33:
1417:
987:
1068:(KNIP) acting as Parliament rather than to the President. This watershed event ushered in the so-called 'liberal' or parliamentary form of government, which prevailed against the Sukarnoist-proposed constitution for twelve years. Leadership was thus handed to a 'modernizing' Western-minded intellectual, who at the time were thought to be the coming leaders of Asia and more palatable to Western ideas of government. When considered against previous forms of government — indigenous Indonesian, Dutch, Japanese, and even the first brief Republican government — this was the most revolutionary political change at a national level during the National Revolution. Amir left the position of Information Minister on 4 January 1946 and was replaced by
1111:
on unit commanders, particularly as
Sudirman and other PETA-trained resented the 'fascist' slur cast on them. The Marxist overtones of Amir's new military academies conflicted with the popular army view of being above politics and the need to play a unifying role in the national struggle; the army leadership consequently rejected attempts to introduce partisan ideology and alignments. This antagonism between the government and PETA-trained officers forced Amir to find an armed support base elsewhere. He aligned himself with sympathetic Dutch-educated officers in certain divisions, such as the
1443:" government. Caught by surprise by the premature coup attempt, Communist leaders, including Amir, rushed to Madiun to take charge of the government. The following day, about 200 pro-PKI and other leftist leaders who remained in Yogyakarta were arrested by the Republican government, with Sukarno denouncing the Madiun rebels over the radio, and calling upon Indonesians to rally against Musso and his plans for a Soviet-style government. Musso replied on radio that he would fight to the finish, while, the People's Democratic Front branches in
3145:
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is thought perhaps 8,000 people were killed in the affair. As part of a second major military offensive against the
Republic, on 19 December Dutch troops occupied Yogyakarta city and the Republican government was captured, including Sukarno, Hatta, Agus Salim, and Sjahrir. Republican forces withdraw to the countryside beginning a full-scale guerrilla war on either side of the
916:, the Japanese enforced total suppression of any opposition to their rule. Most Indonesian leaders obliged either by becoming 'neutral observers' or by actively cooperating. Amir was one of a few prominent Indonesian politicians who actively fought against the Japanese, together with fellow future prime minister
1470:
lines. On 30 September, the rebels abandoned Madiun and were pursued by pro-government troops through the countryside. Musso was killed on 31 October while trying to escape custody. Amir and 300 rebel soldiers were captured by
Siliwangi troops on 1 December. Some 35,000 people were later arrested. It
1110:
politician-dominated 'education staff' for the army. The body appointed fifty-five 'political officers' at the end of May without consulting the army command. These new officers were to educate each TRI unit on the goals of the revolution. He was not, however, able to effectively impose such ideals
1392:
However, Amir's efforts to overthrow the Hatta
Cabinet were in vain, as the Hatta Cabinet continued along with its four main programs. Over the following months, the political situation remained tense, while the economic situation increasingly deteriorated, and relations with the Dutch, after the
1313:
prevented its leader, Soekiman, as well as many pro-Sjahrir 'religious socialists' from previous cabinets from joining the new cabinet. Other influential
Masyumi factions, such as that of Wondoamiseno, provided support. Although Amir's communist allies controlled about 10% of the 34th with Amir's
1289:
to assume more control in both the
Socialist Party and the Left-wing as a whole. By June 1946, Sjahrir's increasing isolation from the coalition encouraged the opposing factions to depose him. This group put their support behind Amir, the alternative Socialist leader. On 26 June 1947, Amir, along
1512:
Most
Indonesian nationalist leaders saw the Japanese Occupation of Indonesia as an opportunity to take advantage of in their pursuit of independence. Their consequent cooperation with the Japanese saw the returning Dutch brand them 'collaborators', and thus illegitimate leaders, in an attempt to
801:
1294:, backed by a majority of the left, withdrew their support for Sjahrir. They argued that Sjahrir had compromised the Republic in his pursuit of diplomacy – the same charge that deposed every revolutionary government – and that in the face of Dutch belligerence, such conciliation seemed futile.
1020:
two days later, the
Republic announced its first ministry on 4 September. The seventeen-member cabinet was composed mostly of 'collaborating' nationalists; Amir was appointed Information Minister under the new cabinet, though at the time his fate was unknown, as he was then imprisoned by the
836:
magazine that encouraged the public to drive out the colonial invaders. Though in actuality, the essay was written by
Mohammad Yamin, with Amir only stated as the author in the published version. Amir was imprisoned for two years, being released on 5 June 1935. In mid-1936, together with his
1021:
Japanese. He was eventually released on 1 October 1945 and took office shortly after. Amir's appointment as minister of information was likely due to his background in journalism before World War II. Early in the
Revolution, Amir worked closely with the country's first
1321:. He would also continue to serve as minister concurrently. There were rumors about Amir's appointment as prime minister, based on the consideration that he would be needed in negotiations with the Dutch. In running the government, he appointed Adnan Kapau Gani as his
1385:, which began holding demonstrations, demanding the return of Amir to the Cabinet and as Minister of Defense. Amir joined the fold, and heavily criticized Hatta and his cabinet, labelling it as the "Masyumi Cabinet", as it was dominated by members of the Islamic
1044:
forces in which the British Brigade was hopelessly outnumbered and facing annihilation. A ceasefire was immediately adhered to, but fighting resumed after confused communications and mistrust between the two sides, leading to the
760:, both of whom would influence Amir in his later career. He returned to Indonesia following family troubles, as his father had lost his job as Chief Prosecutor because he punched a prisoner. He would continue his education at the
3046:
1431:. The strikes escalated into demonstrations, between communist and pro-government forces, before increasing rapidly into full-on open warfare. On 18 September 1948, a group of PKI supporters took over strategic points in the
1130:
sympathetic to the cabinet's 'anti-fascist' approach. With an engaging personality and persuasive oratory skills, Amir had more time and aptitude than Sjahrir for party building, and he played the main part in wooing this
1458:, marched on Madiun where there were an estimated 5,000-10,000 pro-PKI soldiers. As the rebels retreated they killed Masyumi and PNI leaders and officials, and in the villages, killings took place along
1265:
A split between Amir's and Prime Minister Sjahrir's supporters rapidly deepened in 1947. There had long been mutual suspicion between Sjahrir and the communists who had returned from the
939:
who re-established the party in 1935. His closest colleagues were from the 'illegal PKI' underground and the pre-war Indonesian People's Movement (Gerindo). Together, they formed the
967:
leaders showed more faith in Netherlands left-wing forces than in the revolutionary fervor of the Indonesian people, which became a source of discontent among the party's opponents.
