). "A proposed echolocation receptor for the bottlenose dolphin (
2188:
from its biosonar are coming from one side or the other; but this has not been tested experimentally.
7668:
7210:
6245:
6130:. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research series. Vol. 12. New York: Springer. pp. 109β155.
6059:
5452:
2696:"The sixth sense of the bat. Sir Hiram Maxim's contention. The possible prevention of sea collisions"
2007:
1372:
673:
283:
6919:
Provides a variety of findings on signal strength, directionality, discrimination, biology and more.
1605:, because they live in an underwater habitat that has favourable acoustic characteristics and where
1046:
The second proposes that laryngeal echolocation had a single origin in Chiroptera, i.e. that it was
7771:
7596:
7414:
3619:
Fenton, M. B. (1995). "Natural History and Biosonar Signals". In Popper, A. N.; Fay, R. R. (eds.).
2283:
172:(toothed whales) was not properly described until two decades after Griffin and Galambos' work, by
109:
7653:
7625:
7492:
7267:
6368:
5911:
Coombs, Ellen J.; Clavel, Julien; Park, Travis; Churchill, Morgan; Goswami, Anjali (2020-07-10).
5572:
Fordyce, R. Ewan; Barnes, Lawrence G. (1994). "The evolutionary history of whales and dolphins".
4977:
4555:
2027:
5101:"Auditory cortex of bats and primates: managing species-specific calls for social communication"
3930:
MΓΌller, R. (December 2004). "A numerical study of the role of the tragus in the big brown bat".
3765:
Racicot, Rachel A.; Boessenecker, Robert W.; Darroch, Simon A. F.; Geisler, Jonathan H. (2019).
2344:(the African moon moth), which has especially long tails, was the most likely to evade capture.
7848:
7571:
7460:
7424:
7183:
7146:
6077:
Kyhn, L. A.; Jensen, F. H.; Beedholm, K.; Tougaard, J.; Hansen, M.; Madsen, P. T. (June 2010).
2577:
2247:
2164:
1641:
1321:
396:
3557:
Grinnell, A. D. (1995). "Hearing in Bats: An Overview.". In Popper, A. N.; Fay, R. R. (eds.).
2026:. In particular, echolocation below the photic zone could have been a predation adaptation to
808:
There are two hypotheses about the evolution of echolocation in bats. The first suggests that
7751:
7561:
7556:
7240:
6809:"NaΓ―ve bats discriminate arctiid moth warning sounds but generalize their aposematic meaning"
6607:
Rubin, Juliette J.; Hamilton, Chris A.; McClure, Christopher J. W.; et al. (July 2018).
5645:
Liu, Yang; Rossiter, Stephen J.; Han, Xiuqun; Cotton, James A.; Zhang, Shuyi (October 2010).
2836:
2608:
Dijkgraaf, Sven (1949). "Spallanzani und die FledermΓ€use" [Spallanzani and the bat].
1317:
1047:
705:
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5852:
5697:
Davies, K. T. J.; Cotton, J. A.; Kirwan, J. D.; Teeling, E. C.; Rossiter, S. J. (May 2012).
4839:
Ratcliffe, John M.; Elemans, Coen P. H.; Jakobsen, Lasse; Surlykke, Annemarie (April 2013).
2485:
295:
The major advantage conferred by an FM signal is extremely precise range discrimination, or
7703:
7693:
7688:
7606:
7551:
7317:
7250:
7230:
7225:
7029:
6932:
6845:
6758:
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6175:
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5658:
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5414:
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4803:
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4567:
4509:
4453:
4395:
4320:
4254:
4194:
4095:
3939:
3884:
3481:
Wilson, W.; Moss, Cynthia (2004). Thomas, Jeanette; Moss, Cynthia; Vater, Marianne (eds.).
3306:
3077:
2926:
2869:
2810:
2425:
2315:
the bat (a bluffing tactic), warn the bat that the moth is distasteful (honest signalling,
2287:
2124:
1428:
770:
342:
75:
4498:"Auditory opportunity and visual constraint enabled the evolution of echolocation in bats"
4086:
Speakman, J. R.; Racey, P. A. (April 1991). "No cost of echolocation for bats in flight".
1320:
for bats to improve their insect-hunting systems and this cycle culminates in a moth-bat "
55:
groups, both in the air and underwater. Echolocating animals emit calls and listen to the
8:
7812:
7761:
7536:
7322:
7272:
7076:
6411:
Siemers, BjΓΆrn M.; Schauermann, Grit; Turni, Hendrik; von Merten, Sophie (October 2009).
4496:
Thiagavel, Jeneni; Cechetto, ClΓ©ment; Santana, Sharlene E.; et al. (December 2018).
4003:
3719:
Fenton, M. Brock (1984). "Echolocation: Implications for Ecology and Evolution of Bats".
2481:
2324:
2057:
1397:
246:
Echolocation calls in bats have been measured at intensities anywhere between 60 and 140
240:
173:
137:
36:
A depiction of the ultrasound signals emitted by a bat, and the echo from a nearby object
7307:
7033:
6970:
Moss, Cynthia F.; Sinha, S. R. (December 2003). "Neurobiology of echolocation in bats".
6936:
6849:
6762:
6624:
6179:
5990:
5662:
5593:
5585:
5523:
Steeman, Mette E.; Hebsgaard, Martin B.; Fordyce, R. Ewan; et al. (December 2009).
5498:
5418:
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5259:
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4618:
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4513:
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3310:
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2814:
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7347:
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7245:
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7052:
7017:
6995:
6876:
6833:
6790:
6727:
6684:
6641:
6608:
6524:
6469:
6437:
6412:
6388:
6349:
6259:
Ketten, D. R. (2000). "Cetacean Ears". In Au, W. W.; Popper, A. N.; Fay, R. R. (eds.).
6199:
6018:
5947:
5912:
5888:
5823:
5790:
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5698:
5549:
5524:
5341:
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4724:
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4424:
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3353:
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3123:
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2914:
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2743:
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2530:
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2312:
2299:
2181:
1965:
1594:
296:
158:
6746:
6488:
6384:
3907:
3872:
112:
to avoid capture. These include predator avoidance, attack deflection, and the use of
7843:
7601:
7566:
7368:
7057:
6987:
6948:
6881:
6863:
6794:
6782:
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6528:
6516:
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6442:
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5934:
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5872:
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3259:
3218:
3153:
3093:
3043:
3035:
2993:
2952:
2899:
2887:
2822:
2748:
2552:[Extracts of Jurine's experiments on bats that have been deprived of sight].
2522:
2464:
2441:
2353:
1664:(a single evolutionary group), but echolocation evolved twice, convergently: once in
1606:
742:
228:
60:
56:
7101:
6731:
6392:
6203:
6187:
5283:
5232:
4725:"Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths"
4489:
4307:
Nojiri, Taro; Wilson, Laura A. B.; LΓ³pez-Aguirre, Camilo; et al. (2021-04-12).
4230:
4072:
3857:
3748:
3705:
3600:
3443:
3105:
2534:
236:, uses a particularly low frequency of 12.7 kHz that cannot be heard by moths.
7723:
7638:
7633:
7531:
7434:
7429:
7342:
7047:
7037:
6999:
6979:
6940:
6871:
6853:
6766:
6711:
6676:
6636:
6628:
6576:
6500:
6432:
6424:
6380:
6341:
6183:
6131:
6098:
6054:
6046:
6022:
5994:
5942:
5924:
5892:
5864:
5851:
Churchill, Morgan; Geisler, Jonathan H.; Beatty, Brian L.; Goswami, Anjali (2018).
5818:
5802:
5763:
5726:
5710:
5666:
5616:
5589:
5544:
5536:
5502:
5482:
5422:
5370:
5333:
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5212:
5168:
5120:
5112:
5073:
4989:
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4950:
4901:
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4852:
4811:
4762:
4744:
4694:
4684:
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4622:
4575:
4533:
4517:
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4419:
4403:
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4202:
4150:
4123:
4103:
4052:
4044:
3947:
3902:
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3835:
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3728:
3693:
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3526:
3455:
3414:
3373:
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3324:
3314:
3249:
3210:
3180:
3143:
3135:
3085:
3027:
2983:
2942:
2934:
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2818:
2775:
2738:
2734:
2730:
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2656:
2617:
2586:
2514:
2433:
2363:
2148:
2088:
1406:
1362:
6460:
Gould, Edwin (1965). "Evidence for echolocation in the Tenrecidae of Madagascar".
4441:
4309:"Embryonic evidence uncovers convergent origins of laryngeal echolocation in bats"
3279:
2801:
Schevill, W. E.; McBride, A. F. (1956). "Evidence for echolocation by cetaceans".
