42:
1365:
1714:
931:
1845:
the perceptual association of
Anglicanism generally with such practices. Regardless, these issues have incited debate over the parameters of domestic autonomy in doctrinal matters in the absence of international consensus. Some dioceses and provinces have moved further than others can easily accept, and some conservative parishes within them have sought pastoral oversight from bishops of other dioceses or provinces, in contravention of traditional Anglican
919:
381:
871:— omit the Athanasian Creed, but include alternative "affirmations". This liturgical diversity suggests that the principles enunciated by the Apostles' and Nicene creeds remain doctrinally unimpeachable. Nonetheless, metaphorical or spiritualised interpretations of some of the creedal declarations – for instance, the virgin birth of Jesus and his resurrection – have been commonplace in Anglicanism since the integration of biblical
1103:, Thomas Cranmer and other English Reformers saw the need for local congregations to be taught Christian theology and practice. Sermons were appointed and required to be read each Sunday and holy day in English. Some are straightforward exhortations to read scripture daily and lead a life of faith; others are rather lengthy scholarly treatises directed at academic audiences on theology, church history, the fall of the
698:-in-council structure, involving consultation between the bishops and delegated lay and clerical leadership, although the extent of the devolution of authority from the bishops varies from place to place. This stream is the only binding and enforceable expression of doctrine in Anglicanism, which can sometimes result in conflicting doctrinal understandings between and within national churches and provinces.
730:. These perspectives emphasise or supplement particular aspects of historical theological writings, canon law, formularies and prayer books. Because of this, these perspectives often conflict with each other and can conflict with the formal doctrines. Some of these differences help to define "parties" or "factions" within Anglicanism. However, with certain notable exceptions that led to
1084:
1394:. As indicated above, Anglicans look to the teaching of the Bible and of the undivided Church of the first five centuries as the sufficient criterion for an understanding of doctrine, as expressed in the creeds. Yet they are only a criterion: interpretation, and thus doctrinal development, is thoroughly contextual. The reason this is the case is chiefly due to three factors:
2015:"Although Calvinism by the end of the 16th century was the ruling theology in England among conformists and nonconformists alike, the Episcopalian Anglicans would only accept Calvinistic doctrines of predestination, justification, sanctification, etc. They did not follow Calvin in his ecclesiology, certainly not in his conception of church-government.
1343:
faith and life. Second, the emphasis on comprehensiveness often instead results in compromise or tolerance of every viewpoint. The effect that is created is that
Anglicanism may appear to stand for nothing or for everything, and that an unstable and unsatisfactory middle-ground is staked while theological disputes wage interminably. Finally, while
902:, summarised chiefly in the creeds which emerged from those councils. Nonetheless, Article XXI of The Thirty-Nine Articles limit the authority of these and other ecumenical councils, noting that "they may err, and sometimes have erred." In other words, their authority being strictly derivative from and accountable to scripture.
1057:. The Sacrifice of Masses is rejected. The doctrine of the eucharistic as the Church's sacrifice or oblation to God, dating from the second century A.D., is rejected but the Holy Communion is referred to as the Sacrifice of Praise and Thanksgiving in an optional Prayer of Oblation after the reception of Communion.
1793:, which led to schism, as well as to the conversion of some Anglican clergy to Roman Catholicism. Even today, there is no unanimity of doctrine or practice in the Anglican Communion as it relates to women's ordination. Finally, in the 1950s, '60s, and '70s Anglican churches wrestled with the issue of the
1502:
As mentioned above, the
Anglican Communion has no international juridical organisation. The Archbishop of Canterbury's role is strictly symbolic and unifying, and the Communion's three international bodies are consultative and collaborative, their resolutions having no legal effect on the independent
784:
had documented the formal doctrines over the centuries and the Church of
England still follows an unbroken tradition of canon law today. The English Reformation did not dispense with all previous doctrines. The church not only retained the core Catholic beliefs common to Reformed doctrine in general,
1416:
Newman's suggestion of two criteria for the sound development of doctrine has permeated
Anglican thinking. These are, first, that development must be open and accessible to the faithful at every stage; and second, that it must be subject to appeal to scripture and the precedents of antiquity through
1844:
would ordinarily be matters of concern to the synods of the autonomous provinces of the
Communion. Insofar as they affect other provinces, it is by association — either the physical association between the individuals to whom the sacraments have been extended and those who oppose such extension; or
1820:
The focus of doctrinal debate on issues of social theology has continued into the 21st century. Indeed, the eclipse of issues of classical doctrine, such as confessions of faith, has been exemplified by the relatively non-controversial decisions by some
Communion provinces to amend the Nicene Creed
1378:
discloses a larger theme in the approach of
Anglicanism to doctrine, namely, that doctrine is considered a lived experience; since in living it, the community comes to understand its character. In this sense, doctrine is considered to be a dynamic, participatory enterprise rather than a static one.
