880:, capturing many slaves and much loot. Whether this invasion was directed against Amlaíb, or perhaps intended to support him by plundering only northern Northumbria which may have been outside his control, is uncertain. A second invasion from the north in 952, this time an alliance including Máel Coluim's Scots and also Britons and Saxons, was defeated. Again, whether this was aimed against Amlaíb, who was deposed in 952 and replaced by Erik, or was mounted against King Erik in support of Amlaíb, is unclear. Erik's reign was short and the Viking kingdom of York was definitively incorporated into the kingdom of the English on his death in 954. Amlaíb returned to Ireland, never again to rule in York.
31:
3316:
831:
550:, copying a lost northern record, Amlaíb was the son of Sitriuc and Æthelstan's sister, perhaps called Osgifu or Eadgyth. The historian Benjamin Hudson comments that "there is no obvious reason why the chronicle copied by John of Wallingford would fabricate this information, and the claim is supported by the historian Neil McGuigan. Sitriuc's other sons included
818:. Losses among the Dublin men were heavy, with many drowning while fleeing the battle. This defeat appears to have lost Amlaíb his kingship, as the annals record that Blácaire, not Amlaíb, was the leader of the Dublin forces in the following year. Blácaire was killed in 948 by Congalach, and was succeeded by Amlaíb's brother
639:. This traditional view of Amlaíb mac Gofrith's later career has recently been disputed by Kevin Halloran. The basic argument presented is that Amlaíb mac Gofrith did not rule in York and the suggestion that only one Amlaíb, Amlaíb Cuarán, was king there may explain some of the apparent anomalies in the numismatic record.
972:, and did not intervene in Leinster or the hinterlands of Dublin. Having defeated these, in 968 he marched south and plundered Leinster, killing several notables, and laid siege to Dublin for two months. While Domnall did not take the port, he carried off a great many cattle. Amlaíb, allied with the king of Leinster
388:. Born when the Uí Ímair ruled over large areas of the British Isles, by his death the kingdom of Dublin was a minor power in Irish politics. At the same time, Dublin became a major centre of trade in Atlantic Europe and mastery over the city and its wealth became the supreme prize for ambitious Irish kings.
1043:
claimed the title. Amlaíb's former ally
Domnall son of Congalach had died in 976, removing one potential rival, and as Amlaíb had killed two of Domnall ua Néill's sons he may have cleared the way for Máel Sechnaill to take power. If so, it was unlikely to be by design. Máel Sechnaill had become king
1015:
the following year when
Domnall ua Néill's enemies there drove him out, only for him to return with an army and ravage both Mide and the lands around Dublin before marching south to attack Leinster. This campaign appears to have established Domnall ua Néill as effective overlord of the midlands and
859:
records that Eadred "reduced all the land of
Northumbria to his control; and the Scots granted him oaths that they would do all that he wanted". The Northumbrian submission to Eadred led to a meeting with the notables of York led by Archbishop Wulfstan in 947, but the following year King Erik was
944:
form of this byname, so that
Sitriuc Cam and Cammán are presumed to be the same person—was defeated by the Dubliners led by Amlaíb Cuarán and the Leinstermen while raiding in Leinster. Amlaíb Cuarán was wounded in the battle but Sitriuc fled to his ships. Sitriuc and his brothers appear to have
765:
1056:. Amlaíb's son Ragnall (Rögnvaldr) was among the dead in the battle which followed, and although several kings fighting alongside Máel Sechnaill were killed, the result was clearly a crushing blow for Dublin. Máel Sechnaill occupied the city and imposed a heavy tribute on the citizens.
1044:
of Mide and head of Clann Cholmáin in 975 and had inaugurated his reign with an attack on his stepfather when he burned "Thor's Wood" outside Dublin. In 980 Máel
Sechnaill had the support of the Leinstermen when he faced Amlaíb's sons—Amlaíb himself was by now an old man—near the
888:
In 951, while Amlaíb was in
Britain his brother Gofraid died in Dublin of disease. Congalach's rival Ruaidrí was also dead, leaving Amlaíb's former ally as undisputed High King and thus a serious threat to Dublin and the south-eastern Irish kingdom of
508:
Amlaíb Cuarán was probably a great-grandson of Ímar. There is no contemporary evidence setting out the descent from Ímar to his grandsons, but it may be that the grandsons of Ímar recorded between 896 and 934—Amlaíb Cuarán's father
1589:, p. 34. Regarding the confirmation, Hudson describes it as "... a politically motivated act ... a recognised means of sealing an alliance with a dominant individual ...". Ragnall was baptised some time later according to the
1019:
In 977, in unknown circumstances, Domnall ua Néill's sons
Congalach and Muirchertach were killed and Amlaíb is given credit for their deaths by the annals. Domnall made no effort to avenge the deaths, retiring to the monastery at
783:. The following year, perhaps as a result of the sack of Dublin, Amlaíb's cousin Blácaire was driven out and Amlaíb replaced him as ruler of Dublin. Amlaíb was allied with Congalach and may have gained power with his assistance.
468:
These raids continued in a sporadic fashion throughout the first quarter of the ninth century. During the second quarter of the century the frequency and size of raids increased and the first permanent Viking settlements (called
842:
The course of events in
Northumbria while Amlaíb was in Ireland is uncertain. While Edmund certainly controlled Northumbria after Amlaíb was expelled and Ragnall killed, he may soon after have lost control of the north to a
956:
kindred which ruled
Leinster, was killed by Amlaíb and Cerball mac Lorcáin, a kinsman of Muiredach's. Another raid south in 964 ended in a heavy defeat for Amlaíb near Inistogue (modern County Kildare) at the hands of the
589:
Following
Sitriuc's death, Amlaíb may have become king in York for a short time, but if he did it came to an end when Æthelstan took over the kingdom of Northumbria and defeated Sitriuc's brother Gofraid. According to
867:
The following year, 949, by which time Blacáire was dead and Amlaíb's brother ruling in Dublin, the Northumbrians invited Amlaíb to rule in York. His return to England may have been with Eadred's agreement. That year
1904:, AT 976.3, 977.1, 978.2 & 979.2. Domnall Claen may have been a personal enemy of Amlaíb as he had killed Amlaíb's father-in-law Murchad mac Finn "deceitfully" in 972; Hudson, "Óláf Sihtricson";
625:, was unable to keep control of York. Amlaíb mac Gofrith, ruling in Dublin, crossed to Britain where he was accepted as king of the Northumbrians. He died in 941, shortly after sacking the church of
772:
After being driven out of Northumbria, Amlaíb returned to Ireland while Ragnall may have been killed at York. The Uí Ímair in Ireland had also suffered in 944 as Dublin was sacked that year by the
664:
Amlaíb and Ragnall ruled in York until 944. The dating of events in the period between the death of Æthelstan and the expulsion of Amlaíb and Ragnall is uncertain as the various versions of the
399:
who wrote verses praising their paymaster. Amlaíb was married at least twice, and had many children who married into Irish and Scandinavian royal families. His descendants were kings in the
744:
reports that "King Edmund conquered all Northumbria and caused to flee away two kings , Olaf and Rægnald". It is possible that rivalry between Amlaíb and Ragnall contributed to their fall.
