238:
modifications, to help with the war effort. A separate company, the Air
Nitrates Corporation, was set up for this government contract to build and operate the plant for the duration of the war, with Cyanamid earning some fees and to later inherit the plant for the fertilizer business. This raised concerns of cronyism, but the critics were outnumbered by local supporters in Congress. However, when the war ended, the first stage of the plant had only just begun limited production. A few months later, the Justice Department began an investigation into the contract and possible graft.
642:
246:. However by 1926, the list of bidders was far different as the Senate debated the merits of Air Nitrates in a joint venture with Union Carbide, the local power companies (who were most interested in the generating station), and a New York financial consortium. In the end, after much lobbying and debate, none of the bids were accepted. The government elected to run the plants itself, balancing the regional power requirements against farming needs for inexpensive fertilizer.
41:
364:(EPA) to be among the most toxic chemical waste sites in the U.S. Cyanamid merged with American Home Products in 1994, and AHP changed its name to Wyeth which was then purchased by Pfizer in 2009. Responsibility for the clean-up of these sites remained with the site owner during these corporate transitions. Remediation began at Bound Brook in 2007 and Pfizer took over the site in 2009.
215:. These planned operations included an electric power generating company (Mussel Shoals Hydro-electric) a utility company to distribute the electricity that would power the chemical plant, and the Cyanamid manufacturing plant. Washburn was President and located in Nashville, while Baker was Vice President and remained in New York. Cynamide plants were also planned for
169:. It began as a fertilizer company and added many additional lines of business before merging with American Home Products in 1994. The combined company sold off most of its divisions, adopted the name of its remaining Wyeth division, and was bought by Pfizer in 2009, becoming defunct as a separate concern.
379:
the site once again flooded, but by this time all manufacturing had ended and all buildings had been torn down. However, impounds and wastesites remained with consequent leakage of benzene and numerous other chemicals into the
Raritan River and adjacent land, apparently including residential sites.
230:
However, the development of United States manufacturing was suspended when they were denied the construction of a dam for the hydroelectric generation station. Instead, United States offices of the company imported product from its
Canadian plant. The company abandoned its Nashville headquarters in
351:
In its final years, the company grappled with multiple legal challenges stemming from past environmental pollution incidents. Throughout the 1970s, substantial funds were allocated for effluent treatment initiatives. For instance, a $ 15-million investment went into the construction of a tertiary
237:
During World War I, the company shifted its nitrogen production from fertilizer to explosives. With offers of free use of patents and processes, along with personnel and equipment, it enticed the United States government to approve and pay for its original plans for the
Alabama plant, with some
281:, pharmaceuticals, surgical products, plastics, and inorganic pigments before World War II; and later added, by acquisitions, cosmetic and toiletry products, perfumes, building products, home building, and several smaller product categories following World War II.
360:, but also addressed decades of direct pollution by American Cyanamid. Tens of millions more were spent in efforts to clean up large wastewater pools which had decades of accumulation of toxic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic chemicals. These are considered by the
423:
The company merged with
American Home Products (AHP) in 1994. At that time, the purchase price, $ 9.5 billion, made it the second-largest industrial acquisition in U.S. history to that point. American Home Products eventually changed its name to
231:
1915 and relocated them to New York City. At the same time, it was trying to raise political support, both grass-roots and via lobbying, to implement the
Alabama power generation plan, and as it began to face competition for the American market.
241:
Washburn died
October 9, 1922. At the time, the government still owned the Muscle Shoals plants. A year later, a number of interests were competing to buy or lease it, including Air Nitrates/American Cynamid, General Electric, and
454:
The $ 1.7 billion agricultural business was sold in 2000 to the German chemical giant BASF, raising BASF agricultural sales to $ 3.6 billion (1999 pro-forma), making it one of the top three agricultural companies in the world.
380:
Subsequent testing showed no evident danger to humans, but the calamity intensified the extensive cleanup work already underway and the EPA announced another remediation plan for the site in
September 2012.
331:
household cleaner. A variety of fine fragrance products were made and sold by
Shulton under license, including products under labels Nina Ricci, Pierre Cardin, Tabac, and others. "Melmac" was Cyanamid's
415:
determines whether to lift the automatic suspension of the power to award a public contract when an application has been made to the court to challenge the lawfulness of a proposed contract award.