565:
491:
229:
1405:. Amir and the leadership of the People's Democratic Front immediately accepted his authority, and Amir admitted membership of the underground PKI in 1935. Adhering to Musso's
1076:. His main task as minister was to make the army an "effective and responsible tool of government policy". His position as minister, however, was a source of friction with the
873:
which helped swell the number of Indonesians taking a cooperative approach with regards to the Dutch colonial administration in an attempt to secure Indonesian independence.
714:, though Mulia returned to Indonesia, as he had completed his schooling already. After only a year at the Haarlem Gymnasium, he moved to the State Gymnasium of Leiden.
1389:. Meanwhile, other leftist parties and organizations supporting the government joined an opposing organization, known as the People's Revolutionary Movement (GGR).
1416:
943:(Parsi) on 1 November 1945. At a two-party conference on 16 – 17 December, it was announced that Amir's Parsi would merge with Sjahrir's political grouping, the
607:, Amir and other FDR leaders rushed to assume control of the newly formed "National Front" government. In the following weeks, pro-government forces, led by the
32:
986:
951:(PS). With Sjahrir serving as chairman, and Amir serving as vice chairman. The Socialist Party quickly became the strongest pro-government party, especially in
2607:
1028:; the two played a major role in effectively shaping the arrangements linking the new government of Indonesia with its people. On 30 October Amir, along with
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3199:
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whose objectives included a fully Indonesian legislature; It had modest goals in comparison to the Dutch-suppressed radical nationalists led by the likes of
1040:
by the desperate British caretaker administration. The three were seen as the only Indonesian leaders likely able to quell fighting between Republican and
95:
1338:
and Masyumi cabinet members resigned in early January 1948. On 23 January, with his support base disappearing, Amir resigned from the prime ministership.
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100:
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2711:
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Amir was a central figure in the government's 'anti-fascist' program with the army a key target, which caused further frictions. Sjahrir attacked
105:
556:, Amir was one of a few prominent Indonesian politicians who actively fought against the Japanese, together with fellow future prime minister
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as a model of a citizens' army loyal to the government and holding socialist ideals. On 19 February 1946, Amir inaugurated a socialist and
913:
795:
553:
753:
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in the establishment of the Indonesian People's Movement (Gerindo). Under Amir's leadership, the party was considered a radical leftist
2600:
1475:. Rather than risk their release, the army killed Amir and fifty other leftist prisoners as it withdrew from Yogyakarta that evening.
963:, rather that international support necessary for independence be sought, and that unruly constituents had to be opposed. The party's
1309:, and Setyadjit Soegondo to form a new cabinet. During these negotiations, Amir courted a broad coalition but hostility from Muslim
3234:
1382:
600:
577:
495:
140:
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1017:
944:
561:
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3184:
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1102:-trained army officers as 'traitors', 'fascists', and 'running dogs' who had cooperated with the Japanese. Amir promoted the
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1314:
Defence Ministry their sole key one, this cabinet was the highest point of orthodox communist influence in the Revolution.
940:
3254:
2567:
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Following the resignation of Sjahrir as prime minister, a new government needed to be formed. On 30 June 1947, President
812:
Throughout the 1930s, Amir was active in literary and journalistic circles, joining the editorial board of the newspaper
694:, as his father was transferred there. In August 1921, he and his older cousin, Todung Sutan Gunung Mulia, left for the
682:, with both his grandfather and father practicing the profession. Amir began his education in 1914 when he attended the
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901:
82:
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666:, after marrying Amir's mother, Basunu Siregar, a devout Muslim woman who came from a well-respected family from the
318:
536:
After graduating, he became active in literary and journalist circles, joining the editorial board of the newspaper
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3030:
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573:
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By 1945, Amir had become known and respected as a politician. Although he had been in contact with the 'illegal'
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1489:
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1218:
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888:, whom Sjarifuddin had met before the War. By 1940, Dutch intelligence suspected him of being involved with the
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2899:
1484:
1318:
1213:
1144:
976:
928:, whose popularity in Indonesia – and hence the importance to the war effort – was recognized by the Japanese.