1330:
functions according to the so-called "three-legged stool" of scripture, tradition, and reason attributed to
Richard Hooker. This doctrinal stance is intended to enable Anglicanism to construct a theology that is pragmatic, focused on the institution of the church, yet engaged with the world. It is,
1342:
This approach has its hazards, however. For instance, there is a countervailing tendency to be "text-centric", that is, to focus on the technical, historical, and interpretative aspects of prayer books and their relationship to the institution of the church, rather than on the relationship between
1307:
Anglicanism has traditionally expressed its doctrinal convictions based on the prayer texts and liturgy of the church. In other words, appeal has typically been made to what
Anglicans do and prescribe in common worship, enunciated in the texts of the Book of Common Prayer and other national prayer
1430:
as well as a "union of opposites"; and the conviction that there is development in understanding the truth, expressed more in practical terms rather than theoretical ones. In short, the character of Anglicanism is that the church "contains in itself many elements regarded as mutually exclusive in
1132:
The original Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England was published in 1549, and its most recently approved successor was issued in 1662. It is this edition that national prayer-books (with the exception of Scotland's) used as a template as the Anglican Communion spread outside England. The
1700:
opponents, though the most public conflict tended to involve more superficial matters such as the use of church ornaments, vestments, candles, and ceremonial (which were taken to indicate a sympathy with Roman Catholic doctrine), and the extent to which such matters ought to be restricted by the
1068:
legislators made changes to canon law to accommodate those who feel unable to adhere strictly to the Thirty-Nine Articles. The legal form of the declaration of assent required of clergy on their appointment, which was at its most rigid in 1689, was amended in 1865 and again in 1975 to allow more
1736:
of the Bible throughout the 19th century, however, resulted in growing doctrinal disagreement over the interpretation and application of scripture. This debate was intensified with the accumulation of insights derived from the natural and social sciences which tended to challenge literally read
1439:
Anglican churches in other countries generally inherited the doctrinal apparatus of the Church of England, consisting most commonly an adaptation of the Thirty-Nine Articles and the Quadrilateral into general principles. From the earliest times, they have adapted them to suit their local needs.
1290:
Given that the foundational elements of Anglican doctrine are either not binding or are subject to local interpretation, methodology has tended to assume a place of key importance. Hence, it is not so much a body of doctrinal statements so much as the process of doctrinal development that is
1825:, or supplementing the historic creeds with other affirmations of faith. As of 2016, the prominent doctrinal issue being actively debated in Anglican synods and convocations across the world is the place of gay and lesbian people in the life of the church — specifically with respect to
1331:
in short, a theology that places a high value on the traditions of the faith and the intellect of the faithful, acknowledging the primacy of the worshipping community in articulating, amending, and passing down the church's beliefs. In doing so, Anglican theology is inclined towards a
1464:, that is, the governance and structure of the church as an institution; liturgy; relationships with secular institutions; and the doctrines which implicitly or explicitly touch on these matters. Such laws have varying degrees and means of enforcement, variability, and jurisdiction.
644:. These are divided into four sections, moving from the general (the fundamentals of the faith) to the particular (the interpretation of scripture, the structure and authority of the church, and the relationship between church and society). Other significant formularies include
1545:
Since there is no binding authority in the Communion, these international bodies are a vehicle for consultation and persuasion. In recent years, persuasion has tipped over into debates over conformity in certain areas of doctrine, discipline, worship, and ethics.
863:– to "be proved by most certain warrants of holy Scripture" and were included in the first and subsequent editions of The Book of Common Prayer. All Anglican prayer books continue to include the Apostles' and Nicene Creed. Some — such as the Church of England's
1853:). These developments have led some to call for a covenant to delimit the power of provinces to act on controversial issues independently, while others have called for a renewed commitment to comprehensiveness and tolerance of diverse practice.
1529:
meets usually at three year intervals. Consisting of representative bishops, clergy, and laity chosen by the thirty-eight provinces, the body has a permanent secretariat, the Anglican Communion Office, of which the Archbishop of Canterbury is
1049:. The Articles can also be read as permitting the acceptance of the five so-called "non-dominical" sacraments of private confession, marriage, ordination, anointing of the sick, and confirmation as legitimately sacramental, in addition to
1479:. It is further complicated by the relationship between the autonomous churches of the Communion itself; since the canon law of one jurisdiction has no status in that of another. Moreover, there is — as mentioned above — no international
1769:
Anglicans have debated the relationship between doctrine and social issues since its origins, when the focus was chiefly on the church's proper relationship to the state. Later, in the 18th and early 19th centuries, the focus shifted to
1421:
consisting of the maintenance of order through consensus, comprehensiveness, and contract; and a preference for pragmatism over speculation. In other words, the former — experience — flows from the latter — method. Anglican doctrinal
1018:". Transubstantiation is rejected: i.e. the bread and wine remain in their natural properties. However, the real and essential presence of Christ in the eucharist is affirmed but "only after an heavenly and spiritual manner."
1765:
questioned what had hitherto been the sacrosanct status of these verities. As the century progressed, the conflict sharpened, chiefly finding its expression in the application of biblically derived doctrine to social issues.