2629:
2550:"Extraits des expΓ©riences de Jurine sur les chauve-souris qu'on a privΓ© de la vue"
239:
Echolocation calls can be composed of two different types of frequency structure:
221:
Bat call frequencies range from as low as 11 kHz to as high as 212 kHz.
7853:
7576:
7399:
7302:
7297:
7126:
7108:
7095:
7042:
6858:
4442:"Prenatal development supports a single origin of laryngeal echolocation in bats"
3319:
2779:
2437:
2255:
2143:
1541:
1418:
1087:
843:
813:
206:
133:
6135:
6050:
5620:
5374:
2208:) flies in complete darkness inside the Puerto Princesa subterranean river cave.
805:. The Yangochiroptera appeared some 55 mya, and the Rhinolophoidea some 52 mya.
7858:
7541:
7515:
7419:
7292:
7287:
7235:
6983:
5929:
5853:"Evolution of cranial telescoping in echolocating whales (Cetacea: Odontoceti)"
5767:
4669:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4607:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4579:
4521:
4180:"A Molecular Phylogeny for Bats Illuminates Biogeography and the Fossil Record"
3530:
2459:
2413:
2340:
2271:
2137:
2060:
of Tmc1 and Pjvk indicates positive selection for echolocation in odontocetes.
2015:
1896:
1653:
1590:
1550:
1377:
1351:
1343:
1312:
1203:
1190:
964:
951:
762:
129:
79:
5975:"A new fossil species supports an early origin for toothed whale echolocation"
5974:
5671:
5646:
4993:
4816:
4791:
4665:"Flying in silence: Echolocating bats cease vocalizing to avoid sonar jamming"
4407:
4333:
4308:
3654:
3517:
Jones, G.; Teeling, E. (March 2006). "The evolution of echolocation in bats".
2882:
2857:
2590:
253:
A single echolocation call (a call being a single continuous trace on a sound
7837:
7746:
7683:
7546:
7282:
7215:
7169:
6867:
6778:
6723:
6567:
Riley, Donald A.; Rosenzweig, Mark R. (August 1957). "Echolocation in Rats".
6512:
6006:
5938:
5876:
5814:
5722:
5216:
4758:
4529:
4473:
4415:
4352:
4214:
4193:(5709). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 580β584.
3263:
3039:
2065:
1763:
1578:
1566:
1518:
372:
312:
98:
7119:
6770:
6504:
5540:
4749:
4689:
4465:
4206:
3459:
2938:
2229:
2048:, a motor protein of the outer hair cells of the inner ear of the mammalian
7797:
7736:
7439:
7389:
7327:
7132:
7061:
6991:
6885:
6786:
6650:
6632:
6588:
6520:
6446:
6428:
6195:
6112:
6014:
5956:
5884:
5832:
5791:"Cetacean Skull Telescoping Brings Evolution of Cranial Sutures into Focus"
5775:
5740:
5680:
5628:
5558:
5382:
5267:
5134:
5077:
5001:
4915:
4874:
4856:
4825:
4776:
4708:
4646:
4627:
4587:
4547:
4481:
4433:
4360:
4274:
4222:
4164:
4064:
3959:
3916:
3897:
3849:
3800:
3782:
3767:"Evidence for convergent evolution of ultrasonic hearing in toothed whales"
3662:
3538:
3467:
3428:
3387:
3369:
3338:
3271:
3157:
3139:
3097:
3047:
2997:
2956:
2891:
2752:
2526:
2445:
2234:
Terrestrial mammals other than bats known or thought to echolocate include
2116:
2097:
2084:
2076:
1804:
1661:
1586:
1570:
1401:
1113:
1051:
879:
774:
479:
142:
48:
6952:
5224:
5180:
4601:
Springer, Mark S.; Teeling, Emma C.; Madsen, Ole; et al. (May 2001).
4115:
3222:
3214:
3184:
3012:
7776:
7616:
7363:
7332:
7312:
6667:
Spangler, Hayward G. (1988). "Sound and the Moths That Infest Beehives".
5973:
Geisler, Jonathan H.; Colbert, Matthew W.; Carew, James L. (April 2014).
5714:
5275:
5172:
5085:
4890:"Auditory communication processing in bats: What we know and where to go"
4792:"An aerial-hawking bat uses stealth echolocation to counter moth hearing"
3236:
Fenton, M. Brock; Faure, Paul A.; Ratcliffe, John M. (1 September 2012).
2335:
2330:
2316:
2275:
2132:
2041:(23β2.6 million years ago), evolving extremely specialized echolocation.
2034:
2030:
2023:
1997:
1981:
1675:
1649:
1614:
1598:
1574:
812:
echolocation evolved twice, or more, in Chiroptera, at least once in the
668:
254:
222:
169:
150:
97:. A few bird species in two cave-dwelling bird groups echolocate, namely
86:
5998:
5337:
5312:
Viglino, M.; GaetΓ‘n, M.; Buono, M. R.; Fordyce, R. E.; Park, T. (2021).
4938:
1333:
to the highest levels of information processing in the auditory cortex.
7822:
7756:
7678:
7658:
7337:
7113:
6745:
Corcoran, Aaron J.; Barber, Jesse R.; Conner, William E. (2009-07-17).
6688:
6413:"Why do shrews twitter? Communication or simple echo-based orientation"
6353:
6225:. NATO ASI Series A. Vol. 196. New York: Plenum. pp. 255β267.
6103:
6078:
4954:
4906:
4889:
4343:
4155:
4138:
4048:
3740:
3697:
3592:
3419:
3402:
3254:
2988:
2971:
2787:
2680:
2621:
2368:
2243:
1728:
1709:
1671:
1666:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1554:
1423:
1305:
1067:
823:
754:
733:
550:
426:
320:
call, which maintains a constant frequency for up to 100 milliseconds.
288:
162:
154:
113:
29:
Method used by several animal species to determine location using sound
6715:
6473:
5868:
5030:
Behavioral Neurobiology: The Cellular Organization of Natural Behavior
4978:"Cochlear hair cells of echolocating bats are immune to intense noise"
4056:
3951:
3840:
3823:
3089:
2266:
2083:
bones, and rearwards displacement of the nostrils) developed first in
1450:
32:
7817:
6944:
6580:
6548:
5806:
5525:"Radiation of extant cetaceans driven by restructuring of the oceans"
4266:
4107:
3354:"Echolocation range and wingbeat period match in aerial-hawking bats"
3031:
2294:
2251:
1973:
1871:
1861:
1845:
1785:
1740:
1657:
1610:
1582:
1514:
1440:
1436:
1148:
1056:
914:
510:
352:
68:
6680:
6345:
5313:
4382:
Jebb, David; Huang, Zixia; Pippel, Martin; et al. (July 2020).
2661:
2572:
664:
7802:
7586:
7200:
6702:
Phillips, Kathryn (15 July 2006). "Are Moths Jamming or Warning?".
5449:
From Greenhouse to Icehouse: the Marine Eocene-Oligocene Transition
4976:
Liu, Zhen; Chen, Peng; Li, Yuan-Yuan; et al. (November 2021).
4603:"Integrated fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation"
4384:"Six reference-quality genomes reveal evolution of bat adaptations"
3870:
3732:
2518:
2216:
2128:
1602:
1562:
626:
247:
93:
species, and, using simpler forms, species in other groups such as
64:
7088:
6546:
in Captivity with Comments on the Behavior of other Insectivora".
6328:
Tomasi, Thomas E. (1979). "Echolocation by the Short-Tailed Shrew
4440:
Wang, Zhe; Zhu, Tengteng; Xue, Huiling; et al. (2017-01-09).
4171:
3641:
Neuweiler, G. (2003). "Evolutionary aspects of bat echolocation".
7484:
6410:
5116:
4888:
Salles, Angeles; Bohn, Kirsten M.; Moss, Cynthia F. (June 2019).
3764:
2212:
2080:
2069:
2049:
2045:
2038:
1954:
1813:
1692:
1637:
1558:
1366:
609:
457:
102:
7138:
6369:"The use of echolocation by the wandering shrew (Sorex vagrans)"
5846:
5844:
5842:
4838:
4721:
4495:
3401:
Brinklov, S.; Kalko, E. K. V.; Surlykke, A. (16 December 2008).
3170:
218:
researched, but the principles apply to all echolocation calls.
7194:
6263:. SHAR Series for Auditory Research. Springer. pp. 43β108.
5913:"Wonky whales: the evolution of cranial asymmetry in cetaceans"
4556:"Hear, hear: the convergent evolution of echolocation in bats?"
2239:
2171:) have lowered source levels to better suit their environment.
2061:
2044:
Four proteins play a major role in toothed whale echolocation.