594:, Amlaíb fled to Ireland while his uncle Gofraid made a second unsuccessful attempt to gain control of York. In 937 an attack on Æthelstan's kingdom by Gofraid's son Amlaíb, assisted by
709:
It is not clear when in the period between 940 and 943 these events took place, and as a result historians disagree as to whether they concern Amlaíb mac Gofrith or Amlaíb Cuarán.
384:
and its dependencies. His reign over these territories spanned some forty years. He was a renowned warrior and a ruthless pillager of churches, but ended his days in retirement at
728:. This need not mean that Amlaíb was not already a Christian, nor would such a baptism have permanently committed him to Christianity, as such baptisms were often political acts.
1011:, were among those killed. The battle at Kilmona did not end the war in the midlands. Monasterboice and Dunleer were burned after the battle and fighting spread to the lands of
999:, guarded by Amlaíb's soldiers, were a particular target of the raids. Domnall of Brega and Amlaíb fought against Domnall ua Néill's northern army at Kilmona in modern
1025:
3938:
3858:
3853:
2242:
2203:
2009:
647:
Amlaíb Cuarán's career began in 941, following the death of his cousin Amlaíb mac Gofrith, when he became co-ruler of York, sharing power with his cousin
521:(d. 934), Ímar (d. 904) and Amlaíb (d. 896)—were brothers rather than cousins. Amlaíb's father Sitriuc first appears in the record in 917 when he seized
1092:
973:
2786:
851:. If Erik did rule in Northumbria before Edmund's death, it was only for a short time. Edmund was killed in 946, and succeeded by his brother
693:
Here Olaf broke down Tamworth and a great slaughter fell on either side, and the Danes had the victory and led much war-booty away with them.
614:. William of Malmesbury wrote that Amlaíb was present at Brunanburh and spied out the English camp the night before the battle disguised as a
3580:
1235:
but others shared these names. Likewise, his Norse nickname, "Olaf the Red" was applied to several Norse rulers in Ireland and the Isles.
1431:, pp. 30–31; Hudson states: "If there is any historical basis to this story, Olaf Cuaran is clearly confused with his cousin ...".
3589:
3792:
3223:
525:, a settlement which had probably been under the control of an Irish king since the expulsion of the previous Viking rulers in 902.
2060:
Etchingham, Colman (2007), "Viking age Gwynedd and Ireland: political relations", in Jankulak, Karen; Wooding, Jonathan M. (eds.),
964:
Until the late 960s Domnall ua Néill, Congalach's successor as would-be High King, was occupied with enemies close to home, and in
3953:
3885:
1175:
was a piece of footwear specific to Dublin is suggested by statements in other stories that have cobblers in the town owing a
2605:
2390:
2069:
2043:
3807:
3968:
2633:
1397:, p. 151. Hudson, "Óláf Sihtricson", presumes Amlaíb to have been born in York, in which case he was a child at this time.
3315:
2779:
3419:
945:
raided Munster after this, but disappear from the record soon afterwards and do not appear to have returned to Ireland.
670:
are in conflict. It appears that after Æthelstan's death, not only did Edmund lose control of Northumbria, but that the
3484:
2381:
McGuigan, Neil (2024). "Revisiting the End of Northern Independence". In Blanchard, Mary; Riedel, Christopher (eds.).
991:. Domnall mac Congalaig was married to a daughter of Amlaíb, perhaps at about this time. Churches in Brega, including
924:
In the early 960s Amlaíb Cuarán probably faced a challenge from the sons of his cousin Amlaíb mac Gofrith. In 960 the
2576:
2550:
2517:
2488:
2435:
2409:
2364:
2338:
2308:
2278:
2173:
2147:
2121:
2095:
948:
Amlaíb's activities in the early 960s seem largely to have been limited to occasional raids in Leinster. He attacked
834:
A second style of penny from York from Amlaíb's time, moneyer Æthelfrith, the obverse shows a bird, presumed to be a
909:, who became the next High King of Ireland. The marriage linked Amlaíb not only to the northern Uí Néill kindred of
3573:
1274:, chapters 1–3, especially pp. 17–23 & 64 –67. Ó Corráin, "Vikings in Scotland and Ireland",
1253:
Keynes, "Vikings in England", pp. 51–52; Ó Corráin, "Ireland, Wales, Man, and the Hebrides", pp. 84–89.
1244:
Keynes, "Vikings in England", pp. 50–51; Ó Corráin, "Ireland, Wales, Man, and the Hebrides", pp. 83–85.
1195:
3756:
3017:
905:
while collecting tribute in Leinster in 956. The main beneficiary was the brother of Amlaíb's new wife Dúnflaith,
3822:
2795:
1028:, was captured in 976. He was evidently ransomed or released as he was killed, along with Muiredach mac Riain of
61:
2086:
Hall, R. A. (2001), "A kingdom too far: York in the early tenth century", in Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.),
3875:
2772:
698:
1120:
1040:
918:
3978:
3731:
3409:
3216:
547:
3797:
3062:
1059:
In the aftermath of this defeat Amlaíb abdicated, or was removed from power. He was replaced by a son named
487:
The Ímar from whom the Uí Ímair were descended is generally presumed to be that Ímar (English pronunciation
3434:
1147:. The usual translation may be misleading. The epithet probably refers to a distinctive style of footwear.
1116:
635:
250:
3052:
3027:
1200:
1167:
is waterproof. In the first story Mac Con Glinne cleans his by dipping them in his bath; in the second, a
3948:
3943:
3566:
1024:
where he died in 980. The Dubliners campaigned against Leinster the late 970s. The overking of Leinster,
3890:
3032:
1063:(Járnkné), a son of Dúnlaith and thus Máel Sechnaill's half-brother. Amlaíb retired to the monastery on
869:
3761:
1143:
meaning bent or crooked. It is first applied to him in the report of the battle of Slane in 947 in the
1032:
of south Leinster, fighting against the Dubliners in 978 at Belan (County Kildare). Úgaire's successor
952:
in 964, and it was a target again in 967 when Muiredach mac Faeláin, abbot of Kildare, a member of the
595:
2629:
1155:
in a twelfth-century satire, where it is made of leather folded seven times and has a pointed toe. In
987:
In 970 Domnall ua Néill and his allies attacked Amlaíb's new-found ally, Congalach's son Domnall, the
3494:
3100:
2453:
1088:
787:
226:
3905:
3863:
3067:
1084:
745:
30:
3209:
3175:
3120:
2982:
3963:
3736:
3504:
3429:
3399:
3389:
3130:
3047:
3037:
3007:
3002:
2977:
2972:
682:
543:
3895:
3348:
2831:
2704:
2687:
1492:, pp. 43, 241 & 248; Costambeys, "Ragnall Guthfrithson"; Hudson, "Óláf Sihtricson"; Hudson,
658:
143:
3973:
3696:
3439:
3105:
3072:
2992:
2987:
2955:
2841:
929:
653:
564:
450:
3489:
3479:
3456:
3283:
3077:
2426:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1997), "Ireland, Wales, Man, and the Hebrides", in Sawyer, Peter (ed.),
1641:
864:
is mentioned as a particular target—to force the Northumbrians to expel Erik, which they did.
3880:
3827:
3414:
3057:
3042:
3022:
3012:
2919:
2866:
1984:, Notes by P.G. Foote translated by R. Quirk, Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. London, 1957, p. 18
666:
626:
603:
591:
534:
3686:
3535:
2934:
1959:, p. 49, figure 2 & p. 83, figure 3; Etchingam, "Gwynedd and Ireland", p. 167, fig. 7.1.