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588:
487:
1273:' cause made these suspicions more obvious. Sjahrir's preoccupation with diplomacy, his physical isolation in
478:; 27 April 1907 – 19 December 1948) was an Indonesian politician and journalist who served as the second
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471:
908:, his prominent role in these campaigns prompted the head of Dutch intelligence to provide Amir with 25,000
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2854:
2849:
2720:
1317:
On 3 July 1947, Amir was inaugurated as prime minister, alongside his cabinet, which would be known as the
932:
382:
367:
2516:
1375:
1231:
1022:
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54:
959:. The party accepted the argument of Amir and its other leaders that the time was not ripe to implement
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2884:
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905:
779:
591:, with the backing of a broad coalition. He faced a backlash over the cabinet's decision to ratify the
2176:
1335:
1099:
1077:
909:
683:
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Gangsters and Revolutionaries: The Jakarta People's Militia and the Indonesian Revolution, 1945-1949
3015:
2939:
1057:
611:, began pushing the leftist forces back. During the fighting, Amir was captured, and imprisoned in
717:
In Leiden, Amir stayed at the house of Mrs. Antonie Aris van de Losdrecht–Sizzo, the widow of the
3025:
3010:
2794:
2643:
762:
757:
525:
433:
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2653:
2441:
Minorities, Modernity and the Emerging Nation: Christians in Indonesia, a Biographical Approach
1306:
744:
3117:
2824:
2371:
1243:
667:
2233:
752:. During his time in Leiden, he began to admire and be influenced by the Count of Mirebeau,
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3020:
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1439:. They killed pro-government officers and announced over the radio the formation of a new "
1157:
1123:
1092:
1085:
711:
548:). In 1933, due to his political activities, Amir was imprisoned, and almost exiled to the
8:
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1421:
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1248:
1041:
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703:
338:
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in May 1946. Another source of support for the new cabinet was the more educated armed
1115:
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707:
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510:
483:
349:
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2211:
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1356:
Amir Sjarifuddin (wearing glasses), after being detained by the Indonesian military,
1088:
995:
850:
748:("Indonesian Association"), under the leadership of future-Indonesian vice president
632:
523:. He returned to Indonesia due to family troubles but continued his education at the
506:
322:
218:
876:
Gerindo was one of the more significant cooperative parties in the years leading to
3148:
2974:
2919:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2784:
1302:
991:
90:
1381:. Opposition to the Hatta Cabinet coalesced into a new organization, known as the
2648:
2577:
2471:
2439:
2411:
2340:
2310:
2306:
1069:
893:
866:
734:
616:
595:, and he resigned from the prime ministership, being succeeded by Vice President
519:
282:
1060:, Amir was appointed to a new cabinet with Sjahrir as Prime Minister. President
2909:
2638:
2526:
2336:
1432:
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132:
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1494:
1472:
1436:
1410:
1386:
1347:
1310:
1107:
1025:
917:
604:
557:
540:. He also became involved with left-wing politics and led a group of younger
120:
1413:, the major leftist parties in the Front dissolved themselves into the PKI.
1352:
904:, Amir himself led and promoted boycotts against trade with Japan. When the
896:, he was one of several Indonesian leaders who warned against the danger of
2949:
2774:
1440:
1402:
1401:, the 1920s leader of the PKI, arrived in Yogyakarta from his exile in the
1278:
1270:
877:
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858:
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771:
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with two other Moscow-inclined Ministers Abdulmadjid Djojoadiningrat, and
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2859:
2689:
1266:
821:
695:
674:. Amir was the eldest child of seven children and was given the title of
643:
502:
935:(PKI), he had nothing but disdain for the 'unsophisticated' and unknown
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2914:
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952:
722:
718:
679:
612:
428:
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2536:
2241:
2199:
5 penggerak bangsa yang terlupa : nasionalisme minoritas Kristen
2146:
Purba, Yema Siska (September 2013) . Michellia, Dewi Kharisma (ed.).
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1406:
1327:
1112:
1033:
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956:
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193:
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underground. Having watched the increased strength and influence of
2989:
2869:
2320:
2204:
5 forgotten nationalists: The nationalism of the Christian minority
1323:
1103:
1081:
1037:
800:
552:, had it not for the efforts of his cousin and teacher. During the
2084:
837:
colleagues Liem, Pane, and Yamin, Amir started another newspaper,
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2385:
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and was becoming increasingly interested in Christianity and the
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After the fall of Sjahrir's cabinet, Amir was chosen to head the
569:
545:
541:
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75:
658:. Amir's father, Djamin, was also a nobleman, with the title of
599:
as prime minister. After his ousting, he became involved in the
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2934:
2658:
2445:
2346:
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in dealing with foreign affairs. Following a backlash over the
1291:
1282:
690:. However, in 1916, he was forced to attend a different ELS in
663:
2055:
1985:
1983:
861:
political party, influenced by the ideology of Communism. The
732:
in 1913. He became involved in the Batak student organization
2959:
2954:
1664:
1662:
1623:
1398:
1095:. However, the Sultan was not eager to contest the position.
767:
739:
687:
628:
619:, he was executed, along with fifty other leftist prisoners.
314:
2615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
920:. The Japanese arrested Sjarifuddin in 1943, and he escaped
849:'s Siang Po Printing Press. In 1937, towards the end of the
1980:
1119:
998:, and Mohamad Isa in a mass meeting in the Grand Mosque of
2113:
2111:
1659:
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1550:
1454:
In the following weeks, pro-government forces, led by the
544:
in the establishment of the Indonesian People's Movement (
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1701:
1647:
1635:
1606:
1594:
1052:
On 16 October 1945, Sjahrir and Amir took control of the
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1944:
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1827:
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1800:
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announced they had nothing to do with the rebellion.