1989:
1907:
1645:
1301:
1284:
1238:
999:
856:
809:
798:
758:
747:
564:
389:
362:
52:
4789:
4028:
Fukui, Dai; Agetsuma, Naoki; Hill, David A. (September 2004).
3066:
2416:(December 1944). "Echolocation by Blind Men, Bats and Radar".
7523:
5968:
5966:
5850:
5839:
5358:
4600:
3124:"Bat echolocation calls: adaptation and convergent evolution"
2912:
2645:"Some habits and sensory adaptations of cave-inhabiting bats"
2235:
493:
323:
199:
187:
94:
6606:
5692:
5690:
5055:
4594:
1432:. This bat's call has both CF tone and FM sweep components.
108:
Some prey animals that are hunted by echolocating bats take
6487:
He, Kai; Liu, Qi; Xu, Dong-Ming; et al. (2021-06-18).
6035:
5647:"Cetaceans on a molecular fast track to ultrasonic hearing"
5640:
5638:
5403:"Whale evolution and oligocene southern-ocean environments"
5202:
4306:
2487:
Lettere sopra il sospetto di un nuovo senso nei pipistrelli
2152:
2053:
595:
233:
6076:
5963:
5906:
5904:
5902:
4663:
Chiu, Chen; Xian, Wei; Moss, Cynthia F. (September 2008).
4177:
816:
and at least once in the horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae):
5910:
5696:
5687:
5522:
5352:
5311:
4243:
3828:
Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
1960:
1609:
is often extremely limited in range due to absorption or
802:
440:
90:
7082:
5635:
4137:
Gordon, Shira D.; ter Hofstede, Hannah M. (March 2018).
1336:
5899:
3677:
2390:"Donald R. Griffin, 88, Dies; Argued Animals Can Think"
6609:"The evolution of anti-bat sensory illusions in moths"
6602:
6600:
6598:
5606:
4375:
3351:
1050:
to the group, and was subsequently lost in the family
157:
to avoid obstacles. In 1920, the English physiologist
7018:"Echolocating bats cry out loud to detect their prey"
6542:
Eisenberg, J. F.; Gould, E. (1966). "The Behavior of
4381:
3400:
3352:
Holderied, M. W.; von Helversen, O. (November 2003).
3295:"Echolocating bats cry out loud to detect their prey"
2159:, are unable to hear frequencies above 100 kHz.
6744:
5644:
5051:
5049:
3235:
2554:
Journal de physique, de chimie, d'histoire naturelle
6595:
6569:
Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology
5972:
5789:Roston, Rachel A.; Roth, V. Louise (8 March 2019).
5099:Kanwal, Jagmeet S.; Rauschecker, J. P. (May 2007).
3238:"Evolution of high duty cycle echolocation in bats"
3011:Thaler, Lore; Goodale, Melvyn A. (19 August 2016).
3004:
6300:
6237:
6072:
6070:
4136:
2719:"The avoidance of objects by bats in their flight"
2494:] (in Italian). Turin, Italy: Stamperia Reale.
2463:
2270:The especially long tails on the hindwings of the
2135:(porpoises), as well as some species of the genus
2068:(34β31 Ma) and Antarctic ice growth at the Middle
6462:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
6161:"Dolphin sonar--modelling a new receiver concept"
5407:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
5098:
5046:
4658:
4656:
4027:
3683:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3444:"Scaling of Echolocation Call Parameters in Bats"
3117:
3115:
85:Echolocating animals include mammals, especially
7835:
7699:Ultra-short baseline acoustic positioning system
6963:BioNB 424 Neuroethology Powerpoint presentation.
6925:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
6662:
6660:
6216:
5782:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5299:Sensory Exotica: A World Beyond Human Experience
3932:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
3552:
3550:
3548:
3070:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
7089:British Library Sound Archive: Listen to Nature
7079:- analysis of several kinds of bat echolocation
6566:
6067:
5753:
5518:
5516:
5480:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5245:
4936:
4729:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3824:"Do predators influence the behaviour of bats?"
3821:
3760:
3758:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3196:
3194:
2800:
2492:Letters on the suspicion of a new sense in bats
6832:Dowdy, Nicolas J.; Conner, William E. (2016).
6541:
6087:) producing narrow-band high-frequency clicks"
5158:
4887:
4653:
4439:
3627:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3121:
3112:
2970:Shriram, Uday; Simmons, James A. (June 2019).
2969:
1526:Doppler shifted constant frequency (DSCF) area
724:; echolocation call followed by a social call.
7500:
7154:
6695:
6657:
6535:
6273:
6079:"Echolocation in sympatric Peale's dolphins (
5574:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
5571:
5469:
5023:
5021:
5019:
4085:
3822:Lima, Steven L.; O'Keefe, Joy (August 2013).
3545:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3292:
3200:
3062:
3060:
3010:
264:
128:was coined by 1944 by the American zoologist
5513:
5435:
5389:
5305:
5301:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: A Bradford Book.
5198:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5144:
4662:
3755:
3623:. New York: Springer Verlag. pp. 37β86.
3578:
3565:
3516:
3191:
2282:Some insects that are predated by bats have
163:frequencies above the range of human hearing
6831:
5028:Carew, T. (2004) . "Echolocation in Bats".
4975:
3607:
3561:. New York: Springer Verlag. pp. 1β36.
3485:. University of Chicago Press. p. 22.
2480:
2406:
287:, an FM bat. The ultrasonic call has been "
190:, judging by their navigational abilities.
7674:Short baseline acoustic positioning system
7507:
7493:
7161:
7147:
6406:
6404:
6402:
5788:
5016:
3499:
3480:
3435:
3122:Jones, G.; Holderied, M. W. (April 2007).
3057:
324:Acoustic environments of FM and CF signals
161:correctly proposed instead that bats used
7664:Long baseline acoustic positioning system
7135:Program for Biodiversity Research (PPBio)
7051:
7041:
7016:Surlykke, A.; Kalko, E. K. (April 2008).
6875:
6857:
6640:
6486:
6436:
6102:
6060:1983/dc8d8192-b8b6-4ec3-abd5-2ef84fddbee8
6058:
6039:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
5946:
5928:
5822:
5730:
5670:
5548:
5426:
5187:
5141:
5124:
4905:
4864:
4815:
4766:
4748:
4698:
4688:
4636:
4626:
4537:
4423:
4342:
4332:
4154:
3906:
3896:
3839:
3790:
3640:
3418:
3377:
3328:
3318:
3293:Surlykke, A.; Kalko, E. K. (April 2008).
3253:
3147:
2987:
2946:
2881:
2742:
2716:
2670:
2660:
2607:
2570:
2504:
2195:
773:caused by the echoes reflecting from the
6701:
6666:
6125:
3556:
3394:
2845:. Harper and Brothers. pp. 206β207.
2835:
2547:
2265:
2258:can use echolocation to navigate mazes.
2199:
2107:
1540:
1449:
663:
273:
31:
7114:University of Maryland Bat Research Lab
7007:Reynolds, J. E.; Rommel, S. A. (1999).
6961:Hopkins, C. (2007), "Echolocation II",
6489:"Echolocation in soft-furred tree mice"
6399:
6366:
6158:
5446:
5400:
4553:
2573:"Experiments on bats deprived of sight"
2458:
2412:
2402:from the original on 15 September 2012.
2388:Yoon, Carol Kaesuk (14 November 2003).
2123:Thirteen species of extant odontocetes
306:
269:
176:and McBride in 1956. However, in 1953,
14:
7836:
7714:Underwater acoustic positioning system
7592:Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System
7085:- links to many bioacoustics resources
6965:, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University
6327:
6258:
6235:
5296:
4292:. Animal Diversity Web. Archived from
3929:
3718:
3618:
2655:(3): 135β198, especially pp. 165β178.
2223:
1391:
777:, a flap of skin in the external ear.
741:Echolocating bats use echolocation to
153:independently proposed that bats used
7488:
7142:
6459:
5609:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
5362:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
5027:
3441:
3013:"Echolocation in humans: an overview"
2855:
2766:"Review of 'Listening in the Dark'".
2693:
2311:Moth ultrasound can also function to
1890:directional u/water hearing
1648:periods (49-31.5 million years ago),
1617:are generally able to hear sounds at
1337:Inner ear and primary sensory neurons
7467:
7098:- has bat and swiftlet sonar signals
6710:(14). The Company of Biologists: i.
6274:FjeldsΓ₯, Jon; Krabbe, Niels (1990).
4004:"Pacific Northwest Bat Call Library"
2642:
2387:
1422:cortex of the bat have been done by
1327:
1295:
212:
186:, that porpoises had something like
155:sound below the human auditory range
6307:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 547.
