27:
1107:
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117:(MPLA). After being expelled from Zambia between 1976 and 1979, PLAN was permitted by the MPLA to establish its regional headquarters inside Angola. Access to bases inside Angola provided PLAN with opportunities to train its forces in secure sanctuaries and infiltrate insurgents and supplies across Namibia's northern border. The MPLA government also permitted shipments of arms and ammunition destined for PLAN to pass through Angolan ports. South African troops frequently launched
815:
1053:
751:
57:
46:
133:
Under the terms of the
Tripartite Accord, South Africa agreed to grant Namibia independence in exchange for a Cuban military withdrawal from Angola and an Angolan commitment to cease all aid to PLAN. Angola later cooperated with the United Nations in confining PLAN insurgents to their bases until
109:
had denounced as illegal. Beginning in 1965, PLAN frequently used
Angolan territory to mount raids on South African military positions in Namibia. Over the course of the war, the fighting in Namibia would eventually drive at least 43,000 Namibian refugees into exile in Angola, many of whom joined
121:
operations along PLAN's external infiltration routes in Angola; they also sabotaged
Angolan port and rail infrastructure being used to transport supplies to PLAN. This resulted in an effective state of war between South Africa and Angola which lasted until both nations, along with
142:
Following independence, Namibian-Angolan relations continued to be governed by security matters. In 1999, Namibia signed a mutual defence pact with Angola. Between 1999 and 2001, Namibia cooperated with the MPLA government by detaining suspected sympathisers of the
147:(UNITA). Namibian troops were also deployed to Angola to assist in counter-insurgency operations against UNITA insurgents near the border. Namibia and Angola were both instrumental in an allied military intervention with
642:
176:
Angola visa-free until 30 November 2017 when citizens of South Africa and
Mozambique were allowed visa-free access on 1 December 2017. Currently citizens of 11 countries can visit Angola visa-free.
683:
591:
649:
1041:
774:
739:
447:
26:
144:
707:
114:
676:
1019:
1280:
717:
98:
1034:
732:
584:
1311:
1008:
1306:
1275:
1271:
314:
Case
Studies of War-To-Peace Transition: The Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in Ethiopia, Namibia, and Uganda
102:
1301:
1027:
992:
988:
567:
542:
492:
184:
In 2016, Namibian exports to Angola amounted to US$ 99.6 million and
Angolan exports to Namibia amounted to US$ 6.2 million.
615:
1255:
725:
1146:
263:. Basel, Switzerland: Basler Afrika Bibliographien Namibia Resource Center and Southern Africa Library. pp. 36–41.
1086:
849:
517:
431:
403:
378:
350:
325:
293:
268:
169:. The overwhelming majority of the refugees were repatriated to Angola after the end of the Angolan Civil War in 2002.
1199:
967:
799:
1049:
458:
134:
they could be disarmed, demobilised, and returned home to participate in
Namibia's first free and fair elections.
1204:
1179:
1167:
972:
784:
769:
747:
113:
Following
Angolan independence in 1975, SWAPO established a formal alliance with Angola's new ruling party, the
1194:
1096:
1076:
880:
829:
1230:
1225:
936:
804:
105:(PLAN) had emerged during the 1960s in response to South Africa's continued occupation of Namibia, which the
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234:
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779:
127:
839:
158:
In 2001, there were about 30,000 Angolan refugees residing in
Namibia. Many of them resided in the
173:
814:
628:
8:
371:
The
Namibian War of Independence, 1966-1989: Diplomatic, Economic and Military Campaigns
261:
The Inevitable Pipeline Into Exile. Botswana's Role in the Namibian Liberation Struggle
118:
373:. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Incorporated Publishers. pp. 74–77, 93–95.
563:
538:
513:
488:
427:
399:
374:
346:
321:
289:
264:
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Comrades Against Apartheid: The ANC & the South African Communist Party in Exile
152:
101:(SWAPO), had a unique relationship with Angola. SWAPO and its militant wing, the
106:
187:
1295:
162:
426:. Solihull: Helion & Company, Publishers. pp. 203–205, 304–305.
343:
Namibia and Southern Africa: Regional Dynamics of Decolonization, 1945-90
166:
317:
286:
Flight Plan Africa: Portuguese Airpower in Counterinsurgency, 1961–1974
562:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 80–86.
537:. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. pp. 207–214, 239–245.
217:
202:
148:
97:
Long before Namibian independence, the country's ruling party, the
1052:
424:
Iron Fist From The Sea: South Africa's Seaborne Raiders 1978-1988
221:
81:
61:
750:
213:
77:
50:
629:"IRIN SA Weekly Roundup Covering the Period 4–10 August 2001"
345:. London: Kegan Paul International. pp. 73–87, 100–116.
206:
159:
201:
Angola has an embassy in Windhoek and consulates-general in
708:"Namibia Products Exports by country 2019 | WITS Data"
512:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 184–187.
123:
312:
Colletta, Nat; Kostner, Markus; Wiederhofer, Indo (1996).
311:
535:
A Political History of the Civil War in Angola: 1974-1990
76:
relate to the relations between the governments of the
448:"SWAPO's Army: Organization, Tactics, and Prospects"
288:. Solihull: Helion & Company. pp. 362–363.
145:
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola
137:
92:
643:"Scramble for the Congo - Anatomy of an Ugly War"
1293:
576:
195:
682:. United Nations High Commission on Refugees.