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did not appear to be getting better. In August 1948,
1064:
accepted a proposal for the cabinet to answer to the
912:
to organize an underground resistance movement. Upon
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1718:
1716:
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1582:
1580:
1562:
1537:
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undermine support for the newly proclaimed Republic.
828:. In 1933, Amir was imprisoned by the Dutch for his
509:. At Leiden, he became a member of the board of the
2123:
2031:
2019:
1995:
1917:
1849:
1837:
1810:
1769:
1754:
1730:
1686:
1281:, and his dislike of mass rallies allowed the more
517:and was involved in the Batak student organization
1956:
1905:
1876:
1864:
1822:
1793:
1781:
662:, however he later left the religion and became a
615:. After the withdrawal of Republican forces after
2382:Chronicle of the Indonesian Revolution Volume III
1713:
1577:
1530:
1427:Meanwhile, worker strikes were held in Delanggu,
832:("Mass Action") essay, an essay published in the
3161:
782:. He would go on to give sermons at the church.
742:. As a student, he would become a member of the
16:Indonesian politician and journalist (1907–1948)
2305:
2090:
2066:
2413:The Indonesian National Revolution 1945 – 1950
1056:, and following the 11 November transition to
785:
2705:
2601:
1334:, for which Amir received much of the blame,
698:. There, he resided with the Smink family in
498:from 1945 until 1948. Amir was born into the
3245:Newspaper editors from the Dutch East Indies
3200:People of the Indonesian National Revolution
1420:Amir's grave at Ngaliyan Public Cemetery in
796:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
554:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
482:from 1947 until 1948. A major leader of the
3067:Revolutionary Socialist Party (Netherlands)
2875:Central All-Indonesian Workers Organization
2437:
2195:
2149:Amir Sjarifoeddin: Nasionalis yang Tersisih
1668:
1653:
1641:
1629:
1435:area in what would come to be known as the
646:. His grandfather, Mangaraja Monang, was a
153:14 November 1945 – 29 January 1948
2719:
2712:
2698:
2608:
2594:
2342:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300
2154:Amir Sjarifoeddin: The Outcast Nationalist
1341:
1156:
639:), on 27 April 1907. He was born into the
31:
3047:Calcutta Southeast Asian Youth Conference
1118:the command of which had been assumed by
242:2 September 1945 – 12 March 1946
3215:Socialist Party of Indonesia politicians
2335:
2117:
2102:
2049:
2013:
1989:
1899:
1415:
1351:
985:
799:
2269:
2231:
2174:
2078:
1748:
1707:
1680:
1617:
1600:
1571:
1556:
1018:proclamation of Indonesian independence
562:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
3162:
2384:] (in Indonesian). Vol. III.
2317:History of TNI-AD Kodam VII/Diponegoro
1188:3 July 1947 – 29 January 1948
970:
869:had called for a common front against
654:and named Ephraim – with the title of
650:nobleman – who had been baptized into
603:(FDR). Following the beginning of the
67:3 July 1947 – 29 January 1948
2693:
2589:
2469:
2179:[Amir Sjarifuddin 75 Years].
2145:
2037:
1935:
1923:
1858:
1843:
1816:
1775:
1763:
1736:
1692:
1588:
1541:
1084:, who had nominated their candidate,
1066:Central Indonesian National Committee
1054:Central Indonesian National Committee
914:Japan's occupation of the East Indies
627:Amir Sjarifuddin Harahap was born in
3195:Converts to Protestantism from Islam
2409:
2370:
2312:Sedjarah TNI-AD Kodam VII/Diponegoro
2129:
2025:
2001:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1911:
1887:
1870:
1831:
1804:
1787:
1724:
706:. He continued his education at the
2880:Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army
2377:Kronik Revolusi Indonesia Jilid III
981:
13:
3250:Rechtshogeschool te Batavia alumni
2175:Leclerc, Jacques (December 1982).
1409:thinking of a single party of the
902:German invasion of the Netherlands
14:
3276:
1138:
3143:
3031:North Kalimantan Communist Party
2890:North Kalimantan Communist Party
2830:1965–66 Indonesian mass killings
2754:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
1374:was formed, which was headed by
3235:Indonesian Christian socialists
2323:: Diponegoro Publishing Service
1506:
1490:Second Amir Sjarifuddin Cabinet
1149:Second Amir Sjarifuddin Cabinet
1032:and Hatta, were flown into the
550:Boven-Digoel concentration camp
417:
3220:Defense ministers of Indonesia
3111:The Year of Living Dangerously
2521:3 July 1947 – 29 January 1948
2278:History of Indonesian Struggle
1485:First Amir Sjarifuddin Cabinet
1319:First Amir Sjarifuddin Cabinet
1145:First Amir Sjarifuddin Cabinet
977:Indonesian National Revolution
924:only due to intervention from
853:, Amir led a group of younger
726:Antonie Aris van de Loosdrecht
576:. Later, he was appointed the
488:Indonesian National Revolution
1:
2374:(1947). Kamil, Ediati (ed.).
2236:A History of Modern Indonesia
1519:
1357:
1163:
1080:(TKR) and its new commander,
1003:
622:
511:Gymnasium student association
38:
3240:Indonesian newspaper editors
3185:Prime ministers of Indonesia
2855:Socialist Party of Indonesia
2850:Communist Party of Indonesia
2617:Prime Ministers of Indonesia
2273:Sejarah Perjuangan Indonesia
1524:
1269:in 1946; the fading of the '
941:Socialist Party of Indonesia
933:Communist Party of Indonesia
7:
2517:Prime Minister of Indonesia
2438:Van Klinken, Geert (2003).