6240:The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing
6091:The Journal of Experimental Biology
5594:10.1146/annurev.ea.22.050194.002223
4943:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
4143:The Journal of Experimental Biology
3643:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
3581:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
3203:The Journal of Experimental Biology
24:
7514:
7102:Bat Ecology & Bioacoustics Lab
7083:International Bioacoustics Council
6906:An Introduction to Neural Networks
6896:
4937:Schuller, G.; Pollack, G. (1979).
2261:
1640:evolution consisted of three main
1632:
1412:
694:
336:
25:
7875:
7709:Underwater acoustic communication
7644:Acoustic Doppler current profiler
7168:
7070:
4560:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
3686:Journal of Comparative Physiology
3519:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
3483:Echolocation in Bats and Dolphins
2694:Maxim, Hiram (7 September 1912).
1644:. Throughout the middle and late
797:Bats evolved at the start of the
226:different prey and environments.
119:
7615:
7466:
7455:
7454:
7011:. Smithsonian Institution Press.
6367:Buchler, E. R. (November 1976).
6168:Bioinspiration & Biomimetics
5507:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00032.x
4982:Journal of Genetics and Genomics
3358:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
3128:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
2014:. Tectonic openings created the
792:
732:Problems playing this file? See
710:
681:
7767:Hearing range of marine mammals
7211:Central pattern generator (CPG)
7077:The DSP Behind Bat Echolocation
6972:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
6825:
6801:
6738:
6704:Journal of Experimental Biology
6560:
6480:
6453:
6360:
6321:
6294:
6267:
6252:
6229:
6210:
6152:
6119:
6029:
5747:
5600:
5565:
5290:
5239:
5161:Journal of Experimental Biology
5092:
4969:
4930:
4881:
4832:
4783:
4715:
4237:
4130:
4079:
4021:
3996:
3966:
3923:
3864:
3815:
3721:The Quarterly Review of Biology
3712:
3474:
3448:Journal of Experimental Biology
3407:Journal of Experimental Biology
3345:
3286:
3242:Journal of Experimental Biology
3229:
3164:
2963:
2906:
2849:
2829:
2794:
2759:
2710:
2687:
2012:greenhouse to an icehouse world
1485: Frequency-sensitive area
1477: Amplitude-sensitive area
7649:Acoustic seabed classification
7405:Frog hearing and communication
6261:Hearing by Whales and Dolphins
6223:Sensory Abilities of Cetaceans
6128:Hearing by Whales and Dolphins
4554:Teeling, Emma C. (July 2009).
4446:Nature Ecology & Evolution
2735:10.1113/jphysiol.1920.sp001908
2700:Scientific American Supplement
2636:
2601:
2564:
2541:
2498:
2474:
2452:
2381:
2037:(dolphins) diversified in the
281:Echolocation call produced by
232:, a bat species that feeds on
13:
1:
6385:10.1016/S0003-3472(76)80016-4
6280:. Apollo Books. p. 232.
2919:The Journal of Animal Ecology
2374:
2020:Antarctic Circumpolar Current
1549:Biosonar is valuable to both
193:
180:suggested in his first book,
7043:10.1371/journal.pone.0002036
6917:. New York: Springer-Verlag.
6859:10.1371/journal.pone.0152981
6244:. Springer-Verlag. pp.
6083:) and Commerson's dolphins (
5428:10.1016/0031-0182(80)90024-3
3320:10.1371/journal.pone.0002036
2823:10.1016/0146-6313(56)90096-x
2780:10.1126/science.128.3327.766
2438:10.1126/science.100.2609.589
2103:
1674:odontocete, and once in the
7:
6747:"Tiger Moth Jams Bat Sonar"
6301:Marshall Cavendish (2000).
6136:10.1007/978-1-4612-1150-1_3
6085:Cephalorhynchus commersonii
5621:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.018
5375:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.012
5032:. Oxford University Press.
3173:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2643:Hahn, Walter Louis (1908).
2347:
2169:Cephalorhynchus commersonii
1937:Cetacean evolution timeline
753:Echolocating bats generate
10:
7880:
7732:Acoustic survey in fishing
7410:Infrared sensing in snakes
7395:Jamming avoidance response
7120:Batlab at Brown University
6984:10.1016/j.conb.2003.10.016
6159:Dobbins, P. (March 2007).
5930:10.1186/s12915-020-00805-4
5768:10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.034
5205:Journal of Neurophysiology
4841:"How the bat got its buzz"
4580:10.1016/j.tree.2009.02.012
4522:10.1038/s41467-017-02532-x
3974:"Wyoming Bat Call Library"
3531:10.1016/j.tree.2006.01.001
2230:Shrews Β§ Echolocation
2227:
2115:Southern Alaskan resident
680:Corresponding audio file:
265:Tradeoff between FM and CF
89:(toothed whales) and some
74:Echolocation calls can be
7785:
7722:
7669:Ocean acoustic tomography
7624:
7613:
7522:
7450:
7377:
7356:
7260:
7176:
7116:- website of Cynthia Moss
7009:Biology of Marine Mammals
6188:10.1088/1748-3182/2/1/003
6051:10.1093/biolinnean/bly194
5672:10.1016/j.cub.2010.09.008
5453:Columbia University Press
4994:10.1016/j.jgg.2021.06.007
4817:10.1016/j.cub.2010.07.046
4408:10.1038/s41586-020-2486-3
4334:10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.043
4290:"Order Chiroptera (Bats)"
3655:10.1007/s00359-003-0406-2
2883:10.1016/j.cub.2005.06.051
2591:10.1080/14786447808676811
2284:anti-predator adaptations
2131:(pygmy sperm whales) and
2008:Eocene-Oligocene boundary
1948:
1945:
1942:
1894:
1859:
1802:
1783:
1776:
1761:
1754:
1725:
1713:
1703:
1696:
1686:
1536:
1454:Auditory cortex of a bat
1373:Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
1216:
1201:
1194:
1144:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1107:
1100:
1085:
1078:
1071:
977:
962:
955:
910:
897:
890:
883:
873:
866:
841:
834:
827:
674:Pipistrellus pipistrellus
623:
606:
599:
561:
554:
507:
490:
483:
454:
437:
430:
420:
393:
383:
376:
366:
356:
284:Pipistrellus pipistrellus
7772:Marine mammals and sonar
7597:Synthetic aperture sonar
7415:Caridoid escape reaction
7129:- JA Simmons Lab website
6904:Anderson, J. A. (1995).
6669:The Florida Entomologist
6081:Lagenorhynchus australis
5217:10.1152/jn.1987.58.4.643
4008:University of Washington
2470:. Yale University Press.
7654:Acoustical oceanography
7268:Theodore Holmes Bullock
6813:journals.biologists.com
6771:10.1126/science.1174096
6505:10.1126/science.aay1513
5801:(7). Wiley: 1055β1073.
5401:Fordyce, R. E. (1980).
5105:Frontiers in Bioscience
4894:Behavioral Neuroscience
4750:10.1073/pnas.1907847116
4690:10.1073/pnas.0804408105
4466:10.1038/s41559-016-0021
4207:10.1126/science.1105113
3460:10.1242/jeb.202.23.3359
3020:WIREs Cognitive Science
2976:Behavioral Neuroscience
2939:10.1111/1365-2656.12989
2856:Jones, G. (July 2005).
2672:2027/hvd.32044107327314
2206:Aerodramus palawanensis
2010:caused a change from a
1799:adaptive radiation
1625:hear sounds within the
659:
198:Echolocation is active
7572:Scientific echosounder
7425:Surface wave detection
6633:10.1126/sciadv.aar7428
6429:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0378
6304:Exploring Life Biology
5297:Hughes, H. C. (1999).
5268:10.1126/science.482944
5078:10.1126/science.857318
4857:10.1098/rsbl.2012.1031
4628:10.1073/pnas.111551998
3898:10.1073/pnas.022477199
3783:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0083
3442:Jones, Gareth (1999).
3370:10.1098/rspb.2003.2487
3140:10.1098/rspb.2006.0200
2837:Cousteau, Jacques Yves
2717:Hartridge, H. (1920).
2578:Philosophical Magazine
2571:De Jurine, M. (1798).
2322:The greater wax moth (
2279:
2209:
2196:Oilbirds and swiftlets
2120:
1546:
1495:
1426:on the mustached bat,
1322:evolutionary arms race
699:
689:
292:
149:In 1912, the inventor
110:active countermeasures
37:
7752:Deep scattering layer
7562:Multibeam echosounder
7557:GLORIA sidescan sonar
7241:Anti-Hebbian learning
6915:The Sonar of Dolphins
5795:The Anatomical Record
5541:10.1093/sysbio/syp060
4502:Nature Communications
3978:University of Wyoming
3215:10.1242/jeb.200.1.129
3185:10.1139/cjz-76-6-1174
3026:(6). Wiley: 382β393.