1048:. The Dubliners too had allies as the Irish annals record the presence of warriors from the
3958:
3817:
3812:
3726:
3593:
3519:
3424:
3404:
3185:
2997:
2909:
2861:
2856:
2836:
1220:
1008:
830:
799:
773:
611:
559:
36:
3499:
3288:
3272:
2899:
1921:, pp. 51–52 & 190; Hudson, "Óláf Sihtricson"; Hudson, "Máel Sechnaill"; Hudson,
1883:, pp. 50–51 & 242; Hudson, "Óláf Sihtricson"; Hudson, "Domnall ua Néill". Check
1521:, p. 174; but that either Amlaíb controlled the Mercian Danelaw is questioned by Downham,
1454:
Halloran, Kevin (September 2013). "Anlaf Gufthrithson at York: A Non-existent Kingship?".
1187:
Amlaíb Cuarán (Olaf Kvaran) is referred to at least twice in the Icelandic sagas, once in
1007:, was defeated, and Ardgal mac Matudáin, king of Ulaid, and Cináed mac Crongilla, king of
705:, and he might have controlled them had they not escaped from the stronghold in the night.
8:
3933:
3848:
3771:
3706:
3701:
3681:
3607:
3540:
3530:
3509:
3353:
3125:
2739:
2719:
2676:
2667:
2658:
819:
648:
622:
607:
551:
462:
330:
202:
172:
3900:
3338:
3165:
3155:
2944:
2270:
Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion and Empire in the North Atlantic
1266:, pp. 250–254, discusses Ímar's career and the various arguments. See also Woolf,
906:
518:
514:
510:
3746:
3741:
3665:
3373:
3305:
3266:
3145:
3140:
3110:
2821:
1471:
910:
749:
502:
294:
242:
3720:
3525:
3514:
3394:
1029:
3870:
3787:
3660:
3638:
3616:
3558:
3450:
3368:
3343:
3255:
3232:
3170:
3088:
2846:
2649:
2611:
2601:
2582:
2572:
2556:
2546:
2523:
2513:
2494:
2484:
2441:
2431:
2415:
2405:
2386:
2370:
2360:
2344:
2334:
2314:
2304:
2284:
2274:
2179:
2169:
2153:
2143:
2127:
2117:
2101:
2091:
2075:
2065:
2049:
2039:
1999:
Costambeys, Marios; Harrison, B. (2004). "Ragnall Guthfrithson (fl. 943–944)".
1475:
953:
852:
737:
498:
491:): "king of the Northmen of all Britain and Ireland", whose death is reported by the
416:
233:
125:
79:
1467:
1012:
914:
860:
back ruling Northumbria and Eadred laid waste to the southern parts of the kingdom—
3691:
2826:
2534:
2468:
2247:
2208:
2014:
1463:
1104:
1096:
1000:
776:
729:
493:
454:
392:
16:
King of Jórvík (Scandinavian Northumbria) from 941-944; King of Dublin from 945-947
3622:
3246:
2894:
2259:
2220:
2026:
1139:, is usually translated as "sandal" or "shoe". It derives from the Old Irish word
791:
3766:
3712:
3649:
3473:
2929:
2816:
2539:
2268:
2190:
1148:
1112:
583:
3333:
3160:
2600:, The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press,
274:
3843:
3293:
2914:
2746:
2694:
2251:
2212:
2018:
1189:
1036:
was little more fortunate, being captured by the Dubliners the following year.
977:
898:
795:
712:
Edmund reconquered the Five Burghs in 942, an event celebrated in verse by the
446:
334:
2234:
2195:
2001:
894:
558:, and, less certainly, Sichfrith and Auisle, listed among those killed at the
3927:
3751:
3445:
3190:
2729:
2615:
2586:
2560:
2527:
2505:
2498:
2419:
2374:
2318:
2157:
2131:
2053:
1124:
1107:
was king of Dublin after Glúniairn's death. Amlaíb's other children included
1033:
992:
988:
848:
779:, whose power base lay in Brega, north of Dublin on the lower reaches of the
482:
429:
in Britain or Ireland are at the end of the eighth century. The monastery on
370:
366:
264:
110:
3299:
2904:
2851:
2445:
2348:
2288:
2183:
2105:
2079:
657:, Amlaíb had been in Britain since 940, having left another son of Gofraid,
1045:
981:
941:
932:, son of Amlaíb mac Gofrith, was defeated at an unidentifiable place named
902:
873:
803:
697:
was seized in the raid. Here King Edmund besieged King Olaf and Archbishop
599:
574:
391:
In death Amlaíb was the prototype for the Middle English romance character
3363:
2764:
2756:
1870:, pp. 50 & 242; Hudson, "Óláf Sihtricson"; Hudson, "Domnall ua Néill".
1076:
1060:
681:
also pledged themselves to Amlaíb mac Gofrith. One of the Amlaíbs stormed
546:
on 30 January 926. According to some late sources, such as the chronicler
539:
238:
182:
2472:
1840:, pp. 48–49, 184–185, 242, 249, 263 & 269; check Hudson,
1325:
McGuigan, "Revisiting the End of Northern Independence", p. 144; Hudson,
1049:
937:
844:
780:
671:
529:
434:
430:
400:
377:
51:
in the center with the Latin text '+ •A•NL•Λ•F CVNVNC ШΓ' encircling it;
893:. This threat was perhaps what led to Congalach's death in an ambush at
3135:
2593:
1563:, p. 110; Hudson, "Óláf Sihtricson", associate them with Amlaíb Cuarán.
1100:
877:
630:
470:
420:
385:
346:
326:
213:
2036:
Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014
748:'s history reports that Amlaíb was deposed by a coup led by Wulfstan,
345:, is usually translated as "sandal". His name appears in a variety of
3644:
2383:
The Reigns of Edmund, Eadred and Eadwig, 939-959: New Interpretations
980:
in 969. A pursuit by ua Néill's allies was defeated near Ardmulchan (
807:
753:
725:
702:
48:
3150:
1039:
Following the death of High King Domnall ua Néill, Amlaíb's stepson
3802:
2939:
2804:
1053:
965:
890:
811:
555:
404:
321:
304:
89:
3278:
3201:
2138:
Higham, N. J. (1999), "Five Boroughs", in Lapidge, Michael (ed.),
505:, is rather less certain, although at the same time not unlikely.
449:, off the north-east coast, was the target in 795, and so too was
3115:
1300:
996:
969:
958:
949:
764:
721:
694:
678:
426:
259:
3612:
3251:
1576:, pp. 110–111, Ms. A, s.a. 942, Ms. D, s.a. 942 & 943.
1108:
1083:, literally "Iron Knee"), son of his wife Dúnlaith, daughter of
569:
246:
3261:
2355:
Keynes, Simon (1999), "Wulfstan I", in Lapidge, Michael (ed.),
1021:
675:
621:
King Æthelstan died in 939 and his successor, his half-brother
579:
522:
458:
381:
338:
55:: fringed triangular standard bearing ‘X’ on cross-tipped pole.
1728:, pp. 112–113, Mss A & D, s.a. 946, Ms. E, s.a. 948.