2196:Van Klinken, Gerry (2010).
2177:"Amir Sjarifuddin 75 Tahun"
1478:
1193:
906:colony was invaded by Japan
900:before the war. Before the
786:Journalism and World War II
766:, and later converted from
678:. He came from a family of
480:prime minister of Indonesia
55:Prime Minister of Indonesia
10:
3281:
3255:Executed Indonesian people
2885:South Seas Communist Party
2790:Action of 13 December 1964
2270:Dimyati, Muhammad (1951).
2138:
1366:Following the fall of his
1345:
1142:
1016:on 15 August 1945 and the
974:
789:
490:, he previously served as
3210:Indonesian former Muslims
3141:
3095:
3039:
3003:
2898:
2842:
2762:
2741:
2729:
2624:
2574:
2565:
2560:
2550:
2541:
2533:
2523:
2514:
2506:
2501:
2160:(in Indonesian). PolGov.
1383:People's Democratic Front
1258:
1238:
1227:
1206:
1177:
1173:
1155:
1072:. Instead, he became the
702:, 29 kilometers north of
684:Europeesche Lagere School
601:People's Democratic Front
580:following the absence of
494:from 1945 until 1946 and
476:Amir Sjarifoeddin Harahap
461:
444:
427:
404:
373:
363:
355:
345:
328:
302:Amir Sjarifoeddin Harahap
297:
292:
288:
276:
264:
254:
246:
235:
227:
206:
184:
165:
157:
146:
138:
126:
114:
81:
71:
60:
52:
48:
30:
23:
3260:Executed prime ministers
2232:Vickers, Adrian (2005).
1500:
1370:, on 26 January 1948, a
1277:from revolution-infused
1183:Amir Sjarifuddin Harahap
1058:parliamentary government
945:Socialist People's Party
804:Amir Sjarifuddin with a
778:in the Huria Church, in
468:Amir Sjarifuddin Harahap
359:Ngaliyan Public Cemetery
346:Cause of death
199:Suliyoadikusumo (acting)
3190:People of Batak descent
3026:Malayan Communist Party
3011:Communist International
2795:Battle of Sungei Koemba
2568:Minister of Information
2319:] (in Indonesian).
2280:] (in Indonesian).
2206:] (in Indonesian).
1342:Madiun affair and death
758:Maximillien Robespierre
660:Sultan Soripada Harahap
566:Minister of Information
492:Minister of Information
230:Minister of Information
215:Mohammad Hatta (acting)
3205:Indonesian Protestants
3104:Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI
2722:Communism in Indonesia
2476:. Equinox Publishing.
2470:Cribb, Robert (2008).
2410:Reid, Anthony (1974).
2372:Toer, Pramoedya Ananta
1424:
1363:
1307:Soekiman Wirjosandjojo
1078:People's Security Army
1009:
809:
754:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti
745:Perhimpoenan Indonesia
3225:Indonesian Christians
3118:Puisi Tak Terkuburkan
3016:Brunei People's Party
2825:30 September Movement
1419:
1355:
989:
947:(Paras), forming the
803:
350:Execution by shooting
3230:Christian communists
3072:Communism in Sumatra
3021:Kesatuan Melayu Muda
2780:Battle of Long Jawai
2246:Cambridge University
2091:Indonesian Army 1968
2067:Indonesian Army 1968
1116:'Siliwangi' Division
990:From left to right:
728:, who was killed in
676:Sutan Gunung Sualoon
574:Presidential Cabinet
505:and was educated at
319:Sumatra's East Coast
3265:Executed communists
3132:The Look of Silence
2820:Three Souths Affair
2544:Minister of Defense
2093:, pp. 140–141.
1992:, pp. 360–364.
1632:, pp. 171–172.
1422:Karanganyar Regency
1074:Minister of Defense
971:National Revolution
845:– was published by
578:Minister of Defense
564:, he was appointed
496:Minister of Defense
196:(never took office)
141:Minister of Defense
3125:The Act of Killing
3096:In popular culture
2980:Marco Kartodikromo
2502:Political offices
1938:, p. 93 – 94.
1620:, p. 66 – 76.
1603:, p. 60 – 66.
1456:Siliwangi Division
1425:
1395:Renville Agreement
1364:
1332:Renville Agreement
1162:Amir Sjarifuddin,
1047:Battle of Surabaya
1014:Japanese surrender
1010:
841:, which – as with
810:
609:Siliwangi Division
593:Renville Agreement
271:Office established
96:Setyadjit Soegondo
37:Amir Sjarifuddin,
3180:People from Medan
3157:
3156:
3087:Japanese Red Army
2838:
2837:
2749:Malayan Emergency
2687:
2686:
2584:
2583:
2575:Succeeded by
2554:Hamengkubuwono IX
2551:Succeeded by
2524:Succeeded by
2217:978-979-1283-09-0
2167:978-602-7636-25-5
1977:, pp. 78–79.
1953:, pp. 93–94.
1559:, pp. 54–59.