590:. United Nations High Commission on Refugees.
421:
172:Namibians were the only nationality who could
115:People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola
1035:
733:
616:Namibian army faces abduction, torture claims
507:
677:"2004 UNHCR Statistical Yearbook - Namibia"
1042:
1028:
740:
726:
557:
551:
532:
398:. London: Panaf Books. pp. 228–242.
671:
669:
648:. ICG Africa. 2000-12-20. Archived from
487:. Cape Town: Tafelberg. pp. 32–36.
186:
99:South West African People's Organisation
508:Sechaba, Tsepo; Ellis, Stephen (1992).
482:
307:
305:
1294:
1281:Minister of Foreign Affairs of Namibia
476:
417:
415:
393:
364:
362:
340:
258:
1023:
721:
666:
635:
526:
422:Steyn, Douw; Söderlund, Arné (2015).
387:
334:
252:
179:
501:
485:The SADF in the Border War 1966–1989
368:
302:
283:
689:from the original on 24 August 2006
597:from the original on 24 August 2006
582:
440:
412:
359:
277:
103:People's Liberation Army of Namibia
13:
14:
1323:
560:UN peacekeeping: myth and reality
259:Müller, Johann Alexander (2012).
1105:
1051:
813:
775:Democratic Republic of the Congo
749:
138:Post-independence era in Namibia
55:
44:
25:
700:
621:
608:
93:Pre-independence era in Namibia
1312:Bilateral relations of Namibia
1272:Diplomatic missions of Namibia
1009:Minister of External Relations
533:James III, W. Martin (2011) .
457:. October 1984. Archived from
1:
1307:Bilateral relations of Angola
989:Diplomatic missions in Angola
245:
191:Embassy of Angola in Windhoek
87:
1058:Foreign relations of Namibia
240:Foreign relations of Namibia
196:Resident diplomatic missions
7:
756:Foreign relations of Angola
585:"Namibia: Situation Report"
558:Sitkowski, Andrzej (2006).
455:Central Intelligence Agency
235:Foreign relations of Angola
228:
10:
1328:
216:and consulates-general in
212:Namibia has an embassy in
74:Angolan–Namibian relations
20:Angolan–Namibian relations
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1103:
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960:
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863:
822:
811:
762:
483:Scholtz, Leopold (2013).
67:
54:
43:
33:
24:
1302:Angola–Namibia relations
394:Nujoma, Samuel (2001).
341:Dreyer, Ronald (1994).
614:Cape Argus/IOL.co.za,
369:Dale, Richard (2014).
192:
190:
396:Where others wavered
320:. pp. 127–142.
284:Cann, John (2015).
82:Republic of Namibia
21:
16:Bilateral relations
583:William, Vincent.
464:on 20 January 2017
193:
180:Economic relations
119:search and destroy
78:Republic of Angola
19:
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1288:
1017:
1016:
569:978-0-275-99214-9
544:978-1-4128-1506-2
494:978-0-624-05410-8
316:. Washington DC:
128:Tripartite Accord
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1002:Related topics
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655:on 2013-10-29
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1087:South Africa
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968:Soviet Union
800:South Africa
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691:. Retrieved
657:. Retrieved
650:the original
637:
623:
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599:. Retrieved
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466:. Retrieved
459:the original
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163:refugee camp
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1200:North Korea
453:. Langley:
167:Otjiwarongo
151:during the
1296:Categories
1276:in Namibia
973:Yugoslavia
785:Mozambique
770:Cape Verde
693:2006-08-26
659:2013-06-18
601:2006-08-26
318:World Bank
246:References
88:Background
1205:Palestine
1180:Indonesia
1168:Hong Kong
993:of Angola
881:Indonesia
830:Argentina
468:7 January
130:in 1989.
1195:Malaysia
1115:Americas
1097:Zimbabwe
1077:Botswana
982:Missions
937:Portugal
823:Americas
805:Zimbabwe
684:Archived
592:Archived
229:See also
218:Menongue
203:Oshakati
149:Zimbabwe
80:and the
1231:Germany
1226:Finland
922:Germany
901:Vietnam
855:Uruguay
795:Nigeria
790:Namibia
222:Ondjiva
62:Namibia
1265:Europe
1251:Sweden
1241:Russia
1236:Poland
1219:Europe
1210:Turkey
1185:Israel
1137:Mexico
1127:Canada
1122:Brazil
1092:Zambia
1072:Angola
1065:Africa
961:Former
947:Serbia
942:Russia
932:Norway
917:France
910:Europe
896:Turkey
886:Israel
845:Mexico
835:Brazil
763:Africa
618:, 2001
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214:Luanda
174:access
110:PLAN.
51:Angola
1246:Spain
1190:Japan
1175:India
1163:China
1082:Kenya
952:Spain
927:Italy
891:Japan
876:India
871:China
780:Kenya
687:(PDF)
680:(PDF)
653:(PDF)
646:(PDF)
595:(PDF)
588:(PDF)
462:(PDF)
451:(PDF)
207:Rundu
165:near
160:Osire
1156:Asia
1142:Peru
1132:Cuba
864:Asia
840:Cuba
564:ISBN
539:ISBN
514:ISBN
489:ISBN
470:2017
428:ISBN
400:ISBN
375:ISBN
347:ISBN
322:ISBN
290:ISBN
265:ISBN
220:and
205:and
124:Cuba
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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