658:
as an important element of doctrinal understanding, development and interpretation. Secondly, Anglicans cite the work of the standard divines, or foundational theologians, of Anglicanism as instructive. Such divines include
1483:
which can formulate or enforce uniformity in any matter. This has led to conflict regarding certain issues (see below), leading to calls for a "covenant" specifying the parameters of Anglican doctrinal development (see
1151:
The Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral is a summation of the Anglican approach to theology, worship and church structure and is often cited as a basic summary of the essentials of Anglican identity. The four points are:
1630:
reinforced Cranmer's Anglicanism, those wishing to hold to the stricter views set out at Westminster either emigrated or covertly founded non-conformist Presbyterian, Congregational, or Baptist churches at home.
1181:
of bishops of the Anglican Communion. Primarily intended as a means of pursuing ecumenical dialogue with the Roman Catholic Church, the Quadrilateral soon became a "sine qua non" for essential Anglican identity.
1202:. Nonetheless, it has writers whose works are regarded as standards for faith and doctrine. While there is no definitive list, such individuals are implicitly recognised as authoritative by their inclusion in
1347:
helped solidify a uniform Anglican perspective when the 1662 Prayer Book and its successors predominated, and while expatriate bishops of the United Kingdom enforced its conformity in territories of the
1426:
means concurrence with a base structure of shared identity: An agreement on the fundamentals of the faith articulated in the creeds; the existence of Protestant and catholic elements creating both a
1467:
The nature of canon law is complicated by the status of the Church of England as subordinate to the crown; a status which does not affect jurisdictions outside England, including those of the
1133:
foundational status of the 1662 edition has led to its being cited as an authority on doctrine. This status reflects a more pervasive element of Anglican doctrinal development, namely that of
1503:
provinces of the Communion. Taken together, however, the four do function as "instruments of unity", since all churches of the Communion participate in them. In order of antiquity, they are:
1412:
The emerging necessity of giving some account of the relationship of Christ to distinct and evolving cultural realities throughout the world, as Christianity has spread to different places.
1069:
latitude. Outside of the Church of England, the Articles have an even less secure status and are generally treated as an edifying historical document not binding on doctrine or practice.
2436:
Liberal - Conservative Divisions Within the Episcopal Church by Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, B.A. Robinson, 2000 updated 2003 Liberal-Conservative divisions in Anglicanism
1010:
influence, but moderately (double predestination is rejected; God has willed some to redemption because of foresight, but does not will any to perdition), and reject other strands of
1014:
teachings such as the corporeal Real Presence of Lutheranism (but agree on Justification by Faith alone), Zwinglianism, such as those of the doctrine of common property of "certain
1522:, to discuss matters of mutual concern, and to pass resolutions intended to act as guideposts. It is held roughly every ten years and invitation is by the Archbishop of Canterbury.
595:
in Roman Catholicism, to set the parameters of acceptable belief and practice. The universally agreed-upon foundations of Anglican doctrine are the three major creeds of the early
1806:
1114:
The Homilies are noteworthy for their beautiful and magisterial phrasing and the instances of historical terms. Each homily is heavily annotated with references to scripture, the
894:"have a special place in Anglican theology, secondary to the Scriptures themselves." This authority is usually considered to pertain to questions of the nature of Christ (the
1386:
a century and a half ago, when he asked how, given the passage of time, we can be sure that the Christianity of today is the same religion as that envisioned and developed by
1335:
consensus concerning the principles of the tradition and the relationship between the church and society. In this sense, Anglicans have viewed their theology as strongly
1745:
helped mediate the transition from the theology of Hooker, Andrewes, and Taylor to accommodate these developments. In the early 20th century, the liberal Catholicism of
868:
1732:, who held that doctrinal orthodoxy was less important than applying rational rigour to the examination of theological propositions. The increasing influence of German
1417:
the process of sound scholarship. The method by which this is accomplished is by the distillation of doctrine through, and its subordination to a dominant Anglican
626:
Additionally, there are two streams informing doctrinal development and understanding in Anglicanism. Firstly, there is an appeal to the historical formularies,
2212:
1156:
The Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, as "containing all things necessary to salvation," and as being the rule and ultimate standard of faith.
1511:, as the spiritual head of the Communion, is the focus of unity, since no church claims membership in the Communion without being in communion with him.
1339:– expressing the conviction that God is revealed in the physical and temporal things of everyday life and the attributes of specific times and places.
215:
1029:
between Roman Catholic and extreme Protestant views, alluded to above. For example, in contrast to Calvin, the Articles did not explicitly reject the
516:
later developed Anglican doctrine of religious authority as being derived from scripture, tradition, and "redeemed" reason, in contrast to both the
1308:
books, to guide theology and practice. Applying this axiom to doctrine, there are three venues for its expression in the worship of the Church:
734:, Anglicans have grown a tradition of tolerating internal differences. This tradition of tolerance is sometimes known as "comprehensiveness".
335:
1653:
in the 18th century had a theological aspect, particularly concerning the Methodist emphasis on personal salvation by faith alone, although
1559:
The effect of nationalising the Catholic faith in England inevitably led to conflict between factions wishing to remain obedient to the
1537:
is the most recent manifestation of international consultation and deliberation, having been first convened by Archbishop of Canterbury
978:
for salvation, the execution of Jesus as "the perfect redemption, propitiation, and satisfaction for all the sins of the whole world",
1118:, and other primary sources. The reading of the Homilies in church is still directed under Article XXXV of the Thirty-Nine Articles.