253:
under the symbol ACY. It was repeatedly reorganized after the mid-1990s, merged with other firms, and saw brands and divisions sold or spun off. The bulk of the former company is now part of
570:
1843:
483:
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United States Court of
Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. NĀ°02-1235. American Cyanamid Company, Plaintiff-Appellee v. St. Louis University, Defendant-Appellant
1633:
1833:
1818:
234:
In 1917, Cyanamid purchased the Ammo-Phosphate Corporation, which owned a fertilizer plant in Linden, New Jersey manufacturing ammonium phosphate.
1828:
1823:
277:, the company broadened its product lines into many types of industrial chemicals and specialty chemicals. The company then diversified into
1797:
319:
was the company's medical device operation, organized under Lederle. Its Consumer Products division included "Shulton" products, primarily
1605:
1778:
249:
The company grew to over 100,000 employees worldwide, and had over 200,000 shareholders by the mid-1970s. Its stock was traded on the
1783:
435:
After the AHP acquisition, the Cyanamid conglomerate was disassembled over a period of years. The Pigments division was sold to
1794:, an oral polio vaccine and sought contribution from American Cyanamid Company, the parent company of the vaccine manufacturer.
1667:
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1554:
Shaping the industrial century: the remarkable story of the evolution of the modern chemical and pharmaceutical industries
1719:"09/28/2012: EPA Announces Remediation Plan for a Part of American Cyanamid Superfund Site in Bridgewater Township, N.J."
451:, and later went through a series of ownership changes, and is owned by Fletcher Building, headquartered in New Zealand.
1751:
27:
1679:
207:, investing a million dollars in several corporations underpinning the manufacturing operation to be set up in nearby
1790:(SLU) paid a $ 16 million Missouri state court judgment to the family of a boy who became paralyzed after receiving
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863:
963:
1419:
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at Bound Brook-Bridgewater had a history of flooding. It was flooded in the 1930s and again in August 1971 during
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Most of the chemical businesses of American Cyanamid are operated by a spun-off successor company known as
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227:. The Canadian plant was the first in operation in 1910, and was to be followed by the Alabama plant.
152:
641:
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1217:"Spend Millions on Cyanamid Plant - Government Will Build a Plant East of Sheffield Near Dam No. 2"
1067:"Defeat of army appopriations bill section 82 (nitrate and hydroelectric plants at Mussel Shoals)"
888:
621:
375:, at which time the plant sustained major damage to its facilities and equipment. In 2011, during
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for plastic kitchenware, although it was produced and marketed by other firms under license.
813:
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8:
1651:"Bridgewater superfund site still underwater following Hurricane Irene; tar balls feared"
444:
262:
1798:
Criterion Catalysts & Technologies - introduction to Criterion's catalytic reforming
1320:"More Developments In Muscle Shoals Probe - Contracting Company Capitalized at $ 10,000"
839:"Offices To Be Located Here - American Cynamid Company Will Be in the Stahlman Building"
469:
The American Cyanamid compound in Wayne, New Jersey later served as the headquarters of
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1142:"Defeat of section 82 (federal appropriation for Muscle Shoals hydroelectric dam)"
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1370:"F. S. Washburn Dead - Engineer was Pioneer In Extraction of Notrogen From Air"
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356:. This plant not only cleaned water to a level surpassing that of the polluted
292:
177:
The company was founded by engineers Frank S. Washburn and Charles H. Baker in
51:
1812:
774:
708:"Thos. A. Edison's Dream of Atmospheric Fertilizer to Come True in the South"
357:
324:
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59:
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in December 2015 to form the Cytec Solvay Group based in Brussels, Belgium.
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203:, the fertilizer they would manufacture. They soon set up headquarters in
463:
40:
536:
432:, becoming a subsidiary of the world's largest pharmaceutical company.