2723:Journal of Physiology
2466:Listening in the dark
2269:
2248:Chinese pygmy dormice
2228:Further information:
2203:
2114:
1544:
1453:
1283: (Earliest
1160:tongue‑clicking
926:tongue‑clicking
771:interference patterns
698:
667:
397:Chinese pygmy dormice
280:
178:Jacques Yves Cousteau
35:
7864:Animal communication
7704:Underwater acoustics
7694:Sound velocity probe
7689:Sound speed gradient
7607:Upward looking sonar
7552:Fessenden oscillator
7318:Bernhard Hassenstein
7251:Ultrasound avoidance
7226:Fixed action pattern
7189:Coincidence detector
6334:Journal of Mammalogy
5715:10.1038/hdy.2011.119
5483:Pyenson, Nicholas D.
5455:. pp. 154β170.
5173:10.1242/jeb.63.1.161
2482:Spallanzani, Lazzaro
2288:echolocation jamming
2215:and some species of
2204:A Palawan swiftlet (
2125:convergently evolved
2018:with a free flowing
1429:Pteronotus parnellii
343:convergent evolution
307:CF signal advantages
270:FM signal advantages
7813:Hydrographic survey
7762:Fisheries acoustics
7742:Animal echolocation
7537:Baffles (submarine)
7385:Animal echolocation
7323:Werner E. Reichardt
7273:Walter Heiligenberg
7034:2008PLoSO...3.2036S
6937:1995ASAJ...98..722P
6931:(2 Pt 1): 722β733.
6850:2016PLoSO..1152981D
6763:2009Sci...325..325C
6625:2018SciA....4.7428R
6544:Solenodon paradoxus
6180:2007BiBi....2...19D
5999:10.1038/nature13086
5991:2014Natur.508..383G
5663:2010CBio...20.1834L
5586:1994AREPS..22..419F
5499:2007Letha..40..335L
5419:1980PPP....31..319F
5338:10.1017/pab.2021.11
5330:2021Pbio...47..591V
5260:1979Sci...206..351S
5111:(8β12): 4621β4640.
5070:1977Sci...196..675P
4808:2010CBio...20.1568G
4741:2019PNAS..11622657K
4735:(45): 22657β22663.
4681:2008PNAS..10513116C
4619:2001PNAS...98.6241S
4572:2009TEcoE..24..351T
4514:2018NatCo...9...98T
4458:2017NatEE...1...21W
4400:2020Natur.583..578J
4325:2021CBio...31E1353N
4319:(7): 1353β1365.e3.
4296:on 21 December 2007
4259:2000Natur.403..188T
4199:2005Sci...307..580T
4149:(Pt 6): jeb171561.
4100:1991Natur.350..421S
3944:2004ASAJ..116.3701M
3889:2002PNAS...99.1431T
3364:(1530): 2293β2299.
3311:2008PLoSO...3.2036S
3082:2007ASAJ..121.1749H
2931:2019JAnEc..88.1462L
2874:2005CBio...15.R484J
2815:1956DSR.....3..153S
2774:(3327): 766. 1958.
2649:Biological Bulletin
2430:1944Sci...100..589G
2325:Galleria mellonella
2224:Terrestrial mammals
2165:Commerson's dolphin
2058:Molecular evolution
2000:underwater hearing
1968:, esp. of dolphins
1939:
1398:Inferior colliculus
1392:Inferior colliculus
1356:Pteronotus parnelii
1054:. Later, the genus
241:frequency modulated
138:Lazzaro Spallanzani
76:frequency modulated
18:Animal Echolocation
7808:Geophysical MASINT
7793:Acoustic signature
7348:Fernando Nottebohm
7246:Sound localization
7221:Lateral inhibition
7125:2016-07-23 at the
7107:2009-05-26 at the
7094:2016-09-22 at the
6913:Au, W. E. (1993).
6499:(6548): eaay1513.
6330:Blarina brevicauda
6219:Tursiops truncatus
6104:10.1242/jeb.042440
5529:Systematic Biology
4955:10.1007/bf00617731
4907:10.1037/bne0000308
4156:10.1242/jeb.171561
4049:10.2108/zsj.21.947
4037:Zoological Science
3984:on 16 January 2019
3698:10.1007/bf00612592
3593:10.1007/bf00660182
3420:10.1242/jeb.023226
3255:10.1242/jeb.073171
2989:10.1037/bne0000315
2622:10.1007/bf02153744
2460:Griffin, Donald R.
2414:Griffin, Donald R.
2395:The New York Times
2359:Human echolocation
2300:Bertholdia trigona
2280:
2210:
2182:bottlenose dolphin
2121:
2119:using echolocation
1966:Adaptive radiation
1935:
1629:frequency regime.
1621:frequencies while
1547:
1496:
1318:selective pressure
1237: (Early
998: (Early
855: (Early
706:Pipistrellus calls
700:
690:
293:
159:Hamilton Hartridge
47:, is a biological
38:
7831:
7830:
7602:Towed array sonar
7582:Sonar beamforming
7567:Passive acoustics
7482:
7481:
7369:Slice preparation
7231:Krogh's Principle
7206:Feature detection
6757:(5938): 325β327.
6716:10.1242/jeb.02391
6314:978-0-7614-7142-4
6287:978-87-88757-16-3
6145:978-1-4612-7024-9
6097:(11): 1940β1949.
5985:(7496): 383β386.
5869:10.1111/evo.13480
5657:(20): 1834β1839.
5481:Lindberg, D. R.;
5462:978-0-2311-2716-5
5254:(4416): 351β353.
5064:(4290): 675β678.
5039:978-0-8789-3084-5
4802:(17): 1568β1572.
4613:(11): 6241β6246.
4394:(7817): 578β584.
4253:(6766): 188β192.
4094:(6317): 421β423.
3952:10.1121/1.1815133
3841:10.1111/brv.12021
3492:978-0-2267-9598-0
3454:(23): 3359β3367.
3248:(17): 2935β2944.
3209:(Pt 1): 129β137.
3134:(1612): 905β912.
3090:10.1121/1.2431337
2925:(10): 1462β1473.
2868:(13): R484βR488.
2803:Deep-Sea Research
2548:Peschier (1798).
2424:(2609): 589β590.
2354:Animal navigation
2272:African moon moth
2112:
2004:
2003:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1878:
1877:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1819:
1469: CF-CF area
1461: FM-FM area
1407:action potentials
1328:Neural mechanisms
1296:Calls and ecology
1292:
1291:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1227:
1226:
1175:
1174:
1166:
1165:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1033:
1025:
1024:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1006:
988:
987:
941:
940:
932:
931:
801:epoch, around 64
715:
686:
656:
655:
647:
646:
638:
637:
585:
584:
576:
575:
540:
539:
531:
530:
522:
521:
469:
468:
408:
407:
278:
229:Euderma maculatum
213:Acoustic features
16:(Redirected from
7871:
7724:Acoustic ecology
7639:Acoustic release
7634:Acoustic network
7619:
7532:Active acoustics
7509:
7502:
7495:
7486:
7485:
7470:
7469:
7458:
7457:
7435:Mechanoreception
7430:Electroreception
7343:Masakazu Konishi
7308:JΓΆrg-Peter Ewert
7163:
7156:
7149:
7140:
7139:
7065:
7055:
7045:
7012:
7003:
6966:
6956:
6945:10.1121/1.413566
6918:
6909:
6890:
6889:
6879:
6861:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6805:
6799:
6798:
6742:
6736:
6735:
6699:
6693:
6692:
6664:
6655:
6654:
6644:
6613:Science Advances
6604:
6593:
6592:
6581:10.1037/h0047398
6564:
6558:
6557:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6484:
6478:
6477:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6440:
6408:
6397:
6396:
6373:Animal Behaviour
6364:
6358:
6357:
6325:
6319:
6318:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6243:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6165:
6156:
6150:
6149:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6106:
6074:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6033:
6027:
6026:
5970:
5961:
5960:
5950:
5932:
5908:
5897:
5896:
5863:(5): 1092β1108.
5848:
5837:
5836:
5826:
5807:10.1002/ar.24079
5786:
5780:
5779:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5734:
5694:
5685:
5684:
5674:
5642:
5633:
5632:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5552:
5520:
5511:
5510:
5478:
5467:
5466:
5444:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5398:
5387:
5386:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5200:
5185:
5184:
5156:
5139:
5138:
5128:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5053:
5044:
5043:
5025:
5014:
5013:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4909:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4868:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4819:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4770:
4752:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4702:
4692:
4675:(35): 13116β21.
4660:
4651:
4650:
4640:
4630:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4551:
4541:
4493:
4437:
4427:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4346:
4336:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4286:
4267:10.1038/35003188
4241:
4235:
4234:
4184:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4158:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4108:10.1038/350421a0
4083:
4077:
4076:
4034:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3980:. Archived from
3970:
3964:
3963:
3938:(6): 3701β3712.