1042:
1867:
1834:
315:
986:. Some of the articles are simple statements of opposition to Roman Catholic doctrine, such as Article XIV which denies "Works of
2450:
1534:
1669:
and church tradition, while mostly rejecting the legitimacy of papal authority in England. The High Churchmen gave birth to the
1579:
views gained currency in the Church in England, Ireland, and Wales through the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Although the
2278:
Shriver, Frederick P. (1988). "Councils, Conferences, and Synods". In Booty, John E.; Sykes, Stephen; Knight, Jonathan (eds.).
2405:
2351:
2310:
2289:
1174:
409:
848:, while recommended as instructive by Article VI of the Thirty-Nine Articles, are declared not "to establish any doctrine".
2127:
1592:
1356:
reorganisation of national churches has led to a growing diversity in common worship since the middle of the 20th century.
323:
1782:
took a lone stand among major Christian denominations at the time and permitted its use in some circumstances (see also
1518:
is a consultation of the bishops of the Communion, intended to reinforce unity and collegiality through manifesting the
1406:, the difficulty of translating its cultural and temporal aspects, and the particular perceptual lenses worn by authors;
754:
doctrine taught by the established church in England in the early 16th century. The second strand represents a range of
2372:
1762:
369:
312:
1797:, which was prohibited by dominical commandment. Once again, there is presently no unanimity of doctrine or practice.
2268:
1902:
304:
125:
76:
2430:
2299:
Stevenson, W. Taylor (1998). "Lex Orandi—Lex Credendi". In Booty, John E.; Sykes, Stephen; Knight, Jonathan (eds.).
2209:
1190:
As mentioned above, Anglicanism has no theologian comparable to the founding theologians of eponymous schools, like
1783:
1037:, a doctrine which is often confused with the medieval doctrine of Consubstantiation. The Articles also endorse an
637:
331:
1753:
attempted to fuse the insights of modern biblical criticism with the theology expressed in the creeds and by the
883:
790:
189:
1657:
continued to regard himself as a member of the Church of England. The same period also saw the emergence of the
686:
The second stream of doctrine is contained in the formally adopted doctrinal positions of the constitutions and
616:
1166:
235:
2196:
from The Encyclopedia of Women and World Religion (Serinity Young et al. eds). Macmillan, 1999, reprinted on
1882:
1862:
1526:
1146:
612:
459:
327:
110:
353:
923:
1750:
1717:
1279:
1095:
doctrines in greater depth and detail than in the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion. During the reigns of
429:
in some countries) is the body of Christian teachings used to guide the religious and moral practices of
690:
of various national churches and provinces of the Anglican Communion. These are usually formulated by
447:
2233:
1702:
1468:
1255:
565:
402:
283:
2024:
For a short article on this concept, from which much of the content of this section is derived, see
947:
were developed into a distinctive English form by bishops and theologians led by Thomas Cranmer and
1872:
1508:
1302:
1159:
The Creeds (specifically, the Apostles' and Nicene) as the sufficient statement of Christian faith;
887:
836:
Central to Anglican doctrine are the foundational documents of Christianity – all the books of the
650:
308:
150:
88:
951:. Their doctrine was summarised in the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion which were adopted by the
479:
443:
207:
2177:
648:, listed in Article XXXV in the Articles of Religion. Some Anglicans also take the principle of
486:(high church) represent the far ends of this spectrum, with most Anglicans falling somewhere in
1627:
1619:
1584:
1282:
have been included among the pantheon. While this list gives a snapshot, it is not exhaustive.
879:
758:
580:
436:
Describing its doctrine as "Catholic and Reformed", Anglicanism has historically aimed to be a
1840:
The consecration of bishops and the extension of sacraments to individuals based on gender or
1774:. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Anglicans fiercely debated the use of artificial
1701:
church authorities. These conflicts led to further schism, for example in the creation of the
1649:
party among the many conservatives who remained in the Anglican churches. The schism with the
805:), but also retained some historic Catholic teachings which Protestants rejected, such as the
718:. Prominent among those in the latter part of the 20th century and the early 21st century are
2385:
The Reconstruction of Belief: Belief in God. Belief in Christ. The Holy Spirit and the Church
1953:
1892:
1662:
1635:
1596:
1568:
1127:
1108:
991:
952:
895:
777:
751:
645:
627:
561:
497:
487:
365:
361:
174:
154:
141:
119:
106:
68:
1986:
1974:
1850:
1794:
1742:
1729:
1678:
1485:
1022:
983:
911:
891:
810:
802:
719:
501:
395:
357:
263:
219:
64:
41:
25:
2390:
Originally published 1921–1924 in three separate volumes, published in 1926 in one volume.
2180:(accessed 2007-07-17), where it is sourced to the Lambeth Conference 1978, Report, p. 123.