1263:
1262:
1089:Hamengkubuwono IX
996:Oerip Soemohardjo
867:Dimitrov doctrine
763:Rechts Hogeschool
672:Islamic community
633:Dutch East Indies
526:Rechts Hogeschool
507:Leiden University
465:
464:
434:Rechts Hogeschool
323:Dutch East Indies
219:Hamengkubuwono IX
3272:
3151:
3150:Communism portal
3147:
2975:Kamaruzaman Sjam
2940:Amir Sjarifuddin
2920:Siauw Giok Tjhan
2902:
2810:Operation Claret
2805:Battle of Babang
2800:Battle of Kindau
2785:Landing at Labis
2739:
2738:
2733:
2723:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2534:Preceded by
2507:Preceded by
2499:
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2434:
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2053:
2047:
2041:
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2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
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1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1711:
1705:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1669:Van Klinken 2003
1666:
1657:
1654:Van Klinken 2010
1651:
1645:
1642:Van Klinken 2010
1639:
1633:
1630:Van Klinken 2010
1627:
1621:
1615:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1575:
1569:
1560:
1554:
1545:
1539:
1514:
1510:
1362:
1359:
1303:Adnan Kapau Gani
1301:appointed Amir,
1186:
1184:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1152:
1008:
1005:
992:Adnan Kapau Gani
982:Cabinet Minister
834:Banteng Partindo
816:, together with
656:Sutan Gunung Tua
560:. Following the
421:
419:
335:
332:19 December 1948
311:
309:
293:Personal details
279:
267:
257:
240:
209:
187:
168:
151:
129:
117:
101:Raden Sjamsoedin
91:Adnan Kapau Gani
65:
43:
40:
35:
25:Amir Sjarifuddin
21:
20:
3280:
3279:
3275:
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3273:
3271:
3270:
3269:
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3159:
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3035:
2999:
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2894:
2834:
2758:
2731:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2688:
2683:
2620:
2614:
2580:
2578:Mohammad Natsir
2571:
2556:
2547:
2539:
2529:
2520:
2512:
2497:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2448:: KITLV Press.
2428:
2426:
2424:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2337:Ricklefs, M. C.
2326:
2324:
2307:Indonesian Army
2296:
2294:
2292:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2186:
2184:
2183:(in Indonesian)
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2032:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1930:
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1918:
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1166:
1151:
1141:
1070:Mohammad Natsir
1006:
984:
979:
973:
949:Socialist Party
798:
788:
774:in 1931, being
625:
617:Operation Kraai
457:
423:
420: 1935)
415:
411:
410:Djaenah Harahap
400:
375:
374:Other political
364:Political party
337:
333:
313:
307:
305:
304:
303:
283:Mohammad Natsir
277:
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44:
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26:
17:
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5:
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3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3121:
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3107:
3099:
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3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3040:Related topics
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
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2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2910:Henk Sneevliet
2906:
2904:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
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2844:
2840:
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2833:
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2822:
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2581:
2576:
2573:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2527:Mohammad Hatta
2525:
2522:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2495:
2482:
2467:
2454:
2435:
2422:
2407:
2394:
2368:
2355:
2333:
2303:
2290:
2267:
2254:
2229:
2216:
2193:
2172:
2166:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2132:, p. 156.
2122:
2120:, p. 368.
2107:
2105:, p. 367.
2095:
2083:
2081:, p. 161.
2071:
2069:, p. 126.
2054:
2052:, p. 364.
2042:
2030:
2028:, p. 100.
2018:
2016:, p. 362.
2006:
2004:, p. 202.
1994:
1979:
1967:
1955:
1940:
1928:
1916:
1904:
1902:, p. 352.
1892:
1875:
1863:
1848:
1836:
1821:
1809:
1792:
1780:
1768:
1753:
1751:, p. 106.
1741:
1729:
1712:
1710:, p. 226.
1697:
1685:
1673:
1671:, p. 129.
1658:
1656:, p. 178.
1646:
1644:, p. 174.
1634:
1622:
1605:
1593:
1576:
1561:
1546:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1441:National Front
1379:Mohammad Hatta
1376:Vice President
1368:second cabinet
1346:Main article:
1343:
1340:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1249:Mohammad Hatta
1247:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1181:Premiership of
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1161:
1140:
1139:Prime minister
1137:
1042:British Indian
1023:prime minister
1012:Following the
983:
980:
975:Main article:
972:
969:
894:Imperial Japan
886:Mohammad Hatta
847:Phoa Liong Gie
826:Mohammad Yamin
818:Liem Koen Hian
808:, date unknown
787:
784:
750:Mohammad Hatta
624:
621:
597:Mohammad Hatta
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371:
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336:(aged 41)
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256:Prime Minister
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167:Prime Minister
163:
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130:
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36:
28:
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24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3236:
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3231:
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3208:
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3183:
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3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
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3112:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:Brunei Revolt
3080:
3078:
3077:Domino theory
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
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3027:
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3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
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3006:
3002:
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2991:
2988:
2986:
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2907:
2905:
2903:
2897:
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2886:
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2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:Organisations
2841:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:Battle of Bau
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2770:Madiun Affair
2768:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2735:and incidents
2734:
2728:
2724:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2680:
2677:
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2672:
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2667:
2665:
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2660:
2657:
2655:
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2640:
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2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2592:
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2588:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2532:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2511:
2510:Sutan Sjahrir
2505:
2500:
2485:
2483:9789793780719
2479:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2457:
2455:9789067181518
2451:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2425:
2423:9780582710474
2419:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2397:
2395:9780333243787
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2358:
2356:9780333243787
2352:
2349:: Macmillan.