3927:
3921:
3920:
3910:
3900:
3883:(3): 1431β1436.
3868:
3862:
3861:
3843:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3794:
3762:
3753:
3752:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3638:
3625:
3624:
3616:
3605:
3604:
3576:
3563:
3562:
3554:
3543:
3542:
3514:
3497:
3496:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3422:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3381:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3322:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3257:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3179:(6): 1174β1182.
3168:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3076:(3): 1749β1757.
3064:
3055:
3054:
3032:10.1002/wcs.1408
3017:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2950:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2885:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2842:The Silent World
2833:
2827:
2826:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2674:
2664:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2385:
2364:Magnetoreception
2149:La Plata dolphin
2113:
2094:Cotylocara macei
1940:
1934:
1779:
1778:
1757:
1756:
1716:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1493: DSCF area
1492:
1491:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1459:
1363:basilar membrane
1348:Rhinolophus spp.
1197:
1196:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1064:
1063:
958:
957:
893:
892:
886:
885:
876:
875:
869:
868:
837:
836:
830:
829:
820:
819:
767:Rhinolophus spp.
717:
716:
697:
688:
687:
602:
601:
557:
556:
486:
485:
433:
432:
423:
422:
386:
385:
379:
378:
369:
368:
359:
358:
349:
348:
279:
183:The Silent World
168:Echolocation in
51:used by several
21:
7879:
7878:
7874:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7869:
7868:
7834:
7833:
7832:
7827:
7781:
7718:
7626:Ocean acoustics
7620:
7611:
7577:Side-scan sonar
7518:
7513:
7483:
7478:
7446:
7400:Vision in toads
7373:
7352:
7303:Erich von Holst
7298:Karl von Frisch
7256:
7172:
7167:
7127:Wayback Machine
7109:Wayback Machine
7096:Wayback Machine
7073:
7068:
7015:
7006:
6969:
6960:
6922:
6912:
6903:
6899:
6897:Further reading
6894:
6893:
6844:(4): e0152981.
6830:
6826:
6817:
6815:
6807:
6806:
6802:
6743:
6739:
6700:
6696:
6681:10.2307/3495006
6665:
6658:
6619:(7): eaar7428.
6605:
6596:
6565:
6561:
6540:
6536:
6485:
6481:
6458:
6454:
6417:Biology Letters
6409:
6400:
6365:
6361:
6346:10.2307/1380190
6326:
6322:
6315:
6299:
6295:
6288:
6272:
6268:
6257:
6253:
6234:
6230:
6215:
6211:
6163:
6157:
6153:
6146:
6124:
6120:
6075:
6068:
6034:
6030:
5971:
5964:
5909:
5900:
5849:
5840:
5787:
5783:
5752:
5748:
5695:
5688:
5651:Current Biology
5643:
5636:
5605:
5601:
5570:
5566:
5521:
5514:
5479:
5470:
5463:
5445:
5436:
5399:
5390:
5357:
5353:
5310:
5306:
5295:
5291:
5244:
5240:
5201:
5188:
5157:
5142:
5097:
5093:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5026:
5017:
4988:(11): 984β993.
4974:
4970:
4935:
4931:
4886:
4882:
4851:(2): 20121031.
4845:Biology Letters
4837:
4833:
4796:Current Biology
4788:
4784:
4720:
4716:
4661:
4654:
4599:
4595:
4380:
4376:
4313:Current Biology
4299:
4297:
4288:
4242:
4238:
4182:
4176:
4172:
4135:
4131:
4084:
4080:
4032:
4026:
4022:
4012:
4010:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3928:
3924:
3869:
3865:
3820:
3816:
3777:(5): 20190083.
3771:Biology Letters
3763:
3756:
3717:
3713:
3682:
3678:
3639:
3628:
3621:Hearing in Bats
3617:
3608:
3577:
3566:
3559:Hearing in Bats
3555:
3546:
3515:
3500:
3493:
3479:
3475:
3440:
3436:
3399:
3395:
3350:
3346:
3291:
3287:
3234:
3230:
3199:
3192:
3169:
3165:
3120:
3113:
3065:
3058:
3015:
3009:
3005:
2968:
2964:
2911:
2907:
2862:Current Biology
2854:
2850:
2834:
2830:
2799:
2795:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2715:
2711:
2692:
2688:
2662:10.2307/1536066
2641:
2637:
2606:
2602:
2569:
2565:
2546:
2542:
2503:
2499:
2479:
2475:
2457:
2453:
2411:
2407:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2350:
2264:
2262:Countermeasures
2256:laboratory rats
2232:
2226:
2198:
2144:Cephalorhynchus
2108:
2106:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1879:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1670:, an Oligocene
1635:
1633:Whale evolution
1539:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1419:auditory cortex
1415:
1413:Auditory cortex
1394:
1339:
1330:
1298:
1293:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1228:
1218:horseshoe bats
1176:
1167:
1088:Yangochiroptera
1044:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1008:
989:
979:horseshoe bats
942:
933:
844:Yangochiroptera
814:Yangochiroptera
795:
739:
738:
730:
728:
727:
726:
725:
718:
711:
708:
701:
695:
682:
679:
662:
657:
648:
639:
586:
577:
541:
532:
523:
470:
418:Laurasiatheria
409:
339:
337:Taxonomic range
326:
309:
274:
272:
267:
215:
207:multibeam sonar
196:
134:Robert Galambos
122:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7877:
7867:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7789:
7787:
7786:Related topics
7783:
7782:
7780:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7728:
7726:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7630:
7628:
7622:
7621:
7614:
7612:
7610:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7542:Bistatic sonar
7539:
7534:
7528:
7526:
7520:
7519:
7516:Hydroacoustics
7512:
7511:
7504:
7497:
7489:
7480:
7479:
7477:
7476:
7464:
7451:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7444:
7443:
7442:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7420:Vocal learning
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7381:
7379:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7371:
7366:
7360:
7358:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7293:Donald Kennedy
7290:
7288:Donald Griffin
7285:
7280:
7278:Niko Tinbergen
7275:
7270:
7264:
7262:
7258:
7257:
7255:
7254:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7236:Hebbian theory
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7191:
7186:
7180:
7178:
7174:
7173:
7166:
7165:
7158:
7151:
7143:
7137:
7136:
7130:
7117:
7111:
7099:
7086:
7080:
7072:
7071:External links
7069:
7067:
7066:
7013:
7004:
6978:(6): 751β758.
6967:
6958:
6920:
6910:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6892:
6891:
6824:
6800:
6737:
6694:
6675:(4): 467β477.
6656:
6594:
6575:(4): 323β328.
6559:
6534:
6479:
6468:(6): 352β360.
6452:
6423:(5): 593β596.
6398:
6379:(4): 858β873.
6359:
6340:(4): 751β759.
6320:
6313:
6293:
6286:
6266:
6251:
6228:
6209:
6151:
6144:
6118:
6066:
6045:(2): 213β224.
6028:
5962:
5898:
5838:
5781:
5762:(2): 208β214.
5746:
5709:(5): 480β489.
5686:
5634:
5615:(3): 891β906.
5599:
5580:(1): 419β455.
5564:
5535:(6): 573β585.
5512:
5493:(4): 335β343.
5468:
5461:
5434:
5388:
5369:(2): 479β506.
5351:
5324:(4): 591β611.
5304:
5289:
5238:
5211:(4): 643β654.
5186:
5167:(1): 161β192.
5140:
5091:
5045:
5038:
5015:
4968:
4929:
4900:(3): 305β319.
4880:
4831:
4782:
4714:
4652:
4593:
4566:(7): 351β354.
4374:
4236:
4170:
4129:
4078:
4043:(9): 947β955.
4020:
3995:
3965:
3922:
3863:
3834:(3): 626β644.
3814:
3754:
3733:10.1086/413674
3711:
3692:(3): 385β391.
3676:
3649:(4): 245β256.
3626:
3606:
3564:
3544:
3525:(3): 149β156.
3498:
3491:
3473:
3434:
3393:
3344:
3285:
3228:
3190:
3163:
3111:
3056:
3003:
2982:(3): 297β304.
2962:
2905:
2858:"Echolocation"
2848:
2828:
2809:(2): 153β154.
2793:
2758:
2729:(1β2): 54β57.
2709:
2686:
2635:
2600:
2585:(2): 136β140.
2563:
2540:
2519:10.1086/348834
2497:
2473:
2451:
2405:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2341:Argema mimosae
2263:
2260:
2225:
2222:
2197:
2194:
2138:Lagenorhynchus
2105:
2102:
2028:diel migrating
2016:Southern Ocean
2002:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1906:mid/late
1902:
1901:
1897:Basilosauridae
1893:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1678:odontocetes.