1364:
8:
2189:
1925:
1877:
1790:
1623:
1457:
773:
747:
707:
556:
espoused and popularised evangelical positions in the 18th and 19th centuries, while the
385:
227:
203:
84:
1887:
1841:
1779:
1713:
1611:
1515:
1497:
1178:
852:
845:
813:
of bishops. For this reason Anglican doctrine is often said to tread a middle path, or
743:
620:
600:
596:
545:
319:
299:
114:
56:
789:, the virginal conception of Mary, the nature of Jesus as fully human and divine, the
706:
The foundations and streams of doctrine are interpreted through the lenses of various
2401:
2368:
2347:
2306:
2285:
2264:
2245:
2064:
1991:
1913:
1813:
1754:
1725:
1720:, a leading figure of liberal social thought in Anglicanism in the early 20th century
1674:
1642:
1604:
1600:
1472:
1383:
1368:
1259:
1247:
1207:
1206:
or in anthologies of works on Anglican theology. These include such early figures as
1078:
1061:
1034:
806:
761:
teachings brought to England from neighbouring countries in the same period, notably
731:
723:
676:
633:
505:
478:
spectrum of sanctioned approaches to ritual and tolerance of the associated beliefs.
451:
279:
239:
102:
1591:
gained increasing ecclesiastical and political authority, while Royalists advocated
2071:
texts, which include several forms of affirmation alongside the traditional creeds.
1897:
1738:
1733:
1563:, those wishing more radical reform, and those holding a middle ground. A range of
1480:
1322:(regulations) for liturgical action and variations in the prayers and exhortations.
1104:
1038:
958:
The early English Reformers, like contemporaries on the European continent such as
930:
860:
608:
576:
Anglican doctrine does not possess an agreed-upon confession of faith, such as the
513:
271:
185:
181:
80:
72:
2131:, III.8.13-15; and V.8.2. Hooker himself, however, never used the "stool" analogy.
851:
Article VIII of the Thirty-Nine Articles declared the three Catholic creeds – the
528:("by scripture alone") principle of the reformers. Rather, Anglicans affirmed the
500:, which forms the basis of Anglican worship and practice. By 1571 it included the
2435:
2395:
2383:
2362:
2341:
2300:
2279:
2258:
2216:
1826:
1822:
1689:
1670:
1580:
1476:
1391:
1203:
971:
940:
872:
798:
636:
and the "standard divines". Most prominent of the historical formularies are the
557:
533:
517:
483:
438:
288:
2068:
1941:
1935:
1930:
1789:
The 20th century also saw an intense doctrinal debate among Anglicans over the
1697:
1646:
1349:
1275:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1115:
1046:
987:
979:
948:
934:
864:
820:
727:
668:
664:
660:
641:
553:
537:
525:
509:
493:
463:
339:
275:
259:
255:
251:
231:
177:
2444:
2320:
1920:
1809:
1775:
1758:
1538:
1456:
Western church which was received, along with the limiting conditions of the
1448:
Canon law in the churches of the Anglican Communion stem from the law of the
1353:
1332:
1235:
1231:
970:, rejected many Roman Catholic teachings. The Thirty-Nine Articles list core
967:
841:
837:
691:
588:
549:
129:
1996:
1968:
1958:
1948:
1778:
by Christian couples, which was prohibited by church teaching. In 1930 the
1746:
1608:
1564:
1461:
1399:
1387:
1271:
1263:
899:
856:
794:
604:
577:
541:
467:
267:
169:
158:
145:
1981:
1658:
1654:
1423:
1336:
1250:. The 19th century produced several prominent Anglican thinkers, notably
1243:
1239:
1191:
1177:
of 1886 and were (more significantly) modified and finalised in the 1888
1100:
1015:
959:
776:, the Church of England formed the local expression of the institutional
766:
592:
584:
521:
475:
455:
430:
247:
133:
33:
2416:
1312:
The selection, arrangement, and composition of prayers and exhortations;
1963:
1830:
1724:
Beginning in the 17th century, Anglicanism came under the influence of
1693:
1682:
1650:
1519:
1449:
1267:
1251:
1223:
1211:
1011:
1003:
755:
742:
Anglican doctrine emerged from the interweaving of two main strands of
680:
672:
471:
223:
137:
898:
of divine and human) and the relationships between the Persons of the
568:
and various other Catholic practices and beliefs in the 19th century.
1666:
1639:
1622:
of 1648, which was never formally adopted into church law. After the
1615:
1403:
1195:
1096:
1092:
1054:
1007:
995:
975:
963:
815:
781:
762:
687:
243:
1688:
The mid-19th century saw doctrinal debate between adherents of the
1588:
1453:
1352:, this has long since ceased to be true. Liturgical reform and the
1083:
1030:
944:
694:
of national or regional churches and interpreted and enforced by a
2197:
918:
1771:
1576:
1572:
1541:
as a forum for "leisurely thought, prayer and deep consultation."
1409:
The accumulation of knowledge through science and philosophy; and
1319:
1199:
1050:
786:
655:
380:
1805:
1665:
heritage of Anglicanism, and to emphasise the importance of the
750:
in the 16th and 17th centuries. The first strand comes from the
1846:
711:
695:
1708:
1091:
The Homilies are two books of thirty-three sermons developing
1418:
1065:
999:
998:. Catholic worship and teaching was at the time conducted in
715:
831:
1560:
454:
also having some influence. Over time, the tension between
211:
1908:
1002:, while the Articles required church services to use the
2394:
Hughes, Phillip Edgecumbe (1982). Owen C. Thomas (ed.).