2348:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2293:
2291:0-521-54262-6
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2257:
2255:0-521-54262-6
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2118:Ricklefs 2008
2114:
2112:
2104:
2103:Ricklefs 2008
2099:
2092:
2087:
2080:
2075:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2051:
2050:Ricklefs 2008
2046:
2040:, p. 53.
2039:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2014:Ricklefs 2008
2010:
2003:
1998:
1991:
1990:Ricklefs 2008
1986:
1984:
1976:
1971:
1965:, p. 79.
1964:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1937:
1932:
1926:, p. 49.
1925:
1920:
1914:, p. 17.
1913:
1908:
1901:
1900:Ricklefs 2008
1896:
1890:, p. 52.
1889:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1873:, p. 69.
1872:
1867:
1861:, p. 47.
1860:
1855:
1853:
1846:, p. 46.
1845:
1840:
1834:, p. 32.
1833:
1828:
1826:
1819:, p. 41.
1818:
1813:
1807:, p. 83.
1806:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1790:, p. 12.
1789:
1784:
1778:, p. 45.
1777:
1772:
1766:, p. 40.
1765:
1760:
1758:
1750:
1745:
1739:, p. 34.
1738:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1695:, p. 10.
1694:
1689:
1683:, p. 38.
1682:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1574:, p. 86.
1573:
1568:
1566:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1495:Madiun Affair
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1473:van Mook line
1469:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:Madiun Affair
1434:
1430:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1411:working class
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1387:Masyumi Party
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1354:
1349:
1348:Madiun Affair
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1257:
1251: →
1250:
1245:
1244:Sutan Sjahrir
1242:←
1237:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
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1191:
1185:
1176:
1172:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1124:A.H. Nasution
1121:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:Sutan Sjahrir
1024:
1019:
1015:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
978:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
918:Sutan Sjahrir
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
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797:
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783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
764:
759:
755:
751:
747:
746:
741:
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736:
731:
727:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
642:
638:
634:
630:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:Madiun Affair
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
568:in President
567:
563:
559:
558:Sutan Sjahrir
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
527:
522:
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
460:
453:
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407:
403:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
380:
378:
372:
369:
366:
362:
358:
356:Resting place
354:
351:
348:
344:
340:
331:
327:
324:
320:
316:
312:27 April 1907
300:
296:
291:
287:
284:
281:
275:
272:
269:
263:
260:Sutan Sjahrir
259:
253:
249:
245:
239:
234:
231:
226:
220:
217:
214:
213:
211:
205:
198:
195:
192:
191:
189:
183:
176:
174:Sutan Sjahrir
173:
172:
170:
164:
160:
156:
150:
145:
142:
137:
134:
131:
125:
122:
121:Sutan Sjahrir
119:
113:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
86:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
64:
59:
56:
51:
47:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
2950:M. H. Lukman
2775:Limbang raid
2633:
2566:
2561:
2542:
2515:
2487:. Retrieved
2472:
2459:. Retrieved
2440:
2427:. Retrieved
2412:
2399:. Retrieved
2388:: Gramedia.
2381:
2376:
2360:. Retrieved
2341:
2325:. Retrieved
2316:
2311:
2295:. Retrieved
2277:
2272:
2259:. Retrieved
2235:
2221:. Retrieved
2203:
2198:
2185:. Retrieved
2180:
2153:
2148:
2125:
2098:
2086:
2079:Dimyati 1951
2074:
2045:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1970:
1958:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1895:
1866:
1839:
1812:
1783:
1771:
1749:Vickers 2005
1744:
1732:
1727:, p. 9.
1708:Vickers 2005
1688:
1681:Leclerc 1982
1676:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1618:Leclerc 1982
1601:Leclerc 1982
1596:
1591:, p. 3.
1572:Vickers 2005
1557:Leclerc 1982
1544:, p. 2.
1508:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1426:
1403:Soviet Union
1391:
1365:
1322:
1316:
1296:
1279:Central Java
1271:anti-fascist
1264:
1179:
1132:
1127:
1097:
1051:
1011:
930:
878:World War II
875:
863:Soviet Union
859:anti-fascist
842:
838:
833:
829:
813:
811:
806:smoking pipe
772:Christianity
761:
743:
733:
716:
675:
659:
655:
652:Christianity
626:
586:
537:
535:
524:
518:
475:
467:
466:
376:affiliations
334:(1948-12-19)
278:Succeeded by
270:
237:
208:Succeeded by
148:
128:Succeeded by
106:Wondoamiseno
62:
42: 1940s
18:
3175:1948 deaths
3170:1907 births
3004:Affiliation
2985:Bakri Wahab
2945:D. N. Aidit
2865:Acoma Party
2860:Murba Party
2669:Burhanuddin
2634:Sjarifuddin
2619:(1945–1959)
2416:. Longman.
2284:: Widjaya.