1634:
1631:
1567:river dolphins
1551:toothed whales
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1508:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1414:
1411:
1393:
1390:
1378:acoustic fovea
1352:moustached bat
1344:horseshoe bats
1338:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1313:hearing organs
1297:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1281: CF
1276:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1235: FM
1230:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:Megadermatidae
1200:
1195:
1193:
1191:Rhinolophoidea
1187:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1004:
996: FM
991:
990:
986:
985:
982:
981:
976:
973:
972:
969:
968:
965:Megadermatidae
961:
956:
954:
952:Rhinolophoidea
948:
947:
944:
943:
939:
938:
935:
934:
930:
929:
921:
920:
909:
906:
905:
902:
901:
896:
891:
889:
884:
882:
874:
872:
867:
865:
862:
861:
853: CF
848:
847:
840:
835:
833:
828:
826:
818:
794:
791:
763:horseshoe bats
729:
719:
709:
704:
703:
702:
693:
692:
691:
661:
658:
654:
653:
650:
649:
645:
644:
641:
640:
636:
635:
632:
631:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
605:
600:
598:
592:
591:
588:
587:
583:
582:
579:
578:
574:
573:
570:
569:
560:
555:
553:
547:
546:
543:
542:
538:
537:
534:
533:
529:
528:
525:
524:
520:
519:
516:
515:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
489:
484:
482:
476:
475:
472:
471:
467:
466:
463:
462:
453:
450:
449:
446:
445:
436:
431:
429:
421:
419:
415:
414:
411:
410:
406:
405:
402:
401:
392:
384:
382:
377:
375:
367:
365:
357:
355:
347:
338:
335:
325:
322:
308:
305:
271:
268:
266:
263:
214:
211:
195:
192:
130:Donald Griffin
121:
120:Early research
118:
99:cave swiftlets
80:Doppler effect
43:, also called
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7876:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7849:Neuroethology
7847:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7790:
7788:
7784:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7747:Beached whale
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7721:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7684:SOFAR channel
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7627:
7623:
7618:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7547:Echo sounding
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7510:
7505:
7503:
7498:
7496:
7491:
7490:
7487:
7475:
7474:
7465:
7463:
7462:
7453:
7452:
7449:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7376:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7359:
7355:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7283:Konrad Lorenz
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7259:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7216:NMDA receptor
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7196:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7170:Neuroethology
7164:
7159:
7157:
7152:
7150:
7145:
7144:
7141:
7134:
7131:
7128:
7124:
7121:
7118:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7106:
7103:
7100:
7097:
7093:
7090:
7087:
7084:
7081:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7063:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7014:
7010:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6968:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6907:
6902:
6901:
6887:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6828:
6814:
6810:
6804:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6741:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6698:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6663:
6661:
6652:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6603:
6601:
6599:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6563:
6555:
6551:
6550:
6545:
6538:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6483:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6456:
6448:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6363:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6324:
6316:
6310:
6306:
6305:
6297:
6289:
6283:
6279:
6278:
6270:
6262:
6255:
6247:
6242:
6241:
6232:
6224:
6220:
6213:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6162:
6155:
6147:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6122:
6114:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6086:
6082:
6073:
6071:
6061:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6032:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5969:
5967:
5958:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5834:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5785:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5750:
5742:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5693:
5691:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5641:
5639:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5603:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5568:
5560:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5519:
5517:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5464:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5429:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5355:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5308:
5300:
5293:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5095:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5052:
5050:
5041:
5035:
5031:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4972:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4933:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4884:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4835:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4786:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4718:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4659:
4657:
4648:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4295:
4291:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4240:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4133:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3759:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3622:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3560:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3494:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3195:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3116:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2567:
2559:
2556:(in French).
2555:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2293:Tiger moths (
2291:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2202:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2117:killer whales
2101:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2066:Drake Passage
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2033:. The family
2032:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1984:echolocation
1983:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1941:
1938:
1928:
1927:
1919:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:Physeteroidea
1759:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:), including
1584:
1580:
1579:baleen whales
1576:
1572:
1571:killer whales
1568:
1564:
1560:
1557:), including
1556:
1552:
1543:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1519:Doppler shift
1516:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1334:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1251:
1250:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1171:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
992:
984:
983:
980:
975:
974:
971:
970:
967:
966:
960:
959:
953:
950:
949:
946:
945:
937:
936:
928:
927:
923:
922:
919:
918:
917:
916:
908:
907:
904:
903:
900:
895:
894:
888:
887:
881:
878:
877:
871:
870:
864:
863:
860:
858:
854:
850:
849:
846:
845:
839:
838:
832:
831:
825:
822:
821:
817:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
793:Bat evolution
790:
788:
787:terminal buzz
782:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
749:
744:
737:
735:
723:
720:Recording of
707:
676:
675:
670:
666:
652:
651:
643:
642:
634:
633:
630:
629:
628:
621:
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
611:
604:
603:
597:
594:
593:
590:
589:
581:
580:
572:
571:
568:
567:
566:
559:
558:
552:
549:
548:
545:
544:
536:
535:
527:
526:
518:
517:
514:
513:
512:
505:
504:
501:
500:
497:
496:
495:
488:
487:
481:
478:
477:
474:
473:
465:
464:
461:
460:
459:
452:
451:
448:
447:
444:
443:
442:
435:
434:
428:
425:
424:
417:
416:
413:
412:
404:
403:
400:
399:
398:
391:
388:
387:
381:
380:
374:
373:Boreoeutheria
371:
370:
364:
361:
360:
354:
351:
350:
346:
344:
334:
330:
321:
317:
314:
313:Doppler shift
304:
300:
298:
290:
286:
285:
262:
258:
256:
251:
249:
244:
242:
237:
235:
231:
230:
224:
223:Insectivorous
219:
210:
208:
203:
201:
191:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
144:
139:
135:
131:
127:
117:
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
27:
19:
7798:Bioacoustics
7741:
7737:Acoustic tag
7471:
7459:
7440:Lateral line
7390:Waggle dance
7384:
7328:Eric Knudsen
7193:
7028:(4): e2036.
7025:
7021:
7008:
6975:
6971:
6962:
6928:
6924:
6914:
6908:. MIT Press.
6905:
6841:
6837:
6827:
6816:. Retrieved
6812:
6803:
6754:
6750:
6740:
6707:
6703:
6697:
6672:
6668:
6616:
6612:
6572:
6568:
6562:
6553:
6547:
6543:
6537:
6496:
6492:
6482:
6465:
6461:
6455:
6420:
6416:
6376:
6372:
6362:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6323:
6303:
6296:
6276:
6269:
6260:
6254:
6239:
6231:
6222:
6218:
6212:
6174:(1): 19β29.
6171:
6167:
6154:
6127:
6121:
6094:
6090:
6084:
6080:
6042:
6038:
6031:
5982:
5978:
5920:
5916:
5860:
5856:
5798:
5794:
5784:
5759:
5755:
5749:
5706:
5702:
5654:
5650:
5612:
5608:
5602:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5532:
5528:
5490:
5486:
5448:
5410:
5406:
5366:
5360:
5354:
5321:
5318:Paleobiology
5317:
5307:
5298:
5292:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5208:
5204:
5164:
5160:
5117:10.2741/2413
5108:
5104:
5094:
5061:
5057:
5029:
4985:
4981:
4971:
4949:(1): 47β54.
4946:
4942:
4932:
4897:
4893:
4883:
4848:
4844:
4834:
4799:
4795:
4785:
4732:
4728:
4717:
4672:
4668:
4610:
4606:
4596:
4563:
4559:
4505:
4501:
4449:
4445:
4391:
4387:
4377:
4316:
4312:
4298:. Retrieved
4294:the original
4250:
4246:
4239:
4190:
4186:
4173:
4146:
4142:
4132:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4040:
4036:
4023:
4011:. Retrieved
4007:
3998:
3986:. Retrieved
3982:the original
3977:
3968:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3880:
3876:
3866:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3774:
3770:
3727:(1): 33β53.
3724:
3720:
3714:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3646:
3642:
3620:
3587:(1): 61β84.
3584:
3580:
3558:
3522:
3518:
3482:
3476:
3451:
3447:
3437:
3413:(1): 11β20.
3410:
3406:
3396:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3305:(4): e2036.
3302:
3298:
3288:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3206:
3202:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3131:
3127:
3073:
3069:
3051:
3023:
3019:
3006:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2841:
2831:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2616:(2): 90β92.