2263:. Kachere theses. African Books Collective. p. 70.
1614:
theologians and clergy, set down their newly developed
1162:
The dominical sacraments of Baptism and Holy Communion;
2037:
For Newman's discussion of doctrinal development, see
1599:. This conflict was one of the ultimate causes of the
654:
seriously, regarding the content, form and rubrics of
1816:
and a principal figure in debates about homosexuality
1757:, but the following generations of scholars, such as
1677:
in the 19th century, which also saw the emergence of
1460:. Canon law touches on several areas of church life:
2417:
The Shape of Anglican Theology: Faith Seeking Wisdom
1315:
The selection and arrangement of the lectionary; and
591:, or a central authority over doctrine, such as the
2431:
The History of the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion
1382:This inherent sense of dynamism was articulated by
1359:
1064:has not amended the Thirty-Nine Articles. However,
994:, and XXII which explicitly rejects the concept of
583:, nor does it claim a founding theologian, such as
2260:Ministers and Elders: The Birth of Presbyterianism
1173:The four points originated in resolutions of the
2442:
1140:
875:into theological discourse in the 19th century.
1137:, or "the law of prayer is the law of belief".
548:creeds, and a latitudinarian interpretation of
2050:A phrase used by Frederick Denison Maurice in
1443:
2194:"Contraception and religion, A short history"
701:
403:
1291:important in Anglican theological identity.
990:", Article XV which implicitly excludes the
2210:Creeds and Authorized Affirmations of Faith
1709:Doctrinal controversies in the 20th century
1661:movement, which began to identify with the
1294:
615:" and the dispersed authority of the four
611:creeds), the principles enshrined in the "
504:, the historic doctrinal statement of the
410:
396:
2298:
2140:
2114:
2025:
1043:Supreme Governor of the Church of England
974:doctrines such as the sufficiency of the
832:Scripture, creeds and ecumenical councils
2339:
1835:Homosexuality and the Anglican Communion
1804:
1800:
1712:
1554:
1363:
1285:
1087:Title page of Cranmer's book of Homilies
1082:
929:
826:
710:which have gained wide acceptance among
16:Christian teachings of Anglican churches
2360:
2277:
2232:
2102:
2051:
1491:
905:
571:
2443:
2393:
2327:. London and Oxford: Mowbray & Co.
2244:
2038:
1909:Some contemporary Anglican theologians
878:The first four ecumenical councils of
2319:
2250:Essays on the Development of Doctrine
2164:
2152:
1175:Episcopal Church in the United States
2381:
2343:Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism
2256:
2128:Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity
2090:
1868:History of Calvinist–Arminian debate
1812:, former Archbishop of the Anglican
1737:biblical accounts. Figures such as
1185:
955:and the Church of England in 1571.
844:are accepted, but the books of the
13:
2333:
2252:. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
1434:
370:North American Anglican Conference
14:
2462:
2424:
1903:Christian theological controversy
2420:. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-51785-1.
1784:Christian views on contraception
1645:, and the identification of the
1549:
1360:Process of doctrinal development
917:
638:Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion
379:
40:
2225:
2203:
2198:http://www.mum.org/contrace.htm
2183:
2170:
2158:
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2057:
1402:, developed as a result of the
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216:Medieval cathedral architecture
190:First seven ecumenical councils
2451:Anglican theology and doctrine
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2120:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2044:
2031:
2018:
2009:
1795:remarriage of divorced persons
236:Dissolution of the monasteries
1:
2078:
1883:Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral
1863:Anglican Eucharistic theology
1728:, chiefly represented by the
1527:Anglican Consultative Council
1204:Anglican liturgical calendars
1147:Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral
1141:Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral
1041:, and the English monarch as
823:and Protestant perspectives.
613:Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral
328:Anglican Consultative Council
77:Chicago–Lambeth Quadrilateral
2346:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2325:The Integrity of Anglicanism
2240:. Vol. II. London: SCM.
2176:Quoted, for example, by the
1583:felt compelled to leave for
1234:; and later figures such as
448:Reformed Protestant doctrine
354:Continuing Anglican movement
350:Other Anglican Denominations
313:Anglican Communion Primates'
7:
2200:, retrieved August 15, 2006
1856:
1444:Constitutions and canon law
1404:symbolic nature of language
1400:interpretation of scripture
1072:
460:nonconformist Protestantism
10:
2467:
2414:MacDougall, Scott (2022).
2234:Maurice, Frederick Denison
1495:
1300:
1144:
1125:
1076:
909:
737:
702:Interpretation of doctrine
640:, principally authored by
532:of scriptural revelation (
305:Anglican Communion history
1703:Reformed Episcopal Church
1634:The 18th century saw the
1607:, with the assistance of
1469:Scottish Episcopal Church
1256:Frederick Denison Maurice
869:A New Zealand Prayer Book
2397:Introduction to Theology
2340:Buchanan, Colin (2015).