1372:new cabinet
1361: 1948
1267:Netherlands
1167: 1947
1122:Lieutenant
1007: 1946
965:westernized
839:Kebangoenan
822:Sanusi Pane
730:Tana Toraja
696:Netherlands
680:prosecutors
644:aristocracy
589:new cabinet
503:aristocracy
486:during the
397:(1945–1948)
391:(1937–1942)
385:(1935–1948)
341:, Indonesia
339:Karanganyar
266:Preceded by
186:Preceded by
116:Preceded by
3164:Categories
3062:Marhaenism
2915:Tan Malaka
2901:Key people
2572:1945–1946
2562:New office
2548:1945–1948
2489:3 December
2461:3 December
2429:3 December
2401:3 December
2362:3 December
2327:3 December
2297:3 December
2261:2 December
2223:3 December
2208:Yogyakarta
2187:3 December
2038:Purba 2013
1936:Cribb 2008
1924:Purba 2013
1859:Purba 2013
1844:Purba 2013
1817:Purba 2013
1776:Purba 2013
1764:Purba 2013
1737:Purba 2013
1693:Purba 2013
1589:Purba 2013
1542:Purba 2013
1520:References
1285:-inclined
1143:See also:
1093:Yogyakarta
1034:East Javan
953:Yogyakarta
851:Dutch rule
830:Aksi Massa
790:See also:
735:Jong Batak
723:missionary
719:evangelist
623:Early life
613:Yogyakarta
520:Jong Batak
454:journalist
451:Politician
445:Occupation
429:Alma mater
308:1907-04-27
2965:Samikidin
2763:Incidents
2537:Supriyadi
2339:(2008) .
2242:Cambridge
2130:Reid 1974
2026:Reid 1974
2002:Toer 1947
1975:Reid 1974
1963:Reid 1974
1951:Reid 1974
1912:Reid 1974
1888:Reid 1974
1871:Reid 1974
1832:Reid 1974
1805:Reid 1974
1788:Reid 1974
1725:Reid 1974
1525:Citations
1429:Surakarta
1407:Stalinist
1328:confidant
1232:Socialist
1194:President
1113:West Java
1000:Palembang
961:socialism
957:East Java
922:execution
890:Communist
708:Gymnasium
686:(ELS) in
637:Indonesia
582:Supriyadi
484:left wing
247:President
238:In office
194:Supriyadi
158:President
149:In office
72:President
63:In office
2990:Sudisman
2870:Sarbupri
2654:Soekiman
2321:Semarang
2309:(1968).
2210:: LKiS.
1479:See also
1324:de facto
1287:Marxists
1104:Red Army
1082:Sudirman
1038:Surabaya
1036:city of
994:, Amir,
937:Marxists
910:guilders
855:Marxists
843:Panorama
814:Panorama
776:baptized
641:Sumatran
542:Marxists
538:Panorama
500:Sumatran
228:1st
139:2nd
53:2nd
3057:Nasakom
2930:Sukarno
2925:Darsono
2679:Djuanda
2629:Sjahrir
2386:Jakarta
2282:Jakarta
2248:Press.
2139:Sources
1467:abangan
1449:Sumatra
1311:Masyumi
1299:Sukarno
1275:Jakarta
1207:Cabinet
1200:Sukarno
1108:Masyumi
1062:Sukarno
1030:Sukarno
926:Sukarno
898:fascism
882:Sukarno
871:fascism
792:Gerindo
780:Batavia
712:Haarlem
700:Haarlem
692:Sibolga
570:Sukarno
546:Gerindo
531:Batavia
515:Haarlem
422:
414:
389:Gerindo
250:Sukarno
177:Himself
161:Sukarno
76:Sukarno
3052:CONEFO
2995:Wikana
2970:Semaun
2935:Alimin
2659:Wilopo
2649:Natsir
2480:
2452:
2446:Leiden
2420:
2392:
2353:
2347:London
2288:
2252:
2214:
2164:
2156:]
1461:santri
1445:Banten
1433:Madiun
1292:Wikana
1283:Moscow
1133:pemuda
1128:pemuda
1086:Sultan
824:, and
756:, and
704:Leiden
664:Muslim
405:Spouse
83:Deputy
2960:Njoto
2955:Musso
2644:Halim
2639:Hatta
2380:[
2315:[
2276:[
2202:[
2181:Prima
2158:(PDF)
2152:[
1501:Notes
1399:Musso
1228:Party
768:Islam
740:Bible
688:Medan
668:Malay
648:Batak
635:(now
629:Medan
416:(
412:
315:Medan
2742:Wars
2732:Wars
2491:2021
2478:ISBN
2463:2021
2450:ISBN
2431:2021
2418:ISBN
2403:2021
2390:ISBN
2364:2021
2351:ISBN
2329:2021
2299:2021
2286:ISBN
2263:2021
2250:ISBN
2225:2021
2212:ISBN
2189:2021
2162:ISBN
1447:and
1234:(PS)
1147:and
1120:KNIL
1100:PETA
955:and
884:and
794:and
721:and
329:Died
298:Born
2674:Ali
2664:Ali
1336:PNI
1219:2nd
1214:1st
1091:of
865:'s
770:to
710:in
572:'s
529:in
513:in
472:EVO
438:Mr.
383:PKI
368:PSI
3166::
2444:.
2345:.
2244::
2240:.
2110:^
2057:^
1982:^
1943:^
1878:^
1851:^
1824:^
1795:^
1756:^
1715:^
1700:^
1661:^
1608:^
1579:^
1564:^
1549:^
1532:^
1358:c.
1305:,
1164:c.
1135:.
1049:.
1004:c.
1002:,
820:,
631:,
584:.
533:.
474::
418:m.
395:PS
321:,
317:,
39:c.
2713:e
2706:t
2699:v
2609:e
2602:t
2595:v
2493:.
2465:.
2433:.
2405:.
2366:.
2331:.
2301:.
2265:.
2227:.
2191:.
2170:.
1464:-
670:-
470:(
440:)
436:(
310:)
306:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