2613:
2609:
2603:
2594:
2582:
2576:
2566:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2491:
2486:
2476:
2465:
2454:
2421:
2417:
2408:
2393:
2383:
2339:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2310:
2305:
2298:
2292:
2281:
2233:
2211:
2205:
2190:
2186:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2157:Acrophyseter
2156:
2142:
2136:
2122:
2098:median plane
2093:
2074:
2043:
2005:
1998:Archaeocetes
1936:
1905:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1870:middle
1869:
1860:
1855:echolocation
1854:
1853:
1844:
1812:
1805:Delphinoidea
1803:
1798:
1784:
1762:
1750:echolocation
1749:
1748:
1738:
1727:
1726:
1721:echolocation
1720:
1719:
1665:
1662:monophyletic
1654:basilosaurid
1650:archaeocetes
1636:
1575:sperm whales
1548:
1529:
1525:
1510:
1503:
1499:
1445:
1434:
1427:
1416:
1402:interneurons
1395:
1386:
1384:necessary.
1382:
1371:
1360:
1355:
1347:
1340:
1331:
1310:
1299:
1280:
1279:
1234:
1233:
1217:
1202:
1183:CF lost
1182:
1181:
1159:
1158:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1132:
1114:Pteropodidae
1086:
1055:
1052:Pteropodidae
1045:
995:
994:
978:
963:
925:
924:
913:
912:
911:
898:
880:Pteropodidae
852:
851:
842:
807:
796:
786:
783:
779:
766:
752:
740:
731:
722:Pipistrellus
721:
672:
625:
624:
608:
607:
563:
562:
509:
508:
492:
491:
480:Eulipotyphla
456:
455:
439:
438:
395:
394:
340:
331:
327:
318:
310:
301:
297:localization
294:
282:
259:
252:
245:
238:
227:
220:
216:
204:
197:
181:
167:
148:
143:Louis Jurine
132:, who, with
126:echolocation
125:
123:
107:
84:
73:
69:hunting prey
49:active sonar
44:
41:Echolocation
40:
39:
26:
7364:Patch clamp
7333:Eric Kandel
7313:Franz Huber
7184:Feedforward
7133:Morcegoteca
6556:(4): 49β60.
5917:BMC Biology
5413:: 319β336.
4344:1885/286428
2610:Experientia
2596:themselves.
2513:(1): 9β20.
2336:Arsenurinae
2331:Saturniidae
2317:aposematism
2178:phonic lips
2133:Phocoenidae
2085:xenorophids
2035:Delphinidae
2031:cephalopods
2024:photic zone
1982:Odontocetes
1946:Start date
1615:Odontocetes
1599:gray whales
1595:pygmy right
1365:within the
1133:fruit bats
899:fruit bats
669:Spectrogram
289:heterodyned
255:spectrogram
170:odontocetes
151:Hiram Maxim
87:odontocetes
7838:Categories
7823:Soundscape
7777:Whale song
7757:Fishfinder
7679:Sofar bomb
7659:Hydrophone
7338:Nobuo Suga
7253:in insects
6818:2023-11-10
4300:2007-12-30
4057:2115/14484
4013:16 January
3988:16 January
2706:: 148β150.
2560:: 145β148.
2375:References
2369:Ultrasound
2306:B. trigona
2252:solenodons
2244:Madagascar
2147:, and the
1739:late
1729:Xenorophus
1710:Odontoceti
1667:Xenorophus
1642:radiations
1627:infrasonic
1623:mysticetes
1619:ultrasonic
1581:(suborder
1555:Odontoceti
1553:(suborder
1530:Pteronotus
1511:CF-CF area
1504:Pteronotus
1500:FM-FM area
1424:Nobuo Suga
1306:Madagascar
1068:Chiroptera
824:Chiroptera
755:ultrasound
734:media help
551:Afrotheria
511:Solenodons
427:Scrotifera
194:Principles
114:ultrasonic
61:navigation
7818:Noise map
6868:1932-6203
6795:206520028
6779:0036-8075
6724:1477-9145
6549:Zoologica
6529:235463083
6513:0036-8075
6007:1476-4687
5939:1741-7007
5923:(1): 86.
5877:1558-5646
5857:Evolution
5815:1932-8486
5723:1365-2540
5346:233517623
5010:237094069
4924:143423009
4759:0027-8424
4530:2041-1723
4508:(1): 98.
4474:2397-334X
4452:(2): 21.
4416:1476-4687
4369:232125726
4353:0960-9822
4283:205004782
4215:0036-8075
3809:155091623
3264:1477-9145
3040:1939-5078
2900:235311777
2295:Arctiidae
2276:Saturniid
2141:, all of
2104:Mechanism
2081:maxillary
1974:Oligocene
1872:Oligocene
1862:Mysticeti
1846:Oligocene
1786:Ziphiidae
1741:Oligocene
1658:Oligocene
1611:turbidity
1583:Mysticeti
1563:porpoises
1515:harmonics
1441:amplitude
1437:frequency
1149:Rousettus
1057:Rousettus
915:Rousettus
810:laryngeal
627:Swiftlets
353:Tetrapoda
124:The term
45:bio sonar
7844:Ethology
7803:Biophony
7587:Sonobuoy
7461:Category
7201:Instinct
7177:Concepts
7123:Archived
7105:Archived
7092:Archived
7062:18446226
7022:PLOS ONE
6992:14662378
6886:27096408
6838:PLOS ONE
6787:19608920
6732:85257361
6651:29978042
6589:13475510
6521:34140356
6447:19535367
6393:53160608
6204:27290079
6196:17671323
6113:20472781
6015:24670659
5957:32646447
5885:29624668
5833:30737886
5776:23965379
5741:22167055
5703:Heredity
5681:20933423
5629:19699809
5559:20525610
5383:23103570
5284:11840108
5233:18390219
5135:17485400
5002:34393089
4916:31045392
4875:23302868
4826:20727755
4777:31636187
4709:18725624
4647:11353869
4588:19482373
4548:29311648
4490:29068452
4482:28812602
4434:32699395
4361:33675700
4275:10646602
4231:25912333
4223:15681385
4165:29567831
4073:20190217
4065:15459453
3960:15658720
3917:11805285
3858:32118961
3850:23347323
3801:31088283
3749:83946162
3706:36824634
3663:12743729
3601:20515827
3539:16701491
3468:10562518
3429:19088206
3388:14613617
3339:18446226
3299:PLOS ONE
3272:22875762
3158:17251105
3106:14511456
3098:17407911
3048:27538733
2998:31021108
2957:30945281
2892:16005275
2839:(1953).
2753:16993475
2535:11923119
2527:13816753
2484:(1794).
2462:(1958).
2446:17776129
2400:Archived
2348:See also
2217:swiftlet
2213:Oilbirds
2129:Kogiidae
1638:Cetacean
1603:rorquals
1559:dolphins
1350:and the
757:via the
743:navigate
610:Oilbirds
390:Rodentia
248:decibels
174:Schevill
101:and the
65:foraging
7473:Commons
7378:Systems
7357:Methods
7053:2323577
7030:Bibcode
7000:8541198
6953:7642811
6933:Bibcode
6877:4838332
6846:Bibcode
6759:Bibcode
6751:Science
6689:3495006
6642:6031379
6621:Bibcode
6493:Science
6438:2781971
6354:1380190
6176:Bibcode
6023:4457391
5987:Bibcode
5948:7350770
5893:4656605
5824:9324554
5732:3330687
5659:Bibcode
5582:Bibcode
5550:2777972
5495:Bibcode
5487:Lethaia
5415:Bibcode
5326:Bibcode
5256:Bibcode
5248:Science
5225:3681389
5181:1159359
5126:4276140
5066:Bibcode
5058:Science
4963:7176515
4866:3639754
4804:Bibcode
4768:6842621
4737:Bibcode
4700:2529029
4677:Bibcode
4615:Bibcode
4568:Bibcode
4539:5758785
4510:Bibcode
4454:Bibcode
4425:8075899
4396:Bibcode
4321:Bibcode
4255:Bibcode
4195:Bibcode
4187:Science
4124:4314715
4116:2011191
4096:Bibcode
3940:Bibcode
3885:Bibcode
3792:6548736
3741:2827869
3671:8761216
3379:1691500
3330:2323577
3307:Bibcode
3223:9317482
3149:1919403
3078:Bibcode
2948:6849779
2927:Bibcode
2870:Bibcode
2811:Bibcode
2788:1754799
2768:Science
2744:1405739
2681:1536066
2426:Bibcode
2418:Science
2313:startle
2240:tenrecs
2077:frontal
2070:Miocene
2050:cochlea
2046:Prestin
2039:Neogene
1955:Miocene
1814:Miocene
1788:, etc.
1693:Cetacea
1591:bowhead
1396:In the
1367:cochlea
748:insects
678:buzz").
565:Tenrecs
363:Mammals
103:oilbird
7854:Senses
7261:People
7195:Umwelt
7060:
7050:
6998:
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