1359:
Hart, "Sihtric Cáech"; "Saga of Olaf Tryggvason", chapter 32,
2967:
2924:
2882:
2871:
1547:
The events are associated with Amlaíb mac Gofrith by Higham,
1295:
make Ragnall, Sitriuc and Gofraid brothers; likewise Hudson,
1004:
861:
835:
815:
733:
615:
442:
396:
2228:
Hudson, Benjamin T.; Harrison, B. (2004). "Óláf Sihtricson (
1982:
GunnlaugsSaga Ormstungu/The Story of Gunnlaug Serpent-Tongue
740:. Amlaíb was expelled from the kingship of York in 944. The
461:
in south-west Britain was attacked during the reign of King
1064:
732:, for example, had sponsored the confirmation of Christian
438:
362:
198:
40:
2454:"The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland in the Ninth Century"
2400:
Miller, Sean (1999), "Edmund", in Lapidge, Michael (ed.),
395:. In life he was a patron of Irish poets and Scandinavian
2385:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 121–149.
2112:
Hall, R. A. (1999), "York", in Lapidge, Michael (ed.),
1640:, p. 182, suggests that the unnamed Mercian leader was
1606:, pp. 110–111, Ms. A, s.a. 944, Ms. E., s.a. 944.
1299:, p. 31, figure 1, makes these three brothers, sons of
1203:
and his siblings chose the name "Kvaran" as their own.
940:—Cam means crooked or twisted and Cammán is simply the
554:(died 951), king of Dublin, Aralt (died 940), ruler of
3588:
1938:, pp. 51–53; Hudson, "Óláf Sihtricson"; Hudson,
361:, particularly in relation to his short-lived rule in
2193:; Harrison, B. (2004). "Óláf Guthfrithson (d. 941)".
1346:, p. 29, figure 6 & pp. 245, 247, 254 & 269;
1291:, p. 29, figure 6. Cyril Hart's contributions to the
2430:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 83–109,
1707:
For a contrary view of Erik's identity see Downham,
1585:
Asser's Life of King Alfred the Great. Thus Hudson,
798:. In 945 the two defeated part of Ruaidrí's army in
790:, a rival for the High Kingship who belonged to the
633:, struck dead by the saint's power according to the
586:, but she was probably a daughter of Amlaíb Cuarán.
2333:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 48–82,
1657:, p. 46; the killing of Ragnall is reported in the
497:in 873. Whether this Ímar is to be identified with
2538:
2404:, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 159–160,
2359:, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 492–493,
2303:, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 500–516,
2233:
2194:
2116:, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 497–499,
2000:
1998:
917:as he was now stepfather to Dúnflaith's young son
2512:(3rd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2402:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
2357:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
2301:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
2140:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
2114:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
437:, was sacked on 8 June 793, and the monastery of
3925:
1342:, p. 31, figure 1, shows only Gofraid; Downham,
814:. In 947 Ruaidrí routed Congalach and Amlaíb at
768:Scandinavian settlements in 10th century Ireland
376:Amlaíb was twice, perhaps three times, ruler of
3939:10th-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles
2483:, Longman History of Ireland, London: Longman,
2325:Keynes, Simon (1997), "The Vikings in England,
2064:, Dublin: Four Courts Press, pp. 149–167,
1857:, pp. 50 & 242; Hudson, "Domnall ua Néill".
1278:, sets out the case against the identification.
313:
2295:Keynes, Simon (1999), "Rulers of the English,
2227:
2189:
1814:, pp. 48 & 241; Hudson, "Óláf Sihtricson".
1801:, pp. 47 & 254; Hudson, "Óláf Sihtricson".
1741:, pp. 112–113, Ms D, s.a. 947 & 948.
3574:
3217:
2780:
2428:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings
2331:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings
2299:.450–1066", in Lapidge, Michael (ed.),
2142:, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 186,
1672:Viking Kings, pp. 46, 241 & 248; Hudson,
1376:Thus Keynes, "Rulers of the English", p. 505.
1003:. Domnall's army, which included allies from
2541:Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway
2246:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2207:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2166:The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100
2013:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1942:, page numbers needed. Only son by Dúnlaith?
532:until his death in 927. Manuscript D of the
369:to play a major part in the politics of the
2794:
1171:serves as a vessel to drink from. That the
847:king named Eiríkr, usually identified with
3581:
3567:
3224:
3210:
2787:
2773:
2329:.790–1016", in Sawyer, Peter (ed.),
2059:
1227:. To Irish speakers he may also have been
1123:, and Harald, possibly the grandfather of
901:) or at Tech Guigenn in the region of the
29:
2533:
2478:
2451:
2425:
1070:
876:, raided Northumbria as far south as the
724:of Amlaíb, with King Edmund becoming his
2380:
1453:
829:
763:
759:
445:was attacked in 795 and 802. In Ireland
2566:
2504:
2243:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2236:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2204:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2197:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2090:, London: Routledge, pp. 188–199,
2033:
2010:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2003:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1293:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
806:) and the following year Amlaíb raided
3926:
2399:
2354:
2324:
2294:
2266:
2163:
2137:
883:
320:
303:
3562:
3205:
2768:
2598:From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070
2592:
2545:, Austin: University of Texas Press,
2481:Early Medieval Ireland 400–1200
1690:, pp. 46–47 & 241; Hudson,
1619:, pp. 46 & 111–112; Woolf,
2634:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
2111:
2085:
2062:Ireland and Wales in the Middle Ages
1900:, p. 51; Hudson, "Óláf Sihtricson";
1823:Hudson, "Domnall ua Néill"; Hudson,
1754:, pp. 112–113, Ms E, s.a. 949.
1440:Hudson, "Óláf Guthfrithson"; Woolf,
786:Congalach and Amlaíb fought against
3231:
2273:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1555:, p. 174. Others, such as Swanton,
1551:, p. 193; Miller, "Edmund"; Woolf,
1517:, p. 193; Miller, "Edmund"; Woolf,
1462:(2). University of Leeds: 180–185.
1199:. It is from these references that
425:The earliest records of attacks by
305:[ˈoːˌlɑːvz̠ˈsiɡˌtryɡːsˌson]
13:
3314:
2653:(also known as Amlaíb mac Gofrith)
1182:
43:during the first reign of Amlaíb.
14:
3990:
2623:
2537:(1964), Hollander, Lee M. (ed.),
1513:Higham, "Five Boroughs"; Higham,
3420:Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill
1653:Costambeys, "Ragnall"; Downham,
1196:Saga of Gunnlaugr Serpent-Tongue
1975:
1962:
1945:
1928:
1911:
1890:
1873:
1860:
1847:
1830:
1817:
1804:
1791:
1770:
1757:
1744:
1731:
1718:
1711:, pp. 115–120 and Woolf,
1701:
1680:
1664:
1647:
1626:
1609:
1596:
1579:
1566:
1541:
1528:
1507:
1482:
1468:10.1179/0078172X13Z.00000000042
1447:
1434:
1421:
1400:
1379:
1370:
1151:points to the description of a
1067:where he died soon afterwards.
52:
44:
2088:Edward the Elder 899–924
1418:, page numbers to be supplied.
1410:, pp. 168–173; Downham,
1367:, p. 31, figure 1 & p. 84.