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243:
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1800:(mentions spin-off from American Cyanamid and the two Shell companies)
1270:"Congress May Inquire Into $ 100,000 [sic] Deal for Nitrogen"
428:
Corporation (one of its subsidiaries), and in 2009 Wyeth merged with
333:
320:
20:
1804:
Guide to the American Cyanamid Company Technical Bulletins 1945ā1988
1741:, AC 396, 2 WLR 316, 1 All ER 504, FSR 593 (5 February 1975)
328:
285:
211:(sometimes called Mussel Shoals), 120 miles from Nashville, on the
190:
1530:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 10, 92, 98.
304:
182:
1761:
EWHC 3659 (TCC), published 17 March 2015, accessed 22 March 2016
1117:"Advertisement by American Cyanamid ("Millions for Farmers...")"
658:"Cyanamid (part 1 of 2) - Will be Manufactured at Niagara Falls"
429:
307:, an oral polio vaccine. Lederle also developed the antibiotic
254:
992:"Making the Air Contribute to the Support of Man - Obstacles"
459:
439:. The Old Spice product line, and some others, were sold to
425:
224:
1526:
The Last Gasp: The Rise and Fall of the American Gas Chamber
284:
From 1931 to 1943 American Cyanamid produced the pesticide
258:
26:
For the English case law regarding injunctive relief, see
484:
Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad Co. v. American Cyanamid Co.
1779:
BASF - partial acquisition of American Cyanamid in 2000
1550:
387:, the company was involved in a well-known legal case,
303:, a multivitamin supplement; Stresstabs vitamins; and
299:, an antibiotic drug used as a penicillin substitute;
505:
Biographical dictionary of American business leaders
1844:
Defunct manufacturing companies based in New Jersey
295:division included "Lederle Laboratories", maker of
19:"Cyanamid" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1523:
1345:"Frank S. Washburn Dies; Built Third Ave. Railway"
571:"Women Say They Had to Be Sterilized to Hold Jobs"
197:. The company's name is derived from the chemical
1470:"Two Firms Plan Joint Operation of Muscle Shoals"
591:
589:
587:
399:and set down what became known to lawyers as the
389:American Cyanamid Co. (No.1) v Ethicon Ltd. (1975
1810:
1859:Pharmaceutical companies disestablished in 1994
1849:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1994
1631:American Cyanamid Bridgewater One-Page Summary
1577:
1017:"Great Plant of the American Cyanamid Company"
584:
568:
501:
391:), which set the test for awarding an interim
1839:Companies based in Passaic County, New Jersey
1864:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1907
1854:Pharmaceutical companies based in New Jersey
1680:"Plans Being Shared on Cyanamid Remediation"
1518:
1420:"Muscle Shoals Not Yet Nailed By Henry Ford"
914:"President Benehan Cameron's Annual Address"
547:International directory of company histories
418:
223:. By 1908 the company was incorporated in
39:
1735:American Cyanamid Co (No 1) v Ethicon Ltd
1192:"Hydro Power Reduced to Explosive Makers"
964:"Shall the State Surrender Another Right"
864:"General Offices Comes Back to Nashville"
16:Defunct American conglomerate (1907ā1994)
1834:Chemical companies of the United States
1819:1907 establishments in New York (state)
1649:Staff, Star-Ledger (7 September 2011).
1395:"New Muscle Shoals Offer Expected Soon"
544:Kepos, Paula, ed. (December 17, 1993).
76:Conglomerate originating with chemicals
1829:Chemical companies established in 1907
1811:
1668:Impoundments 14 and 20 Closure Program
1295:"Big Nitrate Plant Nearing Completion"
1242:"Mussel Shoals Developments (excerpt)"
756:
525:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
273:Although originally a manufacturer of
1648:
1264:
1262:
986:
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543:
490:List of Superfund sites in New Jersey
257:, with smaller portions belonging to
1824:1994 disestablishments in New Jersey
362:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1167:"Cyanamid Company Shows Large Gain"
1042:"Remove Office of Cyanamid Company"
13:
1698:"American Cyanamid Superfund Site"
1259:
981:
569:Richards, Bill (January 1, 1979).
495:
407:principles are also applied under
28:American Cyanamid Co v Ethicon Ltd
14:
1880:
1767:
1578:Rappoport, Zvi (April 16, 2007).
759:"Mussel shoals vs. muscle shoals"
502:Ingham, John N (September 1983).