2302:The Study of Anglicanism
2281:The Study of Anglicanism
2002:
1873:Anglican Marian theology
1509:Archbishop of Canterbury
1376:lex orandi, lex credendi
1345:lex orandi, lex credendi
1328:lex orandi, lex credendi
1303:Lex orandi, lex credendi
1296:Lex orandi, lex credendi
1135:lex orandi, lex credendi
807:three orders of ministry
651:lex orandi, lex credendi
617:instruments of Communion
309:Archbishop of Canterbury
1025:the Articles hew out a
470:" mainstream, within a
444:Roman Catholic doctrine
386:Christianity portal
208:Augustine of Canterbury
2382:Gore, Charles (1951).
2361:Chapman, Mark (2013).
2257:Paas, Stephen (2007).
2219:. Retrieved 2008-04-21
1817:
1721:
1620:Westminster Confession
1398:Differing theories of
1371:
1088:
1006:. The Articles reveal
937:
629:Books of Common Prayer
581:Westminster Confession
496:compiled the original
200:Background and history
2238:The Kingdom of Christ
1893:Bangorian Controversy
1808:
1801:Current controversies
1716:
1626:of 1660 and the 1662
1597:Divine Right of Kings
1555:Historical background
1367:
1286:Doctrinal development
1128:Book of Common Prayer
1086:
992:Immaculate Conception
953:Parliament of England
933:
827:Foundational elements
791:resurrection of Jesus
778:Roman Catholic Church
646:The Books of Homilies
518:supremacy of the Pope
498:Book of Common Prayer
366:Congress of St. Louis
362:Bartonville Agreement
120:Book of Common Prayer
2400:. Morehouse-Barlow.
2063:See for example the
1987:David Edward Jenkins
1851:Anglican realignment
1743:Brooke Foss Westcott
1730:Cambridge Platonists
1679:Liberal Christianity
1492:Instruments of unity
1486:Anglican realignment
1107:and the heresies of
924:Thirty-Nine Articles
912:Thirty-Nine Articles
906:Thirty-Nine Articles
811:apostolic succession
803:Thirty-Nine Articles
801:(as affirmed by the
720:Liberal Christianity
572:Approach to doctrine
502:Thirty-nine Articles
358:Anglican realignment
220:Apostolic succession
99:Ministry and worship
65:Thirty-nine Articles
2178:2004 Windsor report
2028:, pp. 174–188.
1926:Eric Lionel Mascall
1878:Anglican sacraments
1791:ordination of women
1458:English Reformation
1431:other communions."
774:English Reformation
772:At the time of the
748:English Reformation
708:Christian movements
597:ecumenical councils
536:), informed by the
336:Ordination of women
228:English Reformation
204:Celtic Christianity
2305:. Fortress Press.
2246:Newman, John Henry
2215:2010-05-26 at the
2143:, pp. 177–179
1888:Ritualist movement
1842:sexual orientation
1818:
1780:Lambeth Conference
1722:
1705:in North America.
1612:Church of Scotland
1516:Lambeth Conference
1498:Anglican Communion
1372:
1179:Lambeth Conference
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1023:Scottish Reformers
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744:Christian doctrine
621:Anglican Communion
427:Episcopal doctrine
320:Lambeth Conference
300:Anglican Communion
115:King James Version
57:Christian theology
2407:978-0-8192-1315-0
2364:Anglican Theology
2353:978-1-4422-5016-1
2312:978-1-4514-1118-8
2291:978-1-4514-1118-8
2065:Church of England
1992:John Shelby Spong
1914:Anglo-Catholicism
1814:Church of Nigeria
1755:Apostolic Fathers
1726:latitudinarianism
1675:Anglo-Catholicism
1628:Act of Uniformity
1618:doctrines in the
1605:Church of England
1601:English Civil War
1535:Primates' Meeting
1488:for discussion).
1473:Church of Ireland
1384:John Henry Newman
1374:The principle of
1369:John Henry Newman
1326:The principle of
1270:. More recently,
1268:John Charles Ryle
1260:John Henry Newman
1248:George Whitefield
1208:Lancelot Andrewes
1079:Anglican Homilies
1062:Church of England
1035:Sacramental Union
922:Works related to
724:Anglo-Catholicism
677:Lancelot Andrewes
506:Church of England
482:(low church) and
452:Lutheran doctrine
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1821:by dropping the
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1186:Standard divines
1169:locally adapted.
1105:Christian Empire
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566:religious orders
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453:
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440:
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428:
425:(also called
424:
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377:
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130:Churchmanship
127:
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116:
112:
108:
104:
96:
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90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
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58:
53:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
2415:
2396:
2388:. J. Murray.
2384:
2363:
2342:
2324:
2301:
2280:
2259:
2249:
2237:
2226:Bibliography
2205:
2193:
2185:
2172:
2165:Sykes (1978)
2160:
2153:Sykes (1978)
2148:
2136:
2126:
2122:
2110:
2098:
2093:, p. 70
2086:
2059:
2046:
2033:
2020:
2011:
1997:Desmond Tutu
1973:
1969:N. T. Wright
1959:J. I. Packer
1954:Peter Jensen
1949:George Carey
1940:
1912:
1839:
1819:
1788:
1768:
1747:Charles Gore
1723:
1687:
1633:
1609:Presbyterian
1565:Presbyterian
1558:
1544:
1501:
1466:
1462:ecclesiology
1447:
1438:
1427:
1415:
1388:Jesus Christ
1381:
1375:
1373:
1344:
1341:
1327:
1325:
1306:
1295:
1289:
1272:Charles Gore
1264:Edward Pusey
1189:
1172:
1150:
1134:
1131:
1122:Prayer books
1113:
1090:
1059:
1033:doctrine of
1026:
1020:
957:
939:
900:Holy Trinity
877:
850:
835:
814:
795:original sin
785:such as the
780:in England.