1353:
1332:
1319:
1306:
1281:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1213:
976:, retaliated by attacking the
568:. A daughter of Sitriuc named
1:
3954:10th-century English monarchs
3319:Sigtrygg Silkbeard (989–1029)
2452:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1998),
1991:
1780:, pp. 178–190; Hudson,
1414:, pp. 103–105; Hudson,
1363:, pp. 171–173; Hudson,
825:
538:records his marriage to King
410:
2267:Hudson, Benjamin T. (2005),
2260:UK public library membership
2221:UK public library membership
2027:UK public library membership
1784:, pp. 37–38; Downham,
1559:, p. 111, note 11; Downham,
1075:He was succeeded by his son
636:Historia de Sancto Cuthberto
7:
3969:10th-century Irish monarchs
1955:, p. 29, figure 6; Hudson,
1121:Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill
1041:Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill
919:Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill
913:, but also to the southern
10:
3995:
2479:Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (1996),
1538:, p. 111, Ms. D, s.a. 943.
1496:, pp. 33–34; Woolf,
480:
476:
453:on the east coast in 798.
414:
3914:
3836:
3780:
3674:
3631:
3600:
3549:
3495:Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair
3466:
3382:
3326:
3312:
3239:
3086:
2953:
2880:
2802:
2753:
2744:
2736:
2726:
2717:
2711:
2701:
2692:
2684:
2673:
2656:
2646:
2641:
2569:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2567:Swanton, Michael (1996),
1694:, pp 36–37; Woolf,
1201:Einar Hjörleifsson Kvaran
1130:
1016:Leinster for some years.
752:, and an unnamed Mercian
610:, ended in defeat at the
465:(ruled from 786 to 802).
365:. He was the last of the
280:
270:
258:
232:
220:
208:
192:
188:
178:
168:
157:
149:
139:
131:
124:
116:
106:
95:
85:
75:
67:
60:
28:
23:
3732:Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó
3551:^ Disputed * Speculative
3410:Diarmait mac Máel na mBó
1206:
1157:Aislinge Meic Con Glinne
870:Máel Coluim mac Domnaill
407:until the 13th century.
3737:Echmarcach mac Ragnaill
3505:Conchobar Ua Conchobair
3186:Ragnall II Guthfrithson
2796:Monarchs of Northumbria
2571:, New York: Routledge,
2034:Downham, Clare (2007),
642:
314:
298:
3906:Dubhghall mac Ruaidhrí
3864:Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill
3320:
2252:10.1093/ref:odnb/25544
2213:10.1093/ref:odnb/20670
2164:Higham, N. J. (1993),
2038:, Edinburgh: Dunedin,
2019:10.1093/ref:odnb/23314
1925:, page numbers needed.
1827:, page numbers needed.
1659:Annals of Clonmacnoise
1549:Kingdom of Northumbria
1515:Kingdom of Northumbria
1502:Annals of Clonmacnoise
1348:Annals of Clonmacnoise
1270:, chapter 2; Downham,
1264:Early Medieval Ireland
1161:Scél Baili Binnbérlaig
1087:. Among his wives was
1085:Muirchertach mac Néill
1071:Marriages and children
936:. Two years later one
839:
838:, the reverse a cross.
769:
707:
661:, as ruler of Dublin.
654:Annals of Clonmacnoise
649:Ragnall son of Gofraid
565:Annals of Clonmacnoise
473:in Ireland) appeared.
441:in the kingdom of the
325:), was a 10th-century
3859:Somairle mac Dubgaill
3828:Aonghus mac Somhairle
3823:Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
3415:Toirdelbach Ua Briain
3318:
2663:941–944
1752:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1739:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1726:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1604:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1591:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1574:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1557:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1536:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1099:, and future wife of
857:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
833:
767:
760:Congalach and Ruaidrí
742:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
714:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
691:
687:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
667:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
592:William of Malmesbury
535:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
415:Further information:
3979:10th-century Vikings
3876:Guðrøðr Rǫgnvaldsson
3854:Dubgall mac Dubgaill
3818:Ragnall mac Somairle
3813:Dubgall mac Somairle
3727:Murchad mac Diarmata
3594:Kingdom of the Isles
3425:Domnall mac Murchada
3405:Murchad mac Diarmata
3349:Blácaire mac Gofraid
2705:Blácaire mac Gofrith
2688:Blácaire mac Gofrith
2473:10.1484/J.Peri.3.334
1788:, pp. 153–155.
1767:, pp. 114–115.
1715:, pp. 187–188.
1525:, pp. 108–109.
1009:Conaille Muirtheimne
800:Conaille Muirtheimne
788:Ruaidrí ua Canannáin
774:High King of Ireland
612:battle of Brunanburh
560:battle of Brunanburh
501:, the leader of the
433:, in the kingdom of
153:Blácaire mac Gofrith
144:Blácaire mac Gofrith
3891:Haraldr Guðrøðarson
3849:Donnchadh of Argyll
3772:Sigurðr Jórsalafari
3757:Lǫgmaðr Guðrøðarson
3742:Gofraid mac Sitriuc
3707:Lagmann mac Gofraid
3702:Thorfinn the Mighty
3682:Ragnall mac Gofraid
3510:Conchobar Ua Briain
3490:Domnall Gerrlámhach
3480:Domnall Gerrlámhach
3457:Domnall Gerrlámhach
3354:Gofraid mac Sitriuc
3284:Sichfrith mac Ímair
3171:Olaf I Guthfrithson
2740:Gofraid mac Sitriuc
2720:King of Northumbria
2659:King of Northumbria
2510:Anglo-Saxon England
2191:Hudson, Benjamin T.
1902:Annals of Tigernach
1642:Æthelstan Half-King
1229:Amlaíb mac ua Ímair
1103:. Gormflaith's son
1026:Úgaire mac Túathail
884:From Dublin to Iona
810:in the province of
651:. According to the
608:king of Strathclyde
596:Constantín mac Áeda
548:John of Wallingford
463:Beorhtric of Wessex
451:St Patrick's Island
380:and twice ruler of
331:King of Northumbria
308:), commonly called
173:Gofraid mac Sitriuc
62:King of Northumbria
3949:Monarchs of Jorvik
3944:Monarchs of Dublin
3886:Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson
3808:Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson
3747:Fingal mac Gofraid
3687:Amlaíb mac Sitriuc
3666:Gofraid mac Arailt
3536:Gofraid mac Amlaíb
3374:Sigtrygg Silkbeard
3344:Amlaíb mac Gofraid
3321:
3089:Viking Northumbria
2679:or English control
2232:.926–981)".
2168:, Stroud: Sutton,
1972:, pp. 36–37.
1676:, pp. 35–36.
1389:, p. 100; Hudson,
1329:, pp. 28–29.
1316:, pp. 27–35.
840:
794:, based in modern
770:
750:Archbishop of York
503:Great Heathen Army
457:in the kingdom of
322:[ˈkwɑːrɑn]
300:Óláfr Sigtryggsson
243:Sigtrygg Silkbeard
3921:
3920:
3844:Óláfr Guðrøðarson
3793:Óláfr Guðrøðarson
3788:Domnall mac Taidc
3661:Maccus mac Arailt
3639:Olaf Guthfrithson
3556:
3555:
3500:Énna Mac Murchada
3485:Diarmait mac Énna
3451:Domnall mac Taidc
3289:Sitriuc mac Ímair
3273:Oistin mac Amlaíb
3199:
3198:
2763:
2762:
2754:Succeeded by
2727:Succeeded by
2702:Succeeded by
2674:Succeeded by
2650:Olaf Guthfrithson
2607:978-0-7486-1234-5
2535:Sturluson, Snorri
2506:Stenton, Frank M.