1752:Group M UK Ltd. v Cabinet Office
1551:Chandler, Alfred Dupont (2005).
640:
523:"American Chemical Industries".
323:cologne and after-shave lotion,
268:
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165:was an American manufacturing
1:
789:"Stahlman Building Directory"
344:Cyanamid was involved in the
578:
352:water treatment facility in
181:in 1907, to capitalize on a
7:
597:"American Cyanamid History"
476:
311:and the chemotherapy agent
10:
1885:
172:
25:
18:
1636:January 11, 2011, at the
1581:The chemistry of anilines
1121:The Montgomery Advertiser
1021:The Montgomery Advertiser
968:The Montgomery Advertiser
163:American Cyanamid Company
147:
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1474:The Atlanta Constitution
1451:. 1926-04-15. p. 26
1426:. 1923-12-26. p. 10
1248:. 1918-03-31. p. 45
1198:. 1918-01-05. p. 16
1173:. 1917-08-14. p. 12
1123:. 1915-07-11. p. 28
1023:. 1915-07-11. p. 28
998:. 1913-11-30. p. 40
945:. 1910-01-16. p. 34
689:. 1908-04-04. p. 12
683:"Cyanamid (part 2 of 2)"
462:. Cytec was acquired by
1501:. 1928-03-29. p. 4
1476:. 1926-06-23. p. 1
1401:. 1923-12-07. p. 1
1376:. 1922-10-10. p. 3
1351:. 1922-10-10. p. 3
1326:. 1919-02-10. p. 1
1301:. 1918-11-11. p. 6
1276:. 1918-04-15. p. 4
1223:. 1917-12-14. p. 3
1148:. 1916-03-27. p. 8
1146:Wisconsin State Journal
1098:. 1916-01-10. p. 3
1073:. 1916-03-29. p. 4
1048:. 1915-09-08. p. 9
970:. 1913-11-21. p. 4
920:. 1909-11-09. p. 3
918:The Farmer and Mechanic
895:. 1908-08-31. p. 7
889:"New Ontario Companies"
870:. 1911-12-02. p. 1
845:. 1911-10-03. p. 9
820:. 1908-03-04. p. 8
795:. 1908-01-25. p. 3
739:. 1907-07-04. p. 1
714:. 1907-06-18. p. 1
664:. 1908-04-04. p. 1
628:. 1907-05-31. p. 1
622:"Nitrates From the Air"
447:was taken private in a
419:Acquisition and breakup
354:Bound Brook, New Jersey
346:tetracycline litigation
251:New York Stock Exchange
189:for the manufacture of
84:July 22, 1907
1399:The Falls City Journal
1071:Ottawa Evening Journal
275:agricultural chemicals
217:Niagara Falls, Ontario
209:Muscle Shoals, Alabama
124:American Home Products
1739:[1975] UKHL 1
1684:Bridgewater, NJ Patch
1299:The Commercial Appeal
1246:The Commercial Appeal
943:The Los Angeles Times
733:"Fertilizer From Air"
437:National Lead Company
1788:St. Louis University
1750:Henderson Chambers,
1324:The Chattanooga News
531:(3): 301ā302. 1930.
373:Tropical Storm Doria
263:Procter & Gamble
134:One Cyanamid Plaza,
1520:Christianson, Scott
1449:The Birmingham News
1221:The Progressive Age
1092:"Nitric Acid Plant"
939:"Nitrogen From Air"
626:The Florence Herald
537:10.1021/ie50243a025
445:Formica Corporation
35:
1757:2016-04-11 at the
1686:. 6 December 2011.
1349:The Standard Union
814:"Charles H. Baker"
554:. pp. 23ā26.
441:Procter and Gamble
409:public procurement
33:
1612:on April 22, 2005
1591:978-0-470-87171-3
1564:978-0-674-01720-7
1537:978-0-520-25562-3
1499:Kansas State News
1424:Dayton Daily News
515:978-0-313-23907-6
449:management buyout
405:American Cyanamid
401:American Cyanamid
397:England and Wales
309:chlortetracycline
265:and other firms.
200:calcium cyanamide
160:
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137:Wayne, New Jersey
34:American Cyanamid
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