771:
741:
705:
685:
649:
628:
625:
578:Presbyterian
575:
529:
492:
480:Evangelicals
468:broad church
437:
435:
426:
422:
421:
268:William Laud
170:Christianity
159:Jesus Prayer
118:
60:
51:
18:
2284:. S.P.C.K.
2167:, p. 8
2091:Paas (2007)
1982:Marcus Borg
1698:Evangelical
1681:across the
1659:High Church
1655:John Wesley
1647:Evangelical
1624:Restoration
1593:Arminianism
1585:New England
1424:methodology
1244:John Wesley
1240:William Law
1192:Lutheranism
1101:Elizabeth I
1021:Unlike the
1016:Anabaptists
960:John Calvin
767:Lutheranism
746:during the
593:Magisterium
585:John Calvin
562:monasticism
522:Magisterium
476:high church
456:catholicity
431:Anglicanism
248:Elizabeth I
151:Monasticism
34:Anglicanism
2079:References
1975:Liberalism
1964:John Stott
1831:ordination
1694:Low Church
1692:and their
1683:Protestant
1651:Methodists
1575:and other
1530:president.
1520:episcopate
1475:, and the
1252:John Keble
1224:John Jewel
1212:John Cosin
1167:episcopate
1012:Protestant
1004:vernacular
896:hypostasis
861:Athanasian
819:, between
756:Protestant
681:John Jewel
673:John Ponet
609:Athanasian
472:low church
224:Henry VIII
85:Sacraments
2248:(1909) .
2236:(1958) .
1667:Eucharist
1640:Methodist
1616:Calvinist
1450:patristic
1428:via media
1196:Calvinism
1097:Edward VI
1066:synodical
1055:Eucharist
1027:via media
1008:Calvinist
996:Purgatory
964:John Knox
892:Chalcedon
853:Apostles'
846:Apocrypha
816:via media
782:Canon law
763:Calvinism
688:canon law
601:Apostles'
546:Apostles'
439:via media
332:Ecumenism
264:Charles I
244:Edward VI
111:Eucharist
2445:Category
2323:(1978).
2213:Archived
1857:See also
1663:Catholic
1595:and the
1589:Puritans
1587:, other
1454:Medieval
1392:apostles
1390:and the
1093:Reformed
1073:Homilies
1053:and the
1031:Lutheran
984:Election
972:Reformed
945:theology
941:Reformed
859:and the
809:and the
759:Reformed
752:Catholic
634:ordinals
524:and the
512:and the
442:between
316:Meetings
103:Ministry
52:Theology
26:a series
24:Part of
2192:, 1999
1772:slavery
1685:world.
1577:Puritan
1573:Baptist
1320:rubrics
1200:Thomism
1051:Baptism
888:Ephesus
787:Trinity
738:Origins
732:schisms
661:Cranmer
656:liturgy
619:of the
530:primacy
488:between
450:, with
324:Bishops
284:Liberal
260:James I
142:Central
2404:
2371:
2350:
2309:
2288:
2267:
1847:polity
1643:schism
1638:, the
1603:. The
1471:, the
1278:, and
1266:, and
1246:, and
1230:, and
890:, and
857:Nicene
855:, the
712:clergy
696:bishop
605:Nicene
542:Nicene
178:Christ
155:Saints
2003:Notes
1849:(see
1833:(see
1419:ethos
1198:, or
1000:Latin
880:Nicea
716:laity
599:(the
175:Jesus
146:Broad
107:Music
2402:ISBN
2369:ISBN
2348:ISBN
2307:ISBN
2286:ISBN
2265:ISBN
1829:and
1761:and
1749:and
1741:and
1673:and
1561:Pope
1533:The
1525:The
1514:The
1507:The
1452:and
1318:The
1109:Rome
1099:and
1060:The
982:and
966:and
840:and
797:and
765:and
726:and
714:and
679:and
607:and
544:and
466:or "
458:and
446:and
212:Bede
182:Paul
134:High
89:Mary
2067:'s
1837:).
1786:).
1696:or
867:or
838:Old
587:or
520:'s
474:to
138:Low
2447::
1977::
1944::
1916::
1571:,
1567:,
1274:,
1262:,
1258:,
1254:,
1242:,
1238:,
1226:,
1222:,
1218:,
1214:,
1210:,
1194:,
1111:.
962:,
886:,
882:,
793:,
769:.
722:,
683:.
675:,
671:,
667:,
663:,
632:,
623:.
603:,
564:,
552:.
508:.
490:.
433:.
144:,
140:,
136:,
28:on
2410:.
2377:.
2356:.
2315:.
2294:.
2273:.
2041:.
411:e
404:t
397:v
286:)
282:(
148:)
132:(
123:)
117:(
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