2392:978-1-78327-764-3
2258:(Subscription or
2219:(Subscription or
2071:978-1-85182-748-0
2045:978-1-903765-89-0
2025:(Subscription or
1135:Amlaíb's byname,
738:Anarawd ap Rhodri
685:according to the
499:Ivar the Boneless
417:Kingdom of Dublin
349:forms, including
291:Amlaíb mac Sitric
288:
287:
80:Olaf Guthfrithson
3986:
3901:Eóghan of Argyll
3881:Haraldr Óláfsson
3798:Guðrøðr Óláfsson
3692:Sigurd the Stout
3583:
3576:
3569:
3560:
3559:
3339:Gofraid ua Ímair
3226:
3219:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3094:
2961:
2888:
2810:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2766:
2765:
2737:Preceded by
2714:English control?
2712:Preceded by
2685:Preceded by
2647:Preceded by
2639:
2638:
2618:
2589:
2563:
2544:
2530:
2501:
2475:
2458:
2448:
2422:
2396:
2377:
2351:
2321:
2291:
2263:
2255:
2239:
2224:
2216:
2200:
2186:
2160:
2134:
2108:
2082:
2056:
2030:
2022:
2006:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1949:
1943:
1932:
1926:
1915:
1909:
1906:Annals of Ulster
1894:
1888:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1834:
1828:
1821:
1815:
1808:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1778:Pictland to Alba
1774:
1768:
1761:
1755:
1748:
1742:
1735:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1713:Pictland to Alba
1705:
1699:
1696:Pictland to Alba
1684:
1678:
1668:
1662:
1651:
1645:
1638:Pictland to Alba
1636:, p. 35; Woolf,
1630:
1624:
1621:Pictland to Alba
1613:
1607:
1600:
1594:
1583:
1577:
1570:
1564:
1553:Pictland to Alba
1545:
1539:
1532:
1526:
1519:Pictland to Alba
1511:
1505:
1498:Pictland to Alba
1486:
1480:
1479:
1456:Northern History
1451:
1445:
1442:Pictland to Alba
1438:
1432:
1425:
1419:
1408:Pictland to Alba
1404:
1398:
1395:Pictland to Alba
1393:, p. 29; Woolf,
1383:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1357:
1351:
1336:
1330:
1323:
1317:
1310:
1304:
1285:
1279:
1268:Pictland to Alba
1260:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1217:
1145:Annals of Ulster
1105:Sitric Silkbeard
1097:King of Leinster
1093:Murchad mac Finn
1001:County Westmeath
974:Murchad mac Finn
926:Annals of Ulster
907:Domnall ua Néill
777:Congalach Cnogba
730:Alfred the Great
578:to have married
494:Annals of Ulster
393:Havelok the Dane
355:Anlaf Sihtricson
324:
319:
307:
54:
46:
33:
21:
20:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3910:
3896:Magnús Óláfsson
3832:
3776:
3767:Magnús berfœttr
3721:Ímar mac Arailt
3713:Haakon Ericsson
3670:
3650:Ketill Flatnose
3627:
3596:
3587:
3557:
3552:
3545:
3474:Magnús berfœttr
3462:
3395:Ímar mac Arailt
3378:
3322:
3310:
3279:Bárid mac Ímair
3235:
3233:Kings of Dublin
3230:
3200:
3195:
3092:
3091:
3082:
2959:
2958:
2949:
2886:
2885:
2876:
2808:
2807:
2798:
2793:
2759:
2750:
2742:
2732:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2698:
2690:
2680:
2664:
2662:
2654:
2652:
2626:
2621:
2608:
2579:
2553:
2520:
2491:
2456:
2438:
2412:
2393:
2367:
2341:
2311:
2281:
2257:
2218:
2176:
2150:
2124:
2098:
2072:
2046:
2024:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1963:
1950:
1946:
1933:
1929:
1916:
1912:
1895:
1891:
1878:
1874:
1865:
1861:
1852:
1848:
1835:
1831:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1792:
1775:
1771:
1762:
1758:
1749:
1745:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1706:
1702:
1685:
1681:
1669:
1665:
1652:
1648:
1631:
1627:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1567:
1546:
1542:
1533:
1529:
1512:
1508:
1487:
1483:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1422:
1405:
1401:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1358:
1354:
1337:
1333:
1324:
1320:
1311:
1307:
1286:
1282:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1233:Amlaíb ua Ímair
1218:
1214:
1209:
1185:
1183:Icelandic sagas
1149:Benjamin Hudson
1133:
1113:Olaf Tryggvason
1073:
1030:Uí Cheinnselaig
886:
828:
762:
645:
584:Olaf Tryggvason
572:is said in the
485:
479:
423:
413:
359:Olaf Sihtricson
253:
249:
245:
241:
225:
216:
197:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3992:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3964:Norse monarchs
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3752:Gofraid Crobán
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3717:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3642:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3586:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3446:Gofraid Crobán
3443:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3294:Sichfrith Jarl
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3259:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3229:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3206:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3181:Olaf II Cuaran
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3161:Sitric I Caech
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3018:Æthelwald Moll
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2751:952–980
2747:King of Dublin
2743:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2724:949–952
2716:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2700:
2699:945–947
2695:King of Dublin
2691:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2655:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2642:Regnal titles
2637:
2636:
2625:
2624:External links
2622:
2620:
2619:
2606:
2590:
2577:
2564:
2551:
2531:
2518:
2502:
2489:
2476:
2449:
2436:
2423:
2410:
2397:
2391:
2378:
2365:
2352:
2339:
2322:
2309:
2292:
2279:
2264:
2225:
2187:
2174:
2161:
2148:
2135:
2122:
2109:
2096:
2083:
2070:
2057:
2044:
2031:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1974:
1970:Viking Pirates
1961:
1957:Viking Pirates
1944:
1940:Viking Pirates
1927:
1923:Viking Pirates
1910:
1889:
1885:Viking Pirates
1872:
1859:
1846:
1842:Viking Pirates
1829:
1825:Viking Pirates
1816:
1803:
1790:
1782:Viking pirates
1769:
1756:
1743:
1730:
1717:
1700:
1692:Viking Pirates
1679:
1674:Viking Pirates
1663:
1646:
1634:Viking Pirates
1625:
1608:
1595:
1587:Viking Pirates
1578:
1565:
1540:
1527:
1506:
1494:Viking Pirates
1481:
1446:
1433:
1429:Viking Pirates
1420:
1416:Viking Pirates
1399:
1391:Viking Pirates
1378:
1369:
1365:Viking Pirates
1352:
1340:Viking Pirates
1331:
1327:Viking Pirates
1318:
1305:
1297:Viking Pirates
1287:Thus Downham,
1280:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1184:
1181:
1132:
1129:
1119:, who married
1111:, who married
1091:, daughter of
1072:
1069:
1013:Clann Cholmáin
978:abbey of Kells
915:Clann Cholmáin
899:County Kildare
885:
882:
827:
824:
796:County Donegal
761:
758:
644:
641:
562:in 937 by the
528:Sitriuc ruled
481:Main article:
478:
475:
447:Rathlin Island
412:
409:
286:
285:
282:
278:
277:
272:
268:
267:
262:
256:
255:
236:
230:
229:
222:
218:
217:
212:
210:
206:
205:
194:
190:
189:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
159:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
126:King of Dublin
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
58:
57:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3991:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3916:^ Speculative
3913:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:Amlaíb Cuarán
3654:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3623:Amlaíb Conung
3621:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3579:
3577:
3572:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3359:Amlaíb Cuarán
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3317:
3307:
3306:Ímar ua Ímair
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3192:
3191:Eric Bloodaxe
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3093:867–954
3090:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2960:642–867
2957:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2887:560–679
2884:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2809:547–670
2806:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2730:Erik Bloodaxe
2722:
2721:
2710:
2706:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2683:
2678:
2671:
2669:
2661:
2660:
2651:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2578:0-415-92129-5
2574:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2552:0-292-73061-6
2548:
2543:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2519:0-19-280139-2
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2490:0-582-01565-0
2486:
2482:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2437:0-19-285434-8
2433:
2429:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2411:0-631-22492-0
2407:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2366:0-631-22492-0
2362:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2340:0-19-285434-8
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2310:0-631-22492-0
2306:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2280:0-19-516237-4
2276:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2175:0-86299-730-5
2171:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2149:0-631-22492-0
2145:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2123:0-631-22492-0
2119:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2097:0-415-21497-1
2093:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1996:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1965:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1869:
1863:
1856:
1850:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1826:
1820:
1813:
1807:
1800:
1794:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1766:
1760:
1753:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1727:
1721:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1605:
1599:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1575:
1569:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1537:
1531:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1430:
1424:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1373:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1328:
1322:
1315:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1193:and again in
1192:
1191:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1125:Godred Crovan
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1034:Domnall Claen
1031:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
993:Monasterboice
990:
989:king of Brega
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
960:
955:
951:
946:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
920:
916:
912:
911:Cenél nEógain
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
881:
879:
875:
871:
865:
863:
858:
854:
850:
849:Eric Bloodaxe
846:
837:
832:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:Cenél Conaill
789:
784:
782:
778:
775:
766:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
706:
704:
700:
696:
690:
688:
684:
680:
677:
673:
669:
668:
662:
660:
656:
655:
650:
640:
638:
637:
632:
628:
627:Saint Baldred
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
587:
585:
581:
577:
576:
571:
567:
566:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
542:'s sister at
541:
537:
536:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
506:
504:
500:
496:
495:
490:
484:
474:
472:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
422:
418:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
371:British Isles
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
318:
317:
311:
310:Amlaíb Cuarán
306:
302:
301:
296:
292:
283:
279:
276:
273:
269:
266:
263:
261:
257:
252:
248:
244:
240:
237:
235:
231:
228:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:
200:
195:
191:
187:
184:
181:
177:
174:
171:
167:
164:
163:(second time)
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
123:
120:Eric Bloodaxe
119:
115:
112:
111:Eric Bloodaxe
109:
105:
102:
101:(second time)
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
59:
50:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3871:Óspakr-Hákon
3837:13th century
3781:12th century
3675:11th century
3655:
3632:10th century
3467:12th century
3440:Muirchertach
3430:Muirchertach
3383:11th century
3358:
3334:Sitric Cáech
3327:10th century
3180:
3166:Guthfrith II
2745:
2718:
2693:
2666:
2657:
2597:
2568:
2540:
2509:
2480:
2464:
2460:
2427:
2401:
2382:
2356:
2330:
2326:
2300:
2296:
2269:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2202:
2196:
2165:
2139:
2113:
2087:
2061:
2035:
2008:
2002:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1964:
1956:
1953:Viking Kings
1952:
1947:
1939:
1936:Viking Kings
1935:
1930:
1922:
1919:Viking Kings
1918:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1898:Viking Kings
1897:
1892:
1884:
1881:Viking Kings
1880:
1875:
1868:Viking Kings
1867:
1862:
1855:Viking Kings
1854:
1849:
1841:
1838:Viking Kings
1837:
1832:
1824:
1819:
1812:Viking Kings
1811:
1806:
1799:Viking Kings
1798:
1793:
1786:Viking Kings
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1765:Viking Kings
1764:
1759:
1751:
1746:
1738:
1733:
1725:
1720:
1712:
1709:Viking Kings
1708:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1688:Viking Kings
1687:
1682:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1658:
1655:Viking Kings
1654:
1649:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1620:
1617:Viking Kings
1616:
1611:
1603:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1573:
1568:
1561:Viking Kings
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1535:
1530:
1523:Viking Kings
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1490:Viking Kings
1489:
1484:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1441:
1436:
1428:
1423:
1415:
1412:Viking Kings
1411:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1387:Viking Kings
1386:
1381:
1372:
1364:
1361:Heimskringla
1360:
1355:
1347:
1344:Viking Kings
1343:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1321:
1314:Viking Kings
1313:
1308:
1296:
1292:
1289:Viking Kings
1288:
1283:
1275:
1272:Viking Kings
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1080:
1074:
1058:
1046:hill of Tara
1038:
1018:
986:
982:County Meath
963:
954:Uí Dúnlainge
947:
942:hypocoristic
933:
928:report that
925:
923:
903:River Liffey
887:
874:king of Alba
866:
856:
845:Scandinavian
841:
804:County Louth
785:
771:
741:
720:reports the
717:
713:
711:
708:
692:
686:
665:
663:
652:
646:
634:
620:
600:king of Alba
588:
582:pirate king
575:Heimskringla
573:
563:
533:
527:
507:
492:
488:
486:
467:
424:
390:
375:
358:
354:
350:
342:
316:Óláfr kváran
315:
309:
299:
290:
289:
275:Sitric Cáech
162:
100:
18:
3959:Norse-Gaels
3601:9th century
3240:9th century
3116:Guthfrith I
3063:Æthelred II
2956:Northumbria
2594:Woolf, Alex
2467:: 296–339,
1908:, AU 972.2.
1661:, s.a. 937.
1504:, s.a. 933.
1350:, s.a. 931.
1262:Ó Cróinín,
1221:Old English
1190:Njal's Saga
1050:Isle of Man
938:Sitriuc Cam
895:Dún Ailinne
781:River Boyne
672:Five Burghs
530:Northumbria
435:Northumbria
431:Lindisfarne
401:Isle of Man
378:Northumbria
351:Olaf Cuaran
169:Predecessor
140:Predecessor
107:Predecessor
76:Predecessor
3934:980 deaths
3928:Categories
3400:Echmarcach
3390:Echmarcach
3300:Glúniarann
3146:Halfdan II
3136:Airdeconut
3053:Ælfwald II
3028:Æthelred I
2905:Æthelfrith
2852:Æthelfrith
2842:Frithuwald
2262:required.)
2223:required.)
2029:required.)
1992:References
1500:, p. 181;
1179:in taxes.
1117:Máel Muire
1101:Brian Boru
1089:Gormflaith
878:River Tees
826:York again
746:Æthelweard
631:Tyninghame
517:(d. 921),
513:(d. 927),
471:longphorts
421:Viking Age
411:Background
386:Iona Abbey
347:anglicized
327:Norse-Gael
251:Máel Muire
227:Gormflaith
214:Iona Abbey
161:952 – 980
99:949 – 952
39:minted in
3762:Ingimundr
3645:Gebeachan
3364:Glúniairn
3176:Sitric II
3156:Ragnall I
3131:Æthelwold
3121:Siefredus
3111:Halfdan I
3087:Kings of
3033:Ælfwald I
2983:Eadwulf I
2978:Ealdfrith
2954:Kings of
2935:Œthelwald
2881:Kings of
2803:Kings of
2757:Glúniairn
2616:123113911
2587:214956905
2561:123332200
2528:185499725
2499:185365556
2420:185380798
2375:185380798
2319:185380798
2158:185380798
2132:185380798
2054:163618313
1951:Downham,
1934:Downham,
1917:Downham,
1896:Downham,
1879:Downham,
1866:Downham,
1853:Downham,
1836:Downham,
1810:Downham,
1797:Downham,
1763:Downham,
1750:Swanton,
1737:Swanton,
1724:Swanton,
1698:, p. 186.
1686:Downham,
1670:Downham,
1623:, p. 182.
1615:Downham,
1602:Swanton,
1572:Swanton,
1534:Swanton,
1488:Downham,
1476:154514458
1444:, p. 174.
1385:Downham,
1312:Downham,
1077:Glúniairn
1061:Glúniairn
808:Kilcullen
754:ealdorman
726:godfather
718:Chronicle
703:Leicester
580:Norwegian
540:Æthelstan
295:Old Norse
293:(d. 980;
239:Glúniairn
183:Glúniairn
179:Successor
150:Successor
135:945 – 947
117:Successor
86:Successor
71:941 – 944
49:triquetra
3974:Uí Ímair
3803:Somerled
3435:Donnchad
3101:Ecgberht
3048:Eardwulf
3038:Osred II
3008:Eadberht
3003:Ceolwulf
2973:Ecgfrith
2945:Ælfwine
2940:Alhfrith
2900:Æthelric
2862:Eanfrith
2837:Theodric
2832:Æthelric
2805:Bernicia
2596:(2007),
2508:(1971),
2446:45338877
2349:45338877
2289:55286670
2184:25551623
2106:45313225
2080:52919358
1968:Hudson,
1632:Hudson,
1427:Hudson,
1338:Hudson,
1054:Hebrides
966:Connacht
897:(modern
891:Leinster
812:Leinster
802:(modern
699:Wulfstan
683:Tamworth
659:Blácaire
556:Limerick
544:Tamworth
483:Uí Ímair
455:Portland
405:Hebrides
403:and the
367:Uí Ímair
329:who was
265:Uí Ímair
224:Dúnlaith
203:Scotland
90:Edmund I
3608:Gofraid
3592:of the
3520:Ragnall
3106:Ricsige
3073:Osberht
3068:Redwulf
3023:Ealhred
2993:Coenred
2988:Osred I
2677:Ragnall
2668:Ragnall
2461:Peritia
1776:Woolf,
1406:Woolf,
1301:Guthred
1223:he was
1081:Járnkné
1052:or the
997:Dunleer
970:Munster
959:Osraige
950:Kildare
820:Gofraid
722:baptism
695:Wulfrun
679:Danelaw
676:Mercian
674:of the
552:Gofraid
519:Gofraid
515:Ragnall
511:Sitriuc
477:Origins
427:Vikings
312:(O.N.:
284:Unknown
260:Dynasty
221:Spouses
35:Silver
3590:Rulers
3541:Ascall
3531:Brodar
3267:Albann
3262:Auisle
3247:Amlaíb
3151:Ingwær
3141:Eowils
3058:Eanred
3043:Osbald
3013:Oswulf
2930:Oswine
2920:Oswald
2867:Oswald
2822:Glappa
2665:With:
2630:Olaf 4
2614:
2604:
2585:
2575:
2559:
2549:
2526:
2516:
2497:
2487:
2444:
2434:
2418:
2408:
2389:
2373:
2363:
2347:
2337:
2317:
2307:
2287:
2277:
2256:
2217:
2182:
2172:
2156:
2146:
2130:
2120:
2104:
2094:
2078:
2068:
2052:
2042:
2023:
1474:
1276:passim
1177:cuarán
1173:cuarán
1169:cuarán
1165:cuarán
1163:, the
1153:cuarán
1137:cuarán
1131:Cuarán
1022:Armagh
930:Cammán
872:, the
855:. The
853:Eadred
716:. The
623:Edmund
606:, the
602:, and
598:, the
523:Dublin
459:Wessex
397:skalds
382:Dublin
343:cuarán
339:byname
337:. His
335:Dublin
281:Mother
271:Father
254:Harald
209:Burial
3697:Gilli
3526:Ottir
3515:Ottir
2998:Osric
2968:Oswiu
2925:Oswiu
2915:Osric
2910:Edwin
2883:Deira
2872:Oswiu
2857:Edwin
2847:Hussa
2457:(PDF)
1887:also.
1472:S2CID
1225:Anlaf
1207:Notes
1109:Gytha
1005:Ulaid
862:Ripon
836:Raven
816:Slane
736:king
734:Welsh
616:skald
570:Gytha
443:Picts
247:Gytha
234:Issue
158:Reign
132:Reign
96:Reign
68:Reign
37:penny
3617:Ivar
3613:Ímar
3369:Ímar
3256:Ivar
3252:Ímar
3126:Cnut
3078:Ælla
2895:Ælla
2827:Adda
2612:OCLC
2602:ISBN
2583:OCLC
2573:ISBN
2557:OCLC
2547:ISBN
2524:OCLC
2514:ISBN
2495:OCLC
2485:ISBN
2442:OCLC
2432:ISBN
2416:OCLC
2406:ISBN
2387:ISBN
2371:OCLC
2361:ISBN
2345:OCLC
2335:ISBN
2315:OCLC
2305:ISBN
2285:OCLC
2275:ISBN
2180:OCLC
2170:ISBN
2154:OCLC
2144:ISBN
2128:OCLC
2118:ISBN
2102:OCLC
2092:ISBN
2076:OCLC
2066:ISBN
2050:OCLC
2040:ISBN
1159:and
1141:cúar
1065:Iona
995:and
968:and
643:York
604:Owen
489:Ivar
439:Iona
419:and
363:York
357:and
333:and
199:Iona
193:Died
53:rev.
45:Obv.
41:York
24:Olaf
2817:Ida
2632:at
2469:doi
2248:doi
2209:doi
2015:doi
1464:doi
1231:or
1219:In
984:).
934:Dub
701:in
629:at
196:980
3930::
2670:?
2610:,
2581:,
2555:,
2522:,
2493:,
2465:12
2463:,
2459:,
2440:,
2414:,
2369:,
2343:,
2313:,
2283:,
2240:.
2201:.
2178:,
2152:,
2126:,
2100:,
2074:,
2048:,
2007:.
1470:.
1460:50
1458:.
1127:.
1115:,
1095:,
961:.
921:.
822:.
756:.
618:.
373:.
353:,
341:,
297::
201:,
47::
3723:^
3715:^
3709:^
3652:^
3641:^
3619:)
3615:(
3582:e
3575:t
3568:v
3522:?
3476:?
3459:?
3453:?
3442:?
3302:*
3296:^
3275:*
3269:^
3258:)
3254:(
3225:e
3218:t
3211:v
2788:e
2781:t
2774:v
2471::
2395:.
2327:c
2297:c
2254:.
2250::
2230:c
2215:.
2211::
2021:.
2017::
1844:.
1644:.
1593:.
1478:.
1466::
1303:.
1079:(
689::
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